Version 01 Codebook
-------------------
CODEBOOK APPENDIX FILE
1997 PILOT STUDY
(1997.PN)



>>1997 NES Pilot Technical Note - Randomization Problem

                                April 24, 1998

The Surveycraft CATI system's 'Random Number Generation' features and their
Effects on Analysis of the 1997 NES Pilot "Group threat" Experiment.

Steve Heeringa, Division of Survey Technologies, Survey Research Center

Executive Summary: A problem has been identified in the random assignment of
treatments in an experimental question module of the 1997 NES Pilot survey
instrument.  The randomization problem has been linked to unexpected
correlation in sequences of random number calls made within the Surveycraft
computer-assisted interviewing system.  The problem does produce an unbalanced
distribution of sample cases to the cells of the factorial experimental design
but does not lead to a bias in the interpretation of the experimental results. 
Details are provided below.  A report that analyzes these items is the 1997
pilot study report by J. Bowers.


     A portion of the 1997 NES Pilot questionnaire (section 'J') includes a
"group threat" factorial experimental design to study question order and
'threat level' treatment effects in a series of items that explore respondent
views and prejudices toward  African-Americans and Christian Fundamentalists.  
 The full design involves 2 question sequence orderings - African-Americans
first or Christian Fundamentalists first;  2 levels of intended "threat" -
high and low; and  3 'threat domains': political, social and economic.  The
Survey Craft computer assisted interview (CAI) application used an internal
random number generator to determine each subject's assignment to target group
order and threat level for the questions about each target group.   A
different Surveycraft function was used to randomize the order of the three
threat domains, once the group and threat level were determined.

     The intent of the CAI programming was to randomly assign the group
order, threat level by group and threat domain for each respondent.   Complete
randomization of  choice for each of these three experimental components is
expected to yield equal numbers of cases at each combination of treatment for
the 2 x  2 x 3 factorial design.  In practice, due to sampling variability
inherent in the randomization process, the actual counts in each experimental
cell will be distributed about the expected  sample size for each experimental
cell.  Within the Surveycraft CAI questionnaire for the 1997 NES Pilot,  the
random assignment of group order and threat level was determined by a call to
an internal system random number generator. Examination of the final sample
size distribution across the cells of this experimental question module
suggests significant departures from the equal sample size per cell
assumption.   Specifically, there appears to be a problem in the randomization
assignment for group order and threat level.  Table 1 compares the expected
and actual distributions of 1997 NES Pilot sample to experimental cells: 

Table 1
1997 NES Pilot  Section J Question Experiment.
Expected and Actual Distribution of Respondents to Treatment Categories.

Target Group Order    Threat     Expected       Actual
                      Level      Respondents    Respondents
First Series
  African Americans   High          138         181
                      Low           138         116

  Christian 
  Fundamentalists    High          138       53
                     Low           138         202
Second series
  African Americans   High          138         100
                      Low           138         197

  Christian 
  Fundamentalists     High          138         114
                      Low           138         141



Through analysis of  actual random numbers generated in the course of the 1997
NES Pilot computer-assisted interviews and communication with the authors of
Surveycraft, the randomization problem has been traced to Surveycraft's
handling of random number seeds in sequential calls of the random number
function.   Our review finds that the initial random number draws to determine
the target group for the first question sequence  were performed correctly. 
Observed variation in  numbers of cases assigned at random to the
African-American (n=297) and Christian Fundamentalists (n=255) target group
question order are due to sampling error in the random draws of binomial (0,1)
indicator variables.   Since the random draws to determine threat level in the
first and second question sequences are correlated with this initial random
draw they also are pure random numbers (albeit not independent of the initial
draw).  The randomization of the experiment is therefore not affected by the
problem-the joint probability that a respondent receives a particular
configuration of experimental treatments is independent of respondent
characteristics or the sample design.  Unfortunately, the correlated sequence
of random numbers does affect the balance of the distribution of subjects to
the experimental design cells.  This will have an unspecified, but negative
effect on the power to detect effects of target group ordering and threat
level that are the object of the factorial experimental design.

The third factor in the experimental design,  random ordering of each question
representing a threat domain, was performed by a separate Surveycraft internal
function.  To the best of our ability to test the mechanism, this dimension of
the experiment appears free of the randomization problem identified for the
group order and  threat level experimental conditions. 

     ISR/SRC has corrected the problem which created this situation, working
with Surveycraft authors to identify programming changes and conventions that
now permit independent random number sequence generation directly within the
system.   Random numbers to determine assignments to experimental treatment in
question sequences were drawn in advance, tested for independence and
preloaded for use by the interviewing application.  These simulations
demonstrated that sequences of independent random assignments to treatments
are now functioning within the SRC Surveycraft CATI system.

>> 1997 CONTACT ISSUE MASTER CODE


Codes below were used for "what was the issue involved" follow-ups to contact
with six categories of public officials and two questions on 
mobilization via direct mail and mass media advertising.  

Codes were applied for up to 3 mentions each:


Health and Social Welfare 

01.  Social Security, saving Social Security. Help to get benefits.  (All
mentions of aid to the elderly except Medicaid.); Aged/Elderly mentions;
retirement.

02.  Medicaid/Medicare issues; saving the Medicare system.

03.  Veterans Administration;  benefits/issues. Getting help from the VA.

04.  Welfare; getting public assistance; food stamps.

05.  Availability of Medical Care; need for national health insurance; health
issues.

06.  Drugs; efforts against the spread of drugs; war on drugs.

07.  Smoking/tobacco issues. Regulation of the industry; taxes on    
cigarettes. Support for the tobacco industry. 

08.  Pro-life issues; anti-abortion; anti partial-birth abortions. Right to
life.; abortion, partial-birth abortions.

09.  Abortion rights; pro partial-birth abortions; from Planned Parenthood.

10.  Womens rights; ERA; equal pay in the workplace.

11.  Gay/Lesbian rights.

12.  Religious issues; religious rights or freedom.

13.  Minority issues; affirmative action; minority rights.
                                        
14.  Childrens issues; childrens welfare; child abuse; programs for at risk
youth.

15.  Rights of the disabled/handicapped.                      


Economic/Employment Issues

20.  Budget deficit; government spending; the Balanced Budget Amendment.
     
21.  Taxes; taxes are too high; Tax credit for children/family.  Tuition tax
credits.
        
22.  Deregulation of business/industry; airline, banking, telephone. Keeping
prices low through competition. Anti-trust mentions;  taxes on a specific
industry (non-tobacco).

23.  Unions; power and stature of unions (all mentions); labor issues;
strikes.

24.  Employment; how hard it is to find a job.

25.  Work related; having to do with ones own job/business/industry.
                                        
26.  Housing affordability; ability to get a mortgage.

                   
Other Specific Issues

40.  Environmental; ecology; pollution.

41.  Rapid transit.

42.  Immigration; against foreigners taking jobs or being on welfare, etc.

43.  English as national/state language.

44.  Gun control. Brady Bill mentions; from the NRA.

45.  Burning Flags; desecrating the flag.

46.  Farm issues (all mentions).

47.  Natural disaster relief. Help/aid from floods, hurricanes, etc.

48.  Television content; what's on TV; harmful to young minds; children having
access to the Internet.

49.  Foreign Policy (all mentions). Foreign aid; international. All nations or
hotspots; NAFTA; foreign trade; being in the UN. 

50.  Military/defense matters. Weapons; military budget (too much or too
little).

51.  Term limits.

52.  Fine art funding.

53.  Prayer in school.

54.  Animal rights.

55.  Police protection/Public Safety.

56.  Fishing rights (between US and Canada). Boundary problem.

57.  Casinos/gambling. The Indian casino.

58.  Funding of money to city/state from federal government (NA what for).

59.  Mandates to cities/states without funding (NA what for).


Primarily Local Issues

70.  Budgets; spending concerns (local only).

71.  Education; need for better schools. (All mentions except sex    
education).

72.  Sex education.

73.  Local ordinances; signs, zoning, drainage, land use; growth     
management; Beautification laws; residency laws for employment. 

74.  Taxes (local level only). School or property taxes.

75.  Better roads/ local infrastructure.

76.  Community problems or issues- NA what. Community affairs.

77.  Car insurance rates.

78.  Tolls on freeways.

79.  Local legislation; bill being passed (NA what).

80.  Structure/function of local government. E.g. Village being  annexed.


Miscellaneous

90.  Voting Record; what politician has done in the past (NA what).

91.  For a flag; one that has flown over the Capitol. 

92.  Tour tickets; information on tourism.

93.  Just to talk; touch base with representative or politician (NA on    
what).

94.  Issues/topics (NA what). Unspecified. Current events.; or   invitation to
contact elected official; giving input (NA what);  all mentions of surveys 
and questionnaires.

95.  Elections/voting/campaigns; getting out the vote, (no issues mentioned).

96.  Appointments made; (comments on individuals appointed.)

97.  OTHER




>> 1997 MASTER CODES FOR GOVERNMENT WASTE


General

01.  Pork barrel legislation. Spending in one state to get votes for something
else. Deal making. Trade-offs.

02.  Building projects ( without mention of political deal making).  Roads,
infrastructure.

03.  Overspending in general. Waste in general. (If say government or similar
term code as government operations.)


Social Welfare Programs; Education

10.  Medicare or Medicaid. Medical assistance to the needy.

11.  Welfare, Public assistance. Food stamps. Welfare to work program. All
mentions of receiving assistance from the government.

12.  Education (all mentions). Student loans; aid to education.

13.  Housing/Urban Development. Housing assistance or subsidies.

14.  Social programs, NFS. Liberal programs. Social concerns.

15.  Affirmative Action/Minority rights programs.

16.  Social Security.

17.  Programs for Children.

Other Specific Programs

20.  Environmental programs, ecology, protecting nature, fighting pollution.

21.  Space Projects. NASA. Putting things in space.

22.  Funding for the Arts, PBS, NEA funding. 

23.  Research, studies, experiments (all mentions).

24.  Farm subsidies; including the tobacco industry.

25.  Prisoners (paying them); cost of incarceration.

26.  Illegal immigrants; supporting them, giving them assistance.

27.  Policies/Programs (NA what, but not social programs); subsidies (NA
what).

28.  War on drugs.

29.  Law enforcement. War on crime, (all mentions non-drug related).


30. Taxes (all mentions).

Government Operations

50.  Government operations in general. The bureaucracy. Duplication of effort.
Overspending for toilet seats, hammers.

51.  Salaries; they get paid too much; giving themselves a raise.

52.  Travel/junkets/perks (too many/too expensive). Eating out, limousines,
luxuries, etc; pensions.

53.  Cost of elections.

54.  Government investigations. Investigating itself. Whitewater
investigation.

55.  Land management (with regard to mining, timber, cattle or other interests
taking Advantage of the government).

Defense; Foreign Affairs

60.  Foreign aid, give away too much, take care of problems at home first.

61.  Defense spending;spending on weapons; military budget is too high.


Miscellaneous 
                      
70.  Too much partying; socializing; celebrating.

71.  Tax breaks to corporations. Government letting big business off.

72.  What lobbyists/special interests want. (All mentions of waste because
of lobbying or outside political pressure.)

73.  Entitlements (no further explanations).

74.  Corruption/Kickbacks/Patronage jobs. (All mentions of a criminal nature.)

75.  Political Party fundraising. Fundraising.

97.  Other

>> 1997 C1/C1a GROUPS ('GROUPS THAT ARE LIKE R')

--------
RELIGION
--------
   -CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIANS
     10   Christian Coalition
     11   Conservative Christian
     12   Evangelicals; Evangelical Presbyterian church groups; Evangelical
          ministers
     13   Born Again Christians
   -CHRISTIANS (NO FURTHER SPECIFICATION)
     14   Christians; Christian people; Judeo-Christian beliefs;
          Christian families; Groups that believe in Christian value;
          Christian groups that believe the second coming is coming soon;
          Non-evangelical Christian
          See Also:      15   American Christians
                         16   Liberal Christian
                         17   Christian Friends 
                         18   Christian Women
   -OTHER CHRISTIANS
     19   (Other Protestants); Lutherans; Unitarian church; Protestant;
          Quakers
          See Also:      20   White Protestants
     21   Catholics
   -OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS
     22   Jews
     23   Pagans
   -OTHER REFERENCES TO RELIGION OR CHURCH
     25   (People in R's Church); Church friends; People that are in my
          church; People that go to my parish
     26   Church Group; Church groups; Church 
               (Note: This category differs from 25 in that R does not
          specifically state that the church group or church is R's own.)
     27   (Other References to Religion or Church, no further
          specification); Religion groups; Church people; People
               of faith; People that go to church; The Church
--------------
CLASS / INCOME
--------------
   -UPPER MIDDLE CLASS
     30   Upper Middle Class; Affluent; Medium to upper income
   -MIDDLE CLASS
     31   Middle Class; Financial the middle; Medium class; Middle income
          type of people; Middle class citizens; Middle class society
          See Also: 32   Middle Class America
                    33   Middle Class Whites
                    34   Middle Class White Americans
   -WORKING MIDDLE CLASS
     36   Working Middle Class people; Middle class working
          See Also: 37   Middle Class Working Americans
                    38   Middle-Class Blue Collar Group; Upper blue collar
                         middle class
   -LOWER MIDDLE CLASS
     39   Lower Middle Class; Lower middle income.
   -WORKING CLASS / WORKING PEOPLE 
     40   Working Class; Working public; The working people; People that
          work everyday; Wage earners; The common worker; Normal everyday
          working group
               See Also: 41   Working Class Females
                         42   Working American
                         43   Middle Age Working Class America
                         126  Working parents
                         127  Working couples where both work outside of the
                                home
                         130  Working mother
                         161  Blue Collar Workers
   -POOR PEOPLE
     44   Poor People; People with low incomes; People with modest income;
          Underclass; Lower income; People without a whole lot of money
     45   (People on welfare)
   -OTHER REFERENCES TO ECONOMIC STATUS
     46   (Same income as R)
     47   People Well paid
     48   Homeowners
     49   Taxpayers; Frustrated taxpayers; Taxpayers' association
---------------------------------
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY / PARTISANSHIP
---------------------------------
   -PARTY IDENTIFICATION
     50   Conservative Republicans; Right wing Republican
     51   Republicans; The Republican Party
     52   Moderate Republicans; Weak Republicans; Republican, but I don't
          agree with everything they say so I'm not strictly Republican
     53   Conservative Democrat
     54   Moderate Democrats
     55   Democrats; Clinton supporters
     56   Other Party References; The responsibility party; Independent
          party; Independents
   -IDEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
     57   Conservatives; Anyone who would have conservative ideas
               See Also: 58   White Conservative
     59   Moderate Conservatives.
     60   Moderates; I'm in the middle of the road; Not people with strong
          ideology
     61   Less Conservative   
     62   Moderate Liberal; Somewhat liberal
     63   Liberal
   -OTHER POLITICAL IDENTIFICATIONS
     64   Angry White Male
     65   The KKK, Christian Militia
     66   Pro gun rights; NRA
     67   Pro-life
     68   Pro-choice
     69   Feminist
     70   Environmentalist; People interested in saving the different
          species of animals in rain forests...; Green party; conservation;
          Not polluting the air or environment; People that try to clean up
          the environment
     71   Labor Unions; Trade unionist; Organized labor
     73   (Political Participant); Activist; Trying to get involved; People
          who are trying to make a difference in their own small way;
          Volunteers; Supporters of causes 
     74   (General Reference to Political Groups, no further specification);
          Sometimes in social activities we speak about politics; Political
     75   (Apolitical); People who don't care much about politics; Not
          political involved; People who are somewhat jaded by the way things
          are right now
     76   (Patriot); People who care about the country 
---
AGE
---
   -YOUNG
     80   Young People; Generation X; The 19-25 age group; People who are
          25-30
               See Also: 116  Caucasian Young Females
                         121  Young Marrieds
                         124  Young Parents
   -MIDDLE AGE
     81   Middle Age; Baby Boomers; The yuppie-type age people between
          35-45; The hippy generation; People in the forties, like my daughter
               See Also: 43   Middle age Working Class America
                         102  Middle Aged Caucasians
                         112  Middle Aged White Males     
   -OLDER
     82   (Pre-Boomers); 50 Something; Over age 55
               See Also: 115  50-Something Women
     83   Senior Citizens; Seniors; Older people; Elderly; Anyone who
          graduated from high schools in the 1930s
               See Also: 84   White Elderly Population
                         85   Older White Americans
                         86   Senior Community Complex
     87   Retired people; AARP; People concerned with pensions
   -OTHER REFERENCE TO AGE
     88   (Same age as R)
---------
EDUCATION
---------
     91   Less educated people; Not highly educated but not dumb
     92   College groups; College students
     93   Recent college graduates; Recent grads; Younger college educated
          people
     94   Well-educated people; Educated; College educated; College grads;
          highly educated
     95   (General reference to school and education); Students; Working
          to get education; School; Education
     96   (Education-related issues); Education is very important; People
          interested in Education; Friends of education; PTA's; People
          interested in the schools
----------------   
RACE / ETHNICITY
----------------
     100  Whites. 
               See Also: 20   White Protestants
                         33   Middle Class Whites
                         34   Middle Class White Americans
                         58   White Conservative
                         64   Angry White Male
                         84   White Elderly Population
                         85   Older White Americans
                         101  Anglo Saxon White Americans
                         102  Middle aged Caucasians
                         103  Anglo Saxon
                         104  Irish
                         111  Caucasian Males
                         112  Middle Aged White Males
                         116  Caucasian Young Females
     105  African Americans; Afro-Americans; Black
     106  Hispanics; Latinos
     107  (Asian Americans); The Asian Community
     108  Native Americans
     109  (Other References to Race); Multiracial
---------------------------
GENDER / SEXUAL ORIENTATION
---------------------------
   -GENDER / SEXUAL ORIENTATION
     110  Men
               See Also: 64   Angry White Male
                         111  Caucasian Males
                         112  Middle Aged White Males
     113  Women
               See Also: 18   Christian Women
                         41   Working class females
                         114  Working Women; Professional working women;
                              Career women
                         115  50-Something Women; Women 45-50; Older women;
                              Women in menopause in their 50s
                         116  Caucasian Young Females            
                         132  Single women             
                         151  Business Women
     117  Gay
------   
FAMILY
------
   -FAMILY
     120  Married
               See Also: 121  Young Marrieds
                         122  Married Families              
                         163  Housewife
     123  Parents; People with families; Family groups;  Couples who have
          children and families
               See Also: 122  Married Families              
                         124  Young Parents; Young couples with children;
                              Parents of school age
                              children
                         125  Parents that take time off work to work with
                              their kids
                         126  Working parents
                         128  Single Parents
                         129  Mothers
                         130  Working mother
                         131  Single mothers
     127  Working couples where both work outside of the home; Couples
          where both people work
     132  Single women
     
   -OTHER REFERENCES TO FAMILY
     133  R's Family; Family members; My children
     134  People who are family-oriented; Focus on the families
----------     
OCCUPATION
----------
   -PROFESSIONALS / MEDIA / TECHNOLOGY / BUSINESS
     140  Professionals; Professional people with college education
     141  White Collar Worker     
     142  Doctors
     143  Engineers
     144  Teachers; Professors; Educators
     145  Entertainers and artists
     146  News Commentators
     147  Politicians     
     148  Technology Groups
     149  Technical People; Professional technical people; Technical people
          with advanced degrees
     150  Business People; People in the business world; Businessmen;
          Business groups; Chamber of Commerce; Business owners; Investors;
          Entrepreneurs
               See also: 151  Business Women
     152  Small Businessperson; Small independent businessman
     153  People in Real Estate
     154  Salespeople
   -LAW ENFORCEMENT / FARMERS / CONSTRUCTION / BLUE COLLAR
     155  Criminal Justice People
     156  Farmers
     157  Construction Workers
     158  Truck Driver; People that make their living on the highway
     159  Railroad
     160  Military Personnel
     161  Blue Collar Workers; High paid blue collar worker
               See Also: 38   Middle-Class Blue Collar Group
   -OTHER OCCUPATION REFERENCE
     162  Self-employed
     163  Housewife
     164  Peace Corp volunteer
---------
GEOGRAPHY
---------
     170  Neighbors; My neighborhood; People in the neighborhood
     171  Rural; Rural area people; The country people
     172  Urban; The city; Inner city person
     173  Suburban
     174  (Reference to a State); Texans
     175  People in my Community
               See Also: 86   Senior Community Complex
   -AMERICANS
     176  (Reference to America or Americans); Middle American; Americans
          in general
               See Also: 15   American Christians
                         32   Middle Class America
                         34   Middle Class White Americans
                         37   Middle Class Working Americans
                         42   Working American. 
                         43   Middle age Working Class America
                         85   Older White Americans
                         101  Anglo Saxon White Americans
-----------------------------
HOBBIES / ACTIVITIES / SPORTS
-----------------------------
     180  (Media-related Interests); Those who listen to radio part time;
          Newspaper readers; People who listen to public radio; NPR
     181  (Reading-related Interests); Readers of science fiction;
          Interested in reading, fiction reading mainly; Literary group (like
          friends of the library)
     182  (Sports Activities or Fans); Ohio State Football Fan; Golfing
          league; Bowling; Eastern Stars camping group; Sporting groups,
          hunting and fishing
     183  (Arts-related Interests); Actively involved in the theater; Music
          and theater; People who are interested in the arts
     184  (Other group activities); Masonic Fraternity; Health (food groups);
          Woman's club group; Luncheon groups; Men's group; Cooking groups;
          Veterans group that is non political
     185  (Traveling); World travelers
-------------------------     
PEOPLE R HAS CONTACT WITH
-------------------------
     190  Friends; Close friends
               See Also: 17   Christian friends. 
     191  Co-workers; People that I work [with]; My office mate 
     192  (Other Contact references); People I associate with; People I come
          in contact with day by day; Most people you deal with; I'm
          comfortable with everybody I talk to, I can talk to the highest and
          lowest in life, doesn't make any difference to me; People that I
          talk to from all age groups and financial backgrounds
-------------------
PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES
-------------------
     200  Hard-working / Financially  motivated; People who have had a rough
          time in life, really worked for what they have; People who want a
          high quality of life; Trying to get out of welfare; The ones that
          work hard but get little reward in the end
     201  Independent thinkers; Rugged individualist
     202  Realists; More down to earth
     203  Optimists; People that try to have a positive attitude toward life; 
          Positive thinking group
     204  People with morals; Traditional
     205  (Other Personal Attributes);  Open-minded people; Easy-going;
          Creative; Artistic; Caring; Honest people; Well-informed intelligent
          people
-----     
OTHER
-----
     210  Average / Common Person; Plain down to earth person; Joe average;
          Just everyday people; Middle group; Just regular people like me
     220  Many Groups or People; A lot of groups; About half the people...most
          of the people
     230  None, No groups.
     998  Don't Know.
     999  No Answer, Refused.







>> ACCESSING GROUP-SPECIFIC DATA IN THE POST-ELECTION SURVEY, 1996

Please also see related paragraphs in the Introductory section of the codebook
for general information about the 'Groups' section in the Post.

For data users interested in a greater level of detail for the Post 'Groups'
section (R3-R7w), the raw data for the 1996 Study includes additional data 
which are not represented in the codebook and are not included in the SAS and
SPSS data definition files provided with the Study data.  To access these
additional variables, the column numbers may be cut and pasted from the
listings below and then inserted into the SAS or SPSS data definition file
that the user is submitting.  SAS and SPSS missing data assignments also may
be cut and pasted into the  user's file.  This additional information provides
the specific responses to questions about individual groups in each
category--Group1, Group2, Group3 or Group4.

GROUP SPECIFIC DATA

For the question on group membership, the category summary variable
identifies the specific groups of which R is a member and additional
group-specific vars are not necessary.

For the questions on dues/contributions, meetings/activities, and political
discussion, however, more than 2 responses were possible and the summary
variables could not identify the particular response for an individual group.

The responses categories are:

"In the past 12 months have you paid dues or given any money to this group?
Which is that? (Dues, contributions, or both?)"
1. Dues
3. Contributions
5. Both
7. Other (specify)
8. DK
9. NA
0. Inap, R is not involved with any group in this category; no further group
mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW

"In the last 12 months have you taken part in any activities sponsored by this
group or attended a meeting of this group?"
1. Attended a meeting
3. Taken part in activities
5. Both
8. DK
9. NA
0. Inap, R is not involved with any groups in this category; no further group
mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW

"How often does this group discuss politics-- often, sometimes, rarely, or
never?"
1. Often
2. Sometimes
3. Rarely
4. Never
8. DK
9. NA
0. Inap, R is not involved with any groups in this category; no further group
mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW

COMPLETE SET OF COLUMN LOCATIONS
   (Within each group category, Group 1 is identified in the "A" variable,
    Group 2 in the "B" variable, Group 3 in the "C" variable", and Group 4 
    in the "D" variable).  SEE MISSING DATA HEADINGS BELOW TO IDENTIFY
    QUESTIONS WITHIN GROUP CATEGORIES.
V961344 1875
V961345 1876-1879
V961346 1880-1883
V961346A 1884
V961346B 1885
V961346C 1886
V961346D 1887
V961347 1888-1891
V961347A 1892
V961347B 1893
V961347C 1894
V961347D 1895
V961348 1896-1899
V961348A 1900
V961348B 1901
V961348C 1902
V961348D 1903
V961349 1904
V961350 1905-1908
V961351 1909-1912
V961351A 1913
V961351B 1914
V961351C 1915
V961351D 1916
V961352 1917-1920
V961352A 1921
V961352B 1922
V961352C 1923
V961352D 1924
V961353 1925-1928
V961353A 1929
V961353B 1930
V961353C 1931
V961353D 1932
V961354 1933
V961355 1934-1937
V961356 1938-1941
V961356A 1942
V961356B 1943
V961356C 1944
V961356D 1945
V961357 1946-1949
V961357A 1950
V961357B 1951
V961357C 1952
V961357D 1953
V961358 1954-1957
V961358A 1958
V961358B 1959
V961358C 1960
V961358D 1961
V961359 1962
V961360 1963-1966
V961361 1967-1970
V961361A 1971
V961361B 1972
V961361C 1973
V961361D 1974
V961362 1975-1978
V961362A 1979
V961362B 1980
V961362C 1981
V961362D 1982
V961363 1983-1986
V961363A 1987
V961363B 1988
V961363C 1989
V961363D 1990
V961364 1991
V961365 1992-1995
V961366 1996-1999
V961366A 2000
V961366B 2001
V961366C 2002
V961366D 2003
V961367 2004-2007
V961367A 2008
V961367B 2009
V961367C 2010
V961367D 2011
V961368 2012-2015
V961368A 2016
V961368B 2017
V961368C 2018
V961368D 2019
V961369 2020
V961370 2021-2024
V961371 2025-2028
V961371A 2029
V961371B 2030
V961371C 2031
V961371D 2032
V961372 2033-2036
V961372A 2037
V961372B 2038
V961372C 2039
V961372D 2040
V961373 2041-2044
V961373A 2045
V961373B 2046
V961373C 2047
V961373D 2048
V961374 2049
V961375 2050-2053
V961376 2054-2057
V961376A 2058
V961376B 2059
V961376C 2060
V961376D 2061
V961377 2062-2065
V961377A 2066
V961377B 2067
V961377C 2068
V961377D 2069
V961378 2070-2073
V961378A 2074
V961378B 2075
V961378C 2076
V961378D 2077
V961379 2078
V961380 2079-2082
V961381 2083-2086
V961381A 2087
V961381B 2088
V961381C 2089
V961381D 2090
V961382 2091-2094
V961382A 2095
V961382B 2096
V961382C 2097
V961382D 2098
V961383 2099-2102
V961383A 2103
V961383B 2104
V961383C 2105
V961383D 2106
V961384 2107
V961385 2108-2111
V961386 2112-2115
V961386A 2116
V961386B 2117
V961386C 2118
V961386D 2119
V961387 2120-2123
V961387A 2124
V961387B 2125
V961387C 2126
V961387D 2127
V961388 2128-2131
V961388A 2132
V961388B 2133
V961388C 2134
V961388D 2135
V961389 2136
V961390 2137-2140
V961391 2141-2144
V961391A 2145
V961391B 2146
V961391C 2147
V961391D 2148
V961392 2149-2152
V961392A 2153
V961392B 2154
V961392C 2155
V961392D 2156
V961393 2157-2160
V961393A 2161
V961393B 2162
V961393C 2163
V961393D 2164
V961394 2165
V961395 2166-2169
V961396 2170-2173
V961396A 2174
V961396B 2175
V961396C 2176
V961396D 2177
V961397 2178-2181
V961397A 2182
V961397B 2183
V961397C 2184
V961397D 2185
V961398 2186-2189
V961398A 2190
V961398B 2191
V961398C 2192
V961398D 2193
V961399 2194
V961400 2195-2198
V961401 2199-2202
V961401A 2203
V961401B 2204
V961401C 2205
V961401D 2206
V961402 2207-2210
V961402A 2211
V961402B 2212
V961402C 2213
V961402D 2214
V961403 2215-2218
V961403A 2219
V961403B 2220
V961403C 2221
V961403D 2222
V961404 2223
V961405 2224-2227
V961406 2228-2231
V961406A 2232
V961406B 2233
V961406C 2234
V961406D 2235
V961407 2236-2239
V961407A 2240
V961407B 2241
V961407C 2242
V961407D 2243
V961408 2244-2247
V961408A 2248
V961408B 2249
V961408C 2250
V961408D 2251
V961409 2252
V961410 2253-2256
V961411 2257-2260
V961411A 2261
V961411B 2262
V961411C 2263
V961411D 2264
V961412 2265-2268
V961412A 2269
V961412B 2270
V961412C 2271
V961412D 2272
V961413 2273-2276
V961413A 2277
V961413B 2278
V961413C 2279
V961413D 2280
V961414 2281
V961415 2282-2285
V961416 2286-2289
V961416A 2290
V961416B 2291
V961416C 2292
V961416D 2293
V961417 2294-2297
V961417A 2298
V961417B 2299
V961417C 2300
V961417D 2301
V961418 2302-2305
V961418A 2306
V961418B 2307
V961418C 2308
V961418D 2309
V961419 2310
V961420 2311-2314
V961421 2315-2318
V961421A 2319
V961421B 2320
V961421C 2321
V961421D 2322
V961422 2323-2326
V961422A 2327
V961422B 2328
V961422C 2329
V961422D 2330
V961423 2331-2334
V961423A 2335
V961423B 2336
V961423C 2337
V961423D 2338
V961424 2339
V961425 2340-2343
V961426 2344-2347
V961426A 2348
V961426B 2349
V961426C 2350
V961426D 2351
V961427 2352-2355
V961427A 2356
V961427B 2357
V961427C 2358
V961427D 2359
V961428 2360-2363
V961428A 2364
V961428B 2365
V961428C 2366
V961428D 2367
V961429 2368
V961430 2369-2372
V961431 2373-2376
V961431A 2377
V961431B 2378
V961431C 2379
V961431D 2380
V961432 2381-2384
V961432A 2385
V961432B 2386
V961432C 2387
V961432D 2388
V961433 2389-2392
V961433A 2393
V961433B 2394
V961433C 2395
V961433D 2396
V961434 2397
V961435 2398-2401
V961436 2402-2405
V961436A 2406
V961436B 2407
V961436C 2408
V961436D 2409
V961437 2410-2413
V961437A 2414
V961437B 2415
V961437C 2416
V961437D 2417
V961438 2418-2421
V961438A 2422
V961438B 2423
V961438C 2424
V961438D 2425
V961439 2426
V961440 2427-2430
V961441 2431-2434
V961441A 2435
V961441B 2436
V961441C 2437
V961441D 2438
V961442 2439-2442
V961442A 2443
V961442B 2444
V961442C 2445
V961442D 2446
V961443 2447-2450
V961443A 2451
V961443B 2452
V961443C 2453
V961443D 2454
V961444 2455
V961445 2456-2459
V961446 2460-2463
V961446A 2464
V961446B 2465
V961446C 2466
V961446D 2467
V961447 2468-2471
V961447A 2472
V961447B 2473
V961447C 2474
V961447D 2475
V961448 2476-2479
V961448A 2480
V961448B 2481
V961448C 2482
V961448D 2483
V961449 2484
V961450 2485-2488
V961451 2489-2492
V961451A 2493
V961451B 2494
V961451C 2495
V961451D 2496
V961452 2497-2500
V961452A 2501
V961452B 2502
V961452C 2503
V961452D 2504
V961453 2505-2508
V961453A 2509
V961453B 2510
V961453C 2511
V961453D 2512
...........................................................

GROUP-SPECIFIC MISSING DATA

************************************************************
************************************************************

FOR PAYMENT OF DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS:
the group-specific data may be found in the columns below.  For each group
category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention,
the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc.

LABOR UNIONS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961346a =0 then  v961346a =.;
if v961346b =0 then  v961346b =.;
if v961346c =0 then  v961346c =.;
if v961346d =0 then  v961346d =.;
v961346a (0)
v961346b (0)
v961346c (0)
v961346d (0)

BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961351a =0 then  v961351a =.;
if v961351b =0 then  v961351b =.;
if v961351c =0 then  v961351c =.;
if v961351d =0 then  v961351d =.;
v961351a (0)
v961351b (0)
v961351c (0)
v961351d (0)

VETERANS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961356a =0 then  v961356a =.;
if v961356b =0 then  v961356b =.;
if v961356c =0 then  v961356c =.;
if v961356d =0 then  v961356d =.;
v961356a (0)
v961356b (0)
v961356c (0)
v961356d (0)

CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961361a =0 then  v961361a =.;
if v961361b =0 then  v961361b =.;
if v961361c =0 then  v961361c =.;
if v961361d =0 then  v961361d =.;
v961361a (0)
v961361b (0)
v961361c (0)
v961361d (0)

OTHER RELIGIOUS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961366a =0 then  v961366a =.;
if v961366b =0 then  v961366b =.;
if v961366c =0 then  v961366c =.;
if v961366d =0 then  v961366d =.;
v961366a (0)
v961366b (0)
v961366c (0)
v961366d (0)

ELDERLY/SENIOR DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961371a =0 then  v961371a =.;
if v961371b =0 then  v961371b =.;
if v961371c =0 then  v961371c =.;
if v961371d =0 then  v961371d =.;
v961371a (0)
v961371b (0)
v961371c (0)
v961371d (0)

ETHNIC/NATIONALITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961376a =0 then  v961376a =.;
if v961376b =0 then  v961376b =.;
if v961376c =0 then  v961376c =.;
if v961376d =0 then  v961376d =.;
v961376a (0)
v961376b (0)
v961376c (0)
v961376d (0)

WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961381a =0 then  v961381a =.;
if v961381b =0 then  v961381b =.;
if v961381c =0 then  v961381c =.;
if v961381d =0 then  v961381d =.;
v961381a (0)
v961381b (0)
v961381c (0)
v961381d (0)

POLITICAL ISSUE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961386a =0 then  v961386a =.;
if v961386b =0 then  v961386b =.;
if v961386c =0 then  v961386c =.;
if v961386d =0 then  v961386d =.;
v961386a (0)
v961386b (0)
v961386c (0)
v961386d (0)

NONPARTISAN OR CIVIC DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961391a =0 then  v961391a =.;
if v961391b =0 then  v961391b =.;
if v961391c =0 then  v961391c =.;
if v961391d =0 then  v961391d =.;
v961391a (0)
v961391b (0)
v961391c (0)
v961391d (0)

LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961396a =0 then  v961396a =.;
if v961396b =0 then  v961396b =.;
if v961396c =0 then  v961396c =.;
if v961396d =0 then  v961396d =.;
v961396a (0)
v961396b (0)
v961396c (0)
v961396d (0)

POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961401a =0 then  v961401a =.;
if v961401b =0 then  v961401b =.;
if v961401c =0 then  v961401c =.;
if v961401d =0 then  v961401d =.;
v961401a (0)
v961401b (0)
v961401c (0)
v961401d (0)

CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961406a =0 then  v961406a =.;
if v961406b =0 then  v961406b =.;
if v961406c =0 then  v961406c =.;
if v961406d =0 then  v961406d =.;
v961406a (0)
v961406b (0)
v961406c (0)
v961406d (0)

LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961411a =0 then  v961411a =.;
if v961411b =0 then  v961411b =.;
if v961411c =0 then  v961411c =.;
if v961411d =0 then  v961411d =.;
v961411a (0)
v961411b (0)
v961411c (0)
v961411d (0)

HOBBY OR LEISURE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961416a =0 then  v961416a =.;
if v961416b =0 then  v961416b =.;
if v961416c =0 then  v961416c =.;
if v961416d =0 then  v961416d =.;
v961416a (0)
v961416b (0)
v961416c (0)
v961416d (0)

NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961421a =0 then  v961421a =.;
if v961421b =0 then  v961421b =.;
if v961421c =0 then  v961421c =.;
if v961421d =0 then  v961421d =.;
v961421a (0)
v961421b (0)
v961421c (0)
v961421d (0)

SERVICE/FRATERNAL DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961426a =0 then  v961426a =.;
if v961426b =0 then  v961426b =.;
if v961426c =0 then  v961426c =.;
if v961426d =0 then  v961426d =.;
v961426a (0)
v961426b (0)
v961426c (0)
v961426d (0)

SERVICE TO NEEDY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961431a =0 then  v961431a =.;
if v961431b =0 then  v961431b =.;
if v961431c =0 then  v961431c =.;
if v961431d =0 then  v961431d =.;
v961431a (0)
v961431b (0)
v961431c (0)
v961431d (0)

EDUCATIONAL DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961436a =0 then  v961436a =.;
if v961436b =0 then  v961436b =.;
if v961436c =0 then  v961436c =.;
if v961436d =0 then  v961436d =.;
v961436a (0)
v961436b (0)
v961436c (0)
v961436d (0)

CULTURAL SERVICE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961441a =0 then  v961441a =.;
if v961441b =0 then  v961441b =.;
if v961441c =0 then  v961441c =.;
if v961441d =0 then  v961441d =.;
v961441a (0)
v961441b (0)
v961441c (0)
v961441d (0)

SELF-HELP DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961446a =0 then  v961446a =.;
if v961446b =0 then  v961446b =.;
if v961446c =0 then  v961446c =.;
if v961446d =0 then  v961446d =.;
v961446a (0)
v961446b (0)
v961446c (0)
v961446d (0)

OTHER DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961451a =0 then  v961451a =.;
if v961451b =0 then  v961451b =.;
if v961451c =0 then  v961451c =.;
if v961451d =0 then  v961451d =.;
v961451a (0)
v961451b (0)
v961451c (0)
v961451d (0)

************************************************************
************************************************************
FOR MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES:
the group-specific data may be found in the columns below.  For each group
category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention,
the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc.

LABOR UNIONS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961347a =0 then  v961347a =.;
if v961347b =0 then  v961347b =.;
if v961347c =0 then  v961347c =.;
if v961347d =0 then  v961347d =.;
v961347a (0)
v961347b (0)
v961347c (0)
v961347d (0)

BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961352a =0 then  v961352a =.;
if v961352b =0 then  v961352b =.;
if v961352c =0 then  v961352c =.;
if v961352d =0 then  v961352d =.;
v961352a (0)
v961352b (0)
v961352c (0)
v961352d (0)

VETERANS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961357a =0 then  v961357a =.;
if v961357b =0 then  v961357b =.;
if v961357c =0 then  v961357c =.;
if v961357d =0 then  v961357d =.;
v961357a (0)
v961357b (0)
v961357c (0)
v961357d (0)

CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961362a =0 then  v961362a =.;
if v961362b =0 then  v961362b =.;
if v961362c =0 then  v961362c =.;
if v961362d =0 then  v961362d =.;
v961362a (0)
v961362b (0)
v961362c (0)
v961362d (0)

OTHER RELIGIOUS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961367a =0 then  v961367a =.;
if v961367b =0 then  v961367b =.;
if v961367c =0 then  v961367c =.;
if v961367d =0 then  v961367d =.;
v961367a (0)
v961367b (0)
v961367c (0)
v961367d (0)

ELDERLY/SENIOR MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961372a =0 then  v961372a =.;
if v961372b =0 then  v961372b =.;
if v961372c =0 then  v961372c =.;
if v961372d =0 then  v961372d =.;
v961372a (0)
v961372b (0)
v961372c (0)
v961372d (0)

ETHNIC/NATIONALITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961377a =0 then  v961377a =.;
if v961377b =0 then  v961377b =.;
if v961377c =0 then  v961377c =.;
if v961377d =0 then  v961377d =.;
v961377a (0)
v961377b (0)
v961377c (0)
v961377d (0)

WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961382a =0 then  v961382a =.;
if v961382b =0 then  v961382b =.;
if v961382c =0 then  v961382c =.;
if v961382d =0 then  v961382d =.;
v961382a (0)
v961382b (0)
v961382c (0)
v961382d (0)

POLITICAL ISSUE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961387a =0 then  v961387a =.;
if v961387b =0 then  v961387b =.;
if v961387c =0 then  v961387c =.;
if v961387d =0 then  v961387d =.;
v961387a (0)
v961387b (0)
v961387c (0)
v961387d (0)

NONPARTISAN OR CIVIC MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961392a =0 then  v961392a =.;
if v961392b =0 then  v961392b =.;
if v961392c =0 then  v961392c =.;
if v961392d =0 then  v961392d =.;
v961392a (0)
v961392b (0)
v961392c (0)
v961392d (0)

LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961397a =0 then  v961397a =.;
if v961397b =0 then  v961397b =.;
if v961397c =0 then  v961397c =.;
if v961397d =0 then  v961397d =.;
v961397a (0)
v961397b (0)
v961397c (0)
v961397d (0)

POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961402a =0 then  v961402a =.;
if v961402b =0 then  v961402b =.;
if v961402c =0 then  v961402c =.;
if v961402d =0 then  v961402d =.;
v961402a (0)
v961402b (0)
v961402c (0)
v961402d (0)

CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961407a =0 then  v961407a =.;
if v961407b =0 then  v961407b =.;
if v961407c =0 then  v961407c =.;
if v961407d =0 then  v961407d =.;
v961407a (0)
v961407b (0)
v961407c (0)
v961407d (0)

LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961412a =0 then  v961412a =.;
if v961412b =0 then  v961412b =.;
if v961412c =0 then  v961412c =.;
if v961412d =0 then  v961412d =.;
v961412a (0)
v961412b (0)
v961412c (0)
v961412d (0)

HOBBY OR LEISURE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961417a =0 then  v961417a =.;
if v961417b =0 then  v961417b =.;
if v961417c =0 then  v961417c =.;
if v961417d =0 then  v961417d =.;
v961417a (0)
v961417b (0)
v961417c (0)
v961417d (0)

NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961422a =0 then  v961422a =.;
if v961422b =0 then  v961422b =.;
if v961422c =0 then  v961422c =.;
if v961422d =0 then  v961422d =.;
v961422a (0)
v961422b (0)
v961422c (0)
v961422d (0)

SERVICE/FRATERNAL MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961427a =0 then  v961427a =.;
if v961427b =0 then  v961427b =.;
if v961427c =0 then  v961427c =.;
if v961427d =0 then  v961427d =.;
v961427a (0)
v961427b (0)
v961427c (0)
v961427d (0)

SERVICE TO NEEDY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961432a =0 then  v961432a =.;
if v961432b =0 then  v961432b =.;
if v961432c =0 then  v961432c =.;
if v961432d =0 then  v961432d =.;
v961432a (0)
v961432b (0)
v961432c (0)
v961432d (0)

EDUCATIONAL MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961437a =0 then  v961437a =.;
if v961437b =0 then  v961437b =.;
if v961437c =0 then  v961437c =.;
if v961437d =0 then  v961437d =.;
v961437a (0)
v961437b (0)
v961437c (0)
v961437d (0)

CULTURAL SERVICE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961442a =0 then  v961442a =.;
if v961442b =0 then  v961442b =.;
if v961442c =0 then  v961442c =.;
if v961442d =0 then  v961442d =.;
v961442a (0)
v961442b (0)
v961442c (0)
v961442d (0)

SELF-HELP MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961447a =0 then  v961447a =.;
if v961447b =0 then  v961447b =.;
if v961447c =0 then  v961447c =.;
if v961447d =0 then  v961447d =.;
v961447a (0)
v961447b (0)
v961447c (0)
v961447d (0)

OTHER MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961452a =0 then  v961452a =.;
if v961452b =0 then  v961452b =.;
if v961452c =0 then  v961452c =.;
if v961452d =0 then  v961452d =.;
v961452a (0)
v961452b (0)
v961452c (0)
v961452d (0)

************************************************************
************************************************************
FOR POLITICAL DISCUSSION:
the group-specific data  may be found in the columns below.  For each group
category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention,
the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc.

LABOR UNIONS POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961348a =0 then  v961348a =.;
if v961348b =0 then  v961348b =.;
if v961348c =0 then  v961348c =.;
if v961348d =0 then  v961348d =.;
v961348a (0)
v961348b (0)
v961348c (0)
v961348d (0)

BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961353a =0 then  v961353a =.;
if v961353b =0 then  v961353b =.;
if v961353c =0 then  v961353c =.;
if v961353d =0 then  v961353d =.;
v961353a (0)
v961353b (0)
v961353c (0)
v961353d (0)

VETERANS POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961358a =0 then  v961358a =.;
if v961358b =0 then  v961358b =.;
if v961358c =0 then  v961358c =.;
if v961358d =0 then  v961358d =.;
v961358a (0)
v961358b (0)
v961358c (0)
v961358d (0)

CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961363a =0 then  v961363a =.;
if v961363b =0 then  v961363b =.;
if v961363c =0 then  v961363c =.;
if v961363d =0 then  v961363d =.;
v961363a (0)
v961363b (0)
v961363c (0)
v961363d (0)

OTHER RELIGIOUS POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961368a =0 then  v961368a =.;
if v961368b =0 then  v961368b =.;
if v961368c =0 then  v961368c =.;
if v961368d =0 then  v961368d =.;
v961368a (0)
v961368b (0)
v961368c (0)
v961368d (0)

ELDERLY/SENIOR POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961373a =0 then  v961373a =.;
if v961373b =0 then  v961373b =.;
if v961373c =0 then  v961373c =.;
if v961373d =0 then  v961373d =.;
v961373a (0)
v961373b (0)
v961373c (0)
v961373d (0)

ETHNIC/NATIONALITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961378a =0 then  v961378a =.;
if v961378b =0 then  v961378b =.;
if v961378c =0 then  v961378c =.;
if v961378d =0 then  v961378d =.;
v961378a (0)
v961378b (0)
v961378c (0)
v961378d (0)

WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961383a =0 then  v961383a =.;
if v961383b =0 then  v961383b =.;
if v961383c =0 then  v961383c =.;
if v961383d =0 then  v961383d =.;
v961383a (0)
v961383b (0)
v961383c (0)
v961383d (0)

POLITICAL ISSUE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961388a =0 then  v961388a =.;
if v961388b =0 then  v961388b =.;
if v961388c =0 then  v961388c =.;
if v961388d =0 then  v961388d =.;
v961388a (0)
v961388b (0)
v961388c (0)
v961388d (0)

NONPARTISAN OR CIV96IC
if v961393a =0 then  v961393a =.;
if v961393b =0 then  v961393b =.;
if v961393c =0 then  v961393c =.;
if v961393d =0 then  v961393d =.;
v961393a (0)
v961393b (0)
v961393c (0)
v961393d (0)

LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961398a =0 then  v961398a =.;
if v961398b =0 then  v961398b =.;
if v961398c =0 then  v961398c =.;
if v961398d =0 then  v961398d =.;
v961398a (0)
v961398b (0)
v961398c (0)
v961398d (0)

POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961403a =0 then  v961403a =.;
if v961403b =0 then  v961403b =.;
if v961403c =0 then  v961403c =.;
if v961403d =0 then  v961403d =.;
v961403a (0)
v961403b (0)
v961403c (0)
v961403d (0)

CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961408a =0 then  v961408a =.;
if v961408b =0 then  v961408b =.;
if v961408c =0 then  v961408c =.;
if v961408d =0 then  v961408d =.;
v961408a (0)
v961408b (0)
v961408c (0)
v961408d (0)

LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961413a =0 then  v961413a =.;
if v961413b =0 then  v961413b =.;
if v961413c =0 then  v961413c =.;
if v961413d =0 then  v961413d =.;
v961413a (0)
v961413b (0)
v961413c (0)
v961413d (0)

HOBBY OR LEISURE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961418a =0 then  v961418a =.;
if v961418b =0 then  v961418b =.;
if v961418c =0 then  v961418c =.;
if v961418d =0 then  v961418d =.;
v961418a (0)
v961418b (0)
v961418c (0)
v961418d (0)

NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961423a =0 then  v961423a =.;
if v961423b =0 then  v961423b =.;
if v961423c =0 then  v961423c =.;
if v961423d =0 then  v961423d =.;
v961423a (0)
v961423b (0)
v961423c (0)
v961423d (0)

SERVICE/FRATERNAL POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961428a =0 then  v961428a =.;
if v961428b =0 then  v961428b =.;
if v961428c =0 then  v961428c =.;
if v961428d =0 then  v961428d =.;
v961428a (0)
v961428b (0)
v961428c (0)
v961428d (0)

SERVICE TO NEEDY POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961433a =0 then  v961433a =.;
if v961433b =0 then  v961433b =.;
if v961433c =0 then  v961433c =.;
if v961433d =0 then  v961433d =.;
v961433a (0)
v961433b (0)
v961433c (0)
v961433d (0)

EDUCATIONAL POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961438a =0 then  v961438a =.;
if v961438b =0 then  v961438b =.;
if v961438c =0 then  v961438c =.;
if v961438d =0 then  v961438d =.;
v961438a (0)
v961438b (0)
v961438c (0)
v961438d (0)

CULTURAL SERVICE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961433a =0 then  v961433a =.;
if v961433b =0 then  v961433b =.;
if v961433c =0 then  v961433c =.;
if v961433d =0 then  v961433d =.;
v961443a (0)
v961443b (0)
v961443c (0)
v961443d (0)

SELF-HELP POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961448a =0 then  v961448a =.;
if v961448b =0 then  v961448b =.;
if v961448c =0 then  v961448c =.;
if v961448d  =0 then  v961448d  =.;
v961448a (0)
v961448b (0)
v961448c (0)
v961448d (0)

OTHER POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961453a =0 then  v961453a =.;
if v961453b =0 then  v961453b =.;
if v961453c =0 then  v961453c =.;
if v961453d =0 then  v961453d =.;
v961453a (0)
v961453b (0)
v961453c (0)
v961453d (0)

>> 1996 NATIONAL PRE/POST-ELECTION STUDY SAMPLE DESIGN




STUDY POPULATION
----------------

     The study population for the 1996 National Pre/Post-Election Study (NES)
is defined to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before
the 1996 Election Day.  Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units
in the forty-eight coterminous states.  This definition excludes persons
living in Alaska or Hawaii and requires eligible persons to have been both a
United States citizen and eighteen years of age on or before the 5th of
November 1996.

MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN
------------------------------------------

     The 1996 NES is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected
from the Survey Research Center's (SRC) National Sample design. 
Identification of the 1996 NES sample respondents was conducted using a four
stage sampling process--a primary stage sampling of U.S. Metropolitan
Statistical Areas (MSAs) or New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs)[1]
and counties, followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a third
stage sampling of housing units within sampled area segments and concluding
with the random selection of a single respondent from selected housing units. 
A detailed documentation of the 1980 SRC National Sample, from which the 1996
NES Panel was originally drawn is provided in the SRC publication titled 1980
SRC National Sample: Design and Development.  A detailed documentation of the
1990 SRC National Sample, from which the 1996 NES  Cross-section supplement
was drawn, is provided in the SRC publication titled 1990 SRC National Sample:
Design and Development. 

     The 1996 NES sample design called for a 1996 NES Panel component
consisting of all respondents to the 1994 NES study, originally drawn from the
1980 SRC National Sample, and a 1996 NES Cross-section component drawn from
the 1990 SRC National Sample.  Although both of these SRC National Samples are
multi-stage area probability samples as described above, there are differences
in specific details at the various stages of the two SRC National Samples
which will be described below.

Figure 1 shows in schematic detail the original sources of the components
of the 1996 NES Sample.  On this figure the "n" indicated in the 1992 and 1994
boxes is actually the number of Respondents from that year and component that
became the Panel component two years later.  Of course the "n" shown for the
1996 NES Panel and Cross-section components does not refer to 1996 Respondents
but, for the 1996 Panel, to the total number of sample eligible households
(i.e. the total of the Respondents from both components of 1994) and, for the
Cross-section supplement, to the total selected number of listed housing units
used in the 1996 NES.


---------------
1 NECMAs are used in the 1996 NES Cross-section component only, which is drawn
  from the 1990 SRC National Sample.  






Figure 1:  Source of 1996 NES Sample Cases



             1980 SRC                                  1990 SRC
          National Sample                           National Sample



        1992 NES     
     Cross-section   
       (n=1,005)     


        1994 NES           1994 NES
         Panel           Cross-section
        (n=759)            (n=1,036)


        1996 NES                                         1996 NES 
         Panel                                         Cross-section
       (n=1,795)                                        (n=803)[2]





                              Both 1980 & 1990
                              National Samples



                                 1996 NES
                              Combined Sample
                                 (n=2,598)




..............
2 The 730 listed housing units projected to be necessary to produce the 430
  interviews from the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement were increased by 10%
  (73) for reserve releases.  The 803 listed housing units selected for this
  component of the 1996 NES Sample actually yielded 666 eligible households
  within which an interview was attempted.






SELECTION STAGES FOR THE 1996 NES PANEL COMPONENT: 1980 SRC NATIONAL SAMPLE[3]

            Primary Stage Selection: 1996 NES Panel Component

     The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs), which depending on
the sample stratum are either MSAs, single counties or groupings of small
counties, is based on the county-level 1980 Census Reports of Population and
Housing.  Primary stage units were assigned to 84 explicit strata based on
MSA/non-MSA status, PSU size, and geographic location.  Sixteen of the 84
strata contain only a single self-representing PSU, each of which is included
with certainty in the primary stage of sample selection.  The remaining 68
nonself-representing strata contain more than one PSU.  From each of these
nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with probability
proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1980 occupied housing units. 

     The full SRC National Sample of 84 primary stage selections was designed
to be optimal for surveys roughly two to three times the size of the 1994 NES.
To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller survey samples,
the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily partitioned into
smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or two-thirds sample
partition.  Each of the partitions represents a stratified subselection from
the full 84 PSU design.  The one-half partition of the 1980 National Sample
(i.e., the "A" primary sampling units or PSUs) includes 11 of the 16
self-representing MSA PSUs and a stratified subsampling of 34 of the 68
nonself-representing PSUs of the SRC National Sample.  The two-thirds
partition includes all of the "A" PSUs plus "B1" PSUs, i.e., 5 additional
self-representing PSUs and 11 additional nonself-representing PSUs.

     Since the 1994 NES desired comparison of data over time from 1992 NES
respondents, as well as a representative sample of eligible 1994 respondents,
the 1994 NES sample design included both a Panel and a Cross-section
component.  The Panel component of the 1994 design consisted of all[4]
respondents from the NES Cross-section component of the 1992 NES sample.  The
1994 NES Cross-section component was a new selection of respondents from an
area probability sample of households taken from the two-thirds partition of
the SRC National Sample.  The Panel component of the 1996 NES sample consists
of all 1994 respondents from both of these 1994 NES components.  See Figure 1.


...........
3 Further description of the 1994 sample design can be found in  "Sample
  Design: Technical Memoranda,  1994 Election Study" pp. 882-905 in Steven J.
  Rosenstone, Donald R. Kinder, Warren E. Miller and the National Election
  Studies.  AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1994: POST-ELECTION SURVEY.

4 The 1994 NES Panel consisted of all 1005 Respondents from the 1992 NES
  Cross-section sample.  Of these, 925 were recontacted in the 1993 NES Pilot
  Study (a follow-up of the 1992 NES survey), of which 750 were   
  re-interviewed, 98 refused to be re-interviewed and 77 could not be
  re-interviewed at that time due to some 'permanent' condition. 80 of the 
  1005 1992 NES Cross-section respondents could not be found for re-interview
  in 1993.  



     Due to sample design decisions in 1992, when the NES sample moved from
using the one-half sample partition to the two-thirds sample partition of the
SRC National Sample, the Cross-section portion of the 1992 NES sample included 
a disproportionate number of selections from segments in "B1" PSUs (see Table
1).  This same disproportionate distribution was, of course, reflected in the 
Panel component of the 1994 NES sample and, thus carried to the 1996 NES
Panel.  While this led to some statistical inefficiency in the form of
increased variance of survey estimates relative to that of an even
distribution across the two-thirds partition primary areas, since the "BI"
PSU areas do represent a proper subsample of the 1980 National Sample design, 
separate longitudinal analysis of the 1996 NES Panel (i.e., analysis of
combined 1994 Panel and 1994 Cross-section data)[5] can be undertaken. 

     Table 1 identifies the PSUs for the Panel component of the 1996 National
Election Study by MSA status and Region.  The "B1" PSUs in the Panel portion
of the sample design which received the disproportionate allocation in 1992 to
supplement the half-sample are also indicated on this table as well as the
number of area segments carried over to the 1996 NES Panel component (see next
section); all PSUs on this table are proportionately represented in the 1994
NES two-thirds Cross-section Sample.


      Second Stage Selection of Area Segments: 1996 NES Panel Component

     The second stage of the 1994 NES National Sample was selected directly
from computerized files that were prepared from the 1990[6] Census file
(PL94-171 file on CD Rom) which contains the block-level 1990 Census total
housing unit (HU) data.  The designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs),
termed "area segments", are comprised of census blocks in the metropolitan
(MSA) primary areas and either census blocks or enumeration districts (EDs) in
the rural areas of non-MSA primary areas.  Each SSU block, block combination
or enumeration district for non-MSA PSUs was assigned a measure of size equal
to the total 1980 occupied housing unit count for the area.  MSA SSU block(s)
were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 total HUs per SSU; non-MSA SSU
blocks were assigned a minimum measure of 50 1980 occupied HUs per SSU.  
Second stage sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities
proportionate to the assigned measures of size (PPS).  

...........
5 Analysis of pooled data from respondents from both components of the 1994
  NES sample requires a strong assumption about the nature of the attrition of
  the 1992 NES Cross-section sample.  It must be assumed that Panel attrition
  is not correlated with variables under consideration in the analysis.

6 Non-MSA segments were selected from the 1980 Census summary tape file series
  STF1B file, with minimum SSU size of 50 occupied HUs.




     A three-step process of ordering the SSUs within the primary areas
produced an implicit stratification of the area segments in the second stage
sampling frame, stratified at the county level by geographic location and
population.  Area segments were stratified within county at the Minor Civil 
Division (MCD) level by size and income, and at the block and ED level by
location within the MCD or county. (For details, refer to the SRC publication,
1980 National Sample: Design and Development.)

     For the 1994 NES combined Panel/Cross-section sample the number of area
segments used in each PSU varied.  In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the
number of sample area segments varied in proportion to the size of the primary 
stage unit, from a high of 12 Cross-section and 7 Panel area segments in the
self-representing New York MSA, to a low of 4 Cross-section and no Panel area
segments in the smaller self-representing PSUs such as Pittsburgh and Boston
MSAs.  Most Nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs were represented by 6
Cross-section and 2 Panel area segments except for "B1" PSUs for which there
are either 5 or 6 Panel segments.  A total of 554 area segments were selected
for the 1994 NES, 191 Panel and 363 Cross-section segments, 157 in the sixteen
self-representing PSUs and 397 in the nonself-representing PSUs as shown in
the last column of Table 1.

     In most cases, both 1994 NES Cross-section and 1994 NES Panel selections
were made from the same area segments within each PSU, so in actual fact a
total of 376 distinct 1980 National Sample area segments were used for the
1994 NES Post-election Study.  Of these, 364 segments had respondents in 1994
and were carried over to the Panel component of the 1996 NES Study.



Table 1: PSU Name and Number[7] of Panel Area Segments in the 1996 NES Sample
Showing 1980 SRC National-Sample Stratum, Partition and MSA Status


National Sample    National Sample         # of 1996 NES
PSU Number and        PSU Name             Panel Segments
  Partition


Six Largest Self-representing PSUs

501   A         New York, NY-NJ                 11
502   A         Los Angeles, CA                 10
503   A         Chicago, IL                      8
504   A         Philadelphia, PA-NJ              6
505   A         Detroit, MI                      6
506   A         San Francisco, CA                6


Ten Remaining Self-representing PSUs

507   B1        Washington, DC-MD-VA             6    
508   B1        Dallas-Ft Worth, TX              6
509   A         Houston, TX                      5
510   A         Boston, MA                       3
511   B1        Nassau-Suffolk, NY               4
512   A         St Louis, MO-IL                  3
513   A         Pittsburgh, PA                   4
514   A         Baltimore, MD                    4
515   B1        Minneapolis, MN-WI               4
516   B1        Atlanta, GA                      4


Nonself-representing MSAs:  Northeast

517   A         Buffalo, NY                      5
518   B1        Newark, NJ                       6
521   A         New Haven, CT                    5
523   A         Atlantic City, NJ                5
524   A         Manchester, NH                   6


Nonself-representing MSAs: Midwest (North Central in 1980 Census)

526   A         Milwaukee, WI                    6
527   A         Dayton, OH                       5
528   B1        Kansas City, MO-KS               6
529   A         Des Moines, IA                   6
531   A         Grand Rapids, MI                 6
532   A         Fort Wayne, IN                   6
533   A         Steubenville, OH-WV              6
534   B1        Saginaw, MI                      6


Nonself-representing MSAs:  South

536   A         Birmingham, AL                   6
539   A         Columbus, GA-AL                  6
540   A         Miami, FL                        6
542   B1        Jacksonville, FL                 6
543   A         Lakeland, FL                     6
544   A         McAllen, TX                      6
545   B1        Waco, TX                         6
547   A         Wheeling, WV-OH                  6
549   A         Knoxville, TN                    6
550   A         Richmond, VA                     6


Nonself-representing MSAs:  West

553   A         Seattle, WA                      6
555   A         Denver, CO                       6
556   A         Anaheim, CA                      5
557   B1        Riverside-San Bernardino, CA     6
558   A         Fresno, CA                       6
559   A         Eugene, OR                       6
560   B1        Phoenix, AZ                      6


Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  Northeast 

463   A         Schuyler County, NY              8
464   B1        Gardner County, MA               8 


Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest (North Central in 1980 Census)

465   A         Sanilac County, MI               5
466   B1        Decatur County, IN               8
468   A         Saline County, NE                7
470   A         Mower County, MN                 6


Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  South

473   A         Bulloch County, GA               7
474   B1        Sabine County, LA                6
476   A         Hale County, TX                  5
477   A         Ashley County, AR                7
478   A         Bedford County, TN               6
480   B1        Montgomery County, VA            8
481   A         Robeson County, NC               7

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  West

482   A         El Dorado-Alpine Counties, CA    6
484   A         Carbon County, WY                5


Total Number of Segments                       364



----------
7 The number of segments shown for the 1996 NES Panel is the expected count;
  it is based on the number of 1994 NES Cross-section and Panel segments 
  having selected lines.  It is possible that some of these segments yielded
  no 1994 interviews and so do not actually show up in the 1996 Panel. 



      Third Stage Selection of Housing Units: 1996 NES Panel Component 

     For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing
was made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the 
segment.  For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, all
housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed.  The final 
equal probability sample of housing units for the 1994 NES was systematically 
selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area segments.  

     The Cross-section component of the 1994 NES sample design was selected
from the 1980 SRC National Sample to yield an equal probability sample of 
households.   The distribution  of the 1994 NES Cross-section sample is that 
required by the two-thirds design of the 1980 SRC National Sample.  The
overall probability of selection for 1994 NES Cross-section households was
f=0.00001885 or 0.1885 in 10,000.  The equal probability sample of households
was achieved for the 1994 NES Cross-section design by using the standard
multi-stage sampling technique of setting the sampling rate for selecting
housing units within area segments to be inversely proportional to the PPS
probabilities used to select the PSU and area segment.[8]

     The 1994 NES Panel consisted of all 1005 respondents for whom a complete
interview was obtained in the 1992 NES Cross-section sample.  Respondents in 
1994 from both the 1994 Cross-section and the 1994 Panel comprise the 1996 NES 
Panel.
   

      Fourth Stage Respondent Selection: 1996 NES Panel Component
  
     Within each sampled 1994 NES Cross-section housing unit, the SRC
interviewer prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members.   
Using an objective procedure described by Kish (1949)[9] a single respondent
was then selected at random to be interviewed.  Regardless of circumstances,
no substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent.  This technique 
had also been used in 1992 to select the original Panel respondents.  In 1994 
the same Panel respondent (R) was sought for interview as had been interviewed 
in 1992.  The 1996 Panel consists of all 1994 NES respondents for whom a 
complete interview was obtained in the 1994 NES Combined Cross-section and
Panel sample.  1795 interviewed respondents make up the 1996 NES Panel
component.  


...........
8 Kish, L. (1965).  Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

9 Kish, L.  (1949).  "A procedure for objective respondent selection within 
  the household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol 44,
  pp. 380-387.



SELECTION STAGES 1996 NES CROSS-SECTION SUPPLEMENT: 1990 SRC NATIONAL SAMPLE

       Primary Stage Selection: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement

     The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs) for the 1990 SRC
National Sample, which depending on the sample stratum are either MSAs, New 
England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs), single counties, independent
cities, county equivalents or groupings of small counties, is based on the
county-level 1990 Census Reports of Population and Housing.[10]  Primary stage
units were assigned to 108 explicit strata based on MSA/NECMA or non-MSA/NECMA
status, PSU size, Census Region and geographic location within region. 
Twenty-eight of the 108 strata contain only a single self-representing PSU,
each of which is included with certainty in the primary stage of sample
selection.  The remaining 80 nonself-representing strata contain more than one
PSU.  From each of these nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with
probability proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1990 occupied housing
units. 

     The full 1990 SRC National Sample of 108 primary stage selections was
designed to be optimal for surveys roughly three to five  times the size of 
the 1996 NES.  To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller 
survey samples, the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily 
partitioned into smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or a 
three-quarter sample partition.  Each of the partitions represents a
stratified subselection from the full 108 (representing the coterminous United
States as does the NES study) PSU design.  The  one-half sample partition of
the 1990 National Sample was designed to be roughly comparable in number of
PSUs to the two-thirds partition of the 1980 National Sample.  The one-half
partition of the 1990 National Sample (i.e., the "A" primary sampling units or
PSUs) includes 18 of the 28 self-representing MSA PSUs and a stratified
subsampling of 40 of the 80 nonself-representing PSUs of the SRC National
Sample.  The remaining PSUs are divided in half and designated as either B1 or
B2.  The three-quarter partition includes all of the "A" PSUs plus "B1" PSUs,
i.e., five additional self-representing PSUs and twenty additional
nonself-representing PSUs.


...........
10  Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 1990 definitions of MSAs, 
    NECMAs, county, parish, independent city.  These, of course, differ
    in some respects from the primary stage unit (PSU) definitions used 
    in the 1980 SRC National Sample so will not be strictly comparable to
    the 1996 NES Panel PSUs--particularly in New England where MSAs were 
    used as PSUs in the 1980 National Sample and NECMAs were used as PSUs 
    in the 1990 National Sample.
    
    
    
    Since the 1996 NES desired comparison of data over time from 1994 NES
respondents, as well as a supplement of eligible 1996 respondents, the 1996 
NES sample design includes both a Panel and a Cross-section component.  The 
Panel component of the 1996 NES design consists of all respondents from the 
both the Panel and the Cross-section components of the 1994 NES sample.[11]  
The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement component is a new selection of 
respondents from an area probability sample of households taken from the 
one-half partition of the new 1990 SRC National Sample.  Since emphasis in
the 1996 NES Study was to be on the Panel component and a rather small number
of 1996 NES Cross-section respondents was sought, a subselection was made from
the non-self representing PSUs in the 1990 half-sample partition; seven 
nonself-representing MSA PSUs and seven non-MSA PSUs were randomly eliminated. 

     Table 2 identifies the 44 PSUs in the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement
by MSA status and Region and also indicates the number of area segments used 
for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement (see next section on second stage 
selection). 


               Second Stage Selection of Area Segments: 
                1996 NES Cross-section Supplement

     The second stage of the 1990 SRC National Sample, used for the 1996 NES
Cross-section supplement, was selected directly from computerized files that 
were extracted for the selected PSUs from the 1990 U.S. Census summary file 
series STF1-B.  These files (on CD Rom) contain the 1990 Census total 
population and housing unit (HU) data at the census block level.  The 
designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs), termed "area segments", are 
comprised of census blocks in both the metropolitan (MSA) primary areas and in
the rural areas of non-MSA primary areas.  Each SSU block or block combination
was assigned a measure of size equal to the total 1990 occupied housing unit
count for the area; SSU block(s) were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 
total HUs per MSA SSU and a minimum measure of 48 total HUs per non-MSA SSU.   
Second stage sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities 
proportionate to the assigned measures of size (PPS).  

     Prior to the second-stage selection, the SSUs were ordered or implicitly 
stratified within each selected PSU. Block Groups were stratified by household 
income and, within these income groups, by geography (county, tract, and
block).  Counties within MSA PSUs having more than one county were ordered by
size and distance from the central city of the MSA. (For details, refer to the
SRC publication, 1990 National Sample: Design and Development.)

     For the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement the number of area segments
used in each PSU varies.  In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the number of 
area segments varies in proportion to the size of the primary stage unit, 
from a high of 13 area segments in the self-representing New York MSA and 
12 area segments in Los Angeles MSA, to a low of 4 area segments in the
smaller self-representing PSUs such as Cleveland, Miami-Hialeah or
Nassau-Suffolk MSAs. All nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs were represented by 4
area segments each.  A total of 210 NES Cross-section area segments were
selected, 106 in the 18 self-representing PSUs and 104 in the
nonself-representing PSUs as shown in Table 2.
----------
11  For more detailed description of original Panel component selection, 
    see pages 3-7 of this documentation.


Table 2: PSU Name and Number of  Area Segments in the 1996 NES Cross-section
Supplement

Showing 1990 SRC National-Sample Stratum, Partition, and MSA Status

National Sample            National Sample                  # of 1996 NES
PSU Number and               PSU Name                      Panel Segments
  Partition                                   

Eight Largest Self-representing PSUs

120   A             New York, NY MSA                        13
190   A             Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA          12
130   A             Chicago, IL MSA                          9
121   A             Philadelphia, PA-NJ MSA                  7
131   A             Detroit, MI MSA                          6
150   A             Washington DC-MD-VA MSA                  6
110   A             Boston, MA NECMA                         6
171   A             Dallas and Ft Worth, TX CMSA             6


Ten Remaining Self-representing PSUs

170   A             Houston, TX MSA                          5
191   A             Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA                  4
141   A             St Louis, MO-IL MSA                      4
152   A             Baltimore, MD MSA                        4
122   A             Nassau-Suffolk, NY MSA                   4
194   A             Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA MSA                4
132   A             Cleveland, OH MSA                        4
154   A             Miami-Hialeah, FL MSA                    4
181   A             Denver, CO MSA                           4
196   A             San Francisco, CA MSA                    4

Nonself-representing MSAs:  Northeast

211   A             New Haven-Waterbury-Meriden, CT NECMA   4
213   A             Manchester-Nashua NH NECMA              4
220   A             Buffalo, NY MSA                         4
226   A             Atlantic City, NJ MSA                   4
                                                            

Nonself-representing MSAs:  Midwest

230   A             Milwaukee, WI MSA                       4
236   A             Madison, WI MSA                         4
239   A             Steubenville-Wheeling, OH[12]           4
240   A             Des Moines, IA MSA                      4


Nonself-representing MSAs:  South

250   A             Richmond-Petersburg, VA MSA             4
255   A             Columbus, GA-AL MSA                     4
257   A             Jacksonville, FL MSA                    4
258   A             Lakeland, FL MSA                        4
260   A             Knoxville TN MSA                        4
262   A             Birmingham, AL MSA                      4
273   B1[13]        Waco, TX MSA                            4
274   A             McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA        4



...........
12 In the 1990 SRC National Sample, U.S. Census Region boundaries were 
   maintained for purposes of stratification at the Primary Stage of
   selection. Since some MSA definitions cross Region boundaries, such MSAs
   were split and the MSA counties recombined in ways that maintained the
   Region boundary. 
   This PSU actually contains the Ohio counties from both the Steubenville-
   Wierton, OH-WV MSA (Jefferson County, OH) and the Wheeling, WV-OH MSA 
   (Belmont County, OH) and although it is made up of MSA counties--it is not
   a cohesive MSA by OMB 1990 definition.

13 For efficiency of field work the substitution of two "B1" PSUs was allowed
   for the "A" areas in the normal 1990 half-sample -- Waco, TX MSA for 
   Oklahoma City, OK MSA and Jim Wells County, TX for Lavaca County, TX.




Nonself-representing MSAs:  West

280   A             Salt Lake City-Ogden etc, UT MSA        4
292   A             Fresno, CA MSA                          4
293   A             Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA              4


Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  Northeast 

320   A             Elk County, PA                          4


Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest

332   A             Switzerland County, IN                  4
342   A             Taney County, MO                        4


Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  South

351   A             Harrisonburg IC, VA                     4
354   A             Whitfield County, GA                    4
370   B1            Jim Wells County, TX                    4


Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  West

381   A             Sandoval County, NM                     4



Total Number of Segments                                  210




                 Third Stage Selection of Housing Units: 
                     1996 NES Cross-section Supplement

     For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing
was made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the 
segment.  For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, 
all housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed.  The final 
equal probability sample of housing units for the 1996 NES Cross-section 
supplement was systematically selected from the housing unit listings for the 
sampled area segments.  

     The Cross-section supplement of the 1996 NES sample design was selected
from the 1990 SRC National Sample to yield an equal probability sample of 803 
listed housing units.  The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement drawn was ten 
percent larger than the expected required sample size of 730 lines to allow 
for additional "reserve" sample replicates to be released if necessary to meet 
interview goals.   The overall probability of selection for 1996 NES 
Cross-section households was f=0.000007500 or 0.07500 in 10,000.  The
equal probability sample of households was achieved for the 1996 NES 
Cross-section supplement by using the standard multi-stage sampling technique
of setting the sampling rate for selecting housing units within area segments 
to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select the PSU 
and area segment.[14]



                 Fourth Stage Respondent Selection: 
                   1996 NES Cross-section Supplement
  
     Within each sampled 1996 NES Cross-section housing unit, the SRC 
interviewer prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members.   
Using an objective procedure described by Kish (1949)[15] a single respondent 
was then selected at random to be interviewed.  Regardless of circumstances, 
no substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent.  This technique 
had also been used in 1992 and 1994 to select the original Panel respondents.  
In 1996 the same Panel respondent (R) was sought for interview as had been 
interviewed in 1992 and 1994.



1996 NES SAMPLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
-------------------------------------

     The 1996 Pre/Post-election Study sought a total of 1750 interviews in the
Pre-election phase, all of which were to be contacted for reinterview in the 
Post-election phase. 

THE PRE-ELECTION PHASE: 

     The 1996 NES sample design included both Panel and  Cross-section
components for the Pre-election phase, but emphasis in the 1996 NES design was 
on obtaining a maximum number of Panel interviews.  To this end, the 1996 NES 
Panel component  included the full set of 1795 1994 NES respondents, 1036 from 
the 1994 NES Cross-section component and 759 from the 1994 NES Panel
component. Given sample design assumptions for the 1996 NES Panel of an
eligibility rate of 0.98 and response rate of 0.75, this component was
expected to yield 1320 interviews in 1996.

     The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement was intended to yield 430
interviews. It was estimated that this would require a NES Cross-section
sample draw of 730 housing units.  This assumed an occupancy/growth rate of
0.86, an eligibility rate of 0.95 and a response rate of 0.72.  The overall
1996 NES Pre-election sample Design is set out in Table 3, below.


..........
14  Kish, L. (1965).  Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

15 Kish, L.  (1949).  "A procedure for objective respondent selection within
   the household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol 44, 
   pp. 380-387.

Table 3:  Sample Design Specifications and Assumptions 1996 Pre/Post-election 
          Survey


                         Cross-section     Panel Component  Total
                           Component

Completed Interviews          430           1320           1750
  Response Rate               0.72          0.75
                                           
Eligible Sample Households    597           1760           2357
  Eligibility Rate            0.95           NA
  Panel Recontact Rate         NA           0.98

Occupied Households           628           1795           2423
  Occupancy/growth Rate       0.86          1.0


Total Sample Lines            730           1795           2525


Sample Design, and Assignment of Replicates

     The Cross-section supplement of the 1996 NES sample was drawn from the
recently listed "A" or half-sample partition of the 1990 SRC National Sample. 
Because of the small size of this NES sample component, both the number of
PSUs (selected primary areas) and the Secondary Selection Units (area
segments) in the National half-sample were reduced by subselection for the
1996 NES sample design.[16]  The 18 self-representing areas in the 1990 SRC
National half-sample were all retained for the Cross-section supplement (8 of
these remained self-representing in the half-sample and 10 represent not only
their own MSA but their "pair" among the twenty additional self-representing
primary areas of the full 1990 SRC National Sample design).  Nineteen of the
26 non-selfrepresenting MSAs and 7 of the 14 non-MSAs were retained for the
1996 NES Cross-section supplement (or 26 of 40 NSR PSUs).  

     The number of second stage units (SSUs or area segments) was also reduced
for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement.  In self-representing PSUs, the
number of segments was reduced by one-half with a minimum of four segments in 
any PSU.  In the nonself-representing PSUs, the number of segments was reduced 
to two-thirds, from six to four segments per PSU.  This resulted in a total of 
210 segments or SSUs from which the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement was
selected. 
There could be no reduction of the total number of segments or of persons in
the 1996 NES Panel component since all 1994 NES respondents were to be
recontacted for interview in 1996.  The number of area segments represented by
the 1795 respondents to the 1994 study eligible for the 1996 NES Panel was
364. 


...........
16 See pages 8-12 of this report for details of the Cross-section supplement 
   of the 1996 NES sample.


     Both the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement and the 1996 NES Panel were
divided by segment into two replicate samples.  Replicates 1 and 2 of the 1996 
NES Cross-section supplement each included 105 segments.  The original
replicate assignment of Panel segments also resulted in an even division of
those segments by replicate. 

1996 NES Cross-section Supplement Selection and  Assignment of Releases

     The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement drawn was ten percent larger than
the expected required sample size of 730 listed housing units to allow for 
additional "reserve" sample replicates.  Final number of housing units in the 
Cross-section supplement was 803 spread over the 210 area segments as outlined 
below. 

     Selected lines in each of the two replicates were divided into two equal
parts to accommodate 4 quarterly releases.  The quarterly releases were
designed to assess effect on voter opinion formation of news events which
occurred at various times over the course of the study.  The first replicate
sample was divided into release 1 and 2; the second replicate sample into
release 3 and 4.  An additional two reserve releases (5 and 6) equal to 73
lines, or 10% of the total 1996 NES Cross-section supplement, were also drawn
from Replicate 2 to be released with releases 3 and 4, if necessary to meet
study interview goals.  Both reserve releases 5 and 6 were, in fact, released. 

     Although Replicates 1 and 2 are each made up of different area segments
(except as modified by the request to include Panel Rs needing tracking in 
Releases 1 and 2), all 1996 NES Cross-section and Panel Primary Areas are 
included in each Replicate if they contained more than a single segment.  In 
contrast to the assignment of replicates by area segment, releases were 
originally specified in the 1996 NES sample design to be assigned across the 
HU-level file, rather than by area segment so any segment having more than 
one selection will have the selections distributed across Releases 1 and 2 
(or 3, 4, 5 and 6 for Replicate 2 segments). In order to increase the
efficiency of the field interviewing effort, original releases 3 and 4 were
later revised such that their assignment was based on area segment, rather
than across all Replicate 2 segments.




1996 NES PRE-ELECTION SAMPLE OUTCOME: 

Table 4: 1996 NES Pre-Election Sample Design Specifications and Assumptions 
         Compared to Sample Outcome. 1996 Pre/Post-election Survey [17]


                           Cross-section     Panel Component     Total
                            Component
                         Design Outcome Design Outcome Design Outcome


Completed Interviews      430     398    1320   1316    1750  1714
  Response Rate           0.72    0.60   0.75   0.76    

Eligible Sample 
 Households               597      666    1760   1741    2357  2407
  Eligibility Rate        0.95     0.96    NA     NA
  Panel Recontact Rate     NA       NA    0.98   0.98

Occupied Households       628      692    1795   1781    2423  2473
  Occupancy/growth Rate   0.86     0.85   1.00   1.00


Total Sample Lines        730       817    1795   1788    2525  2605



     A comparison of the total design figures compared to the Pre-election 
outcome figures in Table 4 indicates the following:  for the 1996 NES Panel 
component, where there was no option for reserve releases, and where primary 
field effort was placed, eligibility and response rates equal to those 
anticipated resulted in a number of completed interviews very close to that 
projected by the sample design.  On the other hand, for the 1996 NES 
Cross-section supplement, even with the release of reserve replicates, a lower
than expected response rate resulted in a seven percent shortfall in number of 
completed interviews.  Since the Cross-section supplement made up less than 
one-quarter of the total sample design, the overall shortfall in number of 
completed interviews was only two percent.


THE POST-ELECTION PHASE:

     The study design for the 1996 Post-election component of the NES Study
called for recontact of all respondents to the 1996 NES Pre-election survey 
(both those originally in the Panel component and those in the Cross-section 
supplement.)  The Post-election phase of the 1996 NES included a mode
experiment  which called for the random assignment, by area segment, of the
majority of these respondents, to be recontacted after the election for an 

----------
17 Outcome figures are from the 1996 National Pre-election Study Field
Progress Report, February 28, 1997.


interview either by phone or in person.  Those to be excluded from this mode
experiment were those respondents either 1) who were interviewed by phone
during the Pre-election study or 2) who were known to not have a phone.  The
assignment to either the phone or the in-person mode was made on the basis of
segment, such that approximately half of the Post-election recontacts made by
phone and the other half in person.  Since the Post-election phase of the
study involved no new respondents--all respondents were considered Panel
respondents for this phase.  A combined recontact and response rate of 85% was
assumed for the Post-election phase of the 1996 NES to yield a total of 1460
interviews.
   
     Of the total of 1714 interviews completed for the 1996 Pre-election
study, the sample released for Post-election recontact was distributed as
shown in Table 5. Post-election interview outcome is also shown on this table. 
The combined recontact and response rate exceeded expectations resulting in a 
total number of Post-election interviews over the 1460 goal. 


Table 5.  Post-election Mode Distribution and Interview Outcome for 
          1996 NES.[18]

Mode             # Released NI NIP Refusal Interviews   Recontact/
                                                       Response Rate

Face-to-Face:       875    35   23   42      774        0.89
  Include in 
   Experiment       742    22   17   34      668        0.90
  Exclude from       
   Experiment       133    13    6    8      106        0.80

Telephone:          839    25   17   37      760        0.90
  Include in 
   Experiment       759    21   16   33      689        0.91
  Exclude from 
   Experiment        80     4    1    4       71        0.89


Total              1714    60   40   79     1534        0.90




----------
18 Figures in this table are from the 1996 National Post-Election Study Field
   Progress Report, April 18, 1997.







   
>> 1996 WEIGHTED ANALYSIS OF 1996 NES DATA



     The 1996 NES data set includes two final person-level analysis weights
which incorporate sampling, nonresponse and post-stratification factors.  One
weight (variable #4) is for longitudinal micro-level analysis using the 1996
NES Panel. The other weight (variable #3) is for analysis of the 1996 NES 
combined sample (Panel component cases plus Cross-section supplement cases).  
In addition, a Time Series Weight (variable #5) which corrects for Panel 
attrition was constructed.  This weight should be used in analyses which 
compare the 1996 NES to earlier unweighted National Election Study data 
collections.  Analysts interested in developing their own nonresponse or 
post-stratification adjustment factors must request access to the necessary
sample control data from the NES Board.


CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYSIS WEIGHTS

Sample Selection Weight

     The area probability sample design for the 1996 NES results in an equal
probability sample of U.S. households.  However, within sample households a 
single adult respondent is chosen at random to be interviewed.  Since the
number of eligible adults may vary from one household to another, the random
selection of a single adult introduces inequality into respondents' selection
probabilities.  In analysis, a respondent selection weight should be used to
compensate for these unequal selection probabilities.  The value of the
respondent selection weight is exactly equal to the number of eligible adults
in the household from which the random respondent was selected.  The use of
the respondent selection weight is strongly encouraged, despite past
evaluations which have shown these weights to have little significant impact
on the values of NES estimates of descriptive statistics. 

Household Nonresponse Adjustment Factor

     Nonresponse adjustment factors were constructed at the household level 
separately for Panel and Cross-section component cases.  Nonresponse
adjustment cells for the relatively small 1996 NES Cross-section supplement
were formed by crossing PSU type (Self-representing, Nonself-representing MSA
or non-MSA) by the four Census regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). 
A nonresponse factor equal to the inverse of the response rate in each cell
was applied to the interview cases.  

     For the larger number of Panel cases, 1996 nonresponse adjustment cells
were initially formed by crossing PSU type by the nine Census divisions 
(New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South 
Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Mountain and Pacific).  
However, in order to have a minimum of approximately 25 cases in each 
nonresponse adjustment cell, some cells were collapsed across Census Divisions
in the same Census Region.  Tables 6 and 7 show the 1996 nonresponse
adjustment factors for the Cross-section supplement and for the Panel
respectively.  The 1996 NES Panel nonresponse prior to 1996 was reflected in
the 1994 full sample weight which was used to construct 1996 NES Panel final
sample weights.



 

                                      Table 6
                                       
              Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- 1996 NES Cross
                                  Section Supplement


                                                                Nonresponse
           PSU Type           Census Region        Response     Adjustment
                                                   Rate (%)       Weight

           SR-MSA             Northeast             42.31         2.364
                              Midwest               53.33         1.875
                              South                 53.85         1.857
                              West                  50.70         1.972
           NSR-MSA            Northeast             52.63         1.900
                              Midwest               67.80         1.475
                              South                 64.55         1.549
                              West                  62.50         1.600
           NSR-non MSA        Northeast             60.00         1.667
                              Midwest               72.09         1.387
                              South                 68.67         1.456
                              West                  80.95         1.235




                                        Table 7
                                        
    Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- 1996 NES Panel Component

                                                               Nonresponse
           PSU Type           Census Division      Response     Adjustment
                                                   Rate (%)       Weight
           SR-MSA             New England & 
                              Middle Atlantic       72.90         1.372
                              East North            72.50         1.379
                              Central
                              West North            86.05         1.162
                              Central
                              South Atlantic        77.91         1.284
                              West South            63.64         1.571
                              Central
                              Pacific               65.85         1.519
           NSR-MSA            New England &
                              Middle Atlantic       71.96         1.390
                              East North            76.03         1.315
                              Central
                              West North            70.77         1.413
                              Central
                              South Atlantic        76.71         1.304
                              East South            64.71         1.545
                              Central 
                              West South            70.59         1.417
                              Central
                              Mountain              76.98         1.299
                              Pacific               76.67         1.304
           NSR-non MSA        New England &         81.82         1.222
                              Middle Atlantic
                              East North            84.62         1.182
                              Central
                              West North            72.73         1.375
                              Central
                              South Atlantic        84.96         1.177
                              East South            76.53         1.307
                              Central &                      
                              West South            
                              Central               
                              Mountain &            70.73         1.414
                              Pacific

1996 Combined NES Post-stratification Factor

     As a first step in post-stratifying the sample to 1990 Census 
proportions, an  intermediate weight for the 1996 NES combined sample 
(Cross-section plus Panel cases) was constructed as follows.  First an
intermediate weight for Cross-section supplement cases was constructed by 
multiplying the 1996 Cross-section nonresponse adjustment (Table 6) by the 
number of eligible persons in the sample household[19] by an inflation factor 
which is the 1995 estimated U.S. households divided by the number of eligible 
households (97,061,000/661).  This initial weight was used to produce a 
weighted sex by age group  by Census Region table for the 1996 NES
Cross-section supplement.  The age categories used were:  18-44 years, 45-64
years, and 65+ years.  Post-stratification factors were constructed to match
the sample proportions in the 24 sex by age by Region cells to the July 1995
Census population projections (Current Population Reports, P25-1111, Table 4)
by dividing the Census total by the weighted sample estimate for each post-
stratification cell.  Because of the small number of Cross-section supplement 
cases, it is not intended that Cross-section only analysis be undertaken. 

     An intermediate weight factor for the 1996 NES Panel cases was similarly
constructed by multiplying the 1996 nonresponse adjustment (Table 7) by the 
1994 full sample weight times the reciprocal of the constant used to center
the 1994 weights (1993 estimated U.S. population 18 or more years of age /
number of 1994 respondents).[20]  For the 1996 NES Panel respondents, the
number of eligible persons in the household and nonresponse prior to 1996 was
reflected in the 1994 full sample weight.  The last element in this
computation was necessary to restore the Panel intermediate weight to its full
representation of the population.  This intermediate weight was used for Panel
cases to produce a weighted sex by age group by Census Region table as
described above.  Again, post-stratification weights were constructed to match
the sample proportions in the 24 sex by age group by Census Region cells to
the July 1995 Census population projections.

----------
19 In constructing the analysis weight, a maximum of three eligible adults was
   allowed.

20 See 1994 NES sample weight documentation.



1996 NES Panel Post-Stratification Factor

     For 1996 NES combined Panel and Cross-section analysis, the proportion of
respondents contributed to the total sample was adjusted for by multiplying
the Panel case intermediate weight  by the proportion of Panel cases
(1316/1714) and multiplying the Cross-section case intermediate weight by the
proportion of Cross-section cases (398/1714).  Thus a combined Cross-section
and Panel post-stratification weight was produced, by dividing the 1995 Census
estimated totals in the 24 sex by age group by Census Region cells by the
corresponding weighted estimates for the combined sample.  The figures for
this combined post-stratification factor are shown in Table 8.  It is these
figures, centered as explained below, which are used for the final 1996
combined sample weight (V3).  The final analysis weight (V4 ) for longitudinal
analysis of the 1996 NES Panel is the product of the 1994 full sample weight,
the 1996 Panel household nonresponse adjustment factor,  and the Panel
post-stratification factor.  

FINAL ANALYSIS WEIGHTS

     The final analysis weights are the product of the household level
non-response adjustment factor, the number of eligible persons, the sample 
selection (inflation) weight and the post-stratification factor.  The final
analysis weight for the Panel-only analysis (V4)  is centered so that the
sum of the weights is equal to the total number of Panel respondents, 1316.  
The final analysis weights for the combined 1996 NES sample (V3) sums to 
1714, the total number of respondents.  These weights were constructed using 
the 1996 NES Pre-election data set.  The nonresponse and attrition between the
Pre and Post-election studies are not incorporated.


              Table 8: 1996 NES Combined (Cross-section and Panel) Sample 
                       Post-Stratification Factor


             Census        Age      Census Est.     1996 NES         Post-
     Sex    Region       Group    July 1, 1995    Weighted[21]  Stratification 
                                                                     Factor

      Male   Northeast    18-44     10,440,000      9,885,067        1.056
                          45-64      5,019,000      5,329,059        0.942
                           65+       2,892,000      3,152,420        0.917
             Midwest      18-44     12,645,000     10,248,770        1.234
                          45-64      5,870,000      7,553,155        0.777 
                           65+       3,310,000      3,215,352        1.029 
             South        18-44     18,919,000     15,799,320        1.197 
                          45-64      8,691,000      8,455,024        1.028 
                           65+       4,789,000      5,216,866        0.918 
             West         18-44     12,778,000      9,478,170        1.348 
                          45-64      5,298,000      5,349,446        0.990 
                           65+       2,708,000      2,347,394        1.154 
     Female  Northeast    18-44     10,630,000      8,990,888        1.182 
                          45-64      5,503,000      5,895,540        0.933 
                           65+       4,378,000      3,556,867        1.231 
             Midwest      18-44     12,749,000     11,606,790        1.098 
                          45-64      6,234,000      6,622,310        0.941 
                           65+       4,871,000      4,952,220        0.984 
             South        18-44     19,077,000     20,443,010        0.933 
                          45-64      9,397,000      9,362,888        1.004 
                           65+       7,016,000      6,738,762        1.041 
             West         18-44     12,169,000     11,691,630        1.041 
                          45-64      5,454,000      5,937,677        0.919 
                           65+       3,686,000      3,664,183        1.006 

             Totals                194,523,000    185,492,800


----------
21 Weighted by `Intermediate factor' for Cross-section and Panel cases
weighted proportionately as described above for 1996 NES combined
Cross-section and panel analysis.



CONSTRUCTION OF TIME SERIES WEIGHT

     The 1996 NES Panel consists of 759 respondents originally selected for
the 1992 NES Pre-election Study (1994 NES Panel) and 1036 respondents
originally selected for the 1994 NES Study (1994 NES Cross-section). All of
the 1005 1992 Post-election respondents were eligible for the 1994 NES Panel
and 759 of these responded in 1994 and remained eligible for the 1996 NES
Panel.  Of these 759 respondents from the 1992 NES (1994 Panel), 597 were
interviewed for the 1996 NES.  Of the 1036 respondents from the 1994
Cross-section, 719 were interviewed in 1996 for an overall 1996 NES Panel
response rate of 1316/1795 or 0.733.[22]  




                                      Table 9:
                             Time Series Weight Factors

                 Years
                 of      Education Level Age Group  Time Series
               Residence                          Weight Factor

                 < 3     < HS Graduate  18-24            1.168
                                        25-39            1.087
                                        40-64            1.284
                                         65 +            1.073
                         HS Graduate    17-24            1.169
                                        25-39            1.060
                                        40-64            0.897
                                         65 +            1.748
                         > HS Graduate  17-24            0.958
                                        25-39            0.978
                                        40-64            0.950
                                         65 +            0.791
                 3+      < HS Grad      17-39            1.205
                                        40-64            0.917
                                        65-74            1.018
                                         75+             1.605
                         HS Graduate    17-24            1.171
                                        25-39            1.172
                                        40-64            0.990
                                        65-74            1.010
                                         75+             0.960
                         > HS Graduate  17-24            1.236
                                        25-39            0.931
                                        40-64            0.908
                                        65-74            0.761
                                         75+             1.057


----------
22 This 1996 Panel response rate appears lower than the 0.76 reported on Table
4 which was computed based on recontacted households having the eligible R
from the 1994 study and  actual 1996 NES sample release and interview figures 
from the 1996  NES final field report.





>> 1996 PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING ERROR ESTIMATION

     The 1996 NES sample design is based on a stratified multi-stage area 
probability sample of United States households.  Although smaller in scale,
the NES sample design is very similar in it basic structure to the multi-stage 
designs used for major federal survey programs such as the Health Interview 
Survey (HIS) or the Current Population Survey (CPS).  The survey literature
refers to the NES, HIS and CPS samples as complex designs, a loosely-used term
meant to denote the fact that the sample incorporates special design features 
such as stratification, clustering and differential selection probabilities 
(i.e., weighting) that analysts must consider in computing sampling errors for
sample estimates of descriptive statistics and model parameters.  This section 
of the 1996 NES sample design description focuses on sampling error estimation 
and construction of confidence intervals for survey estimates of descriptive
statistics such as means, proportions, ratios, and coefficients for linear and
logistic linear regression models.   

     Standard analysis software systems such SAS, SPSS, OSIRIS assume simple 
random sampling (SRS) or equivalently independence of observations in
computing standard errors for sample estimates.  In general, the SRS
assumption results in underestimation of variances of survey estimates of
descriptive statistics and model parameters.  Confidence intervals based on
computed variances that assume independence of observations will be biased
(generally too narrow) and design-based inferences will be affected
accordingly.  

Sampling Error Computation Methods and Programs

     Over the past 50 years, advances in survey sampling theory have guided
the development of a number of methods for correctly estimating variances from 
complex sample data sets. A number of sampling error programs which implement 
these complex sample variance estimation methods are available to NES data 
analysts.  The two most common approaches to the estimation of sampling error 
for complex sample data are through the use of a Taylor Series Linearization 
of the estimator (and corresponding approximation to its variance) or through 
the use of resampling variance estimation procedures such as Balanced Repeated
Replication (BRR) or Jackknife Repeated Replication(JRR).  New Bootstrap
methods for variance estimation can also be included among the resampling
approaches. See Rao and Wu (1988).

1.  Linearization Approach

     If data are collected using a complex sample design with unequal size 
clusters, most statistics of interest will not be simple linear functions of 
the observed data.  The objective of the linearization approach is to apply 
Taylor's method to derive an approximate form of the estimator that is linear 
in statistics for which variances and covariances can be directly estimated.  
(Kish, 1965; Woodruff, 1971).  Linearized variance approximations are derived
for estimators of ratio means (Kish and Hess, 1959); finite population
regression coefficients and correlation coefficients (Kish and Frankel, 
1974); and many other non-linear statistics.  Software packages such as SUDAAN
and PC CARP (see below) use the Taylor Series linearization method to estimate
standard errors for the coefficients of logistic regression models.  In these
programs, an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm is used to compute
maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters.  At each step of the model
fitting algorithm, a Taylor Series linearization approach is used to compute
the variance/covariance matrix for the current iteration's parameter estimates 
(Binder, 1983).

     Available sampling error computation software that utilizes the Taylor 
Series linearization method includes:  STATA, SUDAAN and PC SUDAAN, SUPERCARP 
AND PC CARP, and CLUSTERS.  PC SUDAAN, PC CARP and STATA include procedures 
for estimation of sampling error both for descriptive statistics such as
means, proportions, totals and for parameters of commonly used multivariate
models (least squares regression, logistic regression).

2.  Resampling Approaches

      In the mid-1940's, P.C. Mahalanobis (1946) outlined a simple replicated
procedure for selecting probability samples that permits simple, unbiased 
estimation of variances.  The practical difficulty with the simple replicated 
approach to design and variance estimation is that many replicates are needed
to achieve stability of the variance estimator.  Unfortunately, a  design with 
many independent replicates must utilize a coarser stratification than 
alternative designs--to achieve stable variance estimates, sample precision
must be sacrificed. Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR), Jackknife Repeated 
Replication (JRR) and the Bootstrap are alternative replication techniques
that may be used for estimating sampling errors for statistics based on
complex sample data.  

      The BRR method is applicable to stratified designs in which two
half-sample units (i.e., PSUs) are selected from each design stratum.  The
conventional "two PSU-per-stratum" design in the best theoretical example of
such a design although in practice, collapsing of strata (Kalton, 1977) and
random combination of units within strata are employed to restructure a sample
design  for BRR variance estimation. The half-sample codes prepared for the
1994 NES data set require the collapsing of nonself-representing strata and
the randomized combination of selection units within self-representing (SR)
strata.  When full balancing of the half-sample assignments is employed
(Wolter, 1985), BRR is the most computationally efficient  of the replicated
variance estimation techniques. The number of general purpose BRR sampling
error estimation programs in the public domain is limited. The OSIRIS REPERR
program includes the option for BRR estimation of sampling errors for least
squares  regression coefficients and correlation statistics.  Westat, Inc. has
developed the Westvar PC for BRR estimation of standard errors.  Another
option is to use SAS or SPSS Macro facilities to implement the relatively
simple BRR algorithm.  The necessary computation formulas and Hadamard
matrices to define the half-sample replicates are available in Wolter (1985).

     With improvements in computational flexibility and speed, jackknife (JRR)
and bootstrap methods for sampling error estimation and inference have become
more common (Rao and Wu, 1988 ).  Few general purpose programs for jackknife 
estimation of variances are available to analysts.  OSIRIS REPERR has a JRR
module for estimation of standard errors for regression and correlation 
statistics.  Other stand alone programs may also be available in the general
survey research community.  Like BRR, the algorithm for JRR is relatively easy
to program using SAS, SPSS or S-Plus macro facilities.   

     BRR and JRR are variance estimation techniques, each designed  to
minimize the number of "resamplings" needed to compute the variance estimate. 
In theory, the bootstrap is not simply a tool for variance estimation but an 
approach to actual inference for statistics.  In practice, the bootstrap is
implemented by resampling (with replacement) from the observed sample units.
To ensure that the full complexity of the design is reflected , the selection
of each bootstrap reflects the full complexity of the stratification,
clustering and weighting that is present in the original sample design.  A
large number of bootstrap samples are selected and the statistic of interest
is computed for each.  The empirical distribution of the estimate that results
from the large set of bootstrap samples can then be used to a variance
estimate and a support interval for inference about the population statistic
of interest.  

     In most practical survey analysis problems, the JRR and Bootstrap methods 
should yield similar results.  Most survey analysts should choose JRR due to
its computational efficiency.  NES data analysts interested in the bootstrap 
technique are referred to LePage and Billard (1992) for additional reading and
a bibliography for the general literature on this topic.

     One aspect of BRR, JRR and bootstrap variance estimation that is often
pushed aside in practice is the treatment of analysis weights.  In theory,
when a resampling occurs (i.e., a BRR half sample is formed), the analysis
weights should be recomputed based only on the selection probabilities,
nonresponse characteristics and post-stratification outcomes for the units
included in the resample.  This is the correct way of performing resampling
variance estimation; however, in practice acceptable estimates can be obtained
through use of the weights as they are provided on the public use data set.  

          Sampling Error Computation Models

     Regardless of whether  linearization or a resampling approach is used, 
estimation of variances for complex sample survey estimates requires the
specification of a sampling error computation model.  NES data analysts who
are interested in performing sampling error computations should be aware that
the estimation programs identified in the preceding section assume a specific
sampling error computation model and will require special sampling error
codes. Individual records in the analysis data set must be assigned sampling
error codes which identify to the programs the complex structure of the sample 
(stratification, clustering) and are compatible with the computation
algorithms of the various programs.  To facilitate the computation of sampling
error for statistics based on 1996 NES data, design-specific sampling error
codes will be routinely included in all public-use versions of the data set. 
Although minor recoding may be required to conform to the input requirements
of the individual programs, the sampling error codes that are provided should
enable analysts to conduct either Taylor Series or Replicated estimation of
sampling errors for survey statistics.

     Table 10 defines the sampling error coding system for 1996 NES sample 
cases.  Two sampling error code variables are defined for each case based on
the sample design primary stage unit (PSU) and area segment in which the
sample household is located.

     Sampling Error Stratum Code (Variable #2125).  The Sampling Error 
Computation Stratum Code is the variable which defines the sampling error 
computation strata for all sampling error analysis of the NES data.  With the
exception of the New York, Los Angeles and Chicago MSAs, each
self-representing (SR) design stratum is represented by one sampling error
computation stratum.  Due to their population size, two sampling error
computation strata are defined for each of the three largest MSAs.  Pairs of
similar nonself-representing (NSR) primary stage design strata are "collapsed"
(Kalton, 1977) to create NSR sampling error computation strata.

     For both the 1980 and 1990 SRC National Sample design controlled
selection and a "one-per-stratum" PSU allocation are used to select the
primary stage of the 1996 NES  national sample.  The purpose in using
controlled selection and the "one-per-stratum" sample allocation is to reduce
the between-PSU component of sampling variation relative to a"two-per-stratum"
primary stage design.  Despite the expected improvement in sample precision, a
drawback of the "one-per-stratum" design is that two or more sample selection
strata must be collapsed or combined to form a sampling error computation
stratum.  Variances are then estimated under the assumption that a multiple
PSU per stratum design was actually used for primary stage selection.  The
expected consequence of collapsing design strata into sampling error
computation strata is the overestimation of the true sampling error; that is,
the sampling error computation model defined by the codes contained in Table
14 will yield estimates of sampling errors which in expectation will be
slightly greater than the true sampling error of the statistic of interest.  

     SECU - Stratum-specific Sampling Error Computation Unit code (Variable 
#2126) is a half sample code for analysis of sampling error using the BRR 
method or approximate "two-per-stratum" Taylor Series method (Kish and Hess, 
1959).  Within the SR sampling error strata, the SECU half sample units are 
created by dividing sample cases into random halves, SECU=1 and SECU=2. The 
assignment of cases to half-samples is designed to preserve the stratification
and second stage clustering properties of the sample within an SR stratum. 
Sample cases are assigned to SECU half samples based on the area segment in 
which they were selected.  For this assignment, sample cases were placed in
original stratification order (area segment number order) and beginning with a
random start entire area segment clusters were systematically assigned to
either SECU=1 or SECU=2.

     In the general case of nonself-representing (NSR) strata, the half sample
units are defined according to the PSU to which the respondent was assigned at
sample selection.  That is, the half samples for each NSR sampling error 
computation stratum bear a one-to-one correspondence to the sample design NSR
PSUs.  The particular sample coding provided on the NES public use data set is
consistent with the "ultimate cluster" approach to complex sample variance 
estimation (Kish, 1965; Kalton, 1977).  Individual stratum, PSU and segment
code variables may be needed by NES analysts interested in components of
variance analysis or estimation of hierarchical models in which PSU-level and 
neighborhood-level effects are explicitly estimated.

     Table 10 shows the sampling error stratum and SECU codes to be used for 
the paired selection model for sampling error computations for any 1996 NES 
analyses; the same codes can be used when using the 1996 NES combined 
Cross-section/Panel data or when using 1996 NES Panel data separately.  The 
first 42 strata reflect the two-thirds 1980 National Sample design used in
1994 and apply to the 1996 NES Panel.  Strata 51 through 89 reflect the half
sample 1990 National Sample design used for the 1996 NES Cross-section 
supplement.

      It can be seen from this table that the three-digit 1996 SE code is 
comprised of:  first, the two-digit SE Stratum code followed by the one-digit
SECU code.  


             Table 10: 1996 National Election Study Sampling Error Codes


           SE        SEC  SE  PSU     Segment #s          Total
         Stratum      U  Code          Panel          Respondents
                                     (1992,1994)       (In 1996)

           01         1  011  501   103  119  135         8
                      2  012  501   107  123  139         3
           02         1  021  501   111  127  143        13
                      2  022  501   115  131  148         8
           03         1  031  502   110  123  136         4
                      2  032  502   101  114              4
           04         1  041  502   117  129              4
                      2  042  502   107  120  133         5
           05         1  051  503   112  129              7
                      2  052  503   117  134             12
           06         1  061  503   103  120              8
                      2  062  503   107  125              7
           07         1  071  504   102  110  117        13
                      2  072  504   106  113  121         9
           08         1  081  505   105  112  119        10
                      2  082  505   101  108  115        14
           09         1  091  506   104  110  116         8
                      2  092  506   101  107  113         2
           10         1  101  507   105  111  115        17
                      2  102  507   103  107  113        24
           11         1  111  508   101  107  110        13
                      2  112  508   103  109  114         6
           12         1  121  509   104  114              4  
                      2  122  509   101  107  111         5
           13         1  131  510   101  111              2
                      2  132  510   107                   1


              SE     SEC   SE      PSU     Segment #s          Total
           Stratum    U    Code             Panel           Respondents
                                          (1992,1994)        (In 1996)

           14         1    141     511   105  111               6
                      2    142     511   102  108               8
           15         1    151     512   102                    3
                      2    152     512   105  111               4
           16         1    161     513   101  107               2
                      2    162     513   104  110               5
           17         1    171     514   104  110               4
                      2    172     514   101  107               2
           18         1    181     515   105  111              15
                      2    182     515   102  108              15
           19         1    191     516   102  108              10
                      2    192     516   105  111              10
           20         1    201     517   103  105              13
                                         107  109  111
                      2    202     518   101  103  105         28
                                         107  109  111
           21         1    211     521   103  105  107         12
                                         109  111
                      2    212     523   103  105  107         13
                                         109  111
           22         1    221     524   102  104  106         11
                                         108  110  112
                      2    222     534   102  104  106         18
                                         108  110  112
           23         1    231     526   101  103  105         19
                                         107  109  111
                      2    232     527   101  103  105         13
                                         109  111
           24         1    241     528   102  104  106         30
                                         108  110  112
                      2    242     529   102  104  106         16
                                         108  110  112
           25         1    251     531   102  104  106         29
                                         108  110  112
                      2    252     532   102  104  106         18
                                         108  110  112
           26         1    261     533   102  104  106         14
                                         108  110  112
                      2    262     547   101  103  105         12
                                         107  109  111
           27         1    271     536   101  103  105         14
                                         107  109  111
                      2    272     539   101  103  105         17
                                         107  109  111
          

           SE        SEC    SE     PSU  Segment #s          Total
         Stratum      U    Code          Panel           Respondents
                                       (1992,1994)        (In 1996)

           28         1    281     540   101  103  105         11
                                   107   109  111
                      2    282     542   102  104  106         31
                                   108   110  112
           29         1    291     543   102  104  106         29
                                   108   110  112
                      2    292     545   103  105  107         42
                                   109   111
           30         1    301     544   101  103  105         18
                                   107   109  111
                      2    302     476   001  004  006          9
                                   007   012
           31         1    311     549   101  103  105         18
                                   107   109  111
                      2    312     550   101  103  105        24
                                   107   109  111
           32         1    321     553   102  104  106         15
                                   108   110  112
                      2    322     555   101  103  105         30
                                   107   109  111
           33         1    331     556   101  105  107         18
                                   109   111
                      2    332     557   102  104  106         33
                                   108   110  112
           34         1    341     558   102  104  106         24
                                   108   110  112
                      2    342     559   101  103  105         25
                                   107   109  111
           35         1    351     560   104  108  112         44
                      2    352     560   102  106  110         23
           36         1    361     463   001  002  003 005     14
                                   007   008  009  011
                      2    362     464   001  002  004 005     31
                                   008   009  010  012
           37         1    371     465   001  005              22
                                   007   009  011
                      2    372     466   001  002  004 005     44
                                   008   010  011  012
           38         1    381     468   001  002  006         23
                                   007   008  011  012
                      2    382     470   002  003  005         25
                                   007   011  012
                                   
            SE        SEC  SE      PSU      Segment #s     Total Rs (1996)
         Stratum       U  Code             (1996 Cross
                                             Section)

           39         1    391     473   001  005  006 008     31
                                   009   011  012
                      2    392     474   001  002  004 007     20
                                   008   011
           40         1    401     477   001  003  005 006     26
                                   007   010  012
                      2    402     478   002  005  006         20
                                   008   010  012
           41         1    411     480   002  005  006 007     44
                                   008   010  011  012
                      2    412     481   001  004  005 007     21
                                   008   009  011
           42         1    421     482   002  004  005         18
                                   007   009  012
                      2    422     484   001  004  009         11
                                   011   012


          1996 NES Cross-section Segments (from 1990 National Sample Frame):


           SE        SEC  SE  PSU     Segment #s     Total Rs (1996)
         Stratum      U  Code        (1996 Cross
                                       Section)

           51         1  511  120   003, 019, 035, 051          4
                                    067, 083, 099
                      2  512  120   011, 027, 043,              4
                                    059, 075, 091          
           53         1  531  190   003, 019, 035,              4
                              196[23] 051, 067, 083
                                    002, 014
                      2  532        011, 027, 043,              3
                              190   059, 075, 091
                              196[24] 010, 022


----------
  23 The four San Francisco (separated from Oakland, CA in the 1990 OMB 
     definition), CA MSA area segments were considered as part of the 
     Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA for purposes of SE Code assignment
     to avoid having empty SE CODE cells since there were very few 1996
     NES Cross-section respondents in this MSA.

  24 See footnote #23.
  
  

           SE        SEC  SE      PSU     Segment #s     Total Rs (1996)
         Stratum      U  Code            (1996 Cross
                                          Section)

           55         1    551     130   008, 024, 040,         4
                                         056, 072            
                      2    552     130   016, 032, 048,         3
                                         064
           57         1    571     121   006, 022, 038, 054     4
                      2    572     121   014, 030, 046          3
           58         1    581     131   004, 020, 036          2
                      2    582     131   012, 028, 044          4
           60         1    601     150   003, 019, 035          1
                      2    602     150   011, 027, 043          2
           61         1    611     171   006, 022, 038          1
                      2    612     171   014, 030, 046          3
           62         1    621     170   003, 019, 035          9
                      2    622     170   011, 027               5
           63         1    631     110   008, 024, 040          2
                      2    632     110   016, 032, 048          3
           64         1    641     122   004, 020               1
                      2    642     122   012, 028               1
           65         1    651     141   008, 024               4
                      2    652     141   016, 032               4
           66         1    661     132   001, 013               2
                      2    662     132   009, 021               1
           67         1    671     152   008, 024               1
                      2    672     152   016, 032               4
           68         1    681     154   003, 015               1
                      2    682     154   007, 019               1
           69         1    691     194   004, 020               4
                      2    692     194   012, 028               3
           70         1    701     191   005, 013, 021, 029    14
                      2    702     181   005, 009, 017, 021     8
           71         1    711     220   005, 009, 017, 021    13
                      2    712     226   002, 006, 014, 018     9
           72         1    721     211   003, 011, 015, 023     1
                      2    722     213   004, 008, 016, 020     7
           73         1    731     230   002, 010, 014, 022    12
                      2    732     236   002, 010, 014, 022    12
           76         1    761     239   001, 005, 013, 017     7
                      2    762     240   006, 010, 018, 022     9
           77         1    771     262   002, 010, 014, 022    19
                      2    772     255   008, 012, 020, 024    10
           78         1    781     257   004, 012, 016, 024     5
                      2    782     258   002, 006, 014, 018    12
           79         1    791     273   003, 011, 015, 023     4     
                      2    792     274   002, 006, 014, 018     5
           81         1    811     260   003, 011, 015, 023     9
                      2    812     250   007, 011, 019, 023     7    
                      
            SE       SEC   SE      PSU      Segment #s         Total Rs (1996)
         Stratum      U   Code             (1996 Cross
                                             Section)

           84         1    841     292   001, 009, 013, 021     10
                      2    842     293   007, 011, 019, 023     10
           85         1    851     280   002, 014                6
                      2    852     280   006, 018                4
           86         1    861     320   006, 018                5
                      2    862     320   010, 022                7
           87         1    871     332   004, 008, 016, 020     22
                      2    872     342   008, 012, 020, 024      9
           88         1    881     351   001, 009, 013, 021     32
                      2    882     354   008, 012, 020, 024     13
           89         1    891     370   005, 009, 017, 021     12
                      2    892     381   001, 005, 013, 017     17
  
                Total:                                        1714

Generalized Sampling Error Results for the 1996 NES

     To assist NES analysts, the PC SUDAAN program was used to compute
sampling errors for a wide-ranging example set of proportions estimated from
the 1996 NES Pre-election Survey data set.  For each estimate, sampling errors
were computed for the total sample and for twenty demographic and political 
affiliation subclasses of the 1996 NES Pre-election Survey sample.  The
results of these sampling error computations were then summarized and
translated into the general usage sampling error table provided in Table 11. 
The mean value of deft, the square root of the design effect, was found to be
1.346.  The design effect was primarily due to weighting effects (Kish, 1965)
and did not vary significantly by subclass size.  Therefore the generalized
variance table is produced by multiplying the simple random sampling standard
error for each proportion and sample size by the average deft for the set of
sampling error computations.
     
     Incorporating the pattern of "design effects" observed in the extensive 
set of example computations, Table 11 provides approximate standard errors for
percentage estimates based on the 1996 NES.  To use the table, examine the 
column heading to find the percentage value which best approximates the value
of the estimated percentage that is of interest.[25]  Next, locate the 
approximate sample size base (denominator for the proportion) in the left-hand
row margin of the table.  To find the approximate standard error of a 
percentage estimate, simply cross-reference the appropriate column
(percentage) and row (sample size base).  Note: the tabulated values represent
approximately one standard error for the percentage estimate.  To construct an
approximate confidence interval, the analyst should apply the appropriate
critical point from the "z" distribution (e.g., z=1.96 for a two-sided 95%
confidence interval half-width).  Furthermore, the approximate standard errors
in the table apply only to single point estimates of percentages not to the
difference between two percentage estimates.
----------
25 The standard error of a percentage is a symmetric function with its maximum
   centered at p=50%; i.e., the standard error of p=40% and p=60% estimates 
   are equal.
 

     The generalized variance results presented in Table 11 are a useful tool 
for initial, cursory examination of the NES survey results.  For more in depth
analysis and reporting of critical estimates, analysts are encouraged to 
compute exact estimates of standard errors using the appropriate choice of a
sampling error program and computation model.


Table 11:  Generalized Variance Table.  1996 NES Pre/Post-election Survey.


                APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES


                       For percentage estimates near:
                           
    Sample n   50%             40%            30%          20%         10% 
                              or 60%        or 70%        or 80%      or 90%

        The approximate standard error of the percentage is:

     100       6.730          6.594          6.168        5.384        4.038
     200       4.759          4.663          4.362        3.807        2.855
     300       3.886          3.807          3.561        3.108        2.331
     400       3.365          3.297          3.084        2.692        2.019
     500       3.010          2.949          2.758        2.408        1.806
     750       2.475          2.408          2.252        1.966        1.474
     1000      2.128          2.085          1.951        1.703        1.277
     1250      1.904          1.865          1.745        1.523        1.142
     1500      1.738          1.703          1.593        1.390        1.043
     1714      1.626          1.593          1.490        1.300        0.975



                                     References


Binder, D.A. (1983), "On the variances of asymptotically normal estimators
from 
    complex surveys,"  International Statistical Review, Vol. 51, pp. 279-292. 

Kalton, G. (1977), "Practical methods for estimating survey sampling errors," 
    Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, Vol 47, 3, pp.
495-514.

Kish, L. (1949).  A procedure for objective respondent selection within the
    household, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 44, 
    pp. 380-387.

Kish, L. (1965),  Survey Sampling.  New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Kish, L., & Frankel, M.R. (1974), "Inference from complex samples," Journal of
    the Royal Statistical Society, B, Vol. 36, pp. 1-37.

Kish, L., & Hess, I. (1959), "On variances of ratios and their differences in
    multi-stage samples," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54, 
    pp. 416-446.

LePage, R., & Billard, L. (1992), Exploring the Limits of Bootstrap. New York:
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mahalanobis, P.C. (1946), "Recent experiments in statistical sampling at the 
    Indian Statistical Institute," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 
    Vol 109, pp. 325-378.

Rao, J.N.K & Wu, C.F.J. (1988.), "Resampling inference with complex sample 
     data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, pp. 231-239.

Rosenstone, Steven J., Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren E., & the National 
    Election Studies Sample Design:  Technical Memoranda, 1994 Election Study 
    pp. 882-905 in Rosenstone,  Steven J.,Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren
E., 
    &  the National Election Studies, AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1994: 
    POST-ELECTION SURVEY (ENHANCED WITH 1992 AND 1993 DATA) (Computer file). 

    Conducted by University ofMichigan Center for Political Studies.  2nd
ICPSR  ed. Ann Arbor MI:  University of Michigan, Center for Political
Studies, 
    and Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research 
    (producer), 1995.  Ann Arbor MI:  Inter-university Consortium for
Political and Social Research (distributor), 1995.

Wolter, K.M.  (1985 ).  Introduction to Variance Estimation. New York: 
    Springer-Verlag.

Woodruff, R.S. (1971), "A simple method for approximating the variance of a 
    complicated estimate," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 
    Vol. 66, pp. 411-414.

>> 1996 NES TECHNICAL REPORTS AND OTHER OCCASIONAL PAPERS

1. Sanchez, Maria. (July 1982) "7-Point Scales."

2. Shanks, J. Merrill, Maria Sanchez, and Betsy Morton. (March 1983).
"Alternative Approaches to Survey Data Collection for the National
Election Studies."

3. Lake, Celinda. (September 1983) "Similarity and Representativeness of
1983 Pilot Samples."

4. Lake, Celinda. (November 1983) "Comparison of 3-point, 5-point, and
7-point Scales from the CATI Experiment 1982 Election Study."

  5. NES Staff. (December 1983) "1980 Precinct Data Returns Project."

6. Lake, Celinda. (February 1984) "Coding of Independent/Independents and
Apoliticals in the Party Identification Summary Code and Apoliticals
in the Rolling Cross-Section."

7. Morchio, Giovanna and Maria Sanchez. (February 1984) "Creation of a
Filter Variable to be Used When Analyzing Questions about
Congressional Candidates in the 1982 Integrated Personal/ISR
CATI/Berkeley CATI Dataset: A Report to the Board of Overseers,
National Election Studies."

8. Morchio, Giovanna and Maria Sanchez. (March 1984) "Comparison of the
Michigan Method of District Assignment on the Telephone with the
Personal Interview Simulated Data: A Report to the Board of Overseers,
National Election Studies."

9. Traugott, Santa. (June 1984) "Two Versions of the Abortion Question."

10. Sanchez, Maria.(July 1984) "Branching versus 7-point scale
measurements."

11. NES Staff. (August 1984) "Weekly Field Report for the National
Election Studies Continuous Monitoring, Jan. 11 - Aug. 3, 1984: A
Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies."

12. NES Staff. (August 1984) "Questions and Versions in NES Continuous
Monitoring, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National
Election Studies."

13. NES Staff. (n.d) "Years of Schooling."

14. NES Staff. (n.d) "Newspaper Code."

15. Traugott, Santa. (n.d.) "The Political Interest Variable on the 1984
Election Study." Unpublished Staff Memo to NES Planning Committee.

16. Sanchez, Maria and Giovanna Morchio. (n.d.) "Probing Don't Know
Answers -- Do We Always Want to Do This?"

17. NES Staff. (February 1985) "Progress of the Rolling Cross Section."

18. Bowers, Jake. (February 1995) NES Pilot Study Efforts to Measure
Values and Predispositions. Full text of paper in WordPerfect 6.0 is
available via the NES FTP server.

19. Traugott, Santa. (February 1985) "Some Analysis of Hard-to-Reach
Rolling Thunder Respondents."

20. Traugott, Santa. (April 1985) "Sample Weighting in NES Continuous
Monitoring, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National
Election Studies."

21. Traugott, Santa. (April 1985). "Sample Weighting in NES Pre-Post
Election Survey,1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National
Election Studies."

22. Brehm, John. (June 1985) "Report on Coding of Economic Conditions
Series in the 1984 Pre-Post Election Study"

23. Brehm, John. (July 1985). "Question Ordering Effects on Reported Vote
Choice."

24. Traugott, Santa. (July 1985) "Assessment of Media Measures in RXS."

25. Traugott, Santa. (July 1985) "Assessment of Media Measures in
Pre-Post"

26. Brehm, John. (August 1985). "Analysis of Result Code Disposition for
Continuous Monitoring by Time in Field: Report to the Board of
Overseers, National Election Studies."

27. Morchio, Giovanna, Maria Sanchez and Santa Traugott. (November 1985).
"Mode Differences: DK Responses in the 1984 Post-Election Survey: A
Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies."

28. Morchio, Giovanna and Santa Traugott. (February 1986) "Congressional
District Assignment in an RDD Sample: Results of 1982 CATI
Experiment."

29. Brehm, John and Santa Traugott. (March 1986) "Similarity and
Representativeness of the 1985 Pilot Half-samples."

30. Gronke, Paul. (September 1986) "NES Question C2: R's Party
Registration."

31. Brehm, John. (March 1987) "How Representative is the 1986
Post-Election Survey?"

32. Morchio, Giovanna. (May 1987) "Trends in NES Response Rates."

33. Brehm, John. (December 1987) "Who's Missing? an Analysis of
NonResponse in the 1986 Election Study: A Report to the Board of
Overseers, National Election Studies."

34. Traugott, Santa. (August 1989) "Validating Self-Reported Vote:
1964-1988."

35. -- open --

36. Traugott, Santa and Giovanna Morchio. (March 1990) "Assessment of Bias
Due to Attrition and Sample Selection in the NES 1989 Pilot Study."

37. -- open --

38. Gronke, Paul. (May 1990) "Assessing the Sample Quality of the 1988
Senate Election Study: A response to Wright."

39. Presser, Stanley, Michael W. Traugott and Santa Traugott. (November
1990). "Vote 'Over' Reporting in Surveys: The Records or the
Respondents?"

40. Bloom, Joel. (March 1991) "Sources of Pro-incumbent Bias in NES Survey
Estimates for U.S. House Races since 1978: A Second Look."

41. Mayer, Russell. (November 1991) "Identifying Bias in Voting Models."

42. Traugott, Michael W., Santa Traugott and Stanley Presser. (May 1992)
"Revalidation of Self-Reported Vote."

43. Rosenstone, Steven J., Margaret Petrella and Donald R. Kinder. (April
1993) "The Consequences of Substituting Telephone for Face-to-Face
Interviewing in the 1992 National Election Study."

44. Luevano, Patricia. (March 1994) "Response Rates in the National
Election Studies, 1948-1992."

45. Traugott, Santa and Steven J. Rosenstone. (Nov. 1994) "Panel Attrition
Among the 1990-1992 Panel Respondents."

46. Traugott, Santa and Steven J. Rosenstone. (Nov. 1994) "Demographic
Characteristics of Respondents to the 1980, 1984 and 1988 NES
Pre-Election Studies by Week of Interview."

47. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Candidate Traits Used in NES Studies,
1979-1994."

48. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Affects Towards Candidates Used in NES
Studies, 1979-1994."

49. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Candidate Placements Used in NES
Studies, 1968-1994."

50. Sheng, Shing-Yuan. (Jan. 1995) "NES Measurements of Values and
Pre-Dispositions, 1984-1992."

51. Traugott, Santa. (Feb. 1995) "NES Question Batteries: Measuring Values
and Dispositions, 1983-1994."

52. Tolleson-Rinehart, Sue, et.al. (May 1994) "The Reliability, Validity,
and Scalability of Indicators of Gender Role Beliefs and Feminismin
the 1992 National Election Study: A Report to the ANES Board of
Overseers."

>> 1995 PILOT STUDY REPORTS

Alvarez, R. Michael. Survey Measures of Uncertainty: a Report to the
National Election Studies Board on the Use of Certainty Questions to
Measure Uncertainty about Candidate Traits and Issue Positions.

Bartels, Larry M. Budget Items on 1995 Pilot Study.

________. Entertainment Television Items on 1995 Pilot Study.

________. Humanitarianism Items on 1995 Pilot Study.

________. Issue Scales Versus Effort Items on the 1995 Pilot Study

________. Talk Radio Items on 1995 Pilot Study.

________. Television News Items on 1995 Pilot Study.

Berinsky, Adam and Steven Rosenstone. Evaluation of Environmental
Policy Items on the 1995 NES Pilot Study.

Buhr, Tami, Ann Crigler and Marion Just. Media Questions on the 1996
election study and related content analysis of media cover of the
presidential campaign.

Hansen, John Mark. Revealed Preference Budget Items on the 1995
National Election Pilot Study: a Report.

Marcus, George E. And Michael Mackuen. Measuring Mood in the 1995 NES
Pilot Study.

Rabinowitz, George and Stuart Elaine Macdonald. New Issues on the 95
Pilot Study.

Rahn, Wendy W. And John Transue. The Political Significance of Fear of
Crime.

Richardson, Amy. Questions on Public Attitudes Toward the Environment.

Steenbergen, Marco R. Compassion and American Public Opinion: An
Analysis of the NES Humanitarianism Scale.

Zaller, John. Analysis of News Exposure Items from the 1995 Pilot


                         ------------
                         MASTER CODES
                         ------------




>> 1996 TYPE OF RACE


                           HOUSE

DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING

   12    Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER
   13    Dem incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
   14    Dem incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
   19    Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS

REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING

   21    Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER
   23    Rep incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
   24    Rep incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
   29    Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS

OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING

   31    Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER
   32    Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER
   34    Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED

NO INCUMBENT RUNNING

   51    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   52    Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   53    Dem incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   55    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   56    Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   57    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   59    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS

   61    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   62    Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   63    Rep incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   65    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   66    Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   67    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   69    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS

   71    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   72    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   73    Other incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   75    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   76    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   77    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   79    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS




                           SENATE

DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING

   12    Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER
   13    Dem incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
   14    Dem incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
   19    Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS

REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING

   21    Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER
   23    Rep incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
   24    Rep incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
   29    Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS

OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING

   31    Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER
   32    Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER
   34    Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED

NO INCUMBENT RUNNING

   51    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   52    Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   53    Dem incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   55    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   56    Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   57    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   59    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS

   61    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   62    Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   63    Rep incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   65    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   66    Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   67    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   69    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS

   71    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   72    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   73    Other incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   75    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   76    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   77    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   79    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC,  REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS

NO RACE IN STATE

   81    DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENTS, no race in state
   82    REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state
   85    DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state

>> 1996 CANDIDATE NUMBERS

SENATE:

   10    Third party or independent Senate candidate **
   11    Democratic candidate in open Senate race
   12    Republican candidate in open Senate race
   13    Democratic Senate incumbent
   14    Republican Senate incumbent
   15    Democratic Senate challenger
   16    Republican Senate challenger
   17    Democratic Senator, no race in state
   18    Republican Senator, no race in state
   19    Democratic Senator, term not up in state with race
   21    Democratic Senator--retiring (state with open race)
   22    Republican Senator--retiring (state with open race)
   27    Democratic Senator, no race in state
   28    Republican Senator, no race in state
   29    Republican Senator, term not up in state with race

HOUSE:

   30    Third party or independent House candidate **
   31    Democratic candidate in open House race
   32    Republican candidate in open House race
   33    Democratic House incumbent
   34    Republican House incumbent
   35    Democratic House challenger
   36    Republican House challenger
   41    Democratic Representative--retiring (district with
         open race)
   42    Republican Representative--retiring (district with
         open race)

GOVERNOR: [NOT USED 1996]

   50    Third party or independent Gubernatorial
         candidate **
   51    Democratic candidate in open Gubernatorial race
   52    Republican candiate in open Gubernatorial race
   53    Democratic Gubernatorial incumbent
   54    Republican Gubernatorial incumbent
   55    Democratic Gubernatorial challenger
   56    Republican Gubernatorial challenger
   57    Democratic governor, no race in state
   58    Republican governor, no race in state
   61    Democratic governor--retiring (state with open
         race)
   62    Republican governor--retiring (state with open
         race)

OTHER:

   90    Both Democratic and Republican candidates (used in
         incumbency var only)
   97    Name given not on Candidate List


MISSING DATA:

   98    DK; refused to name candidate
   99    NA
   00    INAP


++VOTE QUESTION ONLY, VOTED OUTSIDE DISTRICT OF IW:

   DISTRICT WITH NO RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY)

   81    Democratic candidate
   82    Republican candidate

   DISTRICT WITH RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY)

   83    Democratic incumbent
   84    Republican incumbent
   85    Democratic challenger
   86    Republican challenger

   ALL DISTRICTS:  (VOTE VAR ONLY)

   80    Third party or independent candidate **
   91    Democrat--no name given
   92    Republican--no name given


**      IF 3RD PARTY/INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE NAMED, THIS CODE
        IS USED ONLY IF NAME APPEARS ON CANDIDATE LIST (IF
        NAME NOT ON CANDIDATE LIST, CODE 97 IS USED).

NOTE:   CODE 97 INCLUDES INSTANCES WHERE R VOTED STRAIGHT
MAJOR PARTY TICKET BUT NO CANDIDATE FOR R'S PARTY RAN FOR
GIVEN OFFICE (OR: R INSISTS VOTED FOR A MAJOR PARTY'S
CANDIDATE BUT NO CANDIDATE RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE REPRESENTING
NAMED MAJOR PARTY).

++ CODES 80-86,91,92 ARE NOT USED IN VARS OTHER THAN
   VOTE VARS.>> 1996 PARTY-CANDIDATE


PARTY ONLY -- PEOPLE WITHIN PARTY

 0001    Johnson
 0002    Kennedy, John; JFK
 0003    Kennedy, Robert; RFK
 0004    Kennedy, Edward; "Ted"
 0005    Kennedy, NA which
 0006    Truman
 0007    Roosevelt; "FDR"
 0008    McGovern
 0009    Carter
 0010    Mondale
 0011    McCarthy, Eugene
 0012    Humphrey
 0013    Muskie
 0014    Dukakis, Michael
 0015    Wallace
 0016    Jackson, Jesse
 0017    Clinton, Bill
 0018    Clinton, Hillary

 0031    Eisenhower; Ike
 0032    Nixon
 0034    Rockefeller
 0035    Reagan
 0036    Ford
 0037    Bush
 0038    Connally
 0039    Kissinger
 0040    McCarthy, Joseph
 0041    Buchanan, Pat
 0042    Dole, Robert

 0051    Other national party figures (Senators, Congressman, etc.)
 0052    Local party figures (city, state, etc.)
 0053    Good/Young/Experienced leaders; like whole ticket
 0054    Bad/Old/Inexperienced leaders; dislike whole ticket
 0055    Reference to vice-presidential candidate

 0097    Other people within party reasons


PARTY ONLY -- PARTY CHARACTERISTICS

 0101    Traditional Democratic voter: always been a
         Democrat; just a Democrat; never been a
         Republican; just couldn't vote Republican

 0102    Traditional Republican voter: always been a
         Republican; just a Republican; never been a
         Democrat; just couldn't vote Democratic

 0111    Positive, personal, affective terms applied to
         party--good/nice people; patriotic; etc.

 0112    Negative, personal, affective terms applied to
         party--bad/lazy people; lack of patriotism; etc.

 0121    Can trust them; they keep their promises; you know
         where they stand
 0122    Can't trust them; they break their promises; you
         don't know where they stand

 0131    Party is well-organized, sticks together, is
         united; members are disciplined; votes party line

 0132    Party is poorly-organized/really two
         parties/divided/ factionalized; members not
         disciplined; doesn't vote party line

 0133    Party is (more) representative/good cross-section
         of the country; encompasses a wider variety of
         views/people; is more at the center of the
         country's views

 0134    Party is less/not representative;bad cross-section
         of the country; encompasses more restricted views;
         is less at the center of the country's views

 0135    Reference to participation of minority/women candidate(s)

 0141    Reference to party's most recent National
         Convention; party's process/method of selecting
         presidential/vice-presidential candidates

 0151    Performance of local branch of party; how they've
         done in this state/county/town

 0161    Reference to the predominant faction that R sees as
         being in control of the party (NA which faction);
         "I don't like the people running it"
 0162    Reference to Northerners/Liberals (as in control)
         of Democratic Party
 0163    Reference to Southerners/Conservatives (as in
         control) of Democratic Party

 0164    Reference to Easterners/Liberals/Moderates (as in
         control) of Republican Party
 0165    Reference to Midwesterners/Westerners/Southerners/
         Conservatives/[1996] "party old boy network" (as in control) 
         of Republican Party
 0166    [1996] Reference to Christian/religious right (as in control)
          of Republican Party

 0167    Can't win; doesn't have a chance
 0168    Can win; party can't be beat

 0169    Too big a party; there are too many of them; party
         is too powerful
 0170    Too small a party; there are not enough of them;
         party is too weak

 0171    Listens (more) to people; takes (more) into
         consideration the needs and wants of people;
         understands (better) the people/the majority of
         the people
 0172    Doesn't listen to/understand the needs and wants of
         the people/the majority of the people

 0173    Campaign tactics, uses too much money in campaigns,
         slings mud

 0174    Party has been in office/controlled Congress/held
         the White House too long/long enough; we need a
         change (of party) [code 430 for mentions of
         candidate]

 0197    Other party-characteristic reasons


CANDIDATE ONLY -- EXPERIENCE, ABILITY

 0201    General reference to him as "a good/bad man or a
         good/bad guy"; R has heard good/bad things about
         him; qualifications; general ability; reference to
         his "personality"

 0203    Not qualified for the office; the job is too big
         for him to handle

 0211    Experienced (NA what kind) (see 0217, 0218, 0220
         for specific kinds of experience; if in foreign
         policy see 1100's)

 0212    Inexperienced

 0213    Dependable/Trustworthy/Reliable; a man you can
         trust with the responsibilities of government
         ("trust" in the capability sense, rather than the
         honesty sense)

 0214    Undependable/Untrustworthy/Unreliable; a man you
         can't trust with the responsibilities of
         government

 0215    A military man; a good military/war record

 0216    Not a military man; bad military/war record; no
         military/war record

 0217    His record in public service; how well he's
         performed in previous offices; voting record in
         Congress

 0218    Has government experience/political
         experience/seniority/ incumbency
 0219    Lacks government experience/political experience

 0220    A statesman; has experience in foreign affairs
 0221    Not a statesman; lacks experience in foreign
         affairs

 0222    "He has done a good job so far"; he has brought us
         through hard times"; has gotten things done has
         some good ideas; trying to do right things

 0223    Hasn't done anything; hasn't produced any results
         (general); has not been able to get programs off
         the ground

 0224    Has fulfilled/Sept (campaign) promises
 0225    Has not fulfilled/Sept (campaign) promises

 0297    Other candidate experience/ability reasons


CANDIDATE ONLY -- CANDIDATE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES

 0301    Dignified/has dignity
 0302    Undignified/lacks dignity

 0303    Strong/decisive/self-confident/aggressive; will end
         all this indecision
 0304    Weak/indecisive/lacks self-confidence/vacillating; [1996] waffles,
wishy washy

 0305    Inspiring; a man you can follow; "a leader"; [1996] charisma
 0306    Uninspiring; not a man you can follow; not a leader; [1996] lacks
charisma

*0335    Makes people feel good about America/being
         Americans; is patriotic/loves the country

 0307    People have confidence in him
 0308    People don't have confidence in him

 0309    Good at communicating with blacks, young people,
         other "problem" groups
 0310    Bad at communicating with blacks, young people,
         other "problem" groups (if communicate in general,
         see 0441, 0442)

 0311    Knows how to handle people (at personal level)
 0312    Doesn't know how to handle people (at personal
         level)

 0313    A politician/political person; (too) much in
         politics; a good politician; part of Washington
         crowd; politically motivated; just wants to be
         re-elected
 0314    Not a politician; not in politics; above politics;
         a bad politician

 0315    Independent; no one runs him; his own boss
 0316    Not independent; run by others; not his own
         man/boss

 0317    Humble; knows his limitations; doesn't pretend to
         know all the answers
 0318    Not humble enough; too cocky/self-confident; can't
         admit shortcomings; blames others for his/her
         mistakes

 0319    (Too) Careful/Cautious/Good judgment
 0320    (Too) Impulsive/Careless/Bad/Poor judgment

*0334    Poor at explaining himself/his positions; doesn't
         answer questions clearly; speaks off the top of
         his head/doesn't stop to think before he speaks

 0321    Helps people in the district on a personal level;
         has helped R personally with a problem (specific
         mention); tries to do things for the people
 0322    Doesn't help people in the district on a personal
         level; was not helpful to R with a personal
         problem (specific mention)

 0323    Represents (well) the views of the district; close
         to people in the district; comes home regularly to
         chat and mix with people
 0324    Does not represent (well) the views of the
         district; not close to the people in the district;
         doesn't interact enough with the people

 0325    Keeps people well informed about governmental
         matters; communicates with constituents; any
         mention of R receiving newsletters or
         communications from him/her; explains matters well
         so people can understand
 0326    Does not inform people enough about governmental
         matters; does not send enough newsletters or
         communications; doesn't explain matters well

 0327    Listens to the people/solicits public opinion; any
         mention of polls or questionnaires; is accessible
         to constituents (NFS)
 0328    Doesn't listen to the people/does not solicit
         public opinion; isn't accessible to constituents
         (NFS)

 0329    Has helped local (district) economy; brought money,
         projects, jobs to district
 0330    Has not helped local (district) economy; not
         brought money, projects, jobs to district

 0331    Candidate helps the district; watches out for the
         interests of the district or region in general
 0332    Candidate has not protected/watched out for the
         interests of the district (specific mentions)

*0334    Located after 0320
*0335    Located after 0306

 0397    Other candidate leadership reason


CANDIDATE ONLY -- PERSONAL QUALITIES

 0401    Honest/Sincere; keeps promises; man of integrity;
         means what he says; fair; not tricky; open and
         candid; straightforward; positive Playboy
         references (1976)
 0402    Dishonest/Insincere; breaks promises; no integrity;
         doesn't mean what he says; tricky; not open and
         candid; not straightforward

 0403    Man of high principles/ideals; high moral purpose;
         idealistic (if too idealistic, code 0416)
 0404    Lacks principles/ideals

 0405    Racist/Bigoted/Prejudiced
 0406    Not a racist/bigoted/prejudiced

 0407    Public servant; man of duty; conscientious;
         hard-working; would be a full-time President; good
         attendance record in Congress; dedicated; really
         interested in serving people

 0408    Doesn't take public service seriously; lazy; would
         be a part-time President; poor attendance record
         in office; not dedicated; not really interested in
         serving people

 0409    Doesn't use office for personal benefit; not in
         office to maximize personal benefit
 0410    Uses/in office (mostly) for personal benefits
         (junket trips, big salary, other perks)

 0411    Patriotic; (88) like Bush's stand on Pledge of
         Allegiance issue
 0412    Unpatriotic; (88) dislike Dukakis' stand on Pledge
         of Allegiance issue

 0413    Understands the nation's/district's problems;
         well-informed; studies up on issues
 0414    Doesn't understand the nation's/district's
         problems; poorly informed; doesn't study up on
         issues

 0415    Realistic
 0416    Unrealistic; too idealistic; (if "idealistic" in
         positive sense, code 0403)

 0417    Uses common sense; makes a lot of sense; pragmatic/
         practical/down-to-earth
 0418    Not sensible; impractical

 0419    (Too) well educated; scholarly
 0420    Poorly educated; unschooled

 0421    Intelligent/Smart
 0422    Unintelligent/Stupid/Dumb
*0464    Uninformed; doesn't (seem to) know anything about
         the issues/what is going on in the country/
         government

 0423    Religious; "moral" (in religious sense);
         God-fearing; "too" religious
 0424    "Irreligious"; "immoral" (in religious sense);
         Playboy interview (reflects on Carter--1976)

 0425    Self-made; not well off; started out as poor;
         worked his way up; (started out)
         unpolished/unrefined/rough
 0426    Wealthy; rich; born with silver spoon in mouth;
         polished/refined/well-mannered; bought way into office;
         use of own money to finance campaign

 0427    Old hat; has run before; a die-hard; "a loser" (in
         the past)
 0428    Someone new; a fresh face

 0429    Don't change horses in midstream
 0430    Time for a change;incumbent has been in office too
         long/long enough [code 174 for mentions of party]

 0431    Unsafe/Unstable; dictatorial; craves power;
         ruthless
 0432    Safe/Stable

 0433    Sense of humor; jokes a lot (too much)
 0434    No sense of humor; humorless (too serious)

 0435    Kind/Warm/Gentle; [1996] caring
 0436    Cold/Aloof

 0437    Likeable; gets along with people; friendly;
         outgoing; [1996] nice
 0438    Not likeable; can't get along with people

 0439    Democratic (in non-partisan sense)
 0440    Undemocratic (in non-partisan sense)

 0441    High-fallutin'/High-brow; talks in circles; can't
         talk to common man; can't communicate ideas well
 0442    Not high-fallutin'/is low-brow; talks straight; can
         talk to common man; can communicate ideas well

 0443    Well-known; "I know him/her"
 0444    Unknown; not well known

 0445    Reference to his family (not 0457)
 0446    Reference to his wife/spouse

 0447    Speaking ability
 0448    Health
 0449    Appearance/Looks/Face/Appearance on TV; his smile

 0450    Age (NA how perceived)
 0451    (Too) Old
 0452    (Too) Young

 0453    Mature
 0454    Immature

 0455    Regional reference; "he's a Southerner"; "he's a
         Midwesterner"; he comes from the country/a rural
         area; area reference

 0456    Previous occupation

 0457    He's a family man

 0459    Energetic; too energetic
 0460    Not energetic

 0461    Gender, e.g., "She's a woman"
 0462    Racial/Ethnic attribute; "He is a black man"

*0464    Located after 0422

 0495    Other negative personal qualities
 0496    Other positive personal qualities
 0497    Other candidate personal qualities

 0498    References to Playboy interview--NA direction or
         neutral; "it's OK," "that is what the Bible says",
         (not 0401)--1976


CANDIDATE ONLY--PARTY CONNECTIONS

 0500    A Democrat; good Democrat; typical Democrat
 0501    A Republican; good Republican; typical Republican

 0502    Controlled by party regulars/bosses/machine
 0503    Not controlled by party regulars/bosses

 0504    Reference to men around him/staff/followers

 0505    Reference to his speeches (exc. 0447), campaign
         tactics; mud-slinging; (88) dislike Bush's stand
         on Pledge of Allegiance issue

 0506    Can win; best choice for party victory
 0507    Cannot win; not good choice for party victory

 0508    Reference to linkage with other party figures (he's
         close to the Kennedy's; he was close to
         Eisenhower; etc.)

 0509    Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic policies
         (unspecified)
 0510    Would change/get rid of    "    "

 0511    Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic domestic
         policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's)
 0512    Would change/get rid of    "    "    "

 0513    Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic foreign
         policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's)
 0514    Would change/get rid of    "    "    "

 0515    Would continue/Seep/follow Republican policies
         (unspecified)
 0516    Would change/get rid of    "    "

 0517    Would continue/Seep/follow Republican domestic
         policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's)
 0518    Would change/get rid of    "    "    "

 0519    Would continue/Seep/follow Republican foreign
         policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's)
 0520    Would change/get rid of    "    "    "

 0531    More liberal than most Democrats; a Northern
         Democrat
 0532    More conservative    "    "    ; a Southern
         Democrat

 0533    More liberal than most Republicans; an Eastern
         Republican
 0534    More conservative    "    "      ; a
         Midwestern/Western/ Southern Republican

 0535    Will bring in/listen to the (party) liberals
 0536    Will bring in/listen to the (party) conservatives

 0541    References to the physical or mental health of
         vice-presidential incumbent/candidate; emotional
         state/stability of vice-presidential
         incumbern/candidata; [1972] References to the
         Eagleton affair

 0542    Reference to vice-presidential incumbent/candidate,
         running mate - NEC
 0543    References to age/gender/race/ethnic background of
         vice-presidential incumbent/candidate; [1984]
         Mondale's selection of a woman for vice-president

 0544    Mention of issue(s) that vice-presidential
         incumbent/candidate is identified with or has
         taken a leading role in promoting; [1992] Gore's
         position on the environment

 0551    References to link with "Watergate"--positive
         reference to Watergate
 0552    Not associated with "Watergate"--negative reference
         to Watergate; making too much out of Watergate

 0553    Ford's pardon of Nixon--NA direction or against
         pardon
 0554    "    "    "   --pro; brave/right thing to do

 0555    Positive references about independent candidacy;
         maybe the country needs a third party; third
         parties should have more recognition; the two
         party system needs buckling
 0556    Negative references/liabilities related to
         independent candidacy; "he's an independent"
         (NFS); "we don't need a third party"; "he lacks
         backing from a party"

 0597    Other candidate party connection reasons


PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT

 0601    Good/Efficient/Businesslike administration;
         balanced budget; lower/wouldn't increase national
         debt; cautious spending
 0602    Bad/Inefficient/Unbusinesslike administration;
         wasteful; "bureaucratic"; deficit budget;
         higher/increased national debt; overspend

 0603    Honest government; not corrupt; no "mess in
         Washington"
 0604    Dishonest/Corrupt government; "mess in Washington";
         immorality in government; reference to Hayes,
         Mills, Lance; [1992] writing bad checks on the
         House of Representatives bank

 0605    (Would) Spend less (than other side); (would) spend
         too little
 0606    (Would) Spend more (than other side); (would) spend
         too much

 0607    Has brought/will bring about bureaucratic reform
 0608    Has not brought/will not bring about bureaucratic
         reform

 0609    General assessment of job he/they would do/are
         doing; is good/bad President; are providing
         good/bad administration
*0622    Doesn't work (hard) at job; not involved (enough)
         in the work of his office/delegates too much
         authority to others; has chosen poor/incompetent
         aides; his aides have not performed well
 0610    Reference to management/performance in
         Congress/Supreme Court/other government agency;
         references to the quality of appointments made to
         public posts (courts, cabinet, commissions)

 0611    He has/has not worked well with (Democratic)
         Congress; would/could have done better with
         (Republican) Congress; he kept/would keep Congress
         in check
 0612    He will work well/better with (Democratic) Congress

 0613    Gets more done/accomplishes as much/more productive
 0614    Gets less done/doesn't accomplish as much/less
         productive

*0625    Mostly approve of/happy with job done so far, but
         doesn't approve of everything that has been done

 0615    Sympathy/understanding expressed for the
         complexity/ magnitude of the job (e.g.,
         President): tough job

 0616    Sympathy/understanding expressed for the difficult
         situation ("a mess") inherited by the incumbent

*0623    Doing the best he can (under the circumstances);
         doing as good a job as anyone else could do;
         everyone makes some mistakes
 0617    Will face (difficult) issues; faces problems
         directly; faces up to political reality
 0618    Will not face (difficult) issues; will not face
         problems directly; ignores political reality
 0619    Supports the president/works well with the
         president/would work well with the president
 0620    Does not support the president/does not (would not)
         work well with the president

 0621    Response to/handling of domestic crisis or natural
         disaster - riot, hurricane, tornado, earthquake,
         flood, etc.

*0622    Located after 0609
*0623    Located after 0616
*0625    Located after 0614

 0624    Opposes term limitations for Congress
 0626    Favors term limitations for Congress

 0627    The economy is bad, but that is not (necessarily)
         his fault

 0697    Other government management reasons
 0628  [1994] Contract with America that was proposed by
         Republicans; support/commitment/opposition to Contract
         with America


PARTY OR CANDIDATE--MISCELLANEOUS

 0701    Just like him/them (NA why); like everything about
         him/them; "I was hoping he would win the
         (nomination/primaries)"
 0702    Just dislike/Don't like him/them (NA why); don't
         like anything about him/them

*0732    Used to like him but don't now; have lost respect
         for him

 0703    Will save America; America needs him/them
 0704    Will ruin America; last thing America needs

 0705    Will unite Americans/bring people together
 0706    Will divide Americans/drive people apart

 0707    Speaks of party/candidate as good protector(s);
         will know what to do; more intelligent
 0708    Speaks of party/candidate as bad protector(s);
         won't know what to do

 0709    Good for country (unspecified); trying to do good
         job; trying; not just out for self/own best
         interest; has/have country's interest at heart
 0710    Bad for country (unspecified); don't have country's
         interests at heart; only looking out for their own
         interests

 0711    Lesser of two evils

 0718    Treatment of Jesse Jackson; didn't offer him
         the vice-presidenal nomination; didn't use him
         (effectively) to get out the Black vote; weren't
         coutreous/respectful toward him; didn't keep
         promises made to him
 0719    References to damaging incidents in candidate's
         personal life (sexual escapades, financial
         problems, substance abuse, etc); [1980] Reference
         to Chappaquidic; Kennedy's personal problems

 0720    Reference to Watergate affair (exc. 0551-0554)

 0721    The way the incumbent came to office; the people
         should select President

 0722    The incumbent should have a chance (on his
         own)/another chance/second chance

 0723    (I believe in/Necessary for) a two-party system;
         choice between candidates; opposition; balances
         power of other party

 0724    Vote for the man rather than party; look for more
         qualified man; don't pay attention to parties

 0725    The opponent who the candidate ran against; the
         candidate was the better/worse of the two in
         general; the candidate ran against someone I
         really like/dislike

 0726    Splits votes; will elect wrong candidate; "spoiler"

 0727    Expression of sympathy/admiration for the
         candidate's underdog position; trying hard against
         terrible odds; courageous uphill battle; "I like
         underdogs"; "they are bucking the guy" (keeping
         him off ballot, not taking him seriously, not
         giving him enough publicity)

 0728    Negative comments about the candidate's switching
         parties, being a turncoat, disloyal to his
         original party

 0729    Party selection of a woman for vice-president

 0730    Mention of debates; candidate's performance in the
         debates

 0731    Position (vote) on increasing congressional
         salary; position (vote) on accepting
         honoraria/outside pay/royalties while in office

*0732    Located after 0702

 0733    References to candidate's children or extended
         family [code 446 for references to spouse]

0734   [1996] Reference to Whitewater, Travel Office firings, FBI files
controversies

 0796    References to unfair/undeserved/excessive criticism
         by media or public

 0797    Other miscellaneous reasons: Other miscellaneous
         reasons relating to image and candidate/party
         effect on nation


PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY/PHILOSOPHY

 0801    General assessment of ideas/policies/stands
         (unspecified)

 0802    Different from other party/candidate
 0803    Same as other party/candidate; not different enough

 0804    (Too) negative; always tearing down other side; no
         solutions of his/their own

 0805    For government activity; believe government should
         take care of things; for big government; supports
         social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907)
 0806    Against government activity; believe government
         involved in too many things; favors reduction in
         social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907)

 0807    Humanistic; favor human beings over property rights
 0808    Not humanistic; favor property rights over human
         beings

 0809    Favor social change/reform/progress/improvement of
         social conditions
 0810    Against social change/reform/progress/improvement
         of social conditions

 0811    Socialistic
 0812    Anti-socialistic

 0813    Communistic/soft/hard-liner on Communism/apologist
         for Communists/dupe
 0814    (Too) anti-communistic/hard-liner on Communism

 0815    (Too) liberal (except 0531 or 0533)
 0816    (Too) conservative (except 0532 or 0534)

 0817    Moderate/middle of the road/for slow change; not an
         extremist/fanatic
 0818    Extremist/fanatic/too far out; not too moderate/not
         a fence-sitter

 0819    Pro-Far Right/Birchers/reactionaries; encouraging
         fascist/ police state
 0820    Anti-Far Right/  "    "       ; discouraging    "

 0821    Pro-Far Left/radicals/Yippies/SDS; encouraging
         anarchy/ guerilla state
 0822    Anti-Far Left/    "    "    " ; discouraging    "

 0823    Pro-Extremists (NA direction)/nuts/bomb-throwers
 0824    Anti-Extremists    "    "    "

 0827    Pro-States'/local/community rights; better local
         government
 0828    Anti-  "    "    "    "  ; worse/weaker local
         government

 0829    For equality; believe everyone should have things
         equally/ be treated equally
 0830    Anti-equality; believe some people should have more
         than others/people should not be treated equally

 0831    Generous, compassionate, believe in helping others
 0832    Selfish, only help themselves

 0833    Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to
         status quo; more open to new ideas/ways of doing
         things; flexible, innovative
 0834    Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect)
         status quo; resist new ways of doing things; rigid

 0835    Has a well-defined set of beliefs/definite
         philosophy; does not compromise on principles; has
         (clear) understanding of goals they stand for
 0836    Has poorly defined set of beliefs; lacks a definite
         philosophy; compromise on principles; has no
         (clear) understanding of goals they stand for

 0837    Favor work ethic; believes in self-reliance/in
         people working hard to get ahead
 0838    Doesn't favor work ethic; believes in people being
         handed things/in government handouts (if specific
         policy mentioned, code in 0900's)

 0841    Keep track of/control over administration heads,
         cabinet members, etc.; follow through on policies;
         determine if programs are working
 0842    Don't (as in 0841)

 0843    Conditional evaluation:  R suggests candidate/party
         cannot solve problems because not under his/their
         control (no negative connotations); will he/they
         be able to do what they say (determining factor
         outside his/their control); "I like what he says
         but wonder if he can do it" (if clearly negative,
         code in 0122 or 0402)
 0845    Will involve/wants to involve
         people/Congress/Cabinet/ advisors/other government
         officials in government/ decision making

 0846    Will not involve
         people/Congress/Cabinet/advisors/other government
         officials in government/decision making

 0847    Separation of church and state/religion and
         politics--pro
 0848    Separation of church and state/religion and
         politics--anti
 0849    Stand/views on religion (church/state relationship
         NA)

 0897    Other Government Activity/Philosophy reasons


PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES

 0900    General assessment of domestic
         ideas/policies/stands (unspecified)

 0901    General assessment of economic policy (unspecified)

 0902    Government economic controls--NA direction
 0903    "    "    "   --Pro; we need planned economy;
                         control of private enterprise
 0904    "    "    "   --Anti; we have too much interference
                         in private enterprise

 0905    Welfare/Poverty problems--NA direction; give-away
 0906    "    "    "    --Pro government aid/activity; pro
                          give-aways
 0907    "    "    "    --Anti government aid/activity; anti
                          give-aways; pro self-help

 0908    Social Security/Pensions--NA direction
 0909    "    "    "    --Pro expansion in coverage and/or
                          increase in benefits
 0910    "    "    "    --Anti expansion in coverage and/or
                          increase in benefits; favoring
                          contraction and/or decrease

 0911    Unemployment compensation--NA direction
 0912    "    "      --Pro expansion in coverage and/or
                       increase in benefits
 0913    "    "      --Anti expansion in coverage and/or
                       increase in benefits; favoring
                       contraction and/or decrease

 0914    Aid to education--NA direction
 0915    "    "    --Pro
 0916    "    "    --Anti

 0917    Aid to parochial schools--NA direction
 0918    "    "    "   --Pro
 0919    "    "    "   --Anti

*1052    School choice plans; vouchers -- pro
*1053    "    "    "       -- anti

*1047    Establish/enforce standards for schools (test
         teachers, require minimum curricula, regulate
         class size, etc) -- NA direction
*1048    "    "    "   -- Pro
*1049    "    "    "   --Anti

 0920    Housing--NA direction
 0921    "    --Pro more public housing
 0922    "    --Anti more public housing
 0923    Aid/Programs for older people/the aged, Medicare,
         Medicaid, direction -- NA
 0924    "    "    "         -- Pro
 0925    "    "    "         -- Anti

 0926    Monetary policy--NA direction
 0927    "    "   --Pro loose(r) money; more availability of
                    loans for housing, cars, etc.; lower
                    interest rates
 0928    "    "   --Anti loose(r) money; for tighter money;
                    less availability of loans; higher
                    interest rates

*1054    Value of the dollar relative to gold/other
         currencies; any mentions of gold/currencies

*1046    Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the
         nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.  [1990]
         Involvement in the Savings and Loan scandals

 0929    Tax policy--NA direction
 0930    "    "   --Pro lower taxes
 0931    "    "   --Anti lower taxes; for higher taxes
 0932    "    "   --Pro reform/fairer system/end of
                    loopholes/ write-offs/dodges
 0933    "    "   --Anti reform/fairer system/end of
                    loopholes/ write-offs/dodges

*1055    Line item veto -- pro
*1056    Line item veto -- anti

 0942    [1990] Candidate voted for the budget agreement
         which resulted in increased taxes/fees

 0934    "The Times"/General conditions/Prosperity/The
         Economy --better under him/them
 0935    "    "     --worse under him/them

 0936    Inflation/Cost of living--lower/better under
         him/them
 0937    "    "    "  --higher/worse under him/them

 0938    Wages/Salaries/Income/Employment--higher/better
         under him/ them
 0939    "    "    "    "     --lower/worse under him/them

 0940    Prices for producers--higher/better under him/them
 0941    "    "  --lower/worse (if farm, see 0943-0945)

 0942    Located after 0933

 0943    Programs to help farmers -- NA direction
 0944    "    "    "   --Pro (greater) help/fairer
                         system, reform in system; higher
                         price supports
 0945    "    "    "   --Anti (greater) help/fairer
                         system, reform in system; higher
                         price supports

 0946    Civil rights/Racial
         justice/Integration/Desegregation/Voting Rights --
         NA direction
 0947    "    "     -- Pro
 0948    "    "     -- Anti

*1043    Affirmative Action programs -- NA direction
*1044    "    "    "    -- Pro; favors quotas based on race
                           or gender
*1045    "    "    "    -- Anti; opposes quotas based on
                           race or gender

 0949    Civil liberties/Freedom of expression/First
         amendment/ Privacy -- NA direction
 0950    "     -- Pro; against snooping; political trials,
         etc; (88) like Dukakis' stand on Pledge of
         Allegiance issue
 0951    "     -- Anti; for snooping; political trials;
         McCarthyite; (88) dislike Republican party stand
         on Pledge of Allegiance issue

 0952    General assessment of Labor policy (unspecified)

 0953    Right to work laws--NA direction
 0954    "    "    "  --Pro (i.e., opposes unions
                        [anti-labor, code 1208])
 0955    "    "    "  --Anti (i.e., supports unions
                        [pro-labor, code 1207])

 0956    Strikes--NA direction
 0957    "    --will have fewer/will handle better
 0958    "    --will have more/will handle worse

 0959    Public power/Utilities/TVA/Atomic reactors/Nuclear
         power plants/Etc.  -- NA direction
 0960    "    "    " -- Pro
 0961    "    "    " -- Anti

*1059    Regulation of companies engaged in public
         communication or transportation -- pro
*1060    "    "    "    "           -- anti

 0962    Ecology/Environment; Air and Water Pollution--NA
         direction
 0963    Will crack down on polluters, will be activist;
         will protect the environment
 0964    Won't crack down on polluters, doesn't care; in
         league with polluters; not willing to protect the
         environment

 0965    Veterans' Benefits--NA direction
 0966    "    "   --Pro expansion of coverage and/or
                    increase in benefits
 0967    "    "   --Anti expansion of coverage and/or
                    increase in benefits; favoring
                    contraction and/or decrease

 0968    Law and order--NA direction
 0969    "    "  --soft line--unspecified
 0970    "    "    "    " --blacks
 0971    "    "    "    " --campus demonstrators
 0972    "    "    "    " --criminals/organized crime/
                            hoodlums/street crime
 0973    "    "    "    " --anti power of police; court
                            interference
*1041    "    "    "    " --opposes death penalty

 0974    "    "  --hard line--unspecified
 0975    "    "    "    " --blacks
 0976    "    "    "    " --campus demonstrators
 0977    "    "    "    " --criminals/organized crime/
                            hoodlums/street crime
 0978    "    "    "    " --pro power of police; reduced
                            court interference
*1042    "    "    "    " --favors death penalty

 0979    Public morality--NA direction
 0980    "    "    --Strict/older/traditionalistic outlook;
                     improve/renew morality of country;
                     pro-family; defends family values
 0981    "    "    --Permissive/newer/modernistic outlook;
                     not (strongly enough) pro-family;
                     doesn't defend (strongly enough) family
                     values

 0982    Drugs--NA direction
 0983    "    --Pro legalization/decriminalization;
                soft-liner; (88) doesn't support (strongly
                enough) the war on drugs; not willing to do
                more to combat drug use/pushers; involvement
                with Noreiga
 0984    "    --Anti legalization/decriminalization;
                hard-liner; (88) supports the war on drugs;
                willing to do more to combat drug use/
                pushers

 0985    Abortion and birth control--NA direction
 0986    "    "    "  --Pro reform/legalization;
                        new outlook
 0987    "    "    "  --Anti reform/legalization;
                        traditional outlook

 0988    Gun control--NA direction
 0989    "    "   --Pro; controls
 0990    "    "   --Anti; "everyone has the right to own a
                    gun"

 0991    Busing--NA direction
 0992    "   --Pro; against neighborhood school
 0993    "   --Anti; for neighborhood school

 0994    Urban problem/Cities--NA direction
 0995    "    "    "   --Pro government aid/activity
 0996    "    "    "   --Anti government aid/activity

 0997    Other domestic policy reasons

 1001    National Health Insurance--NA direction
 1002    "    "    "    --Pro
 1003    "    "    "    --Anti

 1004    Energy/Gas shortage--Development of alternative
         energy source, NA direction
 1005    "    "    "   --Pro development of alternative
                         source, better/handled better;
                         more fuel
 1006    "    "    "   --Anti development of alternative
                         energy source, worse/handled worse;
                         less fuel

  *******************************************************
   References to nuclear energy should be coded in 0959.
  *******************************************************

 1007    Government plans to make more jobs--NA direction;
         make-work programs; CETA; WPAL; CCA
 1008    "    "    "    " --Pro
 1009    "    "    "    " --Anti
 1010    Confidence/Trust in government--NA direction
 1011    "    "    "     --would handle better; restore
                           confidence
 1012    "    "    "     --would handle worse; cause
                           loss of confidence
 1013    ERA; Women's rights--NA direction
 1014    "    "    "   --Pro
 1015    "    "    "   --Anti

 1016    Influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans,
         Haitians, Mexicans, etc.)  --NA direction
 1017    "    "    "       --Pro
 1018    "    "    "       --Anti
 1019    School prayer--NA direction
 1020    "    "   --Pro
 1021    "    "   --Anti
 1022    Gay rights--NA direction
 1023    "    "   --Pro
 1024    "    "   --Anti
 1025    Health--NA direction: [1994](Clinton's) National health
         care plan/program; [1996] medical reform
 1026    "   --Pro government programs/aid for mentally ill,
         disabled, handicapped: [1994] (Clinton's) National health
         care plan/program
 1027    "   --Anti    "    "    "    "    "
         (except 0923, 0924, 0925): [1994](Clinton's) National
         health care plan/program
 1028    Space program--NA direction
 1029    "    "    --Pro
 1030    "    "    --Anti
 1031    Help to/improvement in a specific industry or
         occupation--NA direction
 1032    "    "    "    "    "  -- Pro help/improvement
 1033    "    "    "    "    "  -- Anti help/improvement

*1057    Spending on infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc) --
         Pro
*1058    "    "    "    "       -- Anti

 1035    Polarization of classes/increasing gap between
         rich and poor--NA direction
 1036    "    "    "    "    " --will stop trend/
                                 handle better
 1037    "    "    "    "    " --will accelerate trend/
                                 handle better

 1038    Day care--NA direction
 1039    "    "  --favors/will expand or extend day care
                   programs
 1040    "    "  --opposes/will not expand or extend (will
                   cut or eliminate) day care programs

*1050    Family/maternity leave laws -- Pro
*1051    "    "    "    "    "       -- Anti

 1041    Located after 0973
*1042    Located after 0978
*1043    Located after 0948
*1044    Located after 0948
*1045    Located after 0948
*1046    Located after 0928
*1047    Located after 0919
*1048    Located after 0919
*1049    Located after 0919
*1050    Located after 1040
*1051    Located after 1040
*1052    Located after 0919
*1053    Located after 0919
*1054    Located after 0928
*1055    Located after 0933
*1056    Located after 0933
*1057    Located after 1033
*1058    Located after 1033
*1059    Located after 0961
*1060    Located after 0961


PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES

 1101    General assessment of foreign ideas/policies/stands
         (unspecified)

 1102    Foreign policies more clear-cut/decisive; less
         bungling
 1103    Foreign policies less clear-cut/decisive; more
         bungling

 1104    Internationalist/Interested in other countries'
         problems/Interested in world role/Pro-UN and
         allies; Meddling in other people's problems
 1105    Isolationist/America First/Fortress America/Would
         meddle less in other people's problems

*1184    Military/Defense position/spending--NA direction or
         neutral (not 1106, 1107)

 1106    Strong military position/Preparedness/Weapons
         systems/ Pentagon spending/Overkill; SDI ("Star
         Wars")
 1107    Weak military position/Pentagon spending
         cutbacks/No overkill/Reduce armed forces; SDI
         ("Star Wars")

 1108    Cold-war oriented; opposed detente; international
         Communist-fighter
 1109    Against cold war/Wants thaw/Detente/Understanding
         with international communists (if NA whether
         international, code in 0813-0814)

 1110    Military aid to allies--NA direction
 1111    "    "    "   --Pro
 1112    "    "    "   --Anti

 1113    Economic aid/Foreign aid/AID/Non-military aid--NA
         direction
 1114    "    "    "    "    "    "    "     --Pro
 1115    "    "    "    "    "    "    "     --Anti

 1116    Located after 1163
 1117    "    "    "

 1118    Mideast--NA direction; any references to oil
         embargo; boycott of companies dealing with Israel;
         [1992] References to involvement in
         Iraqgate/arming of Saddam Hussein
 1119    "   --handle better/more experience; positive
         comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty
 1120    "   --handle worse/less experience; negative
         comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty

 1121    "   --Pro-Israel/anti-Arabs
 1122    "   --Anti-Israel/pro-Arabs; wishy-washy on Israel

 1123    Red China--NA direction
 1124    "    "  --handle better/more experience/doing well,
         better
 1125    "    "  --handle worse/less experience/doing poorly
 1126    "    "  --pro understanding/thaw/detente/new
         relationships/ recognition/admission to UN
 1127    "    " --anti understanding/thaw/detente/new
         relationships/ recognition/admission to UN;
         defender of Formosa/ Chaing/Nationalists

 1128    Russia--NA direction
 1129    "   --handle better/more experience
 1130    "   --handle worse/less experience
 1131    "   --pro understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of
         relations; SALT II
 1132    "   --anti understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of
         relations; SALT II

 1133    Eastern Europe--NA direction
 1134    "    "   --handle better/more experience
 1135    "    "   --handle worse/less experience
 1136    "    "   --pro defense of Iron-Curtain countries
 1137    "    "   --anti    "    "    "

*1301    Western Europe -- NA direction
*1302    "    "     -- handling relations with European
         Community/specific countries well (better)
*1303    "    "    "    "  badly (worse)

 1138    Latin America--NA direction
 1139    "    "   --handle better/more experience
 1140    "    "   --handle worse/less experience
 1141    "    "   --pro-third world posture; reach
         understanding with Castro/Chile/neutrals;
         anti-colonialism /European powers; against Contra
         aid/pro- Sandinista
 1142    "    "   --anti-third world posture; hard
         anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy;
         pro-colonialism/ European powers; pro Contra
         aid/anti-Sandinista
*1198    (Involvement in) Diversion of money to the Contras
         (in violation of the law)

 1143    Africa--NA direction
 1144    "   --handle better/more experience
 1145    "   --handle worse/less experience
 1146    "   --pro-third world posture; reach understanding
         with leftists/neutrals; anti-colonialism/ European
         powers
 1147    "   --anti-third world posture; hard
         anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy; pro-
         colonialism/European powers

 1148    Asia/India--NA direction
 1149    "    "  --handle better/more experience
 1150    "    "  --handle worse/less experience
 1151    "    "  --pro India/Bangladesh
 1152    "    "  --pro Pakistan

 1153    Located after 1163
 1154    "    "    "
 1155    "    "    "
 1156    "    "    "

 1157    Vietnam/Indochina/Southeast Asia--NA direction
 1158    "    "    "    "  --better chance for peace
 1159    "    "    "    "  --poorer chance for peace;
         failed to end war
 1160    "    "    "    "  --pro military victory/
         preservation of Saigon regime
 1161    "    "    "    "  --anti military victory/
         willing to sacrifice Thieu/Sy; favoring withdrawal
 1163    "    "       --will bring policy change
         (unspecified)

*1116    Trouble spots (not specifically coded)--would
         handle better (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf)
*1117    "    "    "    "    "    --would handle worse
         (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf)
*1162    (88) The invasion of Grenada
*1300    (91) The Persian Gulf war/ Desert Storm

*1153    Would raise American prestige
*1154    Would lower American prestige; not maintain
         American prestige

*1155    Would have better chance for peace (unspecified);
         not get us into trouble abroad
*1156    Would have poorer chance for peace (unspecified);
         get us into war/trouble abroad
 1164    Tariffs--NA direction
 1165    "   --Pro free trade/reduce tariffs; would not
         protect US labor from foreign competition
 1166    "   --Anti free trade; for high tariffs; would
         protect US labor from foreign competition
*1196    Foreign trade/balance of payments deficit--any
         mention
 1167    Trade with communists--NA direction
 1168    "    "     --Pro
 1169    "    "     --Anti

 1170    Draft--NA direction
 1171    "  --Pro volunteer army/abolition of peacetime
         draft
 1172    "  --Anti volunteer army; for peacetime draft
 1173    "  --Pro amnesty/pardon
 1174    "  --Anti amnesty/draft dodgers/pardon

*1178    Amnesty--NA direction

 1175    POW-MIA--Will get prisoners back, will not abandon
         them
 1176    POW-MIA--Will not get prisoners back, will abandon
         them
 1177    POW-MIA--NA direction

*1178    Located after 1174

 1179    Did a good job of getting the boys/country out of
         Vietnam war; got us out of Vietnam

 1180    Should have won Vietnam war; gave too much away and
         then pulled out

 1181    Secrecy/deception in U.S. foreign policy; shuttle
         diplomacy; Kissinger's foreign policy (1976) --NA
         direction
 1182    "    "    "    "     --Pro
 1183    "    "    "    "     --Anti

 1184    Located after 1105

 1185    Priorities in military/defense spending (not
         reduction or increase but allocation of existing
         defense budget--Pro
 1186    Priorities in military/defense spending (not
         reduction or increase but allocation of existing
         defense budget--Anti

 1187    Iranian crisis; American hostages (1980)/Arms sale
         (1986) -- NA direction
 1188    "    "    "    "    --has handled well/would
         handle better
 1189    "    "    "    "    --has handled poorly/would
         handle worse

 1190    Nuclear freeze/Disarmament--NA direction
 1191    "    "    "      --Pro
 1192    "    "    "      --Anti
 1193    Terrorism; dealings with terrorists; hostages
         (except 1187-1189) -- NA direction; (88)
         Bombing of Libya
 1194    "    "    "    -- has handled/would handle
         better; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy
 1195    "    "    "    -- has handled/would handle
         worse; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy

*1196    Located after 1166

 1197    Other foreign policy reasons

*1198    Located after 1142

 1199    Iran-Contra affair--NFS (NA whether 1187 or 1198)


PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GROUP CONNECTIONS

 1201    Special interests/Privileged
         people/Influential--Pro
 1202    "    "    "    "   --Anti

 1203    "People like me"--pro, NA whether 1205, 1206
 1204    "    "  "  --anti, "    "    "    "

 1205    Common man/People/Little people/Working people--Pro
 1206    "    "    "    "    --Anti

 1207    Labor/Unions/Labor bosses/Racketeers--Pro
 1208    "    "    "    "    --Anti

 1209    Big Business/Corporate rich/The rich
         individuals/People with power/Wall
         Street/Industry/Upper classes--Pro
 1210    (Same as 1209)   --Anti

 1211    Small businessman--Pro
 1212    "    "      --Anti

 1213    White collar workers/Salaried people/Middle
         class--Pro
 1214    "    "      --Anti

 1215    Farmers/Country people--Pro
 1216    "    "        --Anti

 1217    Blacks/Black people/Negroes--Pro
 1218    "    "        --Anti

 1219    People on welfare/ADC mothers/"Chiselers"--Pro
 1220    "    "    "       --Anti

 1221    Old people/Senior citizens--Pro
 1222    "    "    "       --Anti

 1223    Young people/Sids/"Freaks"/Hippies--Pro
 1224    "    "    "    "    "    --Anti

 1225    Women/Feminists/Womens Liberationists,
         "sexists"--Pro
 1226    "    "    "    "    "    --Anti

 1227    Veterans/Servicemen--Pro
 1228    "    "     --Anti

 1229    Ethnic or racial group (exc. 1217-1218); Minority
         groups (NA composition--Pro
 1230    "    "     --Anti

 1231    Section of the country--Pro
 1232    "    "     --Anti

 1233    Poor people/needy people/the unemployed -- Pro
 1234    "    "     --Anti

 1235    Civil servants--Pro
 1236    "    "     --Anti

 1239   [1996] Gays and lesbians/homosexuals--Pro
 1240    "    "     --Anti

 1241    [1996] Christian right/religious right--Pro
 1242    "    "     --Anti

 1297    Other group connection reasons

*1300    Located after 1162
*1301    Located after 1137
*1302    Located after 1137
*1303    Located after 1137


EVENTS UNIQUE TO ONE CAMPAIGN

 5001    [1992] Perot quit the race/is a quitter - NFS
 5002    [1992] Because Perot quit the race he is not
         trustworthy/dependable/steadfast (enough); he let
         down his supporters
 5003    [1992] Because Perot quit the race and then
         re-entered it he is indecisive/inconsistent/not
         stable (enough); mentions of re-entering the race
         after have left it - NFS
 5004    [1992] Perot is not a serious candidate


MISSING DATA CODES

 9001    R has been influenced by spouse
 9002    R has been influenced by someone else

 9996    Refused to say

 9997    Other miscellaneous

 9998    DK
 9999    NA

 0000    INAP

         * Indicates code descriptions that are listed
           out-of-order.



>> 1996 POLITICAL ADVERTISEMENTS

NOTE:  The codes for political ads used in 1996 are different from the coding
scheme used for political ads in 1992.  As a result of experience with and
recommendations about the wording of political ad questions in 1992, the Board
of Overseers approved a different means of asking about recall of political
advertisements in the 1996 NES.  Two important differences set 1996 apart from
1992.  One is that the question in 1996 asks the respondent to focus on recall
of a single specific ad,  the one you ad remember best'.  In 1992 the question
asked about "what do you remember about any of these ads"-- in the plural. 
Second, in 1992 the question concerned Presidential ads while in 1996 the
questions did not restrict respondents to Presidential ads,.  Thus the coding
scheme for 1996, while developed from and similar to that of 1992, is not the
same.  Differing coding categories exist (specific ads mentioned in 1992 of
course have no relevance in 1996) and the frequencies for similar or repeated
categories are also different.  The effort in 1996 was to code accurately the
open-ended responses received in 1996 while producing codes that could be
aggregated in ways that facilitate some kinds of comparisons between 1992 and
1996.

R Pays No Attention To Political Ads

001    R claims not to remember what the ads s/he saw were about - NFS (R says
only "nothing", "very little/not much", "can't remember", "don't recall", etc.
without further explanation or elaboration).

002    R deliberately and actively avoids watching political ads (I hit the
mute button/change the channel; I go to the refrigerator, etc.)

003    R does watch the political ads but indicates s/he chooses to pay no
attention to them (I don't pay much attention, they don't register on my mind,
goes in one ear and out the other, I just laugh at them, I'm immune to them).


          R GIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS 
                    (NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED)

010    AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF ADS - too many of them; they show too many in one
evening/time period; see the same ones over and over.

011    PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE PURPOSE -
too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important
issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out
problems but offer no solutions.

012    PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk about (important)
issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are
enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups.

013    DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; telllies/half-truths/only the
facts that help them;try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they
think the voter wants to hear.

014    HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the (real)
facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense.

015    NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING - (too negative); (too much)
backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks
on opponent.

016    POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk
about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected.

017    HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's
interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing
them.

018    HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the candidate/issues;
helped R decide who to vote for.

028    OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS
(NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED)

029    OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS
(NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED)


             R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES 
           GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF DOLE POLITICAL AD(S)

030    AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF DOLE ADS - too many of them;
they show too many in one evening/time period; see
the same ones over and over.

031    DOLE ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE
PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific
(enough); not talking about real/important issues;
contain only rhetoric/self-serving
promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer
no solutions.

032    DOLE ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE
PURPOSE - talk about (important)
issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to
present solutions to issues; are enlightening;
treat voters like grown-ups.

033    DOLE ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful;
tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help
them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say
only what they think the voter wants to hear.

034    DOLE ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the
truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts;
tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense.

035    NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY DOLE - (too negative);
(too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to
tear opponents down/make personal attacks on
opponent.

036    POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY DOLE - doesn't make
personal attacks on opponent; talk about the
candidate/why the candidate should be elected.

037    DOLE ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R
angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in
politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is
tired of seeing them.

038    DOLE ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R
understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide
who to vote for.

039    R REFUSES TO LISTEN TO/WATCH DOLE ADS
SPECIFICALLY

040    DOLE AD NEGATIVE RE: CLINTON NFS ( badmouthing'  downside of' Clinton)

048    OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF DOLE
POLITICAL ADS

049    OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF DOLE
POLITICAL ADS
                                
                                                                
             R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES 
         GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF CLINTON POLITICAL AD(S)

050    AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF CLINTON ADS - too many of
them; they show too many in one evening/time
period; see the same ones over and over.

051    CLINTON ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO
VALUABLE PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific
(enough); not talking about real/important issues;
contain only rhetoric/self-serving
promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer
no solutions.

052    CLINTON ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE
PURPOSE - talk about (important)
issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to
present solutions to issues; are enlightening;
treat voters like grown-ups.

053    CLINTON ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too)
deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts
that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the
issues; say only what they think the voter wants
to hear.

054    CLINTON ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the
truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts;
tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense.

055    NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY CLINTON - (too negative);
(too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to
tear opponents down/make personal attacks on
opponent.

056    POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY CLINTON - doesn't make
personal attacks on opponent; talk about the
candidate/why the candidate should be elected.

057    CLINTON ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R
angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in
politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is
tired of seeing them.

058    CLINTON ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R
understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide
who to vote for.

059    R REFUSES TO LISTEN TO/WATCH CLINTON ADS
SPECIFICALLY

060   NEGATIVE RE: DOLE, NFS

068    OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON
POLITICAL ADS

069    OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON
POLITICAL ADS

                                
             R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES 
          GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF PEROT POLITICAL AD(S)

070    AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF PEROT ADS - too many of them;
they show too many in one evening/time period; see
the same ones over and over.

071    PEROT ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE
PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific
(enough); not talking about real/important issues;
contain only rhetoric/self-serving
promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer
no solutions.

072    PEROT ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE
PURPOSE - talk about (important)
issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to
present solutions to issues; are enlightening;
treat voters like grown-ups.

073    PEROT ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful;
tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help
them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say
only what they think the voter wants to hear.

074    PEROT ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the
truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts;
tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense.

075    NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY PEROT - (too negative);
(too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to
tear opponents down/make personal attacks on
opponent.

076    POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY PEROT - doesn't make
personal attacks on opponent; talk about the
candidate/why the candidate should be elected.

077    PEROT ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R
angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in
politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is
tired of seeing them.

078    PEROT ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R
understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide
who to vote for.

079    R refuses to listen to/watch Perot ads
specifically

088    Other positive general assessment of Perot
political ads

089    Other negative general assessment of Perot
political ads


           R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC DOLE POLITICAL AD(S)
                                
130    Dole ad - no other details given ("I know it was Dole's ad")
131    Dole ad - production details described (showed him in black and white,
he was talking to some women)

132    Dole ad - 15% tax cut, would let people keep more of what they earn
(i.e. would cut taxes)
133    Dole ad - war injuries, military service record
134    Dole ad - Russell KS values and community, personal history/life story
(other than military record)
135    Dole ad - Dole's position on Medicare cuts
136    Dole ad - mention of Kemp

140    Dole ad - attacking Clinton for  largest tax hike in history',
criticising Clinton for apologizing for raising taxes,           general/other
negative on Clinton's tax record
141    Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: Whitewater
142    Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: ethics of White House staff and cabinet
143    Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: immigration and border patrol
144    Dole ad - attacks Clinton as a liar-NFS; Clinton changes what he says
from one time to the next; Clinton's
          inconsistencies; doesn't keep/breaks promises
145   Dole ad - Attacks Clinton re: drug policies, teen drug use going up,
budget cuts for drug enforcement, Clinton         on MTV re: pot use
146   Dole ad - Attacks Clinton re: family values
147   Dole ad - Attacks Clinton as a liberal, closet liberal; shows Clinton
saying  I'm not a liberal'
148   Dole ad - other negative re: Clinton
149    Dole ad - other specifics


           R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC CLINTON POLITICAL AD(S)    

150    Clinton ad - no other details given
151    Clinton ad -  production details described

152    Clinton ad - describing his stance on family values.
153    Clinton ad - describing the achievements of his first term in office
154    Clinton ad - describing his record on employment, jobs
155    Clinton ad - reforms  welfare, makes jobs for unemployed/people on
welfare
156    Clinton ad - saying Clinton makes up his own mind, is a leader
157    Clinton ad - Clinton's efforts on drugs; Dole criticisms wrong/unfair;
appt. of drug czar;  policies and funding          to combat drugs
158    Clinton ad - Clinton's record on [illegal] immigration
159    Clinton ad - Clinton doing right on elderly health care, positive
record on Medicare
160    Clinton ad - supports education, supports student loan pgms, supports
reading pgms
161    Clinton ad - support of issues affecting children (other than drug
policy or education)
162    Clinton ad - record on gun control, puts more cops on streets, endorsed
by police, tough on 
               crime (excludes any drug-related--see 157)
163    Clinton ad - Other positive, not coded elsewhere

170    Clinton ad - compares Clinton's record favorably w/Dole's on multiple
issues
171    Clinton ad - attacking Dole's stance on social security
172    Clinton ad - attacking Dole's position on school lunch, other
children's issues, on education
173    Clinton ad - attacking Dole's Medicare voting record
174    Clinton ad - attacking Dole re: his comments on cigarettes, support of
tobacco industry
175    Clinton ad - Attacking Dole's tax cut proposal
176    Clinton ad - negative attack on Dole/Gingrich
177    Clinton ad-neg re: Dole's voting record:  wrong for the past, wrong for
the future'
179    Clinton ad discussing Dole--NFS, other

169    Clinton ad - other specifics


            R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC PEROT POLITICAL AD(S)

180    Perot ad - no other details given.
181    Perot ad - production details described
182    Perot ad - used a lot of charts and graphs.
183    Perot ad - describing problems with the economy/the deficit/the budget,
Perot will drop our taxes.
184    Perot ad - doesn't take  special interest' money; not beholden to
special interests
185    Perot ad - he'll abolish the IRS
186    Perot ad - announcing his candidacy ( I'm back'); announcing his VP
candidate
187    Perot ad - re: not being in debates

189    Perot ad - other specifics


 R DESCRIBES A SPECIFIC EVENT THAT WAS NOT A POLITICAL AD

190    R describes a news event that clearly was not part of a political ad;
mentions watching the convention or     seeing a candidate on a news program
or during debates.

CANDIDATE NAMED IS NOT MAJOR PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE (INCLUDES
STATE AND LOCAL
RACES)

191    R describes a political ad, but one for a congressional, state or local
candidate

R DESCRIBES OTHER ADS: CANDIDATE NOT ASCERTAINED/AD SPONSOR NOT
ELSEWHERE
IDENTIFIED

192    R describes ad concerning a specific issue (e.g.Medicare, abortion, gay
rights, etc.).

R IDENTIFIES AD AS BEING BY  THE DEMOCRATS' (NOT ASSOCIATED W/ SPECIFIC
CANDIDATE)

301-General positive about Democrats/Democratic candidates, NFS
302-Negative towards the Republicans
397-Other

R IDENTIFIES AD AS BEING BY  THE REPUBLICANS' (NOT ASSOCIATED W/
SPECIFIC
CANDIDATE)

401-General positive about republicans/Republican candidates, NFS
402-Negative towards the Democrats
497-Other


DON'T RECALL CANDIDATE, NO SPECIFIC CANDIDATE BUT AD DESCRIPTION
MENTIONS
CLINTON, DOLE or BOTH

Clinton:
502 positive about Clinton: other and NFS
503 Clinton and taxes
504 Clinton and pot
505 negative about Clinton: other, NFS
506 names Clinton

Dole:
520 negative about Dole's past political stands, Dole's voting record
521 Dole and taxes; the budget/finances, will help the little people on taxes
523 Dole general, other, NFS
524 Dole, recalls production details
525 Dole in WWII, injuries
526 negative towards Dole other, nfs, general

Both Clinton and Dole:
598 R mentions both Clinton and Dole, general, other, NFS
599 Dole and Clinton contradict each other

MISCELLANEOUS

996    Miscellaneous production details recalled
997    Other, miscellaneous
998    DK
999    NA



>> 1996 RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION

Codes followed by * have been newly added in 1996.

GENERAL PROTESTANT                                              

    010.  Protestant, no denomination given
    020.  Non-denominational Protestant
    040.  Inter-denominational Protestant
    099.  Christian (NFS); "just Christian"

ADVENTIST                                                       

    100.  7th Day Adventist
    109.  Adventist (NFS)

ANGLICAN                                                        

     110.  Episcopalian; Anglican
     111.  Independent Anglican, Episcopalian

BAPTIST                                                         

     120.  American Baptist Association
     121.  American Baptist Churches U.S.A. (inaccurately
           known as "Northern Baptist")                          
     122.  Baptist Bible Fellowship
     123.  Baptist General Conference
     124.  Baptist Missionary Association of America
     125.  Conservative Baptist Association of America
     126.  General Association of Regular Baptist Churches
           (G.A.R.B.)                                            
     127.  National Association of Free Will Baptists (United
           Free Will Baptist Church)                             
     128.  Primitive Baptists
     129.  National Baptist Convention in the U.S.A.
     130.  National Baptist Convention of America
     131.  National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.
     132.  Progressive National Baptist Convention
     134.  Reformed Baptist (Calvinist)
     135.  Southern Baptist Convention
     147.  Fundamental Baptist (no denom. ties)
     148.  Local (independent) Baptist churches with no
           denominational ties or links to a national            
           fellowship                                            
     149.  Baptist (NFS)

CONGREGATIONAL                                                  

     150.  United Church of Christ (includes Congregational,
           Evangelical and Reformed)                             
     155.  Congregational Christian

EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS)                              

     160.  Church of the Brethren
     161.  Brethren (NFS)
     162.  Mennonite Church
     163.  Moravian Church
     164.  Old Order Amish
     165.  Quakers (Friends)
     166.  Evangelical Covenant Church (not Anabaptist in
           tradition)                                            
     167.  Evangelical Free Church (not Anabaptist in
           tradition)                                            
     168.  Brethren in Christ
     170.  Mennonite Brethren

HOLINESS                                                        

     180.  Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA)
     181.  Church of God (Anderson, IN)
     182.  Church of the Nazarene
     183.  Free Methodist Church
     184.  Salvation Army
     185.  Wesleyan Church
     186.  Church of God of Findlay, OH 
     199.  Holiness (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA
           whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic                  

INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST                                      

     200.  Plymouth Brethren
     201.  Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America
     219.  Independent-Fundamentalist (NFS)

LUTHERAN                                                        

     220.  Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly
           Lutheran Church in America and The American           
           Lutheran Church); ELCA                                
     221.  Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod; LC-MS
     222.  Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; WELS
     223.  Other Conservative Lutheran
     229.  Lutheran (NFS)

METHODIST                                                       

     230.  United Methodist Church; Evangelical United
           Brethren                                              
     231.  African Methodist Episcopal Church
     232.  African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
     233.  Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
     234.  Primitive Methodist 
     240.  Congregational Methodist (fundamentalist)*
     249.  Methodist (NFS)

PENTECOSTAL                                                     

     250.  Assemblies of God
     251.  Church of God (Cleveland, TN)
     252.  Church of God (Huntsville, AL)
     253.  International Church of the Four Square Gospel
     254.  Pentecostal Church of God
     255.  Pentecostal Holiness Church
     256.  United Pentecostal Church International
     257.  Church of God in Christ (incl. NA whether 258)
     258.  Church of God in Christ (International)
     260.  Church of God of the Apostolic Faith
     261.  Church of God of Prophecy
     262.  Vineyard Fellowship 
     267.  Apostolic Pentecostal
     268.  Spanish Pentecostal
     269.  Pentecostal (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or
           NA whether R Pentecostal or Chrismatic                

PRESBYTERIAN                                                    

     270.  Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
     271.  Cumberland Presbyterian Church
     272.  Presbyterian Church in American (PCA)
     275.  Evangelical Presbyterian
     276.  Reformed Presbyterian 
     279.  Presbyterian (NFS)

REFORMED                                                        

     280.  Christian Reformed Church (inaccurately known as
           "Dutch Reformed")                                     
     281.  Reformed Church in America
     282.  Free Hungarian Reformed Church
     289.  Reformed (NFS)

RESTORATIONIST                                                  

     290.  Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
     291.  Christian Churches and Churches of Christ
     292.  Churches of Christ; "Church of Christ" (NFS)
     293.  Christian Congregation

NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANTS                                     

     300.  Christian Scientists
     301.  Mormons; Latter Day Saints
     302.  Spiritualists
     303.  Unitarian; Universalist
     304.  Jehovah's Witnesses
     305.  Unity; Unity Church; Christ Church Unity
     306.  Fundamentalist Adventist (Worldwide Church of God)
     309.  Non-traditional Protestant (NFS)

ROMAN CATHOLIC                                                  

     400.  Roman Catholic

JEWISH                                                          

     500.  Jewish, no preference
     501.  Orthodox
     502.  Conservative
     503.  Reformed

EASTERN ORTHODOX (GREEK RITE CATHOLIC)                          

     700.  Greek Rite Catholic
     701.  Greek Orthodox
     702.  Russian Orthodox
     703.  Rumanian Orthodox
     704.  Serbian Orthodox
     705.  Syrian Orthodox
     706.  Armenian Orthodox
     707.  Georgian Orthodox
     708.  Ukranian Orthodox
     719.  Eastern Orthodox (NFS)

NON-CHRISTIAN/NON-JEWISH                                        

     720.  Muslim; Mohammedan; Islam
     721.  Buddhist
     722.  Hindu
     723.  Bahai
     724.  American Indian Religions (Native American
           Religions)                                            
     729.  Other non-Christian/non-Jewish
     790.  Religious/ethical cults

OTHER          

     800.  Agnostics
     801.  Atheists
     997.  Other


>> 1996 CENSUS OCCUPATION CODE (1980 CENSUS)


The full 3-digit 1980 Census Occupation Code was used to
code the occupation of respondents.  In order to minimize
the amount of highly specific information released about
respondents, the full occupation code has been recoded to a
71 category code, which is based on the occupation code
sub-headings in the Census Code.

Users who need access to the full 3-digit occupation code
for their research purposes should contact NES project staff
for details about how this could be arranged.

In the code description that follows, the full 1980 Census
Code is presented.  At the beginning of each recoded
section, the statement "(XXX) THROUGH (YYY) ARE RECODED TO
(ZZ)" indicates the code values to which the specific
occupations have been recoded.  For example, purchasing
managers (009), legislators (003), and funeral directors
(018) have all been recoded to (01).  Numbers in parentheses
following the occupation categories are the U.S. Department
of Commerce's 1980 Standard Occupational Classification code
equivalents.  The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and
"N.E.C." means "not elsewhere classified".


     MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS

         Executive, Administrative, and Managerial

           (003) THROUGH (019) ARE RECODED TO: 01

  003    LEGISLATORS (111)
  004    CHIEF EXECUTIVES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATORS, PUBLIC
         ADMINISTRATION (112)
  005    ADMINISTRATORS AND OFFICIALS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
         (1132-1139)
  006    ADMINISTRATORS, PROTECTIVE SERVICES (1131)
  007    FINANCIAL MANAGERS (122)
  008    PERSONNEL AND LABOR RELATIONS MANAGERS (123)
  009    PURCHASING MANAGERS (124)
  013    MANAGERS, MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND PUBLIC
         RELATIONS (125)
  014    ADMINISTRATORS, EDUCATION AND RELATED FIELDS (128)
  015    MANAGERS, MEDICINE AND HEALTH (131)
  016    MANAGERS, PROPERTIES AND REAL ESTATE (1353)
  017    POSTMASTERS AND MAIL SUPERINTENDENTS (1344)
  018    FUNERAL DIRECTORS (PT 1359)
  019    MANAGERS AND ADMINISTRATORS, N.E.C.(121, 126, 127,
         132-139, EXCEPT 1344, 1353, PT 1359)
------------------------------------------------------------

               Management-Related Occupations

           (023) THROUGH (037) ARE RECODED TO: 02

  023    ACCOUNTANTS AND AUDITORS (1412)
  024    UNDERWRITERS (1414)
  025    OTHER FINANCIAL OFFICERS (1415, 1419)
  026    MANAGEMENT ANALYSTS (142)
  027    PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS
         SPECIALISTS (143)
  028    PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, FARM PRODUCTS (1443)
  029    BUYERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, EXCEPT FARM
         PRODUCTS (1442)
  033    PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, N.E.C. (1449)
  034    BUSINESS AND PROMOTION AGENTS (145)
  035    CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS (1472)
  036    INSPECTORS AND COMPLIANCE OFFICERS, EXC.
         CONSTRUCTION (1473)
  037    MANAGEMENT RELATED OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (149)
------------------------------------------------------------

             Professional Specialty Occupations
                    ....................
          - engineers, architects and surveyors -

           (043) THROUGH (063) ARE RECODED TO: 03

  043    ARCHITECTS (161)

         ENGINEERS

  044    AEROSPACE ENGINEERS (1622)
  045    METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERS (1623)
  046    MINING ENGINEERS (1624)
  047    PETROLEUM ENGINEERS (1625)
  048    CHEMICAL ENGINEERS (1626)
  049    NUCLEAR ENGINEERS (1627)
  053    CIVIL ENGINEERS (1628)
  054    AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS (1632)
  055    ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (1633, 1636)
  056    INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS (1634)
  057    MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (1635)
  058    MARINE ENGINEERS AND NAVAL ARCHITECTS (1637)
  059    ENGINEERS, N.E.C. (1639)
  063    SURVEYORS AND MAPPING SCIENTISTS (164)
------------------------------------------------------------

          - mathematical and computer scientists -

           (064) THROUGH (068) ARE RECODED TO: 04

  064    COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS AND SCIENTISTS (171)
  065    OPERATIONS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCHERS AND ANALYSTS
         (172)
  066    ACTUARIES (1732)
  067    STATISTICIANS (1733)
  068    MATHEMATICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1739)
------------------------------------------------------------

                   - natural scientists -

           (069) THROUGH (083) ARE RECODED TO: 05

  069    PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS (1842, 1843)
  073    CHEMISTS, EXCEPT BIOCHEMISTS (1845)
  074    ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE SCIENTISTS (1846)
  075    GEOLOGISTS AND GEODESISTS (1847)
  076    PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1849)
  077    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENTISTS (1853)
  078    BIOLOGICAL AND LIFE SCIENTISTS (1854)
  079    FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION SCIENTISTS (1852)
  083    MEDICAL SCIENTISTS (1855)
------------------------------------------------------------

             - health diagnosing occupations -

           (084) THROUGH (089) ARE RECODED TO: 06

  084    PHYSICIANS (261)
  085    DENTISTS (262)
  086    VETERINARIANS (27)
  087    OPTOMETRISTS (281)
  088    PODIATRISTS (283)
  089    HEALTH DIAGNOSING PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (289)
------------------------------------------------------------

       - health assessment and treating occupations -

           (095) THROUGH (106) ARE RECODED TO: 07

  095    REGISTERED NURSES (29)
  096    PHARMACISTS (301)
  097    DIETITIANS (302)

         THERAPISTS

  098    INHALATION THERAPISTS (3031)
  099    OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS (3032)
  103    PHYSICAL THERAPISTS (3033)
  104    SPEECH THERAPISTS (3034)
  105    THERAPISTS, N.E.C. (3039)
  106    PHYSICIANS' ASSISTANTS (304)
------------------------------------------------------------

                - teachers, postsecondary -

           (113) THROUGH (154) ARE RECODED TO: 08

  113    EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MARINE SCIENCE TEACHERS
         (2212)
  114    BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2213)
  115    CHEMISTRY TEACHERS (2214)
  116    PHYSICS TEACHERS (2215)
  117    NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2216)
  118    PSYCHOLOGY TEACHERS (2217)
  119    ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2218)
  123    HISTORY TEACHERS (2222)
  124    POLITICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2223)
  125    SOCIOLOGY TEACHERS (2224)
  126    SOCIAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2225)
  127    ENGINEERING TEACHERS (2226)
  128    MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2227)
  129    COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHERS (2228)
  133    MEDICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2231)
  134    HEALTH SPECIALTIES TEACHERS (2232)
  135    BUSINESS, COMMERCE, AND MARKETING TEACHERS (2233)
  136    AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TEACHERS (2234)
  137    ART, DRAMA, AND MUSIC TEACHERS (2235)
  138    PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS (2236)
  139    EDUCATION TEACHERS (2237)
  143    ENGLISH TEACHERS (2238)
  144    FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS (2242)
  145    LAW TEACHERS (2243)
  146    SOCIAL WORK TEACHERS (2244)
  147    THEOLOGY TEACHERS (2245)
  148    TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL TEACHERS (2246)
  149    HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2247)
  153    TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY, N.E.C. (2249)
  154    POSTSECONDARY TEACHERS, SUBJECT NOT SPECIFIED
------------------------------------------------------------

             - teachers, except postsecondary -

           (155) THROUGH (165) ARE RECODED TO: 09

  155    TEACHERS, PREKINDERGARTEN AND KINDERGARTEN (231)
  156    TEACHERS, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (232)
  157    TEACHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL (233)
  158    TEACHERS, SPECIAL EDUCATION (235)
  159    TEACHERS, N.E.C. (236,239)
  163    COUNSELORS, EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL (24)
         LIBRARIANS, ARCHIVISTS, AND CURATORS
  164    LIBRARIANS (251)
  165    ARCHIVISTS AND CURATORS (252)
------------------------------------------------------------

          - social scientist and urban planners -

           (166) THROUGH (173) ARE RECODED TO: 10

  166    ECONOMISTS (1912)
  167    PSYCHOLOGISTS (1915)
  168    SOCIOLOGISTS (1916)
  169    SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1913, 1914, 1919)
  173    URBAN PLANNERS (192)
------------------------------------------------------------

       - social, recreation, and religious workers -

           (173) THROUGH (177) ARE RECODED TO: 11

  174    SOCIAL WORKERS (2032)
  175    RECREATION WORKERS (2033)
  176    CLERGY (2042)
  177    RELIGIOUS WORKERS, N.E.C. (2049)
------------------------------------------------------------

                   - lawyers and judges -

           (178) THROUGH (179) ARE RECODED TO: 12

  178    LAWYERS (211)
  179    JUDGES (212)
------------------------------------------------------------

      - writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes -

           (183) THROUGH (199) ARE RECODED TO: 13

  183    AUTHORS (321)
  184    TECHNICAL WRITERS (398)
  185    DESIGNERS (322)
  186    MUSICIANS AND COMPOSERS (323)
  187    ACTORS AND DIRECTORS (324)
  188    PAINTERS, SCULPTORS, CRAFT-ARTISTS, AND ARTIST
         PRINTMAKERS (325)
  189    PHOTOGRAPHERS (326)
  193    DANCERS (327)
  194    ARTISTS, PERFORMERS, AND RELATED WORKERS, N.E.C.
         (328, 329)
  195    EDITORS AND REPORTERS (331)
  197    PUBLIC RELATIONS SPECIALISTS (332)
  198    ANNOUNCERS (333)
  199    ATHLETES (34)
------------------------------------------------------------

        TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS

            Health Technologists and Technicians

           (203) THROUGH (208) ARE RECODED TO: 14

  203    CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS
         (362)
  204    DENTAL HYGIENISTS (363)
  205    HEALTH RECORD TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS (364)
  206    RADIOLOGIC TECHNICIANS (365)
  207    LICENSED PRACTICAL NURSES (366)
  208    HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (369)
------------------------------------------------------------

        Technologists and Technicians, except Health
                    ....................
 - engineering and related technologists and technicians -

           (213) THROUGH (218) ARE RECODED TO: 15

  213    ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS (3711)
  214    INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3712)
  215    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3713)
  216    ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3719)
  217    DRAFTING OCCUPATIONS (372)
  218    SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNICIANS (373)
------------------------------------------------------------

                  - science technicians -

           (223) THROUGH (225) ARE RECODED TO: 16

  223    BIOLOGICAL TECHNICIANS (382)
  224    CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS (3831)
  225    SCIENCE TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3832, 3833, 384, 389)
------------------------------------------------------------

  - technicians, except health, engineering, and science -

           (226) THROUGH (235) ARE RECODED TO: 17

  226    AIRPLANE PILOTS AND NAVIGATORS (825)
  227    AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (392)
  228    BROADCAST EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (393)
  229    COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS (3971, 3972)
  233    TOOL PROGRAMMERS, NUMERICAL CONTROL (3974)
  234    LEGAL ASSISTANTS (396)
  235    TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (399)
------------------------------------------------------------

                     SALES OCCUPATIONS

                Supervisors and Proprietors

                  (243) IS RECODED TO: 18

  243    SUPERVISORS AND PROPRIETORS, SALES OCCUPATIONS (40)

    Sales Representatives, Finance and Business Services

           (253) THROUGH (257) ARE RECODED TO: 18

  253    INSURANCE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4122)
  254    REAL ESTATE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4123)
  255    SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL SERVICES SALES OCCUPATIONS
         (4124)
  256    ADVERTISING AND RELATED SALES OCCUPATIONS (4153)
  257    SALES OCCUPATIONS, OTHER BUSINESS SERVICES (4152)
------------------------------------------------------------

     Sales Representatives, Commoddities except Retail

           (258) THROUGH (259) ARE RECODED TO: 19

  258    SALES ENGINEERS (421)
  259    SALES REPRESENTATIVES, MINING, MANUFACTURING, AND
         WHOLESALE (423, 424)
------------------------------------------------------------

        Sales Workers, Retail and Personal Services

           (263) THROUGH (278) ARE RECODED TO: 20

  263    SALES WORKERS, MOTOR VEHICLES AND BOATS
         (4342, 4344)
  264    SALES WORKERS, APPAREL (4346)
  265    SALES WORKERS, SHOES (4351)
  266    SALES WORKERS, FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS
         (4348)
  267    SALES WORKERS; RADIO, TELEVISION, HI-FI, AND
         APPLIANCES (4343, 4352)
  268    SALES WORKERS, HARDWARE AND BUILDING SUPPLIES
         (4353)
  269    SALES WORKERS, PARTS (4367)
  274    SALES WORKERS, OTHER COMMODITIES (4345, 4347, 4354,
         4356, 4359, 4362, 4369)
  275    SALES COUNTER CLERKS (4363)
  276    CASHIERS (4364)
  277    STREET AND DOOR-TO-DOOR SALES WORKERS (4366)
  278    NEWS VENDORS (4365)
------------------------------------------------------------

                 Sales Related Occupations

           (283) THROUGH (285) ARE RECODED TO: 21

  283    DEMONSTRATORS, PROMOTERS AND MODELS, SALES (445)
  284    AUCTIONEERS(447)
  285    SALES SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (444, 446, 449)
------------------------------------------------------------

    ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT, (incl. Clerical supervisors)

                    Clerical Supervisors

           (303) THROUGH (307) ARE RECODED TO: 22

  303    SUPERVISORS, GENERAL OFFICE (4511, 4513-4519, 4529)
  304    SUPERVISORS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4512)
  305    SUPERVISORS, FINANCIAL RECORDS PROCESSING (4521)
  306    CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS (4523)
  307    SUPERVISORS; DISTRIBUTION, SCHEDULING, AND
         ADJUSTING CLERKS (4522, 4524-4528)
------------------------------------------------------------

                Computer Equipment Operators

           (308) THROUGH (309) ARE RECODED TO: 23

  308    COMPUTER OPERATORS (4612)
  309    PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4613)
------------------------------------------------------------

          Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists

           (313) THROUGH (315) ARE RECODED TO: 24

  313    SECRETARIES (4622)
  314    STENOGRAPHERS (4623)
  315    TYPISTS (4624)
------------------------------------------------------------

                     Information Clerks

           (316) THROUGH (323) ARE RECODED TO: 25

  316    INTERVIEWERS (4642)
  317    HOTEL CLERKS (4643)
  318    TRANSPORTATION TICKET AND RESERVATION AGENTS (4644)
  319    RECEPTIONISTS (4645)
  323    INFORMATION CLERKS, N.E.C. (4649)
------------------------------------------------------------

      Records Processing Occupations, except Financial

           (325) THROUGH (336) ARE RECODED TO: 26

  325    CLASSIFIED-AD CLERKS (4662)
  326    CORRESPONDENCE CLERKS (4663)
  327    ORDER CLERKS (4664)
  328    PERSONNEL CLERKS, EXCEPT PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING
         (4692)
  329    LIBRARY CLERKS (4694)
  335    FILE CLERKS (4696)
  336    RECORDS CLERKS (4699)
------------------------------------------------------------

          Financial Records Processing Occupations

           (337) THROUGH (344) ARE RECODED TO: 27

  337    BOOKKEEPERS, ACCOUNTING, AND AUDITING CLERKS (4712)
  338    PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING CLERKS (4713)
  339    BILLING CLERKS (4715)
  343    COST AND RATE CLERKS (4716)
  344    BILLING, POSTING, AND CALCULATING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (4718)
------------------------------------------------------------

    Duplicating, Mail and Other Office Machine Operators

           (345) THROUGH (347) ARE RECODED TO: 28

  345    DUPLICATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4722)
  346    MAIL PREPARING AND PAPER HANDLING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (4739)
  347    OFFICE MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4729)
------------------------------------------------------------

             Communications Equipment Operators

           (348) THROUGH (353) ARE RECODED TO: 29

  348    TELEPHONE OPERATORS (4732)
  349    TELEGRAPHERS (4733)
  353    COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4739)
------------------------------------------------------------

         Mail and Message Distributing Occupations

           (354) THROUGH (357) ARE RECODED TO: 30

  354    POSTAL CLERKS, EXC. MAIL CARRIERS (4742)
  355    MAIL CARRIERS, POSTAL SERVICE (4743)
  356    MAIL CLERKS, EXC. POSTAL SERVICE (4744)
  357    MESSENGERS (4745)
------------------------------------------------------------

  Material Recording, Scheduling, and Distribuing Clerks,
                           N.E.C.

           (359) THROUGH (374) ARE RECODED TO: 31

  359    DISPATCHERS (4751)
  363    PRODUCTION COORDINATORS (4752)
  364    TRAFFIC, SHIPPING, AND RECEIVING CLERKS (4753)
  365    STOCK AND INVENTORY CLERKS (4754)
  366    METER READERS (4755)
  368    WEIGHERS, MEASURERS, AND CHECKERS (4756)
  369    SAMPLERS (4757)
  373    EXPEDITERS (4758)
  374    MATERIAL RECORDING, SCHEDULING, AND DISTRIBUTING
         CLERKS, N.E.C. (4759)
------------------------------------------------------------

                Adjusters and Investigators
           (375) THROUGH (378) ARE RECODED TO: 32

  375    INSURANCE ADJUSTERS, EXAMINERS, AND INVESTIGATORS
         (4782)
  376    INVESTIGATORS AND ADJUSTERS, EXCEPT INSURANCE
         (4783)
  377    ELIGIBILITY CLERKS, SOCIAL WELFARE (4784)
  378    BILL AND ACCOUNT COLLECTORS (4786)
------------------------------------------------------------

      Miscellaneous Administrative Support Occupations

           (379) THROUGH (389) ARE RECODED TO: 33

  379    GENERAL OFFICE CLERKS (463)
  383    BANK TELLERS (4791)
  384    PROOFREADERS (4792)
  385    DATA-ENTRY KEYERS (4793)
  386    STATISTICAL CLERKS (4794)
  387    TEACHERS' AIDES (4795)
  389    ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (4787,
         4799)
------------------------------------------------------------

                    SERVICE OCCUPATIONS

               Private Household Occupations

           (403) THROUGH (407) ARE RECODED TO: 34

  403    LAUNDERERS AND IRONERS (503)
  404    COOKS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (504)
  405    HOUSEKEEPERS AND BUTLERS (505)
  406    CHILD CARE WORKERS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (506)
  407    PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS AND SERVANTS
         (502, 507, 509)
------------------------------------------------------------

               Protective Service Occupations
                    ....................
       -supervisors, protective service occupations-

           (413) THROUGH (415) ARE RECODED TO: 35

  413    SUPERVISORS, FIREFIGHTING AND FIRE PREVENTION
         OCCUPATIONS (5111)
  414    SUPERVISORS, POLICE AND DETECTIVES (5112)
  415    SUPERVISORS, GUARDS (5113)
------------------------------------------------------------

       -firefighting and fire prevention occupations-

           (416) THROUGH (417) ARE RECODED TO: 35

  416    FIRE INSPECTION AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS
         (5122)
  417    FIREFIGHTING OCCUPATIONS (5123)
------------------------------------------------------------

                  -police and detectives-

           (418) THROUGH (424) ARE RECODED TO: 35

  418    POLICE AND DETECTIVES, PUBLIC SERVICE (5132)
  423    SHERIFFS, BAILIFFS, AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT
         OFFICERS (5134)
  424    CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OFFICERS (5133)
------------------------------------------------------------

                          -guards-

           (425) THROUGH (427) ARE RECODED TO: 35

  425    CROSSING GUARDS (5142)
  426    GUARDS AND POLICE, EXCEPT PUBLIC SERVICE (5144)
  427    PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5149)
------------------------------------------------------------

    Service Occupations, except Protective and Household
                    ....................
         -food preparation and service occupations-

           (433) THROUGH (444) ARE RECODED TO: 36

  433    SUPERVISORS, FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVICE
         OCCUPATIONS (5211)
  434    BARTENDERS (5212)
  435    WAITERS AND WAITRESSES (5213)
  436    COOKS, EXCEPT SHORT ORDER (5214)
  437    SHORT-ORDER COOKS (5215)
  438    FOOD COUNTER, FOUNTAIN AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS
         (5216)
  439    KITCHEN WORKERS, FOOD PREPARATION (5217)
  443    WAITERS'/WAITRESSES' ASSISTANTS (5218)
  444    MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS (5219)
------------------------------------------------------------

                -health service occupations-

           (435) THROUGH (447) ARE RECODED TO: 37

  445    DENTAL ASSISTANTS (5232)
  446    HEALTH AIDES, EXCEPT NURSING (5233)
  447    NURSING AIDES, ORDERLIES, AND ATTENDANTS (5236)
------------------------------------------------------------

 -cleaning and building service occupations, exc. household-

           (448) THROUGH (455) ARE RECODED TO: 38

  448    SUPERVISORS, CLEANING AND BUILDING SERVICE WORKKERS
         (5241)
  449    MAIDS AND HOUSEMEN (5242, 5249)
  453    JANITORS AND CLEANERS (5244)
  454    ELEVATOR OPERATORS (5245)
  455    PEST CONTROL OCCUPATIONS (5246)
------------------------------------------------------------

               -personal service occupations-

           (456) THROUGH (469) ARE RECODED TO: 39

  456    SUPERVISORS, PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5251)
  457    BARBERS (5252)
  458    HAIRDRESSERS AND COSMETOLOGISTS (5253)
  459    ATTENDANTS, AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION FACILITIES
         (5254)
  463    GUIDES (5255)
  464    USHERS (5256)
  465    PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ATTENDANTS (5257)
  466    BAGGAGE PORTERS AND BELLHOPS (5262)
  467    WELFARE SERVICE AIDES (5263)
  468    CHILD CARE WORKERS, EXCEPT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (5264)
  469    PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5258, 5269)
------------------------------------------------------------

         FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS

                Farm Operators and Managers

           (473) THROUGH (476) ARE RECODED TO: 40

  473    FARMERS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5512-5514)
  474    HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMERS (5515)
  475    MANAGERS, FARMS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5522-5524)
  476    MANAGERS, HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMS (5525)
------------------------------------------------------------

        Other Agriculatural and Related Occupations
                    ....................
           -farm occupations, except managerial-

           (477) THROUGH (484) ARE RECODED TO: 41

  477    SUPERVISORS, FARM WORKERS (5611)
  479    FARM WORKERS (5612-5617)
  483    MARINE LIFE CULTIVATION WORKERS (5618)
  484    NURSERY WORKERS (5619)
------------------------------------------------------------

            -related agriculatural occupations-

           (485) THROUGH (489) ARE RECODED TO: 42

  485    SUPERVISORS, RELATED AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS
         (5621)
  486    GROUNDSKEEPERS AND GARDENERS, EXCEPT FARM (5622)
  487    ANIMAL CARETAKERS, EXCEPT FARM (5624)
  488    GRADERS AND SORTERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5625)
  489    INSPECTORS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5627)
------------------------------------------------------------

             -forestry and logging occupations-

           (494) THROUGH (496) ARE RECODED TO: 43

  494    SUPERVISORS, FORESTRY AND LOGGING WORKERS (571)
  495    FORESTRY WORKERS, EXCEPT LOGGING (572)
  496    TIMBER CUTTING AND LOGGING OCCUPATIONS (573, 579)
------------------------------------------------------------

              -fishers, hunters, and trappers-

           (497) THROUGH (499) ARE RECODED TO: 43

  497    CAPTAINS AND OTHER OFFICERS, FISHING VESSELS
         (PT 8241)
  498    FISHERS (583)
  499    HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS (584)
------------------------------------------------------------

    PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS

                  Mechanics and Repairers
                    ....................
           -mechanics and repairers supervisors-

                  (503) IS RECODED TO: 44

  503    SUPERVISORS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (60)
------------------------------------------------------------

  -mechanics and repairers, vehicle and mobile equipment-

           (505) THROUGH (517) ARE RECODED TO: 44

  505    AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS (PT 6111)
  506    AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC APPRENTICES (PT 6111)
  507    BUS, TRUCK, AND STATIONARY ENGINE MECHANICS (6112)
  508    AIRCRAFT ENGINE MECHANICS (6113)
  509    SMALL ENGINE REPAIRERS (6114)
  514    AUTOMOBILE BODY AND RELATED REPAIRERS (6115)
  515    AIRCRAFT MECHANICS, EXCEPT ENGINE (6116)
  516    HEAVY EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6117)
  517    FARM EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6118)

------------------------------------------------------------

              -mechanics and repairers, except
               vehicle and mobile equipment-

           (518) THROUGH (534) ARE RECODED TO: 45

  518    INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY REPAIRERS (613)
  519    MACHINERY MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS (614) ELECTRICAL
         AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS
  523    ELECTRONIC REPAIRERS, COMMUNICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL
         EQUIPMENT (6151, 6153, 6155)
  525    DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6154)
  526    HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE AND POWER TOOL REPAIRERS (6156)
  527    TELEPHONE LINE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6157)
  529    TELEPHONE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6158)
  533    MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
         EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6152, 6159)
  534    HEATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND REFRIGERATION
         MECHANICS (616)
------------------------------------------------------------

           -miscellaneous mechanics and repairers

           (535) THROUGH (549) ARE RECODED TO: 46

  535    CAMERA, WATCH, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT REPAIRERS
         (6171, 6172)
  536    LOCKSMITHS AND SAFE REPAIRERS (6173)
  538    OFFICE MACHINE REPAIRERS (6174)
  539    MECHANICAL CONTROLS AND VALVE REPAIRERS (6175)
  543    ELEVATOR INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6176)
  544    MILLWRIGHTS (6178)
  547    SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS, N.E.C.
         (6177, 6179)
  549    NOT SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS
------------------------------------------------------------

                    Construction Trades
                    ....................
          -supervisors, construction occupations-

           (553) THROUGH (558) ARE RECODED TO: 47

  553    SUPERVISORS; BRICKMASONS, STONEMASONS, AND TILE
         SETTERS (6312)
  554    SUPERVISORS, CARPENTERS AND RELATED WORKERS (6313)
  555    SUPERVISORS, ELECTRICIANS AND POWER TRANSMISSION
         INSTALLERS (6314)
  556    SUPERVISORS; PAINTERS, PAPERHANGERS, AND PLASTERERS
         (6315)
  557    SUPERVISORS; PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND
         STEAMFITTERS (6316)
  558    SUPERVISORS, N.E.C. (6311, 6318)

------------------------------------------------------------

         -construction trades, except supervisors-

           (563) THROUGH (599) ARE RECODED TO: 48

  563    BRICKMASONS AND STONEMASONS, (PT 6412, PT 6413)
  564    BRICKMASON AND STONEMASON APPRENTICES
         (PT 6412, PT 6413)
  565    TILE SETTERS, HARD AND SOFT (6414, PT 6462)
  566    CARPET INSTALLERS (PT 6462)
  567    CARPENTERS (PT 6422)
  569    CARPENTER APPRENTICES (PT 6422)
  573    DRYWALL INSTALLERS (6424)
  575    ELECTRICIANS (PT 6432)
  576    ELECTRICIAN APPRENTICES (PT 6432)
  577    ELECTRICAL POWER INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6433)
  579    PAINTERS, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE (6442)
  583    PAPERHANGERS (6443)
  584    PLASTERERS (6444)
  585    PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (PT 645)
  587    PLUMBER, PIPEFITTER, AND STEAMFITTER APPRENTICES
         (PT 645)
  588    CONCRETE AND TERRAZZO FINISHERS (6463)
  589    GLAZIERS (6464)
  593    INSULATION WORKERS (6465)
  594    PAVING, SURFACING, AND TAMPING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
         (6466)
  595    ROOFERS (6468)
  596    SHEETMETAL DUCT INSTALLERS (6472)
  597    STRUCTURAL METAL WORKERS (6473)
  598    DRILLERS, EARTH (6474)
  599    CONSTRUCTION TRADES, N.E.C. (6467, 6475, 6476,
         6479)
------------------------------------------------------------

                   Extractive Occupations

           (613) THROUGH (617) ARE RECODED TO: 49

  613    SUPERVISORS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (632)
  614    DRILLERS, OIL WELL (652)
  615    EXPLOSIVES WORKERS (653)
  616    MINING MACHINE OPERATORS (654)
  617    MINING OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (656)
------------------------------------------------------------

              Precision Production Occupations
                    ....................
         -production occupation supervisors-

                  (633) IS RECODED TO: 50

  633    SUPERVISORS, PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS (67, 71)

------------------------------------------------------------

            -precision metalworking occupations-

           (634) THROUGH (655) ARE RECODED TO: 50

  634    TOOL AND DIE MAKERS (PT 6811)
  635    TOOL AND DIE MAKER APPRENTICES (PT 6811)
  636    PRECISION ASSEMBLERS, METAL (6812)
  637    MACHINISTS (PT 6813)
  639    MACHINIST APPRENTICES (PT 6813)
  643    BOILERMAKERS (6814)
  644    PRECISION GRINDERS, FITTERS, AND TOOL SHARPENERS
         (6816)
  645    PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, METAL (6817)
  646    LAY-OUT WORKERS (6821)
  647    PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS WORKERS (JEWELERS)
         (6822, 6866)
  649    ENGRAVERS, METAL (6823)
  653    SHEET METAL WORKERS (PT 6824)
  654    SHEET METAL WORKER APPRENTICES (PT 6824)
  655    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION METAL WORKERS (6829)
------------------------------------------------------------

            -precision woodworking occupations-

           (656) THROUGH (659) ARE RECODED TO: 51

  656    PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, WOOD (6831)
  657    CABINET MAKERS AND BENCH CARPENTERS (6832)
  658    FURNITURE AND WOOD FINISHERS (6835)
  659    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WOODWORKERS (6839)
------------------------------------------------------------

              -precision textile, apparel, and
                furnishings machine workers-

           (666) THROUGH (674) ARE RECODED TO: 52

  666    DRESSMAKERS (PT 6852, PT 7752)
  667    AILORS (PT 6852)
  668    UPHOLSTERERS (6853)
  669    SHOE REPAIRERS (6854)
  673    APPAREL AND FABRIC PATTERNMAKERS (6856)
  674    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION APPAREL AND FABRIC WORKERS
         (6859, PT 7752)
------------------------------------------------------------

          -precision workers, assorted materials-

           (675) THROUGH (684) ARE RECODED TO: 53

  675    AND MOLDERS AND SHAPERS, EXCEPT JEWELERS (6861)
  676    PATTERNMAKERS, LAY-OUT WORKERS, AND CUTTERS (6862)
  677    OPTICAL GOODS WORKERS (6864, PT 7477, PT 7677)
  678    DENTAL LABORATORY AND MEDICAL APPLIANCE TECHNICIANS
         (6865)
  679    BOOKBINDERS (6844)
  683    ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLERS
         (6867)
  684    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WORKERS, N.E.C. (6869)
------------------------------------------------------------

          -precision food production occupations-

           (686) THROUGH (688) ARE RECODED TO: 54

  686    BUTCHERS AND MEAT CUTTERS (6871)
  687    BAKERS (6872)
  688    FOOD BATCHMAKERS (6873, 6879)
------------------------------------------------------------

    -precision inspectors, testers and related workers-

           (689) THROUGH (693) ARE RECODED TO: 55

  689    INSPECTORS, TESTERS, AND GRADERS (6881, 828)
  693    ADJUSTERS AND CALIBRATORS (6882)
------------------------------------------------------------

                 Plant and System Operators

           (694) THROUGH (699) ARE RECODED TO: 56

  694    WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS (691)
  695    POWER PLANT OPERATORS (PT 693)
  696    STATIONARY ENGINEERS (PT 693, 7668)
  699    MISCELLANEOUS PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS (692, 694,
         695, 696)
------------------------------------------------------------

            OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS

       Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors
                    ....................
     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
    metalworking and plastic working machine operators-

           (703) THROUGH (717) ARE RECODED TO: 57

  703    LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE SET-UP OPERATORS (7312)
  704    LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE OPERATORS (7512)
  705    MILLING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7313, 7513)
  706    PUNCHING AND STAMPING PRESS MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7314, 7317, 7514, 7517)
  707    ROLLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7316, 7516)
  708    DRILLING AND BORING MACHINE OPERATORS (7318, 7518)
  709    GRINDING, ABRADING, BUFFING, AND POLISHING MACHINE
         OPERATORS (7322, 7324, 7522)
  713    FORGING MACHINE OPERATORS (7319, 7519)
  714    NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE OPERATORS (7326)
  715    MISCELLANEOUS METAL, PLASTIC, STONE, AND GLASS
         WORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7329, 7529)
  717    FABRICATING MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (7339, 7539)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
      metal and plastic processing machine operators-

           (719) THROUGH (725) ARE RECODED TO: 58

  719    MOLDING AND CASTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7315, 7342,
         7515, 7542)
  723    METAL PLATING MACHINE OPERATORS (7343, 7543)
  724    HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (7344, 7544)
  725    MISCELLANEOUS METAL AND PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINE
         OPERATORS (7349, 7549)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
               woodworking machine operators-

           (726) THROUGH (733) ARE RECODED TO: 59

  726    WOOD LATHE, ROUTING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7431, 7432, 7631, 7632)
  727    SAWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7433, 7633)
  728    SHAPING AND JOINING MACHINE OPERATORS (7435, 7635)
  729    NAILING AND TACKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7636)
  733    MISCELLANEOUS WOODWORKING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7434, 7439, 7634, 7639)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
                printing machine operators-

           (734) THROUGH (737) ARE RECODED TO: 60

  734    PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7443, 7643)
  735    PHOTOENGRAVERS AND LITHOGRAPHERS (6842, 7444, 7644)
  736    TYPESETTERS AND COMPOSITORS (6841, 7642)
  737    MISCELLANEOUS PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (6849, 7449, 7649)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
    textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators-

           (738) THROUGH (749) ARE RECODED TO: 61

  738    WINDING AND TWISTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7451, 7651)
  739    KNITTING, LOOPING, TAPING, AND WEAVING MACHINE
         OPERATORS (7452, 7652)
  743    TEXTILE CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7654)
  744    TEXTILE SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7655)
  745    SHOE MACHINE OPERATORS (7656)
  747    PRESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7657)
  748    LAUNDERING AND DRY CLEANING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (6855, 7658)
  749    MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7459, 7659)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
           machine operators, assorted materials-

           (753) THROUGH (779) ARE RECODED TO: 62

  753    CEMENTING AND GLUING MACHINE OPERATORS (7661)
  754    PACKAGING AND FILLING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7462, 7662)
  755    EXTRUDING AND FORMING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7463, 7663)
  756    MIXING AND BLENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7664)
  757    SEPARATING, FILTERING, AND CLARIFYING MACHINE
         OPERATORS (7476, 7666, 7676))
  758    COMPRESSING AND COMPACTING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7467, 7667)
  759    PAINTING AND PAINT SPRAYING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7669)
  763    ROASTING AND BAKING MACHINE OPERATORS, FOOD
         (7472, 7672)
  764    WASHING, CLEANING, AND PICKLING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7673)
  765    FOLDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7474, 7674)
  766    FURNACE, KILN, AND OVEN OPERATORS, EXC. FOOD (7675)
  768    CRUSHING AND GRINDING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (PT 7477, PT 7677)
  769    SLICING AND CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7478, 7678)
  773    MOTION PICTURE PROJECTIONISTS (PT 7479)
  774    PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS MACHINE OPERATORS
         (6863, 6868, 7671)
  777    MISCELLANEOUS MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C.
         (PT 7479,7665, 7679)
  779    MACHINE OPERATORS, NOT SPECIFIED
------------------------------------------------------------

  -fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations-

           (783) THROUGH (795) ARE RECODED TO: 63

  783    WELDERS AND CUTTERS (7332, 7532, 7714)
  784    SOLDERERS AND BRAZERS (7333, 7533, 7717)
  785    ASSEMBLERS (772,774)
  786    HAND CUTTING AND TRIMMING OCCUPATIONS (7753)
  787    HAND MOLDING, CASTING, AND FORMING OCCUPATIONS
         (7754, 7755)
  789    HAND PAINTING, COATING, AND DECORATING OCCUPATIONS
         (7756)
  793    HAND ENGRAVING AND PRINTING OCCUPATIONS (7757)
  794    HAND GRINDING AND POLISHING OCCUPATIONS (7758)
  795    MISCELLANEOUS HAND WORKING OCCUPATIONS (7759)
------------------------------------------------------------

  -production inspectors, testors, samplers, and weighers-

           (796) THROUGH (799) ARE RECODED TO: 64

  796    PRODUCTION INSPECTORS, CHECKERS, AND EXAMINERS
         (782, 787)
  797    PRODUCTION TESTERS (783)
  798    PRODUCTION SAMPLERS AND WEIGHERS (784)
  799    GRADERS AND SORTERS, EXCEPT AGRICULTURAL (785)
------------------------------------------------------------

       Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
                    ....................
                 -motor vehicle operators-

           (803) THROUGH (814) ARE RECODED TO: 65

  803    SUPERVISORS, MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS (8111)
  804    TRUCK DRIVERS, HEAVY (8212, 8213)
  805    TRUCK DRIVERS, LIGHT (8214)
  806    DRIVER-SALES WORKERS (8218)
  808    BUS DRIVERS (8215)
  809    TAXICAB DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS (8216)
  813    PARKING LOT ATTENDANTS (874)
  814    MOTOR TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (8219)
------------------------------------------------------------

     Transportation Occupations, except Motor Vehicles
                    ....................
             -rail transportation occupations-

           (823) THROUGH (826) ARE RECODED TO: 66

  823    RAILROAD CONDUCTORS AND YARDMASTERS (8113)
  824    LOCOMOTIVE OPERATING OCCUPATIONS (8232)
  825    RAILROAD BRAKE, SIGNAL, AND SWITCH OPERATORS (8233)
  826    RAIL VEHICLE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (8239)
------------------------------------------------------------

             -water transportation occupations-

           (828) THROUGH (834) ARE RECODED TO: 66

  828    SHIP CAPTAINS AND MATES, EXCEPT FISHING BOATS
         (PT 8241, 8242)
  829    SAILORS AND DECKHANDS (8243)
  833    MARINE ENGINEERS (8244)
  834    BRIDGE, LOCK, AND LIGHTHOUSE TENDERS (8245)
------------------------------------------------------------

            Material Moving Equipment Operators

           (843) THROUGH (859) ARE RECODED TO: 67

  843    SUPERVISORS, MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
         (812)
  844    OPERATING ENGINEERS (8312)
  845    LONGSHORE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8313)
  848    HOIST AND WINCH OPERATORS (8314)
  849    CRANE AND TOWER OPERATORS (8315)
  853    EXCAVATING AND LOADING MACHINE OPERATORS (8316)
  855    GRADER, DOZER, AND SCRAPER OPERATORS (8317)
  856    INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
         (8318)
  859    MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
         (8319)
------------------------------------------------------------

    Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers

           (863) THROUGH (873) ARE RECODED TO: 68

  863    SUPERVISORS; HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, AND
         LABORERS, N.E.C. (85)
  864    HELPERS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (863)

         HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS

  865    HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES (8641-8645, 8648)
  866    HELPERS, SURVEYOR (8646)
  867    HELPERS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (865)
  869    CONSTRUCTION LABORERS (871)
  873    PRODUCTION HELPERS (861, 862)
------------------------------------------------------------

           Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers

           (875) THROUGH (883) ARE RECODED TO: 69

  875    GARBAGE COLLECTORS (8722)
  876    STEVEDORES (8723)
  877    STOCK HANDLERS AND BAGGERS (8724)
  878    MACHINE FEEDERS AND OFFBEARERS (8725)
  883    FREIGHT, STOCK, AND MATERIAL HANDLERS, N.E.C.
         (8726)
------------------------------------------------------------

           (885) THROUGH (889) ARE RECODED TO: 70

  885    GARAGE AND SERVICE STATION RELATED OCCUPATIONS
         (873)
  887    VEHICLE WASHERS AND EQUIPMENT CLEANERS (875)
  888    HAND PACKERS AND PACKAGERS (8761)
  889    LABORERS, EXCEPT CONSTRUCTION (8769)
------------------------------------------------------------

                  (900) IS RECODED TO: 71

  900    CURRENT MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES
         (NOT A CENSUS CODE)
------------------------------------------------------------

                  (999) IS RECODED TO: 90

  999    OCCUPATION NOT REPORTED (CODE USED WHEN
         NOT-REPORTED CASES ARE NOT ALLOCATED)


>> 1996 CENSUS INDUSTRY CODE (1980 CENSUS)


NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES FOLLOWING INDUSTRY CATEGORIES ARE THE
U.S DEPT. OF COMMERCE 1972 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL
CLASSIFICATION (SIC) DEFINITIONS.  THE ABBREVIATION "PT"
MEANS "PART" AND "N.E.C." MEANS "NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED."


            AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES

  010    AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, CROPS (01)
  011    AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, LIVESTOCK (02)
  020    AGRICULTURAL SERVICES, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL
         (07, EXCEPT 078)
  021    HORTICULTURAL SERVICES (078)
  030    FORESTRY (08)
  031    FISHING, HUNTING, AND TRAPPING (09)


                           MINING

  040    METAL MINING (10)
  041    COAL MINING (11, 12)
  042    CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION (13)
  050    NONMETALLIC MINING AND QUARRYING, EXCEPT FUEL (14)
  060    CONSTRUCTION (15, 16, 17)


                       MANUFACTURING

NONDURABLE GOODS:  FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS

  100    MEAT PRODUCTS (201)
  101    DAIRY PRODUCTS (202)
  102    CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (203)
  110    GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS (204)
  111    BAKERY PRODUCTS (205)
  112    SUGAR AND CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS (206)
  120    BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES (208)
  121    MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATIONS AND KINDRED
         PRODUCTS (207, 209)
  122    NOT SPECIFIED FOOD INDUSTRIES
  130    TOBACCO MANUFACTURES (21)

NONDURABLE GOODS:  TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS

  132    KNITTING MILLS (225)
  140    DYEING AND FINISHING TEXTILES, EXCEPT WOOL AND
         KNIT GOODS (226)
  141    FLOOR COVERINGS, EXCEPT HARD SURFACE (227)
  142    YARN, THREAD, AND FABRIC MILLS (228, 221-224)
  150    MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS (229)

NONDURABLE GOODS:  APPAREL AND OTHER FINISHED TEXTILE
PRODUCTS

  151    APPAREL AND ACCESSORIES, EXCEPT KNIT (231-238)
  152    MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED TEXTILE PRODUCTS (239)

NONDURABLE GOODS:  PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

  160    PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD MILLS (261-263, 266)
  161    MISCELLANEOUS PAPER AND PULP PRODUCTS (264)
  162    PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS AND BOXES (265)

NONDURABLE GOODS:  PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND ALLIED
INDUSTRIES

  171    NEWSPAPER PUBLISHING AND PRINTING (271)
  172    PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES,
         EXCEPT NEWSPAPERS (272-279)

NONDURABLE GOODS:  CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

  180    PLASTICS, SYNTHETICS, AND RESINS (282)
  181    DRUGS (283)
  182    SOAPS AND COSMETICS (284)
  190    PAINTS, VARNISHES, AND RELATED PRODUCTS (285)
  191    AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS (287)
  192    INDUSTRIAL AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS
         (281, 286, 289)

NONDURABLE GOODS:  PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS

  200    PETROLEUM REFINING (291)
  201    MISCELLANEOUS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
         (295, 299)

NONDURABLE GOODS:  RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS
PRODUCTS

  210    TIRES AND INNER TUBES (301)
  211    OTHER RUBBER PRODUCTS, AND PLASTICS FOOTWEAR AND
         BELTING (302-304, 306)
  212    MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC PRODUCTS (307)

NONDURABLE GOODS:  LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

  220    LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING  (311)
  221    FOOTWEAR, EXCEPT RUBBER AND PLASTIC (313, 314)
  222    LEATHER PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FOOTWEAR (315-317, 319)

DURABLE GOODS:  LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FURNITURE

  230    LOGGING (241)
  231    SAWMILLS, PLANING MILLS, AND MILLWORK (242, 243)
  232    WOOD BUILDINGS AND MOBILE HOMES (245)
  241    MISCELLANEOUS WOOD PRODUCTS (244, 249)
  242    FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (25)

DURABLE GOODS:  STONE, CLAY, GLASS AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS

  250    GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS (321-323)
  251    CEMENT, CONCRETE, GYPSUM, AND PLASTER PRODUCTS
         (324, 327)
  252    STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS (325)
  261    POTTERY AND RELATED PRODUCTS (326)
  262    MISCELLANEOUS NONMETALLIC MINERAL AND STONE
         PRODUCTS (328, 329)

DURABLE GOODS:  METAL INDUSTRIES

  270    BLAST FURNACES, STEELWORKS, ROLLING AND FINISHING
         MILLS (331)
  271    IRON AND STEEL FOUNDRIES (332)
  272    PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES (3334, PT 334,
         3353-3355, 3361)
  280    OTHER PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES (3331-3333, 3339,
         PT 334, 3351, 3356, 3357, 3362, 3369, 339)
  281    CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, AND OTHER HARDWARE (342)
  282    FABRICATED STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS (344)
  290    SCREW MACHINE PRODUCTS (345)
  291    METAL FORGINGS AND STAMPINGS (346)
  292    ORDNANCE (348)
  300    MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS (341,
         343, 347, 349)
  301    NOT SPECIFIED METAL INDUSTRIES

DURABLE GOODS:  MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL

  310    ENGINES AND TURBINES (351)
  311    FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (352)
  312    CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL HANDLING MACHINES (353)
  320    METALWORKING MACHINERY (354)
  321    OFFICE AND ACCOUNTING MACHINES (357, EXCEPT 3573)
  322    ELECTRONIC COMPUTING EQUIPMENT (3573)
  331    MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL, N.E.C. (355,
         356, 358, 359)
  332    NOT SPECIFIED MACHINERY DURABLE GOODS:  ELECTRICAL
         MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES
  340    HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES (363)
  341    RADIO, TV, AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT (365, 366)
  342    ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES,
         N.E.C. (361, 362, 364, 367, 369)
  350    NOT SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND
         SUPPLIES MANUFACTURING  (cont.)

DURABLE GOODS:  TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

  351    MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT (371)
  352    AIRCRAFT AND PARTS (372)
  360    SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING (373)
  361    RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES AND EQUIPMENT (374)
  362    GUIDED MISSILES, SPACE VEHICLES, AND OTHER PARTS
         (376)
  370    CYCLES AND MISCELLANEOUS TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
         (375, 379)

DURABLE GOODS:  PROFESSIONAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT, AND
WATCHES

  371    SCIENTIFIC AND CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS (381, 382)
  372    OPTICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES SUPPLIES (383,
         384, 385)
  380    PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES (386)
  381    WATCHES, CLOCKS, AND CLOCKWORK OPERATED DEVICES
         (387)
  382    NOT SPECIFIED PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT
  390    TOYS, AMUSEMENT, AND SPORTING GOODS (394)
  391    MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
         (39 EXC.394)
  392    NOT SPECIFIED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES


 TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES

TRANSPORTATION

  400    RAILROADS (40)
  401    BUS SERVICE AND URBAN TRANSIT (41, EXCEPT 412)
  402    TAXICAB SERVICE (412)
  410    TRUCKING SERVICE (421, 423)
  411    WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE (422)
  412    U.S. POSTAL SERVICE (43)
  420    WATER TRANSPORTATION (44)
  421    AIR TRANSPORTATION (45)
  422    PIPE LINES, EXCEPT NATURAL GAS (46)
  432    SERVICES INCIDENTAL TO TRANSPORTATION (47)

COMMUNICATIONS

  440    RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING (483)
  441    TELEPHONE (WIRE AND RADIO) (481)
  442    TELEGRAPH AND MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATION SERVICES
         (482, 489)

UTILITIES AND SANITARY SERVICES

  460    ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER (491)
  461    GAS AND STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEMS (492, 496)
  462    ELECTRIC AND GAS, AND OTHER COMBINATIONS (493)
  470    WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION (494, 497)
  471    SANITARY SERVICES (495)
  472    NOT SPECIFIED UTILITIES


                      WHOLESALE TRADE

DURABLE GOODS

  500    MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT (501)
  501    FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS (502)
  502    LUMBER AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (503)
  510    SPORTING GOODS, TOYS AND HOBBY GOODS (504)
  511    METALS AND MINERALS, EXCEPT PETROLEUM (505)
  512    ELECTRICAL GOODS (506)
  521    HARDWARE, PLUMBING AND HEATING SUPPLIES (507)
  522    NOT SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL AND HARDWARE PRODUCTS
  530    MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES (508)
  531    SCRAP AND WASTE MATERIALS (5093)
  532    MISCELLANEOUS WHOLESALE, DURABLE GOODS (5094,
         5099)

NONDURABLE GOODS

  540    PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS (511)
  541    DRUGS, CHEMICALS, AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (512, 516)
  542    APPAREL, FABRICS, AND NOTIONS (513)
  550    GROCERIES AND RELATED PRODUCTS (514)
  551    FARM PRODUCTS-RAW MATERIALS (515)
  552    PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (517)
  560    ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES (518)
  561    FARM SUPPLIES (5191)
  562    MISCELLANEOUS WHOLESALE, NONDURABLE GOODS (5194,
         5198, 5199)
  571    NOT SPECIFIED WHOLESALE TRADE


                        RETAIL TRADE

  580    LUMBER AND BUILDING MATERIAL RETAILING (521, 523)
  581    HARDWARE STORES (525)
  582    RETAIL NURSERIES AND GARDEN STORES (526)
  590    MOBILE HOME DEALERS (527)
  591    DEPARTMENT STORES (531)
  592    VARIETY STORES (533)
  600    MISCELLANEOUS GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES (539)
  601    GROCERY STORES (541)
  602    DAIRY PRODUCTS STORES (545)
  610    RETAIL BAKERIES (546)
  611    FOOD STORES, N.E.C. (542, 543, 544, 549)
  612    MOTOR VEHICLES DEALERS (551, 552)
  620    AUTO AND HOME SUPPLY STORES (553)
  621    GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS (554)
  622    MISCELLANEOUS VEHICLE DEALERS (555, 556, 557, 559)
  630    APPAREL AND ACCESSORY STORES, EXCEPT SHOE
         (56, EXCEPT 566)
  631    SHOE STORES (566)
  632    FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS STORES (571)
  640    HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES, TV, AND RADIO STORES
         (572, 573)
  641    EATING AND DRINKING PLACES (58)
  642    DRUG STORES (591)
  650    LIQUOR STORES (592)
  651    SPORTING GOODS, BICYCLES, AND HOBBY STORES
         (5941, 5945, 5946)
  652    BOOK AND STATIONERY STORES (5942, 5943)
  660    JEWELRY STORES (5944)
  661    SEWING, NEEDLEWORK, AND PIECE GOODS STORES (5949)
  662    MAIL ORDER HOUSES (5961)
  670    VENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (5962)
  671    DIRECT SELLING ESTABLISHMENTS (5963)
  672    FUEL AND ICE DEALERS (598)
  681    RETAIL FLORISTS (5992)
  682    MISCELLANEOUS RETAIL STORES (593, 5947, 5948,
         5993, 5994, 5999)
  691    NOT SPECIFIED RETAIL TRADE


            FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE

  700    BANKING (60)
  701    SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS (612)
  702    CREDIT AGENCIES, N.E.C. (61, EXCEPT 612)
  710    SECURITY, COMMODITY BROKERAGE, AND INVESTMENT
         COMPANIES (62, 67)
  711    INSURANCE (63, 64)
  712    REAL ESTATE, INCLUDING REAL ESTATE-INSURANCE-LAW
         OFFICES (65, 66)


                BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES

  721    ADVERTISING (731)
  722    SERVICES TO DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS (734)
  730    COMMERCIAL RESEARCH,  DEVELOPMENT, AND TESTING
         LABS (7391, 7397)
  731    PERSONNEL SUPPLY SERVICES (736)
  732    BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND CONSULTING SERVICES (7392)
  740    COMPUTER AND DATA PROCESSING SERVICES (737)
  741    DETECTIVE AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES (7393)
  742    BUSINESS SERVICES, N.E.C. (732, 733, 735, 7394,
         7395, 7396, 7399)
  750    AUTOMOTIVE SERVICES, EXCEPT REPAIR (751, 752, 754)
  751    AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR SHOPS (753)
  752    ELECTRICAL REPAIR SHOPS (762, 7694)
  760    MISCELLANEOUS REPAIR SERVICES (763, 764,
         7692, 7699)


                     PERSONAL SERVICES

  761    PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS (88)
  762    HOTELS AND MOTELS (701)
  770    LODGING PLACES, EXCEPT HOTELS AND MOTELS(702,
         703, 704)
  771    LAUNDRY, CLEANING, AND GARMENT SERVICES (721)
  772    BEAUTY SHOPS (723)
  780    BARBER SHOPS (724)
  781    FUNERAL SERVICE AND CREMATORIES (726)
  782    SHOE REPAIR SHOPS (725)
  790    DRESSMAKING SHOPS (PT 729)
  791    MISCELLANEOUS PERSONAL SERVICES (722, PT 729)


            ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICE

  800    THEATERS AND MOTION PICTURES (78, 792)
  801    BOWLING ALLEYS, BILLIARD AND POOL PARLORS (793)
  802    MISCELLANEOUS ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION
         SERVICES (791, 794, 799)


             PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES

  812    OFFICES OF PHYSICIANS (801, 803)
  820    OFFICES OF DENTISTS (802)
  821    OFFICES OF CHIROPRACTORS (8041)
  822    OFFICES OF OPTOMETRISTS (8042)
  830    OFFICES OF HEALTH PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (8049)
  831    HOSPITALS (806)
  832    NURSING AND PERSONAL CARE FACILITIES (805)
  840    HEALTH S ERVICES, N.E.C. (807, 808, 809)
  841    LEGAL SERVICES (81)
  842    ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS (821)
  850    COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES (822)
  851    BUSINESS, TRADE AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS (824)
  852    LIBRARIES (823)
  860    EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, N.E.C (829)
  861    JOB TRAINING AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
         SERVICES (833)
  862    CHILD DAY CARE SERVICES (835)
  870    RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITIES, WITHOUT NURSING (836)
  871    SOCIAL SERVICES, N.E.C. (832, 839)
  872    MUSEUMS, ART GALLERIES, AND ZOOS (84)
  880    RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS (866)
  881    MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS (861-865, 869)
  882    ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL, AND SURVEYING SERVICES
         (891)
  890    ACCOUNTING, AUDITING, AND BOOKKEEPING SERVICES
         (893)
  891    NONCOMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
         (892)
  892    MISCELLANEOUS PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES
         (899)


                   PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

  900    EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE OFFICES (911-913)
  901    GENERAL GOVERNMENT, N.E.C (919)
  910    JUSTICE, PUBLIC ORDER, AND SAFETY (92)
  921    PUBLIC FINANCE, TAXATION, AND MONETARY POLICY (93)
  922    ADMINISTRATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMS (94)
  930    ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND
         HOUSING PROGRAMS (95)
  931    ADMINISTRATION OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS (96)
  932    NATIONAL SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (97)


  990    INDUSTRY NOT REPORTED
>> 1996 ETHNICITY/NATIONALITY 

North America

   01    American Indian, tribal mentions
   02    Canadian; not specified as French-Canadian (03)
   03    Canadian, of French origin
   04    Mexican (excluding explicit mention of "Chicano",
         "Mexican-American"
   05    Central American

West Indies

   07    Barbados
   08    Cuban
   09    Dominican Republic
   10    Haitian
   11    Jamaican
   12    Puerto Rican
   13    West Indian--not from one of the above countries
   14    West Indian--NA which country

South America

   16    South American--any country


EUROPE

British Isles

   18    English, British
   19    Irish (not specified as from Northern Ireland,
         Ulster--22)
   20    Scottish
   21    Welsh
   22    From Northern Ireland (Ulster)
   23    Scot-Irish
   24    From British Isles; from two or more countries of
         the British Isles -EUROPE  (continued)

Western Europe

   26    Austrian
   27    Belgian
   28    French
   29    German; also Pennsylvania Dutch
   30    Luxembourg
   31    Netherlands, Holland; Dutch
   32    Swiss
   33    From Western Europe; two or more countries of
         Western Europe

Scandinavia

   35    Danish
   36    Finn, Finnish
   37    Norwegian
   38    Swedish
   39    Icelander
   40    Scandinavian; reference to two or more Scandinavian
         countries
         --------------------
   41    REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES FROM COMBINATION
         OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS:  BRITISH ISLES, WESTERN
         EUROPE, SCANDINAVIA, MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES,
         GREECE

Eastern Europe

   43    Czechoslovakian, Slavic
   44    Estonian
   45    Hungarian
   46    Latvian
   47    Lithuanian
   48    Polish
   49    Russian; from U.S.S.R.
   50    Ukrainian
   51    Eastern Europe; reference to two or more countries
         of Eastern Europe

Balkan Countries

   53    Albanian
   54    Bulgarian
   55    Greek
   56    Rumanian
   57    Yugoslavian
   58    Mention of two or more Balkan Countries

Mediterranean Countries

   60    Italian
   61    Portugese
   62    Spanish
   63    Maltese
         --------------------
   64    EUROPEAN; GENERAL MENTION OF EUROPE; REFERENCE TO
         TWO OR MORE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES OF EUROPE NOT
         CODEABLE ABOVE


ASIA  (except Near East)

   65    Pakistani
   66    Afghan
   67    Indian (not American Indian, code 01)
   68    Southeast Asia--from Indochina, Thailand, Malaya,
         Burma, Philippines, Indonesia
   69    Chinese
   70    Japanese; Japanese American
   71    Korean


NEAR EAST

   73    Egyptian
   74    Iranian, Persian
   75    Iraqi
   76    Israeli
   77    Jordanian
   78    Lebanese
   79    Arab, Arabian, Saudi Arabian
   80    Syrian
   81    Turk, Turkish
   82    Armenian


AFRICA

   83    African; from any African country excluding only
         Egypt (U.A.R.); South African (formerly 90)


OCEANIA

   85    Australian, New Zealander, Tasmanian


ETHNIC GROUPS

   86    White, Caucasian
   87    Black; Negro; American Black; African American
   88    Chicano; Mexican-American; Hispanic; Latin American


OTHER, MISCELLANEOUS

   90    NEITHER
   91    Catholic
   92    Protestant
   93    Jewish
   94    Mormon
   95    Other religious groups

   97    Other group; combinations not codeable above

   98    DK
   99    NA

>> 1996 STATE AND COUNTRY CODES

ICPSR STATE AND COUNTRY CODES


          UNITED STATES:

New England

  101    Connecticut
  102    Maine
  103    Massachusetts
  104    New Hampshire
  105    Rhode Island
  106    Vermont
  109    General mention of area; two or more states in area

Middle Atlantic

  111    Delaware
  112    New Jersey
  113    New York
  114    Pennsylvania
  118    General mention of area; two or more states in area
         --------------------
  119    EAST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH NEW ENGLAND AND
         MIDDLE ATLANTIC

East North Central

  121    Illinois
  122    Indiana
  123    Michigan
  124    Ohio
  125    Wisconsin
  129    General mention of area; two or more states in area

West North Central

  131    Iowa
  132    Kansas
  133    Minnesota
  134    Missouri
  135    Nebraska
  136    North Dakota
  137    South Dakota
  138    General mention of area; two or more states in area
         --------------------
  139    MIDWEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH EAST NORTH
         CENTRAL AND WEST North Central

Solid South

  141    Alabama
  142    Arkansas
  143    Florida
  144    Georgia
  145    Louisiana
  146    Mississippi
  147    North Carolina
  148    South Carolina
  149    Texas
  140    Virginia
  157    General mention of area; the South; two or more
         states in area

Border States

  151    Kentucky
  152    Maryland
  153    Oklahoma
  154    Tennessee
  155    Washington, D.C.
  156    West Virginia
  158    General mention of area; two or more states in area
         --------------------
  159    SOUTH; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH SOLID SOUTH AND
         BORDER STATES

Mountain States

  161    Arizona
  162    Colorado
  163    Idaho
  164    Montana
  165    Nevada
  166    New Mexico
  167    Utah
  168    Wyoming
  169    General mention of area; two or more states in area

Pacific States

  171    California
  172    Oregon
  173    Washington
  178    General mention of area; two or more states in area
         ---------------------
  179    WEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH MOUNTAIN STATES AND
         PACIFIC STATES

External States and Territories

  180    Alaska
  181    Hawaii
  182    Puerto Rico
  183    American Samoa, Guam
  184    Panama Canal Zone
  185    Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
  186    Virgin Islands
  187    Other U.S. Dependencies


Reference to Two or More States from Different Regions of
the United States; or NA Which State

  191    Northeast and South (New England or Middle Atlantic
         and Solid South or Border States)
  192    Northeast and Midwest (New England or Middle
         Atlantic and East North Central or West North
         Central)
  194    West (Mountain States or Pacific States) and
         Midwest; West and Northeast
  195    West and South (Solid South or Border States)
  196    Midwest and South
         --------------------
  198    Lived in 3 or more regions (NA whether lived in one
         more than the rest)
  199    United States, NA which state


WESTERN HEMISPHERE   Except U.S.

North America

  201    North America (except U.S.) comb. Canada, Mexico,
         and/or Central America
  207    Canada -- ancestry of Anglo-Saxon origin
  208    Canada -- ancestry of French origin
  209    Canada -- NA origin or other origin
  219    Mexico
  229    Central America

West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands)

  231    Barbados
  232    Cuba
  233    Dominican Republic
  234    Haiti
  235    Jamaica
  236    Netherlands Antilles
  237    Trinidad and Tobago
  238    Islands of Lesser Antilles--except Virgin Islands
         and Netherlands Antilles
  239    West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands)
         or "Caribbean"--reference to two or more West
         Indian countries

South America

  259    South America; South American country or countries


EUROPE

British Isles

  301    England
  302    Ireland (NA North or South); southern Ireland
  303    Scotland
  304    Wales
  305    Northern Ireland (Ulster)
  306    Scot-Irish
  308    United Kingdom; Great Britain
  309    "BRITISH ISLES"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE
         TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES

Western Europe

  310    Austria
  311    Belgium
  312    France
  313    Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany)
  314    German Democratic Republic (E. Germany)
  315    Germany--NA East or West
  316    Luxembourg
  317    Netherlands; Holland
  318    Switzerland
  319    "WESTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA;
         REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN
         EUROPE

Scandinavia

  321    Denmark
  322    Finland
  323    Norway
  324    Sweden
  325    Iceland
         --------------------
  328    GENERAL MENTION OF AREA OF WESTERN EUROPE AND/OR
         SCANDINAVIA AND/OR BRITISH ISLES AND/OR
         MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND/OR GREECE; REFERENCE
         TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES IN DIFFERENT AREAS LISTED
         ABOVE
         --------------------
  329    "SCANDINAVIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE
         TO TWO OR MORE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES

Eastern Europe

  331    Czechoslovakia (Slavic)
  332    Estonia
  333    Hungary
  334    Latvia
  335    Lithuania
  336    Poland
  337    Russia (or U.S.S.R.)
  338    Ukraine
  339    "EASTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA;
         REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN
         EUROPE

Balkan Countries

  341    Albania
  342    Bulgaria
  343    Greece
  344    Rumania
  345    Yugoslavia
  348    General mention of area; reference to two or more
         Balkan Countries
         --------------------
  349    "BALKANS"; GENERAL REFERENCE OF AREA; REFERENCE TO
         COUNTRIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND BALKAN COUNTRIES

Mediterranean Countries

  351    Italy
  352    Portugal
  353    Spain
  354    Malta or Gozo
         --------------------
  399    "EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO
         OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE IN DIFFERENT AREAS


ASIA  except Near East

  401    Afghanistan
  404    India
  405    1990: Pakistan
  406    Pakistan
  428    Southeast Asia:  Indochina, Thailand, Malaya,
         Burma, Philippines, Indonesia; Hong Kong
  431    China (mainland)
  432    1990: Taiwan, Formosa
  434    Taiwan, Formosa
  451    Japan
  452    Korea (North or South)
  499    "ASIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO
         OR MORE COUNTRIES OF ASIA


NEAR EAST

  501    U.A.R. (Egypt)
  502    Iran
  503    Iraq
  504    Israel (or Palestine)
  505    Jordan
  506    Lebanon
  507    Saudi Arabia
  508    Syria
  509    Turkey
  599    "NEAR EAST"; "MIDDLE EAST"; GENERAL MENTION OF
         AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF NEAR
         EAST


AFRICA

  655    South Africa
  699    Africa; any African country or countries, excluding
         only South Africa and U.A.R. (Egypt)


OCEANIA

  704    Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania


OTHER:

  997    Other (combinations) not codeable elsewhere

  998    DK
  999    NA
  
  
>> 1996 MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS

SOCIAL WELFARE

  001    General reference to domestic issues;
         rapairing/maintaining the nation's infrastructure
         (roads, bridges, dams, etc)
  005    POPULATION; any mention of population increase;
         reference to over-population/birth control
  006    DAY CARE; child care
  010    UNEMPLOYMENT; the number of people with jobs;
         unemployment rate/compensation; job retraining
  013    CREATE JOBS/RECRUIT INDUSTRY in specific
         area/region/state
  020    EDUCATION; financial assistance for
         schools/colleges/students; quality of
         education/the learning environment/teaching
  030    AGED/ELDERLY; social security benefits;
         administration of social security; medical care
         for the aged; medicare benefits; insuring against
         catastrophic illness
  035    Social Security won't be around in the future;
         paying into a system which won't benefit me/them
  040    HEALTH PROBLEMS/COST OF MEDICAL CARE; quality of
         medical care; medical research/training of doctors
         and other health personnel; hospitals; National
         Health insurance program
  045    ** Located after 330
  046    ** Located after 383
  048    Other specific references to health problems; AIDS
  050    HOUSING; providing housing for the poor/homeless;
         ability of young people to afford to buy
         homes/find homes to buy
  060    POVERTY; aid to the poor/underprivileged people;
         help for the (truly) needy; welfare programs (such
         as ADC); general reference to anti-poverty
         programs; hunger/help for hungry people in the
         U.S.
  090    SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS; "welfare"--NFS
  091    For general or other social welfare programs; "we
         need to help people more"
  092    Against general or other social welfare programs;
         "too many give away programs for the people who
         don't deserve it"
  099    Other specific mentions of social welfare problems


AGRICULTURE

  100    FARM ECONOMICS; payment for crops/price of
         feed/cost of farming
  103    SUBSIDIES/crop payments/government aid to farmers
  120    WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS; food
         shortages/starvation/famine (not 406 or 407)


NATURAL RESOURCES

  150    CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; conservation,
         ecology; protecting the environment/endangered
         species
  151    Controlling/REGULATING GROWTH or land development;
         banning further growth/development in crowded or
         ecologically sensitive areas; preserving natural
         areas
  153    POLLUTION; clean air/water
  154    Disposal of RADIOACTIVE/TOXIC waste (dumps,
         landfills)
  160    DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES /ENERGY SOURCES;
         harbors, dams, canals, irrigation, flood control,
         navigation, reclamation; location, mining,
         stock-piling of minerals; water power, atomic
         power; development of alternative sources of
         energy (includes mentions of solar or nuclear
         power)

Agriculture OR Natural Resources:

  199    OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF AGRICULTURE OR NATURAL
         RESOURCES PROBLEMS


LABOR:  UNION-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS

  200    LABOR/UNION PROBLEMS; union practices; job
         security provided workers; job safety issues;
         working conditions
  220    Anti-union; unions too powerful
  299    Other specific mention of labor or
         union-management problems


RACIAL

  300    CIVIL RIGHTS/RACIAL PROBLEMS; programs to enable
         Blacks to gain social/economic/educational/
         political equality; relations between Blacks and
         whites
  302    PROTECTION (expansion) OF WHITE MAJORITY;
         maintenance of segregation; right to choose own
         neighborhood; right to discriminate in employment
  304    Discrimination against whites; preferred treatment
         given to minorities


PUBLIC ORDER

  320    NARCOTICS; availability of drugs; extent of
         drug/alcohol addiction in the U.S.; interdiction
         of drugs coming to the U.S. from foreign
         countries; alcohol or drug related crime
  330    WOMEN'S RIGHTS; ref. to women's issues; economic
         equality for women; ERA
  045    PRO-ABORTION; pro-choice; the right of a woman to
         control her body
  340    CRIME/VIOLENCE; too much crime; streets aren't
         safe; mugging, murder, shoplifting; drug related
         crime
  360    LAW AND ORDER; respect for the law/police; support
         for the police; death penalty; tougher sentences
         for criminals; need for more prisons
  367    Against unregistered ownership of guns;
         legislative control of guns; "CONTROL OF GUNS"-NFS
  368    For gun ownership; right to have guns; against gun
         control
  370    EXTREMIST GROUPS/TERRORISTS; terrorist
         bombings/hostage-taking; political subversives;
         revolutionary ideas/approaches
  380    General mention of MORAL/RELIGIOUS DECAY (of
         nation); sex, bad language, adult themes on TV
  381    Family problems--divorce; proper treatment of
         children; decay of family (except 006);
         child/elder abuse (incl. sexual)
  046    ANTI-ABORTION; pro-life; "abortion"--NFS
  383    Problems of/with YOUNG PEOPLE; drug/alcohol abuse
         amoung young people; sexual attitudes; lack of
         values/discipline; mixed-up thinking; lack of
         goals/ambition/sense of responsibility
  384    Religion (too) mixed up in politics; prayer in
         school
  385    HOMOSEXUALITY; protecting civil rights of gays and
         lesbians; accepting the lifestyle of homosexuals;
         granting homosexual couples the same rights and
         benefits as heterosexual couples

Racial OR Public Order OR Other Domestic:

  399    OTHER SPECIFIC MENTION OF RACIAL OR PUBLIC ORDER
         PROBLEMS; OTHER MENTION OF DOMESTIC ISSUES


ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS

               If R mentions both "inflation" (400) and
               rise in prices of specific items (407-
               409), code "inflation" (400). [SEE ALSO 496]

  400    INFLATION; rate of inflation; level of prices;
         cost of living
  401    WAGE AND PRICE CONTROLS/GUIDELINES; freezing
         prices; control of business profits
  403    High price of food, all mentions (exc. 100)
  404    High price of other specific items and services
  405    MINIMUM WAGE, any mention; any mention of wage
         levels
  407    Food shortages; economic aspects of food
         shortages, e.g., price of sugar (other references,
         code 120)
  408    Fuel shortages; "energy crisis"; oil companies
         making excessive profits; depressed condition of
         the oil industry
  410    RECESSION, DEPRESSION; prosperity of the nation;
         economic growth; GNP
  411    MONETARY RESTRAINTS/CONTROLS; level of interest
         rates; availability of money/the money supply
  415    Against (increased) government spending; balancing
         of the (national) budget; against government
         stimulation of the economy; the size of the budget
         deficit
  416    TAXES; general reference to tax structure; tax
         surcharge (NA R's direction); tax reform; other
         specific tax reference
  417    For tax cuts; against tax surcharge; for tax
         reform
  418    Against tax cuts; for tax surcharge; against tax
         reform
  424    PRODUCTIVITY of American industry; "giving a day's
         work for a day's pay"; revitalizing American
         industry
  425    STOCK MARKET/GOLD PRICES; all references to gold
         prices, stock brokers, stock fluctuations, etc.
  427    VALUE OF THE DOLLAR; strength/weakness of the
         dollar against other currencies
  433    Large businesses taking over small businesses
  440    Class oriented economic concerns--middle class,
         working class (pro); MIDDLE CLASS GETTING SQUEEZED
  441    Class oriented economic concerns--big business,
         monied interests (anti) too powerful
  442    Concern for inequitable distribution of wealth;
         gap between the rich and the poor; concentration
         of wealth in the hands of a few
  451    For the regulation of interstate commerce,
         transportation, air travel, railways, government
         auto safety regulations; in favor of increased
         government regulation of business; mention of
         problems caused by deregulation
  452    Against (increased) regulation of interstate
         commerce, transportation; AIR TRAVEL, RAILWAYS,
         etc.
  453    Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the
         nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.  [1990] Savings
         and Loan scandal
  460    IMMIGRATION POLICY; establishing limits on how
         many people from any one nation can enter the
         U.S.; prohibiting specified types of persons from
         entering the U.S.
  463    Problems relating to the influx of
         political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians,
         Mexicans, etc.)
  491    Economics--general; "Economics"--NFS
  492    International economics--general
  493    U.S. foreign trade, balance of payments position;
         foreign oil dependency
  494    Control of FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN U.S.; mention of
         foreigners buying U.S. assets (businesses, real
         estate, stocks, etc)
  495    PROTECTION OF U.S. INDUSTRIES; imposition of
         tariffs/reciprocal restrictions on foreign
         imports; limitation of foreign imports; mention of
         problems in specific industries competin with
         foreign manufacturers
  496    The economy--not further specified (code specific
         mention if R clarifies by saying "inflation",
         etc.; also see 400)
  497    International competitiveness; outsourcing; loss
         of jobs to foreign competition; moving jobs
         abroad; modernizing plants/equipment/management
         techniques to meet foreign competition; matching
         the quality of foreign goods
  498    Mention of "twin problems" of a large national
         debt/budget deficit and unfavorable balance of
         trade/import-export ratio
  499    Other specific mention economic or business
         problems


FOREIGN AFFAIRS

  500    FOREIGN RELATIONS/FOREIGN AFFAIRS; foreign
         policy/relations, prestige abroad
  504    Relations with the Third World (no specific
         country or region mentioned)
  505    Relations with WESTERN EUROPE; Great Britain,
         France, Germany; our allies
  510    VIETNAM; general reference to "the war,"
         Indochina, Cambodia; aid
  514    Latin America, South America--any references;
         reference to war/situation in Nicaragua; U.S.
         support of the Contras
  515    Iran; mention of American hostages in Teheran;
         arms deal
  516    African countries; developing areas in Africa (not
         518)--any mention; U.S. response to apartheid in
         South Africa
  519    Other specific countries/areas/trouble spots (exc.
         520's, 530's)
  524    MIDDLE EAST-- support or aid to Israel/Arab
         states; Arab/Israeli conflict; Iran-Iraq war;
         hostages in Lebanon/Middle East. [1990] Iraqi
         aggression in the Persian Gulf
  530    RUSSIA/Eastern Europe; relations with Russia/the
         Communist bloc; detente/trade/negotiations with
         Russia -- NA whether 531 or 532
  531    For PEACEFUL RELATIONS with Russia/Detente/Eastern
         Europe; for increased TRADE with Russia;
         talking/resuming negotiations with Russia on arms
         control/reduction (reaching/concluding a treaty is
         711)
  532    Against policy of Detente with Russia; COLD WAR;
         threat of external Communism; need to oppose/be
         wary of Russia
  533    Prevention of Russian (Communist) expansion;
         mention of Soviet invasion and occupation of
         Afghanistan-- any reference; references to Soviet
         activity in Central America/Nicaragua)
  539    Other specific references to
         Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe, etc. (including
         changing site/boycotting 1980 Moscow Olympics);
         threat of/preventing war with Russia (exc. 714)
  540    FIRMNESS IN FOREIGN POLICY; maintenance of
         position of MILITARY/DIPLOMATIC STRENGTH (not
         710-712)
  550    U.S. FOREIGN (MILITARY) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENT,
         extent of U.S. Foreign involvement; military
         assistance/aid (exc. 524)
  560    U.S. FOREIGN (ECONOMIC) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENTS;
         extent of U.S. (foreign) economic aid; "foreign
         aid"
  570    Prevention of war; ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE; any
         reference
  585    Obligation to TAKE CARE OF PROBLEMS AT HOME before
         helping foreign countries
  599    Other specific mention of foreign affairs problems


NATIONAL DEFENSE

  700    NATIONAL DEFENSE; defense budget; level of
         spending on defense
  710    DISARMAMENT; general reference to ENDING OF THE
         ARMS RACE; nuclear proliferation; test ban treaty
         (not 540); SALT; INF treaty
  711    For DISARMAMENT; for extension of test ban treaty;
         support toward ending of arms race; against
         (additional) expenditures on military/arms
         development; SALT; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty
  712    Against (increased) policy of DISARMAMENT; against
         test ban treaty; for additional WEAPONS
         DEVELOPMENT; missile program; scientific/
         technological development in weapons/strategy;
         atomic bomb testing; increased DEFENSE BUDGET,
         increased arms expenditure (not 540); SALT;
         increased pay for military personnel; SDI ("Star
         Wars"); INF treaty
  713    General or specific references to functioning and
         performance of defense; waste, inefficiency (not
         codable in 710-712)
  714    Nuclear war; the threat of nuclear war; nuclear
         proliferation
  740    The space program; space race (not 711,712)
  750    MORALE OF NATION; Patriotism; National spirit;
         national unity; greed, selfishness of people
  760    BENEFITS FOR VETERANS; general reference
  765    Allowing/accepting GAYS IN THE MILITARY
  799    Other specific mention of national defense
         problems


ISSUES RELATING TO THE FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT

  800    POWER OF THE (FEDERAL) GOVERNMENT; power
         of/control exercised by the federal government
  810    (LACK OF) HONESTY IN GOVERNMENT; (LACK OF) ETHICS
         IN GOVERNMENT--general reference (exc. 811)
  811    LACK OF PERSONAL ETHICS/morality of persons
         related to or part of government
  820    CAMPAIGN DONATIONS/PUBLIC FINANCING OF ELECTIONS;
         any mentions
  830    CONFIDENCE/TRUST in political leaders/system;
         wisdom, ability, responsiveness of political
         leaders; quality of leadership provided by
         political leaders
  833    QUALITY/EFFICIENCY of public employees, diplomats,
         civil service; SIZE OF THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY;
         COST OF GOVERNMENT
  836    COMPENSATION; all references to the compensation
         of government employees, officials, congressmen,
         judges, local politicians/ bureaucrats
  837    Waste in government spending; keeping tabs on
         where money goes
  838    Government BUDGET PRIORITIES are wrong;
         Congress/President is spending money in the wrong
         areas/not spending money on the right things
  840    SIZE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; the (large) size of
         government/civil service/bureaucracy; the number
         of government departments/employees/programs
  853    POWER OF CONGRESS--general reference
  856    POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT, all other references
         to the Supreme Court
  859    Other specific references to the (federal) balance
         of power; legislative gridlock in Washington
  862    FAIR ELECTION PROCEDURES; prevention of vote
         manipulation; curbing of political "bosses", smear
         campaigns
  869    Other specific references to problems of
         representation; term limitations for members of
         Congress
  874    Lack of support for the President; any
         anti-President comments, negative reference to the
         PRESIDENT's quality, style, etc.
  878    Mention of a specific CANDIDATE or relative of a
         candidate -- NFS
  881    New president/administration geetting started;
         other references specific to the President
  885    PUBLIC APATHY/disinterest--all references
  887    Extending/protecting EQUAL RIGHTS, basic freedoms,
         human rights of all citizens
  899    Other specific mention of problems relating to the
         functioning of government


OTHER

  995    1990-91: "There were no issues"; "there were no
         issues, just party politics"

  996    1990-91: "There was no campaign in my district"

  997    Other specific mentions of important problems

  998    DK
  999    NA
  000    INAP; No further mention; no problems



>> 1996 PARTY DIFFERENCES


     RESPONSES THAT REFER SPECIFICALLY TO THE CANDIDATES
     RATHER THAN PARTIES SHOULD BE CODED 910.  However, if
     the candidates are referred to as leaders or
     representatives of the parties, the response should be
     coded with the appropriate code category.


BROAD PHILOSOPHY

     - LIBERAL RESPONSES

  001    More LIBERAL, progressive--too far left
  010    ACCEPTANCE OF CHANGE/new ideas; less bound to
         status quo; more open to new ideas; new ways of
         doing things
  020    QUICK (RASH) RESPONSE TO PROBLEMS; tackle problems
         quickly; impetuous; impulsive; too aggressive;
         take more chances; not cautious enough
  030    More extreme, RADICAL (NFS)
  040    SOCIALISTIC; for welfare state; for social welfare
         programs; sensitive to social problems; leaves
         less to (interferes more with) private enterprise
  050    DEPENDS (TOO MUCH) ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (rather
         than state or local government); (too)
         centralized, paternalism; want Washington to do
         everything
  060    DESTROY PERSONAL INITIATIVE/individual
         responsibility/individual dignity; recognize
         individual needs government help
  070    FUTURE-ORIENTED; plan ahead; look to the future
  085    FREEDOM TO DO AS ONE CHOOSES; less interested in
         strict control of social behavior; not interested
         in moral standards
  086    Not religious; against prayer in school

  090    Other broad philosophy--liberal


     - CONSERVATIVE RESPONSES

  100    More CONSERVATIVE/reactionary; too far right
  110    RESISTANCE TO CHANGE/NEW IDEAS; stick to (protect)
         status quo; traditionalists; resist new ways of
         doing things; rigid
  120    SLOW (CAUTIOUS) RESPONSE TO PROBLEMS; DO-NOTHING;
         lets things go
  130    Moderate; middle of road (NFS); less extreme
  140    For FREE ENTERPRISE capitalism; against socialism
         (code "help big business" under group references);
         unaware of social problems; for development of
         private enterprise; against expansion of
         government activities into areas of private
         enterprise
  150    FOR STATES' RIGHTS, local government; less
         interference from Washington at local level;
         against powerful federal government
  160    INITIATIVE/responsibility/dignity of individual
         protected
  170    NOT FUTURE-ORIENTED; don't plan ahead; don't worry
         about the future
  185    DEFINITE MORAL STANDARDS/stands; concern
         for/control of public morality; upholds/fosters
         family values
  186    (Good) Christian; strong religious beliefs; for
         prayer in school

  190    Other broad philosophy--conservative


GROUP REFERENCES

     - PARTY SEEN AS GOOD FOR, HELPING, GIVING SPECIAL
       ADVANTAGE TO:

  200    Everybody; nobody; no catering to special
         interests, "people" (the majority)
  210    WORKING OR LITTLE PEOPLE; the common (poor, lowly)
         people, the working class; "average man"
  212    People LIKE ME; people like us
  220    Unions, "LABOR", labor leaders
  230    BIG BUSINESS; industry, "business(men)", Wall
         Street (except small businessman, code 240);
         agribusiness/large farming businesses
  231    RICH PEOPLE; upper classes; wealthy (powerful)
         people
  240    SMALL BUSINESSMEN
  250    MIDDLE CLASS people; white collar people
  260    FARMERS
  270    BLACKS
  280    OTHER RACIAL AND ETHNIC groups
  281    The SOUTH, some portion of the south
  282    The NORTH, some portion of the north
  283    White PEOPLE, white people only
  284    MINORITIES, minority groups (NA which)
  285    OLD people
  286    THE educated, intellectuals, students
  290    Other groups


     - GENERAL PARTY DIFFERENCES FOR GROUPS:

  299    Group differences codeable in 200 or 300
         series--NA which


     - PARTY SEEN AS BAD FOR, ANTI, KEEPING IN CHECK,

       PUTTING IN PLACE:

  300    Divisive (sets class against class, caters to
         special interests (NA what), plays group politics,
         not for all the people; (Dems/Reps) ONLY FOR
         THEMSELVES
  310    WORKING OR LITTLE PEOPLE; the common (poor, lowly)
         people, the working class; "average man"
  312    People LIKE ME; people like us
  320    Unions, "LABOR", labor leaders
  330    BIG BUSINESS; industry, "business(men)", Wall
         Street (except small businessman, code 340)
  331    RICH PEOPLE; upper classes; wealthy (powerful)
         people)
  340    SMALL BUSINESSMEN
  350    MIDDLE CLASS people; white collar people
  360    FARMERS
  370    BLACKS
  371    Racist, prejudiced, bigoted
  380    Other racial and ethnic groups; "MINORITY GROUPS"
         other or not specified
  381    The SOUTH, some portion of the south
  382    The NORTH, some portion of the north
  383    WHITE people, white people only
  384    MINORITIES, minority groups (NA which)
  385    OLD people
  386    The EDUCATED, intellectuals, students
  390    Other groups


DOMESTIC POLICY REFERENCES

     - FISCAL POLICY--EASY SPENDING RESPONSES

  400    SPEND MORE FREELY/high spenders (NFS)
  401    Spend much relative to what is accomplished;
         WASTEFUL, not careful with spending
  402    Spend much relative to money available; spend us
         DEEPER IN DEBT; DEFICIT SPENDING
  403    Spend under special circumstances, such as hard
         times
  404    Bring cheap money; more money circulating
  405    Other easy spending response
  406    RAISE TAXES--NFS; keep taxes high; seek to
         increase government revenues
  407    Increse INCOME TAXES; will not cut income taxes;
         rely on increase in/high income tax to provide
         government revenues


     - FISCAL POLICY--CAUTIOUS SPENDING RESPONSES

  500    SPEND LESS FREELY; economy in government (NFS)
  501    Spend little relative to what is accomplished;
         less wasteful/more careful with government
         (taxpayers') money
  502    Spend little relative to money available; REDUCE
         DEBT, keep debt from getting higher, BALANCED
         BUDGET
  503    Spend little even when special circumstances might
         warrant
  504    For sound money/tight money, deflation
  505    Other cautious spending response
  506    CUT TAXES--NFS; keep taxes low; seek to decrease
         government revenues
  507    Cut INCOME TAXES; will not increase income taxes;
         rely on taxes other than income tax to provide
         government revenue


     - FISCAL POLICY--GENERAL SPENDING RESPONSES

  591    General mention of taxes--neutral or NA direction
  599    General mention of spending--neutral or NA
         direction


     - ASSOCIATION OF PARTY WITH GOOD/POSITIVE DOMESTIC
       SITUATIONS

  411    Responsible promised (NA what); restraint on
         promises, realistic, doesn't promise too much
  412    Don't have (too much) government control over the
         economy; or lets BUSINESS GET MORE INVOLVED/handle
         problems of poverty/unemployment, etc.
  413    (GOOD) GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY, business
  415    Good for the nation's economy--general positive
         reference
  420    PROSPERITY in nation; good times for all, high
         national production, avoidance of depression, HIGH
         EMPLOYMENT
  431    Price INFLATION HELD IN CHECK; lower cost of
         living
  435    Propose/enact FAIR TAXES; believe everyone should
         be taxed the same/ that taxes should be even-
         handed.
  436    Give tax breaks to the poor/working/middle class
         people; tax plicies favor the lower/middle classes
  440    LOCAL PERSONAL GOOD TIMES economically; head of
         family gets (keeps) better job (wages) when party
         is in power, family better off economically under
         this party (no direct government benefits like
         social security mentioned)
  450    HONESTY AND INTEGRITY--characteristics of the
         party or administration (local or national), other
         similar characteristics of the party
  451    One party has MORE EXPERIENCE, is better, smarter,
         more united
  480    (Only) party has a philosophy/program/platform;
         stands for something
  490    Other positive domestic associations
  491    General mention of unemployment--neutral or NA
         direction
  492    General mention of inflation--neutral or NA
         direction
  493    General mention of economic policy/handling of the
         economy


     - GENERAL DOMESTIC POLICY RESPONSES

  499    A domestic issue difference is cited which could
         be coded in the 400 or 500 series, but NA which


     - ASSOCIATION OF PARTY WITH BAD/NEGATIVE DOMESTIC
       SITUATIONS

  511    IRRESPONSIBLE PROMISES (NA what); promises too
         much; unrealistic, pie-in-the sky; can't fulfill
         promises
  512    Have (too much) govt control over the economy; or
         does not let busi-ness get more involved/handle
         problems of poverty/unemployment, etc.
  513    (POOR) GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY
  515    Bad for the nation's economy, general negative
         reference
  520    Hard times, depression in nation, much
         unemployment, low (over) production
  531    Create/does not control price INFLATION; high cost
         of living in nation
  535    Propose/enact UNFAIR TAXES; show favoritism/give
         tax breaks to certain groups or types of people
  536    Give tax breaks to the wealth/corporations; tax
         policies favor the rich/powerful/upper classes
  540    LOCAL/PERSONAL HARD TIMES economically; head of
         family gets laid off (poorer wages) when party is
         in power; family worse off economically under this
         party
  550    Dishonesty/corruption (nepotism, graft, patronage)
         of party or administration (local or national);
         other similar characteristics of the party;
         Watergate
  551    One party has LESS EXPERIENCE/is worse/not as
         smart; party is not (is less) unified
  580    Party has no philosophy/programs/platform; doesn't
         stand for anything
  590    Other negative domestic association with party


     - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES FAVORED BY PARTY

  600    MINIMUM WAGE legislation; favors raising minimum
         wage, or favors raising UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION
  601    Social Security; government pension raises
  610    MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; medical card for aged;
         socialized medicine; medicare
  612    HOUSING; aid to the homeless
  620    Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; more attention to
         conservation; public works; mention of ecology,
         environment
  630    Federal AID TO EDUCATION/school-building;
         teachers' pay higher
  631    BUSING; forced integration
  632    OTHER FED. CONTROL OF EDUCATION/schools response;
         school choice plans
  634    Gun control
  640    CIVIL RIGHTS; insist more strongly on civil rights
  641    LAW AND ORDER--HARD LINE (or NA line); wants a
         police state; support death penalty (88)
  642    LAW AND ORDER--SOFT LINE; oppose death penalty
         (88)
  643    PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing
  644    Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil
         war; race war
  650    Higher TARIFFS; less free trade
  660    "Wet" legislation; ANTI-PROHIBITION
  670    General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "GIVE AWAY
         PROGRAMS"
  671    POVERTY program
  672    EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING PROGRAMS, Job Corps,
         etc.
  680    FARM policy
  681    Abortion
  682    Women's rights; ERA
  683    Legalization of marijuana; (more) lenient drug
         laws
  684    Homosexual/gay rights
  690    Other specific domestic policy favored


     - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES--NEUTRAL OR NA DIRECTION

  605    Minimum WAGE or unemployment compensation
  606    SOCIAL SECURITY; government pension
  615    MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; medical card for aged;
         socialized medicine; medicare
  617    HOUSING; aid to the homeless
  625    Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; CONSERVATION;
         public works; ecology, environment
  635    Federal AID TO EDUCATION; school choice plans
  636    BUSSING; forced integration
  637    Other federal control of education or schools
         response
  639    Gun control
  645    CIVIL RIGHTS (legislation)
  646    LAW AND ORDER--HARD LINE (or NA line); death
         penalty (88)
  647    LAW AND ORDER--SOFT LINE; death penalty (88)
  648    PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing
  649    Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil
         war; race war
  655    Higher TARIFFS; free trade
  665    Prohibition; "dry"/"wet" legislation
  675    General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "give away
         programs"
  676    POVERTY program
  677    EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING programs, Job Corps,
         etc.
  685    FARM policy
  686    ABORTION
  687    Women's rights; ERA
  688    Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws
  689    Homosexual/GAY RIGHTS
  695    Domestic issues difference, but NA which


     - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES OPPOSED BY PARTY

  700    MINIMUM WAGE or UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION; won't
         raise minimum wage, won't improve unemployment
         compensation
  701    SOCIAL SECURITY; against raising benefits
  710    MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; against medical card
         for aged; against socialized medicine, medicare
  712    HOUSING; aid to the homeless
  720    Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; for private
         power; less interested in conservation; public
         works; mention of ecology, environment
  730    Federal AID TO EDUCATION; against or drag feet on
         aid to education
  731    BUSSING; forced integration
  732    OTHER FEDERAL CONTROL OF EDUCATION or schools
         response; school choice plans
  734    Gun control
  740    CIVIL RIGHTS; against or drag feet on civil rights
         legislation; leave it to states
  741    Following a tough or HARD LINE IN MAINTENANCE OF
         LAW AND ORDER/prevention of crime, etc.; police
         state; imposing the death penalty (88)
  742    Following a SOFT LINE IN MAINTENANCE OF LAW AND
         ORDER/prevention of crime, etc.; imposing the
         death penalty (88)
  743    PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing
  744    Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil
         war; race war; want to unite the country
  750    High TARIFFS; want free trade
  760    Repeal; WANT PROHIBITION; "dry"
  770    General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "GIVE AWAY
         PROGRAMS"
  771    POVERTY program
  772    EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING programs, Job Corps,
         etc.
  780    FARM policy
  781    Abortion
  782    Women's rights; ERA
  783    Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws
  784    Homosexual/gay rights
  790    Other specific domestic policy opposed


FOREIGN POLICY REFERENCES

  800    WAR; get us into war (faster); party associated
         with war; militarist
  810    PEACE; more likely to keep peace; party associated
         with peace
  820    INTERNATIONALIST; more for foreign aid, government
         activities abroad; cooperate with allies, U.N.;
         "more for foreign aid/trade"
  825    Foreign aid/trade, NA direction
  830    ISOLATIONIST; avoid foreign activities; cut
         foreign aid (military or economic); "cut foreign
         aid/trade"
  840    NATIONAL SECURITY; for strong national defense
         (spending); strong (firm) (too aggressive) posture
         toward communism (Russia); too much defense
         spending
  845    National defense--general, NA or neutral direction
  850    INADEQUATE NATIONAL SECURITY; fail to maintain
         (spend for) defense; weak posture toward communism
         (Russia)
  860    Specific TROUBLE SPOTS
  870    CONTROL OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
  880    Strong FOREIGN POLICY
  881    Weak foreign policy
  884    SPACE; space policy
  890    Other foreign policy--other substantive foreign
         policy mentions (direction of response usually
         indicated)
  891    Mention of "foreign policy" difference but no
         substance or direction given (e.g., usual response
         is "the two parties or candidates differ on
         foreign policy, on how they will handle foreign
         policy")


MISCELLANEOUS AND NO PARTY DIFFERENCES RESPONSES

  900    Miscellaneous other party differences
  901    (Only) one party is more successful than the
         others; wins elections; is (is not) majority
         party, etc.
  902    (Only) one party is less successful than the
         others; doesn't win elections much; is the
         minority party
  910    PERSONALITY/CANDIDATE ONLY MENTIONS--candidate is
         dangerous, fanatic, aggressive, courageous,
         honest, untrustworthy, impulsive, outspoken, firm,
         dishonest, negative, lack of integrity, bad
         politician, etc.  (but code 371 racist,
         prejudiced, bigoted)
  920    Reference to probable inability to get things
         done, e.g., gain congressional support
  930    LEADERSHIP MENTIONS--a good (bad) leader, is head
         of the party (R must specifically mention the
         candidate as leader or head of the party), or one
         party has better leadership than another
  980    The parties are different; EVERYTHING ABOUT THEM
         IS DIFFERENT (NA what the differences are)


NO DIFFERENCE ("NO" OR "DK")

  991    There used to be differences, but not now
  992    Indicate dissatisfaction with the lack of
         differences
  993    Favorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are
         seeking to serve the people
  994    Indicates that individual candidates are more
         important than parties anyhow
  995    Unfavorable to both parties, e.g., both parties
         are just after money
  996    On variation within parties
  997    Other comments

  998    DK (Code in 1st var only)
  999    NA (Code in 1st var only)
  000    No party differences ("No" or "DK" and no further
         comment); no further second or third differences
>> 1996 CPS 2-DIGIT OCCUPATION CODES
                                                                               
                                                          1980 Census Book
                                                          Reference Code    

                                   
PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS                 (023-024, 026-
                                                             027, 034, 035-
                                                             036, 038-234)

10. Physicians -- medical, psychiatric and                  (084, 085) 
    osteopathic; dentists                                  

11. Other medical and paramedical (except health            (086-089, 095-
    technicians -- see 16:) chiropractors, optomestrists     106)
    chiropractors, optometrists, pharmacists,                
    veterinarians, dieticians, registered nurses, etc.

12.  Accountants; Auditors                                  (023)

13.  Teachers, except college                               (155-159)

14.  Teachers, college; social scientists; librarians       (113-154, 164-173)

15.  Architects; chemists; engineers; physical and          (043-059, 069-078)
     biological scientists                                 

16.  Technicians: computer programmers and analysts;        (063-068, 083,185,
     health, engineering, science, and other technicians;    189, 203-208)
     designers; radio and television announcers; dental 
     hygenists, practical nurses, etc.

17.  Public advisors: personnel and labor relations workers (026, 027, 034,
       clergy and other religious workers, social and        174-177, 195,
       recreation workers, editors and reporters, public     197)
       relations persons, etc.

18.  Judges; lawyers                                        (178, 179)

19.  Other professional, technical, and kindred workers     (024, 183, 184, 
                                                             186-188, 193,
                                                             193, 194, 198
                                                             199)


MANAGERS, OFFICIALS, AND PROPRIETORS (EXCEPT FARM)          (003-019, 025,
                                                             028-033, 037,243)

20.  Not self-employed; employee of own corporation         (003-019, 025,
                                                             028-033, 037,243)

31.  Self-employed -- unincorporated businesses             (003-019, 025
                                                             028-033, 037,243)

CLERICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS                                (303-389)

40.  Secretaries, stenographers, typists                    (313-315)

41.  Other clerical workers: bank tellers, bookkeepers,     (303-309, 316-
     estimators and investigators, mail carriers, payroll     389)
     and postal clerks, shipping and receiving clerks, 
     stock clerks, etc.                  

SALES WORKERS                                                (253-285)

45.  Demonstrators, hucksters and peddlers, insurance and    (253-285)
     real estate agents and brokers, sales representatives
     and sales clerks, cashiers, etc.

CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN AND KINDRED WORKERS                       (413-424,485,
                                                              494, 503-699,
                                                              803, 843,863)

50.  Foremen, not elsewhere classifiable, except craft       (485, 494, 803,
                                                              843, 863)

51.  Craftsmen, craft foremen and supervisors                (503-699)

52.  Government protective service workers: firemen, guards, (413-424)
     policemen, etc. 

OPERATIVES AND KINDRED WORKERS                               (703-859)

61.  Transport equipment operatives: bus drivers,            (804-859)
     conductors, deliverymen and routemen, fork lift and 
     tow motor operatives, taxicab drivers, truck drivers, 
     etc. 

62.  Operatives, except transport                            (703-799)

LABORERS AND FARM FOREMEN                                    (477-499,864-
                                                              889)

70.  Unskilled laborers -- non-farm                          (864-889)

71.  Farm laborers and foremen                               (477-499)

SERVICE WORKERS                                              (403-407, 425-
                                                              427, 433-469)

73.  Private household workers                               (403-407)

75.  Other service workers: maids, cleaners, janitors,       (425-427, 433-
     bartenders, cooks, waiters, nursing aides, barbers,      469)
     babysitters, (except 73), beauticians, etc.   

FARMERS AND FARM MANAGERS                                    (473-476)

80.  Farmers (owners and tenants) and farm managers          (473-476)

MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS

55.  Members of armed forces                                 (900)

>> 1996 CENSUS DEFINITIONS  (1990 CENSUS)


          THIS NOTE CONTAINS DEFINITIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS
          USED BY THE 1990 U.S. CENSUS OF POPULATION:

               Metropolitan Statistical Areas
               Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas
               Urbanized Areas
               Places
               Incorporated Places
               Unincorporated Places


          1. "METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (MSA's):"

          The general concept of a metropolitan area is one of a large
          population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that
          have a high degree of economic and social integration with
          that nucleus.

          In 1990 the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and
          the U.S. Census have used the term Metropolitan Statistical
          Area (MSA) for what in 1980 was referred to as Standard
          Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).  An attempt has been
          made by the study staff to be consistent in using the newer
          terms in the current documentation and definitions.  The
          definitions of characteristics to be classified as a
          metropolitan area have remained fairly consistent--with only
          minor changes between 1980 and 1990.  However, due to
          changes in population size and density, employment,
          commuting and other behavior which defines metropolitan
          areas, the specific geographical composition of any given
          metropolitan area has, of course, frequently changed.  The
          specific MSA title may also have changed as to which cities
          are named and in what order.

          Each MSA has one or more central counties containing the
          area's main population concentration: an urganized area with
          at least 50,000 inhabitants.  An MSA may also include
          outlying counties that have close economic and social
          relationships with the central counties.  The outlying
          counties must have a specified level of commuting to the
          central counties and must also meet certain standards
          regarding metropolitan character, such as population
          density, urban population and population growth.  In New
          England, MSA's are composed of cities and towns rather than
          whole counties.

          The population living in MSA's may also be referred to as
          the metropolitan population.  The population is subdivided
          into "inside central city (or cities)" and "outside central
          city (or cities)."  (The population living outside MSA's
          constitutes the non-metropolitan population.)  Most MSA's
          have one to three CENTRAL CITIES that are named in the
          census title of the MSA.


          2. "CONSOLIDATED METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (CMSA's):"

          In some parts of the country, metropolitan development has
          progressed to the point that adjoining MSA's are themselves
          socially and economically interrelated.  These areas are
          designated consolidated metropolitan statistical areas
          (CMSA's) by the Office of Management and Budget, and are
          defined using standards included as part of the new MSA
          standards described above.  MSA's that are a part of a CMSA
          are referred to as primary metropolitan statistical areas
          (PMSA's).

          Definitions of the six largest CMSA's:

          NEW YORK-NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-LONG ISLAND, NY-NJ-CT, CMSA
                          Bergen-Passaic, NJ PMSA
                          Bridgeport-Milford, CT PMSA
                          Danbury, CT PMSA
                          Jersey City, NJ PMSA
                          Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ PMSA
                          Monmouth-Ocean NJ PMSA
                          Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA*
                          New York, NY PMSA*
                          Newark, NJ PMSA*
                          Norwalk, CT PMSA
                          Orange County, NY PMSA
                          Stamford, CT PMSA

          LOS ANGELES-ANAHEIM-RIVERSIDE, CA, CMSA
                          Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA*
                          Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA*
                          Oxnard-Ventura, CA PMSA
                          Riverside-San Bernardino, CA PMSA*

          CHICAGO-GARY-LAKE COUNTY (IL), IL-IN-WI CMSA
                          Aurora-Elgin, IL PMSA* (Kane Co part only)
                          Chicago, IL PMSA*
                          Gary-Hammond, IN PMSA
                          Joliet, IL PMSA* (Will Co part only)
                          Kenosha, WI PMSA
                          Lake County, IL PMSA*

          SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND-SAN JOSE, CA, CMSA
                          Oakland, CA PMSA*
                          San Francisco, CA PMSA*
                          San Jose, CA PMSA
                          Santa Cruz, CA PMSA
                          Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA
                          Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA PMSA

          PHILADELPHIA-WILMINGTON-TRENTON, PA-NJ-DE-MD, CMSA
                          Philadelphia, PA-NJ, PMSA*
                          Trenton, NJ PMSA
                          Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ PMSA
                          Wilmington, DE-NJ-MD PMSA

          DETROIT-ANN ARBOR, MI, CMSA
                          Ann Arbor, MI PMSA
                          Detroit, MI PMSA*

          * In the SRC 1980 National Sample (1992 NES sample).


          For the purpose of size and distance coding of suburbs and
          non-MSAs, the central cities of the six largest CMSAs are
          listed as:

               1.  New York City (Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan,
                   Queens), NY, Elizabeth, NJ and Newark, NJ

               2.  Los Angeles, Long Beach, Pasadena, Pomona, Burbank,
                   Anaheim, Santa Ana, Riverside, San Bernardino and
                   Palm Springs, CA.

               3.  Chicago, Evanston and Chicago Heights, Aurora,
                   Elgin, Joliet, Waukegan and North Chicago, IL

               4.  San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and Livermore, CA

               5.  Philadelphia and Norristown, PA and Camden, NJ

               6.  Detroit, Dearborn, Pontiac and Port Huron, MI

          Both the CMSA definitions and the central city designations
          above are from Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1990, U.S.
          Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC (Jun 1990)
          (PB90-214420)


          3. "URBANIZED AREAS:"

          The major objective of the Census Bureau in delineating
          urbanized areas is to provide a better separation of urban
          and rural population in the vicinity of large cities.  An
          urbanized area consists of a central city or cities, and
          surrounding closely settled territory ("urban fringe").


          4. "PLACES:"

          Two types of places are recognized in the census
          reports--incorporated places and unincorporated places,
          defined as follows:


          5. "INCORPORATED PLACES:"

          These are political units incorporated as cities, borought,
          towns and villages with the following exceptions: (a)
          boroughs in Alaska; and (b) towns in New York, Wisconsin and
          the New England states.


          6. "UNINCORPORATED PLACES:"

          The Census Bureau has delineated boundaries for closely
          settled population centers without corporate limits.  Each
          place so delineated possesses a definite nucleus of
          residences and has its boundaries drawn to include, if
          feasible, all the surrounding closely settled area.  These
          are called Census Designated Places (CDP's).



>> Post-Stratified Cross-Sectional Analysis 
   Weights for the 1992, 1994 and 1996 NES data

                   Prepared by the Sampling Section
                   Division of Surveys and Technologies
                   Survey Research Center
                   Institute for Social Research 
                   University of Michigan


1.  Overview: Why is NES issuing new weight variables?

     A new set of weights has been constructed for use with the series of
National Election Studies beginning with the 1992 Pre-Election Study.  This
series includes the 1992 Pre and Post, the 1994 Post, and the 1996 Pre and
Post Election Studies. The main difference between these and the previously
released weights is found in the post-stratification criteria.  The new
weights post-stratify the National Election Study data to match the Current
Population Study (CPS) estimate  of the distribution of age group by education
level.  The previous set of weights adjusted the NES sample to the CPS
distribution for Census Region, sex, and age group.  These new  weights
correct for an under-representation of  younger and less educated respondents
in each year's sample of respondents mainly due to attrition of these
categories of respondents in the panel component.

     The previous set of analysis weights developed for the 1996 NES public
use data sets led to overestimation of reported voter turnout in the 1996
presidential election.  A comparison between the 1992 and the 1996
presidential vote turnout estimates from the NES samples does not to reflect
the trend of declining participation that has been evident from external
sources, such as the Current Population Survey turnout estimates.  Several
sources of bias caused of this problem, leading to under-representation of
18-22 year olds in the 1996 NES sample, respondents with no high school
diploma, or both.  
  
The significance of this under-representation becomes clear when the rates of
voting participation by age and education subgroups are examined.  The results
are summarized in Tables 1a and 1b, below.  Table 1a clearly demonstrates the
well-known strong relationship between education and voting: people with less
education are less likely to vote.  Table 1b shows that reported voter turnout
is higher among older people. Since the age and education groups with the
lowest voting rates are underrepresented, estimates of 1996 presidential
election participation are skewed in the direction of higher rates of turnout.



Table 1a:

Reported turnout in the 1996 presidential election by education level of 
respondent (source: 1996 NES).


Education                % reporting
                         having voted

No HS diploma            57.1
High school diploma      69.1
Some college             80.7
College Graduate         89.9

Total                    76.6



Table 1b: 

Reported turnout in the 1996 presidential election by age group of the 
respondent (source: 1996 NES).


Age            % reporting
               having voted

18-21          54.6
22-29          59.2
30-39          73.3
40-49          80.7
50-59          81.0
60-69          81.8
70+            84.5

Total          76.6 


     The following three sections describe the three major factors 
which contribute to the under-representation of specific age or 
education groups.  These include "initial contact non-response bias," 
"coverage bias resulting from longitudinal sample design" and "education 
related attrition bias."  Subsequent sections describe in detail the 
procedures used in the construction of the new weights.

2.  Initial Contact Nonresponse Bias
 
     The first important source of age and education related bias is 
nonresponse bias at the initial interview.  Initial contact nonresponse 
bias occurs when people with a certain characteristic in common have a 
significantly different response rate from the overall response rate.  
For example, if women are found to have a much higher response rate than 
the combined response rate for men and women, then there is an initial 
contact nonresponse bias based on gender. 

     If there were no nonresponse bias based on age or education we 
would expect the NES cross-section samples to have age by education 
distributions similar to that of the Current Population Survey (CPS) 
population estimates.  There would be minor differences attributable to 
sampling error, but we would not expect to find large or systematic 
differences.   Table 2, which compares the weighted distributions of 
education for the  1992, 1994 and 1996 NES cross-section samples to CPS 
population estimates for the same years suggests that systematic 
differences are present. 
 
     The weight used in Table 2 is the calculated base weight.  This 
weight is the product of  a person-level selection weight and a 
household-level nonresponse adjustment factor.  Since the selection 
probability of  an eligible adult is inversely proportional  to the 
number of eligible adults in the household it is important to use the 
selection weight based on the number of eligible adults in the household 
when comparing NES person-level statistics to CPS person-level 
distributions.  The base weight also adjusts for the difference in 
response rates by region and by urbanicity. The construction of these 
weight factors  is described in Sections 5 through 8.  This part of the 
NES weight is essentially the same for the old and new weights.

     In Table 2, CPS estimates for 1992, 1994 and 1996 are included in 
the shaded columns.   Comparisons of the weighted cross-section data 
from 1992, 1994 and 1996 to the corresponding CPS estimates reveal clear 
systematic differences which cannot be wholly attributed to sampling 
error.   In all three cross-section groups there is a strong 
relationship between the level of education achieved by the respondent 
and the nonresponse rate.  Specifically, people with less education -- 
especially people without a high school diploma - tend to be 
underrepresented in the weighted cross-section samples. 



Table 2:  Summary of weighted cross-section distributions by education


           1992 CPS  1992 pre   1994 CPS  1994 post  1996 CPS  1996 pre
           propor-  (weighted)  propor-  (weighted)  propor-  (weighted)
           tion                 tion                 tion

No HS 
Diploma    0.208      0.144     0.195     0.161      0.189     0.103

HS Diploma 0.355      0.321     0.339     0.356      0.332     0.338

Some 
College    0.243      0.270     0.264     0.258      0.264     0.323

College 
Graduate   0.195      0.265     0.203     0.226      0.215     0.236



3. Coverage Bias Resulting from Longitudinal Sample Design

     The longitudinal design of the National Election Study results in 
a coverage bias in the 1992 and 1994 cross-section component of the 1996 
sample.   Respondents age 18-19 had no chance of being observed in the 
panel.  Respondents age 20 or 21 years old had a chance of inclusion in 
only the 1994 cross-section component of the 1996 panel.  This 
structural bias in cross-sectional estimates based on the combined 1996 
NES sample is an additional contributor to under-representation of the 
younger population.  The age 18-21 bias in the sample also affects 
education since  the youngest group (e.g., 18-22) has a natural 
constraint on the level of education that a respondent could have 
achieved by the time he or she was interviewed.



4.  Education Related Attrition Bias

     Differential reinterview rates (pre to post as well as across 
election year waves)  based on education also contribute to over-
estimation of voting in the 1996 presidential election. The relationship 
between education and cumulative attrition is shown in Tables 3a-3c. 

     Table 3a tracks the 1992 cross-section cases across subsequent 
interviews.  The age groups listed in the left-most column  refer to the 
respondent's age at the initial interview.  Thus, a 29 year old 
respondent in 1992 would not move into the next higher age group in 
1994.   Columns labeled "%" indicate the percent of the original sample 
that was reinterviewed.   For example, in Table 3a, under 1996  (pre),  
there is a column labeled  "n" and a column labeled "%".   The value in 
the top row in the "%" column is 71.4%.  This means that 71.4 percent of 
the seven  18-21 year olds with no HS diploma were included in the panel 
component of the 1996 pre election interview.   Sample Tables 3b and 3c 
show the attrition for the 1994 and 1996 cross-section components.

     The summaries of cumulative attrition by education group portray a 
strong relationship between education and reinterview rate.  Respondents 
with more education are more likely to participate in subsequent 
interviews.   This difference in attrition rate is found between pre and 
post interviews of the same year (Table 3a - 1992 Post, Table 3c - 1996 
Post) as well as across interview years (Table 3b - 1996 Pre).  
Initially biased samples are subjected to further nonresponse bias at 
every subsequent interview, causing significant under-representation of 
less educated, eligible voters.  Since eligible adults with low 
education are less likely to vote and are under-represented in the 
sample, predictions of voting participation will be biased upward.


Table 3a:   Cumulative attrition for the 1992 NES Cross-section sample


                        1992           1994            1996

                    (pre)  (post)     (post)      (pre)       (post)

AGE     HIGHEST
(in     EDUCATION    n    n    %      n    %      n    %      n    %
1992)

18-21   No HS 
        Diploma      7    7   100.0   7   100.0   5    71.4   3    42.9
        HS Diploma  30   27    90.0  18    60.0  11    36.7   6    20.0
        Some 
        College     24   23    95.8  18    75.0  15    62.5  14    58.3
        College 
        Graduate     1    1   100.0   1   100.0   0     0.0   0       0

TOTAL               62   58    93.5  44    71.0  31    50.0  23    37.1

22-29   No HS
        Diploma     15   15   100.0   8    53.3   6     40.0   6    40.0
        HS Diploma  53   47    88.7  29    54.7  17     32.1  15    28.3
        Some
        College     63   56    88.9  44    69.8  38     60.3  34    54.0
        College
        Graduate    42   38    90.5  29    69.0  26     61.9  23    54.8

TOTAL              173  156    90.2 110    63.6  87     50.3  78    45.1

30-39   No HS
        Diploma     23   22    95.7  16    69.6  11     47.8  11    47.8
        HS Diploma  89   78    87.6  56    62.9  44     49.4  41    46.1
        Some
        College     93   86    92.5  72    77.4  54     58.1  49    52.7
        College
        Graduate   107  103    96.3  78    72.9  62     57.9  58    54.2

TOTAL              312  289    92.6 222    71.2 171     54.8 159    51.0

40-49   No HS
        Diploma     13   13   100.0   9    69.2   6     46.2   5    38.5
        HS Diploma  52   48    92.3  35    67.3  28     53.8  24    46.2
        Some
        College     48   40    83.3  27    56.3  21     43.8  20    41.7
        College 
        Graduate    70   62    88.6  50    71.4  41     58.6  38    54.3

TOTAL              183  163    89.1 121    66.1  96     52.5  87    47.5

50-59   No HS
        Diploma     27  24     88.9  17    63.0  15     55.6  14    51.9
        HS Diploma  43  40     93.0  33    76.7  26     60.5  22    51.2
        Some
        College     28  25     89.3  18    64.3  14     50.0  14    50.0
        College 
        Graduate    45  39     86.7  33    73.3  30     66.7  29    64.2

TOTAL              143 128     89.5 101    70.6  85     59.4  79    55.2

60-69   No HS
        Diploma     37  30     81.1  23    62.2  17     45.9  16    43.2
        HS Diploma  50  39     78.0  30    60.0  24     48.0  24    48.0
        Some
        College     19  14     73.7  10    52.6   9     47.4   9    47.4
        College 
        Graduate    16  16    100.0  13    81.3  12     75.0  11    68.8

TOTAL              122  99     81.1  76    62.3  62     50.8  60    49.2

70+     No HS
        Diploma     54  42     77.8  28    51.9  22     40.7  21    38.9
        HS Diploma  31  30     96.8  22    71.0  15     48.4  14    45.2
        Some
        College     27  24     88.9  20    74.1  16     59.3  14    51.9
        College 
        Graduate    19  16     84.2  15    78.9  12     63.2  10    52.6

TOTAL              131 112     85.5  85    64.9  65     49.6  59    45.0

                  1126 1005         759         597          545


Summary by Education level:

     1992 pre     1992 post     1994 post     1996 pre     1996 post

            n     n     %     n     %     n     %      n    %

No HS 
Diploma     176   153   86.9  108   61.4   82   46.6   76   43.2
HS Diploma  348   309   88.8  223   64.1  165   47.4  146   42.0
Some 
College     302   268   88.7  209   69.2  167   55.3  154   51.0
College 
graduate    300   275   91.7  219   73.0  183   61.0  169   56.3

Total      1126  1005   89.3  759   67.4  597   53.0  545   48.4



Table 3b:   Cumulative attrition for the 1994 NES Cross-section sample 


                  1994                    1996
                 (post)          (pre)            (post)

AGE    HIGHEST          n        n        %        n        %
(at    EDUCATION
1994)

18-21  No HS
       Diploma         13        8     61.5        4     30.8
       HS Diploma      24       13     54.2        9     37.5
       Some College    18       10     55.6        7     38.9
       College
       Graduate         0        0                 0

TOTAL                  55       31     56.4       20     36.4

22-29  No HS
       Diploma         14        6     42.9        4     28.6
       HS Diploma      45       31     68.9       26     57.8
       Some College    58       37     63.8       33     56.9
       College 
       Graduate        35       24     68.6       22     62.9

TOTAL                 152       98     64.5       85     55.9

30-39  No HS
       Diploma         21       16     76.2       13     61.9
       HS Diploma      93       59     63.4       53     57.0
       Some
       College         73       45     61.6       40     54.8
       College
       Graduate        59       44     74.6       40     67.8

TOTAL                 246      164     66.7      146      59.3

40-49  No HS
       Diploma         14       10     71.4        8      57.1
       HS Diploma      53       39     73.6       37      69.8
       Some
       College         52       40     76.9       37       71.2
       College
       Graduate        67       54     80.6       51       76.4

TOTAL                 186      143     76.9      133       71.5

50-59  No HS
       Diploma         16       11     68.8       10       62.5
       HS Diploma      43       33     76.7       27       62.8
       Some College    24       19     79.2       19       79.2
       College
       Graduate        29       21     72.4       21       72.4

TOTAL                 112       84     75.0       77       68.8

60-69  No HS
       Diploma         42       30     71.4       28       66.7
       HS Diploma      62       42     67.7       40       64.5
       Some College    21       16     76.2       15       71.4
       College
       Graduate        19       17     89.5       17       89.5

TOTAL                 144      105     72.9      100       69.4

70+  No HS
     Diploma           51       32     62.7       31       60.8
     HS Diploma        42       30     71.4       29       69.0
     Some College      22       12     54.5       11       50.0
     College
     Graduate          26       20     76.9       20        76.9

TOTAL                 141       94     66.7       91        64.5

                     1036      719               652


Summary by Education level:

                    1994 post       1996 pre       1996 post

                        n         n          %      n          %

No HS Diploma         171       113       66.1     98       57.3
HS Diploma            362       247       68.2    221       61.0
Some College          268       179       66.8    162       60.4
College Graduate      235       180       76.6    171       72.8

Total                1036       719       69.4    652       62.9



Table 3c:   Cumulative attrition for the 1996 NES Cross-section sample 

                               1996


                         (pre)        (post)

AGE    HIGHEST
(at    EDUCATION           n        n        %
1996)

18-21  No HS Diploma       3        2     66.7
       HS Diploma          9        7     77.8
       Some College       23       21     91.3
       College Graduate    0        0

TOTAL                     35       30     85.7

22-29  No HS Diploma       4        2     50.0
       HS Diploma         19       13     72.2
       Some College       13       10     76.9
       College 
       Graduate           17       16     94.1

TOTAL                     52       41     78.8

30-39  No HS Diploma       4        4    100.0
       HS Diploma         36       29     80.6
       Some College       31       29     93.5
       College Graduate   28       23     82.1

TOTAL                     99       85     85.9

40-49  No HS Diploma       5        4     80.0
       HS Diploma         23       18     78.3
       Some College       25       20     80.0
       College Graduate   22       19     86.4

TOTAL                     75       61      81.3

50-59  No HS Diploma       7        6      85.7
       HS Diploma         17       15      88.2
       Some College       17       15      88.2
       College Graduate   15       15     100.0

TOTAL                     56       51      91.1

60-69  No HS Diploma       9        9     100.0
       HS Diploma         12       11      91.7
       Some College        9        7      77.8
       College Graduate    7        6      85.7

TOTAL                     37       33      89.2

70+  No HS Diploma        13       10      76.9
     HS Diploma           22       18      81.8
     Some College          6        5      83.3
     College Graduate      3        3     100.0

TOTAL                     44      36       81.8

                         398     337



Summary by Education level:


                    1996 pre             1996 post
                      n               n               %

No HS Diploma        45              37            82.2
HS Diploma          137             111            81.0
Some College        124             107            86.3
College Graduate     92              82            89.1

Total               398             337            84.7



5. Construction of the new weights

     The revised NES final analysis weight is based on the product of a 
calculated base weight and a post-stratification factor.  The base 
weight is constructed to adjust for selection probability and geographic 
differences in response rates at the time of the initial interview with 
each sample component.  This weight is the product of a selection 
probability  weight and the household nonresponse factor. The base 
weights for 1992, 1994, and 1996 cross-section cases are initially 
determined using the corresponding year's household nonresponse factor.  
Panel cases use this same base weight, carried over from the original 
interview.   Since differences in selection probabilities for the NES 
sample household are due only to random selection of a single adult from 
households of various sizes, the selection probability weight is the 
number of eligible people in the household (up to three).
   
     The post-stratification factor is the ratio of the census 
proportion for each age by education subgroup, to the corresponding 
weighted ( base weight ) sample proportion.  Multiplication of the base 
weight by this post-stratification factor adjusts the weighted sample 
distribution to conform to the CPS population estimates.  The following 
sections describe the base weight and post-stratification factors in 
further detail. 

Final Weight = base weight x post-stratification factor 

where:
     Base weight = selection weight x household nonresponse factor 

and:
     Selection weight =  the number of eligible adults in household (up 
to three)



6. Construction of a Base Weight

     The base weight is the product of two factors: the selection 
weight and the household nonresponse adjustment factor.  Although the 
National Election Study uses an area probability sample design to 
achieve an equal probability sample of U.S. households, the NES design 
does not produce an equal probability sample of persons. Since only one 
person is chosen from each selected household, any particular 
individual's probability of selection is inversely proportional to the 
number of eligible adults in the household.  The selection weight which 
is equal to the number of eligible persons in the household (inverse of 
the selection probability) adjusts for the under-representation of 
persons in larger households.  The household nonresponse factor is used 
to adjust for the differential nonresponse rates found in different 
regions and PSU types (Self-representing MSA, Nonself-representing MSA, 
and non-MSA.  Self-representing MSAs are the largest Metropolitan 
Statistical Areas in the nation and are therefore self-representing in 
the 1990 SRC National Sample; Nonself-representing MSAs are medium and 
smaller sized MSAs, and the non-MSAs are counties which are not 
designated as MSAs and are less urban.

7.  Selection Probability Weight:

     The National Election Study uses an area probability sample design 
to achieve an equal  probability sample of U.S. households.    If a 
household has only one eligible adult, that person is included in the 
sample.   If a selected household has more than one eligible adult, one 
is selected at random.   Since the number of eligible adults varies 
across households, the probability of selection for individuals is 
unequal and a weight which is the reciprocal of the probability of 
selection should be used.  In the interest of  limiting the variation of  
the weights, respondents selected from households with more than three 
eligible adults were assigned a weight of three; otherwise the selection  
weight is equal to the number of eligible adults.

8. Household  Nonresponse Adjustment Factor:
 
     Nonresponse bias is a potential source of nonsampling error in the 
NES data.  It has been found that response rates vary significantly by 
geographic region and PSU type (MSA/non-MSA status).    In an effort to 
counteract this potential source of bias, adjustment factors have been 
constructed at the household level to account for the geographic and 
urban/rural differences in response rates.   Table 4 shows the initial 
contact response rates in the 1992, 1994 and 1996 NES by PSU type and 
region. 

     The nonresponse adjustment factor was determined by  dividing the 
cross-section cases among twelve cells of four regions (Northeast / 
Midwest / South /West) by three PSU types (SR MSA, NSR MSA, NSR Non-
MSA).  The cases in  each cell share a  nonresponse adjustment factor 
calculated as the inverse of the response rate of the cell.  These 
response rates are for the initial cross-section components only.  They 
do not include the panel cases.


Table 4: Initial contact response rates by PSU type and region 

                      1992 Response   1994 Response   1996 Response
PSU Type      Region      rate            rate            rate

SR MSA        Northeast   0.683           0.570           0.423
              Midwest     0.759           0.651           0.533
              South       0.724           0.620           0.539
              West        0.471           0.517           0.507
NSR MSA       Northeast   0.741           0.577           0.526
              Midwest     0.699           0.717           0.678
              South       0.727           0.813           0.646
              West        0.723           0.782           0.625
NSR Non-MSA   Northeast   0.820           0.725           0.600
              Midwest     0.917           0.878           0.721
              South       0.830           0.736           0.687
              West        0.762           0.946           0.810


9.  Comparison of Weighted NES and CPS Age Group by Education Level 
Distributions 

     Table 5a below shows the current interview age by education 
distributions of 1992 cross-section cases in initial and subsequent
interviews.   The table includes weighted (base weight) percentages and
unweighted percentages with estimates of the population percentages according
to the Current Population Study included for comparison.  We can see for
example, that in the 1992 NES pre election sample there were 15 respondents
age 22-29 with no high school diploma.  These represent approximately 1.3
percent of the 1126 total respondents in this sample.  When the base weight is
used, the weighted percent for this group increases to about 1.6 percent.  The
1992 CPS population estimates are listed in a column on the left.  It is
estimated that in 1992 about 2.4 percent of all eligible adults were 22-29
year-olds with no high school diploma.  The shaded rows indicate totals by age
group and a summary by education is provided at the bottom of the page.  Table
5b gives the same information for the 1994 cross-section cases and Table 5c
shows  the 1996 cross-section distributions.


Table 5a: 

Distribution of the 1992 NES Cross-section sample by current age and education



AGE   HIGHEST    1992     Unwtd    Wghted  Unwtd   Wghted
(Cur- EDUCATION   CPS    n    &     %    n    %    %
rent )                        (Sel,NR)          (Sel,NR)

18-21 No College  4.3   37   3.3   4.6   34   3.4   4.7
      College     3.1   25   2.2   2.3   24   2.4   2.6

TOTAL             7.3   62   5.5   7.0   58   5.8   7.3

22-29 No HS
      Diploma     2.4   15   1.3   1.6   15   1.5   1.8
      HS Diploma  6.1   53   4.7   4.5   47   4.7   4.6
      Some
      College     4.8   63   5.6   5.6   56   5.6   5.6
      College
      Graduate    3.5   42   3.7   3.7   38   3.8   3.8

TOTAL            16.7  173  15.4  15.4  156  15.5  15.8

30-39 No HS
      Diploma     3.0   23   2.0   1.6   22   2.2   1.7
      HS Diploma  8.7   89   7.9   8.0   78   7.8   7.8
      Some
      College     6.1   93   8.3   8.0   86   8.6   8.3
      College
      Graduate    5.7  107   9.5   9.2  103  10.2  10.0

TOTAL            23.4  312  27.7  26.8  289  28.8  27.8

40-49 No HS
      Diploma     2.4   13   1.2   1.2   13   1.3   1.3
      HS Diploma  6.1   52   4.6   5.1   48   4.8   5.2
      Some
      College     4.7   48   4.3   4.7   40   4.0   4.2
      College
      Graduate    5.0   70   6.2   6.3   62   6.2   6.2

TOTAL            18.1  183  16.3  17.2  163  16.2  16.9

50-59 No HS
      Diploma     2.8   27   2.4   2.5   24   2.4   2.4
      HS Diploma  4.7   43   3.8   4.6   40   4.0   4.8
      Some
      College     2.4   28   2.5   2.4   25   2.5   2.5
      College
      Graduate    2.5   45   4.0   4.2   39   3.9   4.1

TOTAL            12.3  143  12.7  13.7  128  12.7  13.7

60-69 No HS
      Diploma     3.5   37   3.3   3.0   30   3.0   2.7
      HS Diploma  4.2   50   4.4   4.0   39   3.9   3.5
      Some
      College     1.8   19   1.7   1.8   14   1.4   1.4
      College
      Graduate    1.7   16   1.4   1.5   16   1.6   1.7

TOTAL            11.1  122  10.8  10.2   99   9.9   9.3

70+   No HS
      Diploma     4.8   54   4.8   3.8   42   4.2   3.1
      HS Diploma  3.6   31   2.8   2.2   30   3.0   2.4
      Some
      College     1.5   27   2.4   2.3   24   2.4   2.2
      College
      Graduate    1.2   19   1.7   1.5   16   1.6   1.5

TOTAL            11.1  131  11.6   9.8  112  11.1   9.2

                      1126             1005


by Education Summary level:       1992 pre                1992 post

                  92 CPS      n   Unwtd %   Wtd %    n    Unwtd %  Wtd %

No HS Diploma     20.8      176    15.6    14.4    153    15.2    13.9
HS Diploma        35.5      348    30.9    32.1    309    30.7    32.1
Some College      24.3      302    26.8    27.0    268    26.7    26.7
College Graduate  19.5      300    26.6    26.5    275    27.4    27.4

Total                      1126                   1005



Table 5a: (cont.):
Distribution of the 1992 NES Cross-section sample by current age and education

                            1994 post     1996 pre       1996 post
AGE     HIGHEST   1992     Unwtd Wghtd   Unwtd Wghtd     Unwtd Wghtd
(Cur-  EDUCATION  CPS   n    %    %    n    %    %    n    %    %
rent)                         (Sel,NR)        (Sel,NR)      (Sel,NR)


18-21  No College  4.3  13  1.7  2.5   0   0.0   0.0   0   0.0   0.0
       College     3.1   4  0.5  0.7   1   0.2   0.3   1   0.2   0.3

       TOTAL       7.3  17  2.2  3.2   1   6.2   0.3   1   0.2   0.3

22-29  No HS
       Diploma    2.4    9  1.2  1.1   4   0.7   0.8   3   0.6   0.7
       HS Dip-
       loma       6.1   27  3.6  4.2  20   3.4   4.1  15   2.8   3.2
       Some
       College    4.8   46  6.1  6.1  21   3.5   3.8  18   3.3   3.6
       College
       Graduate   3.5   16  2.1  2.1  22   3.7   4.0  20   3.7   4.0

TOTAL            16.7   98 12.9 13.5  67  11.2  12.7  56  10.3  11.5

30-39  No HS
       Diploma    3.0   16  2.1  1.7  10   1.7   1.6  10   1.8   1.7
       HS Dip-
       loma       8.7   54  7.1  7.2  40   6.7   6.3  37   6.8   6.5
       Some
       College    6.1   77 10.1  9.7  54   9.0   8.7  47   8.6   8.2
       College
       Graduate   5.7   74  9.8  9.6  54   9.0   9.3  50   9.2   9.4

TOTAL            23.4  221 29.1 28.2 158  26.5  25.9 144  26.4  25.8

40-49  No HS
       Diploma    2.4   11  1.4  1.3   6   1.0   0.7   5   0.9   0.6
       HS Dip-
       loma       6.1   39  5.1  5.7  40   6.7   7.3  35   6.4   7.1
       Some
       College    4.7   26  3.4  3.5  20   3.4   3.8  20   3.7   4.2
       College
       Graduate   5.0   63  8.3  8.1  59   9.9   9.4  53   9.7   9.3

TOTAL            18.1  139 18.3 18.6 125  20.9  21.2 113  20.7  21.2

50-59  No HS
       Diploma    2.8   13  1.7  1.8  10   1.7   1.9  10   1.8   2.1
       HS Dip-
       loma       4.7   35  4.6  5.1  29   4.9   5.3  24   4.4   4.6
       Some
       College    2.4   23  3.0  3.2  22   3.7   4.0  22   4.0   4.3
       College
       Graduate   2.5   32  4.2  4.7  28   4.7   4.8  27   5.0   5.1

TOTAL            12.3  103 13.6 14.8  89  14.9  15.9  83  15.2  16.1

60-69  No HS
       Diploma    3.5   21  2.8  2.8  13   2.2   2.1  12   2.2   2.2
       HS Dip-
       loma       4.2   28  3.7  3.6  22   3.7   3.6  22   4.0   3.9
       Some
       College    1.8   10  1.3  1.2  10   1.7   1.6  10   1.8   1.8
       College
       Graduate   1.7   15  2.0  1.8  18   3.0   2.9  17   3.1   3.1

TOTAL            11.1   74  9.7  9.3  63  10.6  10.2  61  11.2  10.9

70+    No HS
       Diploma    4.8   35  4.6  3.5  32   5.4   4.2  30   5.5   4.3
       HS Dip-
       loma       3.6   30  4.0  3.4  25   4.2   3.6  23   4.2   3.7
       Some
       College    1.5   23  3.0  2.9  21   3.5   3.2  19   3.5   3.2
       College
       Graduate   1.2   19  2.5  2.6  16   2.7   2.8  15   2.8   2.8

TOTAL            11.1  107 14.1 12.4  94  15.7  13.8  87  16.0  14.1

                       759           597             545



Summary by Education level:  1994 post  1996 pre  1996 post

92 CPS   n   unwtd %   wtd %   n   unwtd %   wtd %   n   unwtd %   wtd %

No HS Diploma
20.8    108   14.2    12.7    75    12.6    11.2    70    12.8    11.6

HS Diploma
35.5    223   29.4    31.1   176    29.5    30.1   156    28.6    29.1

Some College
24.3    209   27.5    27.2   149    25.0    25.4   137    25.1    25.6

College Graduate
19.5    219   28.8    29.0   197    33.0    33.2   182    33.4    33.7

Total   759                  597                   545


Table 5b: 

Distribution of the 1994 NES Cross-section sample by current age and 
education



                       1994 post           1996 pre           1996 post

AGE  HIGHEST   1994              wghtd              wghtd          wghtd
     EDUCATION CPS   n  unwtd %     %     n  unwtd %  %    n  unwtd %  %
                                (Sel,NR)           (Sel,NR)     (Sel,NR)

18-21  No College  4.2   37   3.6   4.2   12   1.7   1.8   8   1.2   1.3
       College     3.1   18   1.7   2.4    6   0.8   1.1   5   0.8   1.0

TOTAL              7.3   55   5.3   6.6   18   2.5   3.0  13   2.0   2.3

22-29  No HS
       Diploma     2.3   14   1.4   1.3    6   0.8   1.0   3   0.5   0.5
       HS Diploma  5.5   45   4.3   4.5   23   3.2   3.8  17   2.6   3.0
       Some
       College     5.3   58   5.6   5.7   31   4.3   4.0  27   4.1   3.9
       College
       Graduate    3.4   35   3.4   3.3   22   3.1   3.0  20   3.1   3.1

TOTAL             16.5  152  14.7  14.7   82  11.4  11.7  67  10.3  10.5

30-39  No HS
       Diploma     2.9   21   2.0   2.1   12   1.7   1.7   9   1.4   1.4
       HS Diploma  8.1   93   9.0   9.0   57   7.9   7.5  51   7.8   7.1
       Some
       College     6.6   73   7.1   6.8   53   7.4   7.3  47   7.2   7.2
       College
       Graduate    5.7   59   5.7   5.7   41   5.7   5.9  38   5.8   6.3

TOTAL             23.3  246  23.7  23.7  163  22.7  22.4 145  22.2  22.0

40-49  No HS
       Diploma     2.3   14   1.4   1.6   11   1.5   1.9   9   1.4   1.7
       HS Diploma  6.1   53   5.1   6.0   43   6.0   6.5  41   6.3   6.8
       Some
       College     5.2   52   5.0   5.0   43   6.0   6.3  39   6.0   6.4
       College
       Graduate    5.4   67   6.5   6.6   57   7.9   8.1  53   8.1   8.4

TOTAL             19.0  186  18.0  19.2  154  21.4  22.8 142  21.8  23.3

50-59  No HS
       Diploma     2.4   16   1.5   1.6   12   1.7   1.6  12   1.8   1.8
       HS Diploma  4.6   43   4.2   4.4   36   5.0   5.4  29   4.4   4.9
       Some
       College     2.8   24   2.3   2.2   16   2.2   2.1  16   2.4   2.3
       College
       Graduate    2.8   29   2.8   3.1   25   3.5   3.8  25   3.8   4.2

TOTAL             12.5  112  10.8  11.1   89  12.4  13.0  82  12.6  13.3

60-69  No HS
       Diploma     3.0   42   4.1   3.7   25   3.5   3.3  23   3.5   3.4
       HS Diploma  3.8   62   6.0   5.5   39   5.4   5.2  35   5.4   5.0
       Some
       College     1.9   21   2.0   1.9   21   2.9   3.1  21   3.2   3.4
       College
       Graduate    1.7   19   1.8   2.0   14   2.0   1.9  14   2.2   2.1

TOTAL             10.3  144  13.9  13.2   99  13.8  13.4  93  14.3  13.9

70+  No HS
     Diploma       4.6   51   4.9   4.1   37   5.1   4.4  36   5.5   4.9
     HS Diploma    3.7   42   4.1   3.6   33   4.6   4.1  32   4.9   4.4
     Some
     College       1.7   22   2.1   1.8   22   3.1   2.4  21   3.2   2.6
     College
     Graduate      1.3   26   2.5   2.0   22   3.1   2.8  21   3.2   2.9

TOTAL             11.2  141  13.6  11.5  114  15.9  13.7 110  16.9  14.7

                       1036              719             652



Summary by Education level: 
            1994 post          1996 pre            1996 post

94 CPS   n   Unwtd %  Wtd % n  Unwtd %  Wtd %  n   Unwtd % Wtd %

No HS Diploma
19.5   171   16.5   16.1   110   15.3   15.2   96   14.7   14.4

HS Diploma
33.9   362   34.9   35.6   236   32.8   33.1  209   32.1   31.8

Some College
26.4   268   25.9   25.8   192   26.7  26.3   176   27.0   26.8

College 
Graduate
20.3   235   22.7   22.6   181   25.2  25.4   171   26.2   27.0

Total 1036                 719                652



Table 5c: 
Distribution of the 1996 NES Cross-section sample by current age and 
education



1996 pre   1996 post

AGE   HIGHEST   1996       Unwtd Wghtd    Unwtd Wghtd
(Cur- EDUCATION  CPS    n    %    %    n    %    %
rent)                           (Sel,NR)        (Sel,NR)


18-21 No College 4.4   12   3.0   4.1   9   2.7   3.6
      College    2.9   23   5.8   7.5  21   6.2   8.2

TOTAL            7.3   35   8.8  11.6  30   8.9  11.8

22-29 No HS
      Diploma    2.0    4   1.0   0.8   2   0.6   0.5
      HS Dip-
      loma       4.9   18   4.5   3.9  13   3.9   3.3
      Some
      College    5.0   13   3.3   2.9  10   3.0   2.9
      College
      Graduate   3.7   17   4.3   4.0  16   4.8   4.4

TOTAL           15.6   52  13.1  11.5  41  12.2   11.0

30-39 No HS
      Diploma    2.9    4   1.0   0.8   4   1.2   0.9
      HS Dip-
      loma       7.6   36   9.0   9.0  29   8.6   8.7
      Some
      College    6.3   31   7.8   7.6  29   8.6   8.4
      College
      Graduate   5.9   28   7.0   6.6  23   6.8   6.3

TOTAL           22.8   99  24.9  24.1  85  25.2  24.4

40-49 No HS
      Diploma    2.4    5   1.3   1.0   4   1.2   0.9
      HS Dip-
      loma       6.6   23   5.8   6.2  18   5.3   5.6
      Some
      College    5.5   25   6.3   6.8  20   5.9   6.3
      College
      Graduate   5.7   22   5.5   5.5  19   5.6   5.7

TOTAL           20.1   75  18.8  19.6  61  18.1  18.5

50-59 No HS
      Diploma    2.3    7   1.8   1.7   6   1.8   1.7
      HS Dip-
      loma       4.6   17   4.3   4.9  15   4.4   4.9
      Some
      College    2.9   17   4.3   3.6  15   4.4   3.8
      College
      Graduate   3.0   15   3.8   4.8  15   4.4   5.7

TOTAL           12.8   56  14.1  15.2  51  15.1  16.1

60-69 No HS
      Diploma    2.8    9   2.3   1.9   9   2.7   2.3
      HS Dip-
      loma       3.7   12   3.0   2.3  11   3.3   2.6
      Some
      College    1.9    9   2.3   2.5   7   2.1   2.2
      College
      Graduate   1.8    7   1.8   2.2   6   1.8   2.3

TOTAL           10.1   37   9.3   8.9  33   9.8   9.3

70+ No HS
    Diploma      4.3   13   3.3   2.8  10   3.0   2.5
    HS Dip-
    loma         3.7   22   5.5   4.6  18   5.3   4.5
    Some
    College      1.9    6   1.5   1.3   5   1.5   1.4
    College
    Graduate     1.5    3   0.8   0.5   3   0.9   0.6

TOTAL           11.3   44  11.1   9.2  36  10.7   8.9

                      398             337



Summary by Education level:
                             1996 pre          1996 post

                96 CPS   n   Unwtd%  Wtd%  n   Unwtd%  Wtd%

No HS Diploma     18.9   45   11.3   10.3   37   11.0   9.8
HS Diploma        33.2  137   34.4   33.8  111   32.9  32.1
Some College      26.4  124   31.2   32.3  107   31.8  33.1
College
Graduate          21.5   92   23.1   23.6   82   24.3  25.0

Total                   398                337



9.  Post-stratification Factor for the Revised Weights:

     The post-stratification factor for the revised NES cross-sectional 
weights was developed to address problems caused by under-representation 
of age or education groups.     To do this, the corresponding CPS 
estimates were used as the benchmark  standard. The post-stratification 
factor was calculated by dividing the CPS percent by the weighted (base 
weight) NES percent for each of the age by education subgroups. Note 
that the youngest age group consists of only two education groups (no 
college / at least some college) because  of the small number of 18 to 
21 year olds in the samples (especially in 1994 and 1996) and because 
level of education is not as meaningful for the youngest age group since 
they may still be in school.

      Tables 6a, 6b and 6c show the data used to construct the post-
stratification factors  for the combined panel and cross-section NES 
samples for each year.  As an example of the calculation, in the 1994  
NES sample (Table 6b) there were fifty 18-21 year olds with no college 
education.  These people represent approximately 2.8 percent 
(unweighted) of the 1994 sample.  When the base weight is applied, the 
weighted percent is about 3.5.  On the left side of each table the CPS 
statistics for the corresponding year are listed.  These are used as 
estimates of the population percentages by age and education.  The post-
stratification factor is calculated for each  subgroup by dividing the 
CPS estimate by the weighted percent.  In the 1994 example this is 4.2 
divided by approximately 3.5.  Although the percentages in the tables 
are shown to the nearest tenth of a percent, the calculation of the 
post-stratification factors used percents to the nearest hundredth of a 
percent.



Table 6a:
Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 1992 
samples



1992 pre    1992 post



AGE    HIGHEST  1992  Unwtd  Wghtd  Post-strat  Unwtd  Wghtd  Post-strat
(Cur- EDUCATION  CPS  n   %     %    factor  n   %     %       factor
rent)                       (Sel,NR)  (92 cps)        (Sel,NR)  (92 cps)


18-21 No College 4.3   37   3.3   4.6   0.918   34   3.4   4.7   0.900
      College    3.1   25   2.2   2.3   1.313   24   2.4   2.6   1.200

TOTAL            7.3   62   5.5   7.0           58   5.8   7.3

22-29 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   15   1.3   1.6   1.506   15   1.5   1.8   1.343
      HS Dip-
      loma       6.1   53   4.7   4.5   1.354   47   4.7   4.6   1.319
      Some
      College    4.8   63   5.6   5.6   0.857   56   5.6   5.6   0.864
      College
      Graduate   3.5   42   3.7   3.7   0.935   38   3.8   3.8   0.908

TOTAL           16.7  173  15.4  15.4          156  15.5  15.8

30-39 No HS
      Diploma    3.0   23   2.0   1.6   1.833   22   2.2   1.7   1.747
      HS Dip-
      loma       8.7   89   7.9   8.0   1.083   78   7.8   7.8   1.109
      Some
      College    6.1   93   8.3   8.0   0.763   86   8.6   8.3   0.733
      College
      Graduate   5.7  107   9.5   9.2   0.615  103  10.2  10.0   0.567

TOTAL           23.4  312  27.7  26.8          289  28.8  27.8

40-49 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   13   1.2   1.2   2.009   13   1.3   1.3   1.794
      HS Dip-
      loma       6.1   52   4.6   5.1   1.204   48   4.8   5.2   1.180
      Some
      College    4.7   48   4.3   4.7   1.013   40   4.0   4.2   1.113
      College
      Graduate   5.0   70   6.2   6.3   0.791   62   6.2   6.2   0.797

TOTAL           18.1  183  16.3  17.2          163  16.2  16.9

50-59 No HS
      Diploma    2.8   27   2.4   2.5   1.118   24   2.4   2.4   1.155
      HS Dip-
      loma       4.7   43   3.8   4.6   1.020   40   4.0   4.8   0.973
      Some
      College    2.4   28   2.5   2.4   0.959   25   2.5   2.5   0.955
      College
      Graduate   2.5   45   4.0   4.2   0.594   39   3.9   4.1   0.609

TOTAL           12.3  143  12.7  13.7          128  12.7  13.7

60-69 No HS
      Diploma    3.5   37   3.3   3.0   1.182   30   3.0   2.7   1.282
      HS Dip-
      loma       4.2   50   4.4   4.0   1.055   39   3.9   3.5   1.199
      Some
      College    1.8   19   1.7   1.8   1.000   14   1.4   1.4   1.250
      College
      Graduate   1.7   16   1.4   1.5   1.114   16   1.6   1.7   0.994

TOTAL           11.1  122  10.8  10.2           99   9.9   9.3

70+   No HS
      Diploma    4.8   54   4.8   3.8   1.268   42   4.2   3.1   1.540
      HS Dip-
      loma       3.6   31   2.8   2.2   1.633   30   3.0   2.4   1.490
      Some
      College    1.5   27   2.4   2.3   0.642   24   2.4   2.2   0.671
      College
      Graduate   1.2   19   1.7   1.5   0.791   16   1.6   1.5   0.818

TOTAL           11.1  131  11.6   9.8          112  11.1   9.2

                     1126                     1005



Summary by Education Level:
                       1992 pre                     1992 post

             92 CPS  n  Unwtd%  Wtd%            n   Unwtd%  Wtd%

No HS Diploma  20.8  176  15.6  14.4            153  15.2  13.9
HS Diploma     35.5  348  30.9  32.1            309  30.8  32.1
Some College   24.3  302  26.8  27.0            268  26.7  26.7
College 
Graduate       19.5  300  26.6  26.5            275  27.4  27.4

Total               1126                       1005



Table 6b:
Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 
1994 samples




1994 post



AGE   HIGHEST     1994      Unwtd  Wghtd  Post-strat
(Cur- EDUCATION    CPS    n    %    %    factor
rent)                            (Sel,NR)  (94 cps)

18-21 No College   4.2   50   2.8   3.5   1.206
      College      3.1   22   1.2   1.7   1.838

TOTAL              7.3   72   4.0   5.2

22-29 No HS
      Diploma      2.3   23   1.3   1.2   1.924
      HS Diploma   5.5   72   4.0   4.4   1.252
      Some
      College      5.3  104   5.8   5.9   0.898
      College
      Graduate     3.4   51   2.8   2.8   1.230

TOTAL             16.5  250  13.9  14.2

30-39 No HS
      Diploma      2.9   37   2.1   2.0   1.503
      HS Diploma   8.1  147   8.2   8.2   0.979
      Some
      College      6.6  150   8.4   8.1   0.822
      College
      Graduate     5.7  133   7.4   7.4   0.776

TOTAL             23.3  467  26.0  25.6

40-49 No HS
      Diploma      2.3   25   1.4   1.5   1.575
      HS Diploma   6.1   92   5.1   5.9   1.041
      Some
      College      5.2   78   4.4   4.4   1.189
      College
      Graduate     5.4  130   7.2   7.2   0.750

TOTAL             19.0  325  18.1  18.9

50-59 No HS
      Diploma      2.4   29   1.6   1.7   1.407
      HS Diploma   4.6   78   4.4   4.7   0.983
      Some
      College      2.8   47   2.6   2.6   1.069
      College 
      Graduate     2.8   61   3.4   3.7   0.736

TOTAL             12.5  215  12.0  12.7

60-69 No HS
      Diploma      3.0   63   3.5   3.3   0.895
      HS Diploma   3.8   90   5.0   4.7   0.805
      Some
      College      1.9   31   1.7   1.6   1.175
      College
      Graduate     1.7   34   1.9   1.9   0.869

TOTAL             10.3  218  12.1  11.6

70+   No HS
      Diploma      4.6   86   4.8   3.8   1.188
      HS Diploma   3.7   72   4.0   3.5   1.046
      Some
      College      1.7   45   2.5   2.2   0.744
      College 
      Graduate     1.3   45   2.5   2.3   0.559

TOTAL             11.2  248  13.8  11.9

                       1795



Summary by Education level: 1994 post


               94 CPS    n   Unwtd%   Wtd%

No HS Diploma    19.5   279   15.5   14.7
HS Diploma       33.9   585   32.6   33.7
Some College     26.4   477   26.6   26.4
College 
Graduate         20.3   454   25.3   25.3

Total                  1795



Table 6c:
Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 
1996 samples


    1996 pre    1996 post



AGE  HIGHEST    1996   Unwtd  Wghtd  Post-strat  Unwtd  Wghtd Post-strat
(Cur- EDUCATION  CPS    n    %    %    factor    n    %    %    factor
rent)

18-21 No College 4.4   24   1.4   1.8   2.383   17   1.1   1.5   3.007
      College    2.9   30   1.8   2.6   1.140   27   1.8   2.6   1.118

TOTAL            7.3   54   3.2   4.4           44   2.9   4.1

22-29 No HS
      Diploma    2.0   14   0.8   0.9   2.349    8   0.5   0.6   3.673
      HS Diploma 4.9   61   3.6   3.9   1.245   45   2.9   3.1   1.554
      Some
      College    5.0   65   3.8   3.6   1.388   55   3.6   3.5   1.424
      College 
      Graduate   3.7   61   3.6   3.6   1.025   56   3.6   3.8   0.981

TOTAL           15.6  201  11.7  12.0          164  10.7  11.0

30-39 No HS
      Diploma    2.9   27   1.6   1.5   2.000   24   1.6   1.5   2.028
      HS Diploma 7.6  133   7.8   7.5   1.013  117   7.6   7.3   1.041
      Some
      College    6.3  138   8.1   7.9   0.805  123   8.0   7.9   0.804
      College 
      Graduate   5.9  123   7.2   7.2   0.811  111   7.2   7.4   0.799

TOTAL           22.8  421  24.6  24.1          375  24.4  24.0

40-49 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   22   1.3   1.3   1.865   18   1.2   1.1   2.080
      HS Diploma 6.6  106   6.2   6.7   0.979   94   6.1   6.6   0.992
      Some
      College    5.5   88   5.1   5.6   0.979   79   5.1   5.6   0.982
      College 
      Graduate   5.7  138   8.0   7.8   0.726  125   8.2   8.0   0.706

TOTAL           20.1  354  20.7  21.4          316  20.6  21.4

50-59 No HS
      Diploma    2.3   29   1.7   1.8   1.331   28   1.8   1.9   1.233
      HS Diploma 4.6   82   4.8   5.2   0.880   68   4.4   4.8   0.958
      Some
      College    2.9   55   3.2   3.1   0.914   53   3.5   3.4   0.847
      College 
      Graduate   3.0   68   4.0   4.4   0.672   67   4.4   4.9   0.606

TOTAL           12.8  234  13.7  14.5          216  14.1  15.0

60-69 No HS
      Diploma    2.8   47   2.7   2.5   1.096   44   2.9   2.7   1.030
      HS Diploma 3.7   73   4.3   3.9   0.956   68   4.4   4.0   0.923
      Some 
      College    1.9   40   2.3   2.4   0.778   38   2.5   2.5   0.744
      College 
      Graduate   1.8   39   2.3   2.3   0.771   37   2.4   2.5   0.715

TOTAL           10.1  199  11.6  11.1          187  12.2  11.7

70+   No HS 
      Diploma    4.3   81   4.7   3.9   1.098   75   4.9   4.0   1.063
      HS Diploma 3.7   80   4.7   4.1   0.912   73   4.8   4.2   0.890
      Some
      College    1.9   49   2.9   2.4   0.789   45   2.9   2.5   0.757
      College 
      Graduate   1.5   41   2.4   2.2   0.694   39   2.5   2.3   0.664

TOTAL           11.3  251  14.6  12.5          232  15.1  12.9

                     1714                     1534



Summary by Education level:   1996 pre                1996 post

               96 CPS   n   Unwtd%  Wtd%           n   Unwtd%  Wtd%

No HS Diploma   18.9   230   13.4   12.5          203   13.2   12.2
HS Diploma      33.2   549   32.0   32.3          476   31.0   31.0
Some College    26.4   465   27.1   27.6          420   27.4   28.0
College 
Graduate        21.5   470   27.4   27.5          435   28.4   28.8

Total                 1714                       1534



10. "Trimming  of weights

     The new weights for each sample -- 1992 pre and post, 1994 post 
and 1996 pre and post - were calculated as the product of the 
corresponding base weight and the post-stratification factor.   The 
resulting products were then "trimmed" at the 1st and 99th percentiles in
order to control the potential for high variation caused by these 
weights. The results of trimming at the 1st and 99th percentiles are 
shown in Table 7.  The column labels "Before" and "After" indicate 
whether the statistics refer to the weight before or after trimming.

Table 7:  Comparison of final weight statistics before and after 
trimming 


           1992 pre         1992 post           1994 post
        Before   After    Before    After    Before    After

1126     1126     1005     1005     1795     1795
mean    2.4136   2.4038   2.4092   2.4015   2.4201   2.4129 
std dev 1.1252   1.0841   1.1075   1.0773   1.1817   1.1494 
max     9.6008   5.5521   8.5612   5.2942   8.8935   6.5143 
99th    5.5521   5.5521   5.2942   5.2942   6.6514   6.5143 
1st     0.7796   0.7796   0.7471   0.7471   0.7999   0.7999 
min     0.6480   0.7796   0.6644   0.7471   0.6370   0.7999 

               1996 pre         1996 post
          Before    After    Before    After

n          1714     1714     1 534    1534
mean       2.5241   2.5018   2.5112   2.4727
std dev    1.3853   1.2720   1.5714   1.3387
max        13.277   7.5774   16.753   8.4760
99th       7.5774   7.5774   8.4760   8.4760
1st        0.8930   0.8930   0.8496   0.8496
min        0.7104   0.8930   0.6406   0.8496



11.  Results:

     The steps taken to address the 1996 NES overestimation of voting 
in the 1996 presidential election resulted in the development of post-
stratified weights which account for individual selection probability, 
geographic related household nonresponse, and misrepresentation of any 
age by education subgroups.  These revised, CPS-standardized weights 
were computed for the 1992 NES Pre and Post, 1994 NES Post and 1996 NES 
Pre and Post Election data sets.  Users of previous weights released 
with the 1992, 1994 and 1996 data will find that these weights extend 
and combine the features of previously released weights. 

     Table 8 compares the weighted ( final weights ) distributions by 
age and education to the CPS estimates.  It is evident that the use of 
the final weights results in a distribution which is more similar to CPS 
population estimates.



Table 8: 
Comparison of weighted (final weights) NES distribution to CPS population
estimates for age by education subgroups.



AGE  HIGHEST    '92  '92pre  '92post  '94  '94post  '96  '96pre  '96post
(Cur- EDUCATION  CPS   NES    NES      CPS   NES     CPS   NES    NES
rent)

18-21 No College 4.3   4.27   4.27     4.2   4.22   4.4   3.63   3.38
      College    3.1   3.06   3.08     3.1   2.85   2.9   2.97   2.99

TOTAL            7.3   7.33   7.33     7.3   7.07   7.3   6.61   6.36

22-29 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   2.15   2.19     2.3   2.25   2.0   1.90   1.55
      HS Diploma 6.1   6.10   6.09     5.5   5.47   4.9   4.93   4.95
      Some
      College    4.8   4.86   4.85     5.3   5.30   5.0   5.09   5.11
      College 
      Graduate   3.5   3.48   3.48     3.4   3.43   3.7   3.72   3.73

TOTAL           16.7  16.60  16.61    16.5  16.45  15.6  15.63  15.35

30-39 No HS
      Diploma    3.0   2.99   2.99     2.9   2.94   2.9   2.96   2.99
      HS Diploma 8.7   8.69   8.68     8.1   8.09   7.6   7.68   7.73
      Some
      College    6.1   6.13   6.13     6.6   6.63   6.3   6.38   6.42
      College 
      Graduate   5.7   5.68   5.69     5.7   5.72   5.9   5.92   5.96

TOTAL           23.4  23.49  23.48    23.3  23.38  22.8  22.94  23.11

40-49 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   2.19   2.23     2.3   2.27   2.4   2.37   2.39
      HS Diploma 6.1   6.11   6.11     6.1   6.13   6.6   6.61   6.65
      Some
      College    4.7   4.75   4.74     5.2   5.18   5.5   5.56   5.59
      College 
      Graduate   5.0   4.97   4.97     5.4   5.45   5.7   5.73   5.76

TOTAL           18.1  18.02  18.05    19.0  19.03  20.1  20.27  20.39

50-59 No HS 
      Diploma    2.8   2.76   2.75     2.4   2.36   2.3   2.36   2.37
      HS Diploma 4.7   4.68   4.68     4.6   4.61   4.6   4.64   4.67
      Some
      College    2.4   2.36   2.36     2.8   2.78   2.9   2.89   2.92
      College 
      Graduate   2.5   2.51   2.51     2.8   2.77   3.0   3.01   3.03

TOTAL           12.3  12.31  12.30    12.5  12.51  12.8  12.90  12.99

60-69 No HS
      Diploma    3.5   3.52   3.50     3.0   2.99   2.8   2.78   2.79
      HS Diploma 4.2   4.24   4.24     3.8   3.81   3.7   3.72   3.75
      Some
      College    1.8   1.76   1.75     1.9   1.89   1.9   1.91   1.92
      College 
      Graduate   1.7   1.67   1.67     1.7   1.66   1.8   1.80   1.81

TOTAL           11.1  11.19  11.17    10.3  10.35  10.1  10.21  10.27

70+   No HS
      Diploma    4.8   4.84   4.83     4.6   4.57   4.3   4.28   4.32
      HS Diploma 3.6   3.52   3.53     3.7   3.68   3.7   3.75   3.78
      Some
      College    1.5   1.48   1.48     1.7   1.67   1.9   1.88   1.90
      College 
      Graduate   1.2   1.22   1.22     1.3   1.30   1.5   1.52   1.53

TOTAL           11.1  11.06  11.06    11.2  11.22  11.3  11.44  11.53



Summary by Education level:


                         '92pre '92post       '94post     '96pre '96post
                 '92CPS  NES   NES    '94CPS  NES  '96CPS  NES  NES

No HS Diploma     20.8  19.19  19.32  19.5  18.83  18.9  18.25  17.63
HS Diploma        35.5  36.88  36.77  33.9  34.53  33.2  33.37  33.69
Some College      24.3  24.26  24.24  26.4  26.31  26.4  26.69  26.85
College 
Graduate          19.5  19.68  19.68  20.3  20.33  21.5  21.70  21.84



     The final check on the revised weight is to use  this trimmed 
final weight to estimate presidential election voting rates in 1992 and 
1996.  Table 9 shows  that in both 1992 and 1996 the use of the final 
weight results in significantly lower estimates of voting.  


Table 9:   Calculated Voting Rates in the 1992 and 1996 
Presidential elections

            1992                               1996
unwghtd  base weight  final weight  unwghtd  base weight  final weight
0.77       0.78        0.75        0.77        0.77        0.72





>> 1996 CANDIDATE LISTS AND SAMPLE BALLOT CARDS

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      T.D. (Ted) Little       Democratic candidate
32      Bob Riley               Republican candidate
41      Glen Browder            Democrat -- retiring

----------------------------------------------------- 

State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Robert T. Wilson Jr.    Democratic candidate
32      Robert Aderholt         Republican candidate
41      Tom Bevill              Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 5

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bud Cramer              Democratic incumbent
36      Wayne Parker            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 6

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mary Lynn Bates         Democratic challenger
34      Spencer Bachus          Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 7

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Earl E. Hilliard        Democratic incumbent
36      Joe Powell              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Matt Salmon             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Ed Pastor               Democratic incumbent
36      Jim Buster              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 3

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Alexander Schneider     Democratic challenger
34      Bob Stump               Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 4

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Maria Elena Milton      Democratic challenger
34      John Shadegg            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 6

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Steve Owens             Democratic challenger
34      J.D. Hayworth           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Arkansas        Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Winston Bryant          Democratic candidate
12      Tim Hutchinson          Republican candidate
21      David Pryor             Democrat -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Vincent Tolliver        Democratic challenger
34      Jay Dickey              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------        

State:  California      Congressional District: 3

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Vic Fazio               Democratic incumbent
36      Tim LeFever             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 4

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Katie Hirning           Democratic challenger
34      John T. Doolittle       Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 6

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Lynn Woolsey            Democratic incumbent
36      Duane C. Hughes         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 8

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Nancy Pelosi            Democratic incumbent
36      Justin Raimondo         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 9

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Ronald V. Dellums       Democratic incumbent
36      Deborah Wright          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 10

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Ellen O. Tauscher       Democratic challenger
34      Bill Baker              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 12

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Tom Lantos              Democratic incumbent
36      Storm Jenkins           Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 13

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Pete Stark              Democratic incumbent
36      James S. Fay            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 17

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sam Farr                Democratic incumbent
36      Jess Brown              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 19

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Paul Barile             Democratic challenger
34      George P. Radanovich    Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 20

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Cal Dooley              Democratic incumbent
36      Trice Harvey            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 25

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Diane Trautman          Democratic challenger
34      Howard P. 'Buck' McKeon Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 26

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Howard L. Berman        Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Glass              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 27

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Doug Kahn               Democratic candidate
32      James E. Rogan          Republican candidate
42      Carlos J. Moorhead      Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 28

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      David Levering          Democratic challenger
34      David Dreier            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 29

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Henry A. Waxman         Democratic incumbent
36      Paul Stepanek           Republican challenger


-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 32

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Julian C. Dixon         Democratic incumbent
36      Larry Ardito            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 33

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Lucille Roybal-Allard   Democratic incumbent
36      John P. Leonard         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 35

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Maxine Waters           Democratic incumbent
36      Eric Carlson            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 36

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jane Harman             Democratic incumbent
36      Susan Brooks            Republican challenger


-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 38

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Rick Zbur               Democratic challenger
34      Steve Horn              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 39

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      R.O. (Bob) Davis        Democratic challenger
34      Ed Royce                Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 40

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Robert (Bob) Conaway    Democratic challenger
34      Jerry Lewis             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 42

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      George E. Brown Jr.     Democratic incumbent
36      Linda M. Wilde          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 44

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Anita Rufus             Democratic challenger
34      Sonny Bono              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 45

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Sally J. Alexander      Democratic challenger
34      Dana Rohrabacher        Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 46

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Loretta Sanchez         Democratic challenger
34      Robert K. Dornan        Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 47

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Tina Louise Laine       Democratic challenger
34      Christopher Cox         Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------        

State:  California      Congressional District: 48

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Dan Farrell             Democratic challenger
34      Ron Packard             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  California      Congressional District: 51

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Rita Tamerius           Democratic challenger
34      Randy (Duke) Cunningham Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Diana Degette           Democratic candidate
32      Joe Rogers              Republican candidate
41      Pat Schroeder           Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      David E. Skaggs         Democratic incumbent
36      Pat Miller              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Guy Kelley              Democratic candidate
32      Bob Schaffer            Republican candidate
42      Wayne Allard            Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 5

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mike Robinson           Democratic challenger
34      Joel Hefley             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 6

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Joan Fitz-Gerald        Democratic challenger
34      Dan Schaefer            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Connecticut     Congressional District: 3

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Rosa DeLauro            Democratic incumbent
36      John Coppola            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Connecticut     Congressional District: 5

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      James H. Maloney        Democratic challenger
34      Gary A. Franks          Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Allen Boyd              Democratic candidate
32      Bill Sutton             Republican candidate
41      Pete Peterson           Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 12

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mike Canady             Democratic challenger
34      Charles T. Canady       Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 13

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Sanford Gordon          Democratic challenger
34      Dan Miller              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 15

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      John L. Byron           Democratic challenger
34      David Weldon            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 17

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Carrie P. Meek          Democratic incumbent
36      Wellington Rolle        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 18

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Ileana Ros-Lehtinen     Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------


State:  Florida         Congressional District: 21

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Lincoln Diaz-Balart     Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 23

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Alcee L. Hastings       Democratic incumbent
36      Robert Paul Brown       Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 3

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Corrine Brown           Democratic incumbent
36      Preston James Fields    Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 4

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Tillie Fowler           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 6

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Newell O'Brien          Democratic challenger
34      Cliff Stearns           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Florida         Congressional District: 8

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Al Krulick              Democratic challenger
34      Bill McCollum           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Rosemary Kaszans        Democratic challenger
34      Jack Kingston           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sanford Bishop          Democratic incumbent
36      Darrel Ealum            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
                                
35      Jim Chafin              Democratic challenger
34      Mac Collins             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Cynthia McKinney        Democratic incumbent
36      John Mitnick            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 5

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John Lewis              Democratic incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 6

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Michael Coles           Democratic challenger
34      Newt Gingrich           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 7

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Charlie Watts           Democratic challenger
34      Bob Barr                Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 9

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      McCracken (Ken) Poston  Democratic challenger
34      Nathan Deal             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Hawaii          Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Patsy T. Mink           Democratic incumbent
36      Tom Pico Jr.            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------        

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bobby L. Rush           Democratic incumbent
36      Noel Naughton           Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jesse Jackson Jr.       Democratic incumbent
36      Thomas Joseph Somer     Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------  

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      William O. Lipinski     Democratic incumbent
36      Jim Nalepa              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Luis V. Gutierrez       Democratic incumbent
36      Thomas Mendoza Jr.      Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 5

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Rod R. Blagojevich      Democratic challenger
34      Michael Patrick FlanaganRepublican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 6

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Stephen de la Rosa      Democratic challenger
34      Henry J. Hyde           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 7

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Danny K. Davis          Democratic candidate
32      Randy Borow             Republican candidate
41      Cardiss Collins         Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 9

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sidney R. Yates         Democratic incumbent
36      Joseph Walsh            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 10

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Philip R. Torf          Democratic challenger
34      John Edward Porter      Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 11

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Clem Balanoff           Democratic challenger
34      Jerry Weller            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 12

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jerry F. Costello       Democratic incumbent
36      Shapley R. Hunter       Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 19

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Glenn Poshard           Democratic incumbent
36      Brent Winters           Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 20

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Jay C. Hoffman          Democratic candidate
32      John M. Shimkus         Republican candidate
41      Richard J. Durbin       Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Peter J. Visclosky      Democratic incumbent
36      Michael Edward Petyo    Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      R. Marc Carmichael      Democratic challenger
34      David M. McIntosh       Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 4

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Gerald L. Houseman      Democratic challenger
34      Marc Edward Souder      Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 6

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Carrie Dillard Trammell Democratic challenger
34      Dan Burton              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 7

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Robert F. Hellmann      Democratic candidate
32      Edward A. Pease         Republican candidate
42      John T. Myers           Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 9

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Lee H. Hamilton         Democratic incumbent
36      Jean Leising            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Iowa            Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Tom Harkin      Democratic incumbent
16      Jim Ross Lightfoot      Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Leonard L. Boswell      Democratic candidate
32      Mike Mahaffey           Republican candidate
42      Jim Lightfoot           Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Iowa            Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Tom Harkin              Democratic incumbent
16      Jim Ross Lightfoot      Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Connie McBurney         Democratic challenger
34      Greg Ganske             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Kansas          Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Sally Thompson          Democratic candidate
12      Pat Roberts             Republican candidate
22      Nancy Kassebaum         Republican -- retiring

93      Jill Docking            Democratic candidate
94      Sam Brownback           Republican candidate
96      Bob Dole                Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Judy Hancock            Democratic candidate
32      Vince K. Snowbarger     Republican candidate
42      Jan Meyers              Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Louisiana       Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Mary L. Landrieu        Democratic candidate
12      Louis (Woody) Jenkins   Republican candidate
21      Bennett Johnston.       Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Paul M. Chachere        Democratic challenger
34      Jim McCrery             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Steven R. Eastaugh      Democratic challenger
34      Wayne T. Gilchrest      Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Connie DeJuliis         Democratic challenger
34      Robert L. Ehrlich Jr.   Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 3

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Benjamin L. Cardin      Democratic incumbent
36      Patrick L. McDonough    Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 4

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Albert R. Wynn          Democratic incumbent
36      John B. Kimble          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 5

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Steny H. Hoyer          Democratic incumbent
36      John S. Morgan          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 6

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Stephen Crawford        Democratic challenger
34      Roscoe G. Bartlett      Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 7

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Elijah E. Cummings      Democratic candidate
32      Kenneth Kondner         Republican candidate
41      Kweisi Mfume            Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 8

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Donald Mooers           Democratic challenger
34      Constance A. Morella    Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John W. Olver           Democratic incumbent
36      Jane Swift              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Richard E. Neal         Democratic incumbent
36      Mark Steele             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jim McGovern            Democratic challenger
34      Peter I. Blute          Republican incumbent

----------------------------------------------------

tate:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 6

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      John Tierney            Democratic challenger
34      Peter G. Torkildsen     Republican incumbent

---------------------------------------------------

State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 8

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Joseph P. Kennedy II    Democratic incumbent
36      R. Philip Hyde          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 9

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Joe Moakley             Democratic incumbent
36      Paul Gryska             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 10

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Phil Johnston           Democratic candidate
32      Edward Teague           Republican candidate
41      Gerry E. Studds         Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Dan Kruszynski          Democratic challenger
34      Peter Hoekstra          Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Betsy J. Flory          Democratic challenger
34      Vernon J. Ehlers        Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Lisa A. Donaldson       Democratic challenger
34      Dave Camp               Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------        

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 5

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      James A. Barcia         Democratic incumbent
36      Lawrence H. Sims        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 7

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Kim H. Tunnicliff       Democratic challenger
34      Nick Smith              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 9

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Dale E. Kildee          Democratic incumbent
36      Patrick M. Nowak        Republican challenger


-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 10

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      David E. Bonior         Democratic incumbent
36      Susy Heintz             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 11

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Morris Frumin           Democratic challenger
34      Joe Knollenberg         Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 12

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sander Levin            Democratic incumbent
36      John Pappageorge        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 14

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John Conyers Jr.        Democratic incumbent
36      William A. Ashe         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------        

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 15

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Carolyn Kilpatrick      Democratic candidate
32      Stephen Hume            Republican candidate
41      Barbara-Rose Collins    Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 16

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John D. Dingell         Democratic incumbent
36      James R. Desana         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mary Rieder             Democratic challenger
34      Gil Gutknecht           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      David Minge             Democratic incumbent
36      Gary B. Revier          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bruce F. Vento          Democratic incumbent
36      Dennis Newinski         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 5

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Martin Olav Sabo        Democratic incumbent
36      Jack Uldrich            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 6

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      William P. Luther       Democratic incumbent
36      Tad Jude                Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Mississippi     Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      James W. (Bootie) Hunt  Democratic challenger
14      Thad Cochran            Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      John Arthur Eaves Jr.   Democratic candidate
32      Charles W. Pickering Jr Republican candidate
41      G.V. Sonny Montgomery   Democrat -- retiring


-----------------------------------------------------        

State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      William L. Clay         Democratic incumbent
36      Daniel O'Sullivan Jr.   Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Joan Kelly Horn         Democratic challenger
34      James M. Talent         Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 3

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Richard A. Gephardt     Democratic incumbent
36      Deborah Lynn Wheelehan  Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 4

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Ike Skelton             Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Phelps             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 5

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Karen McCarthy          Democratic incumbent
36      Allen Hutchinson        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 6

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Pat Danner              Democratic incumbent
36      Jeff Bailey             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 7

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Ruth Bamberger          Democratic candidate
32      Roy Blunt               Republican candidate
42      Mel Hancock             Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 9

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Harold L. Volkmer       Democratic incumbent
36      Kenny Hulshof           Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Nebraska        Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Ben Nelson              Democratic candidate
12      Chuck Hagel             Republican candidate
21      James Exon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Patrick J. Combs        Democratic challenger
34      Doug Bereuter           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Nebraska        Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Ben Nelson              Democratic candidate
12      Chuck Hagel             Republican candidate
21      James Exon              Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      James Martin Davis      Democratic challenger
34      Jon Christensen         Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Nevada  Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Bob Coffin              Democratic challenger
34      John Eric Ensign        Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Hampshire   Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Dick Swett              Democratic challenger
14      Robert C. Smith         Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Joe Keefe               Democratic candidate
32      John E. Sununu          Republican candidate
42      Bill Zeliff             Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Hampshire   Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Dick Swett              Democratic challenger
14      Robert C. Smith         Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Deborah (Arnie) Arensen Democratic challenger
34      Charles Bass            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Robert E. Andrews       Democratic incumbent
36      Sophia A. Nelson        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Ruth Katz               Democratic challenger
34      Frank A. LoBiondo       Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 7

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Larry Lerner            Democratic challenger
34      Bob Franks              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 9

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Steven R. Rothman       Democratic candidate
32      Kathleen A. Donovan     Republican candidate
41      Robert G. Torricelli    Democrat -- retiring


-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 10

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Donald M. Payne         Democratic incumbent
36      Vanessa Williams        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 11

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Chris Evangel           Democratic challenger
34      Rodney Frelinghuysen    Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 12

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      David N. Del Vecchio    Democratic candidate
32      Mike Pappas             Republican candidate
42      Dick Zimmer             Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 13

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retriing

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Robert Menendez         Democratic incumbent
36      Carlos E. Munoz         Republican challenger
                                
-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New Mexico      Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Art Trujillo            Democratic challenger
14      Pete V. Domenici        Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bill Richardson         Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Redmond            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Nora Bredes             Democratic challenger
34      Michael P. Forbes       Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Kenneth J. Herman       Democratic challenger
34      Rick A. Lazio           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 4

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Carolyn McCarthy        Democratic challenger
34      Daniel Frisa            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 6

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Floyd H. Flake          Democratic incumbent
36      Jorawar Misir           Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 7

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Thomas J. Manton        Democratic incumbent
36      Rose Birtley            Republican challenger

----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 8

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jerrold Nadler          Democratic incumbent
36      Michael Benjamin        Republican challenger

----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 10

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Edolphus Towns          Democratic incumbent
36      Ameila Smith Parker     Republican challenger


-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 11

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Major R. Owens          Democratic incumbent
36      Claudette Hayle         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 12

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Nydia M. Velazquez      Democratic incumbent
36      Miguel I. Prado         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 13

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Tyrone G. Butler        Democratic challenger
34      Susan Molinari          Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 14

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Carolyn B. Maloney      Democratic incumbent
36      Jeffrey E. Livingston   Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 16

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jose E. Serrano         Democratic incumbent
36      Rodney Torres           Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 17

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Eliot L. Engel          Democratic incumbent
36      Denis McCarthy          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 18

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Nita M. Lowey           Democratic incumbent
36      Kerry J. Katsorhis      Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 19

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Richard S. Klein        Democratic challenger
34      Sue W. Kelly            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 25

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Marty Mack              Democratic challenger
34      James T. Walsh          Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 27

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Thomas M. Fricano       Democratic challenger
34      Bill Paxon              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 29

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John J. LaFalce         Democratic incumbent
36      David B. Callard        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 30

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Francis Pordum          Democratic challenger
34      Jack Quinn              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  New York        Congressional District: 31

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Bruce D. MacBain        Democratic challenger
34      Amo Houghton            Republican incumbent

----------------------------------------------------- 

State:  North Carolina  Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Harvey B. Gantt         Democratic challenger
14      Jesse Helms             Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Bob Etheridge           Democratic challenger
34      David Funderburk        Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  North Carolina  Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Harvey B. Gantt         Democratic challenger
14      Jesse Helms             Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      David E. Price          Democratic challenger
34      Fred Heineman           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  North Carolina  Congressional District: 7

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Harvey B. Gantt         Democratic challenger
14      Jesse Helms             Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Mike McIntyre           Democratic candidate
32      Bill Caster             Republican candidate
41      Charile Rose            Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  North Carolina  Congressional District: 8

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Harvey B. Gantt         Democratic challenger
14      Jesse Helms             Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      W.G. (Bill) Hefner      Democratic incumbent
36      Curtis Blackwood        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Thomas R. Chandler      Democratic challenger
34      Rob Portman             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 3

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Tony P. Hall            Democratic incumbent
36      David A. Westbrock      Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 7

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Richard K. Blain        Democratic challenger
34      David L. Hobson         Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 8

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jeffrey D. Kitchen      Democratic challenger
34      John A. Boehner         Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 10

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Dennis J. Kucinich      Democratic challenger
34      Martin R. Hoke          Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 17

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      James A. Traficant      Democratic incumbent
36      Thomas P. McCabe        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 18

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Robert L. Burch         Democratic challenger
34      Bob Ney                 Republican incumbent
                        
-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 19

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Thomas J. Coyne Jr.     Democratic challenger
34      Steven C. LaTourette    Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Oklahoma        Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Jim Boren               Democratic challenger
14      James M. Inhofe         Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Randolph Amen           Democratic challenger
34      Steve Largent           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Oklahoma        Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Jim Boren               Democratic challenger
14      James M. Inhofe         Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Glen D. Johnson         Democratic incumbent
36      Tom Coburn              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Oklahoma        Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Jim Boren               Democratic challenger
14      James M. Inhofe         Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Ed Crocker              Democratic challenger
34      J.C. Watts              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Oregon          Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Bruggere            Democratic candidate
12      Gordon Smith            Republican candidate
22      Mark Hatfield           Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mike Dugan              Democratic challenger
34      Wes Cooley              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Oregon          Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Bruggere            Democratic candidate
12      Gordon Smith            Republican candidate
22      Mark Hatfield           Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Peter A. DeFazio        Democratic incumbent
36      John D. Newkirk         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Thomas M. Foglietta     Democratic incumbent
36      James D. Cella          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Chaka Fattah            Democratic incumbent
36      Larry G. Murphy         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 5

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Ruth C. Rudy            Democratic candidate
32      John E. Peterson        Republican candidate
42      William F. Clinger Jr.  Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 7

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      John Innelli            Democratic challenger
34      Curt Weldon             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 8

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      John P. Murray          Democratic challenger
34      James C. Greenwood      Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 11

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Paul E. Kanjorski       Democratic incumbent
36      Stephen A. Urban        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 12

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John P. Murtha          Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Choby              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 13

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Joseph M. Hoeffel       Democratic challenger
34      Jon D. Fox              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 14

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      William J. Coyne        Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Ravotti            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 17

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Paul Kettl              Democratic challenger
34      George W. Gekas         Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 18

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Mike Doyle              Democratic incumbent
36      David B. Fawcett        Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  South Carolina  Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Elliot Springs Close    Democratic challenger
14      Strom Thurmond          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Floyd D. Spence         Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  South Dakota        Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Tim Johnson             Democratic challenger
14      Larry Pressler          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Rick Weiland            Democratic candidate
32      John R. Thune           Republican candidate
41      Tim Johnson             Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Tennessee       Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      J. Houston Gordon       Democratic challenger
14      Fred Thompson           Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Stephen Smith           Democratic challenger
34      John J. Duncan Jr.      Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Tennessee       Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      J. Houston Gordon       Democratic challenger
14      Fred Thompson           Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Charles (Chuck) Jolly   Democratic challenger
34      Zach Wamp               Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Tennessee       Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      J. Houston Gordon       Democratic challenger
14      Fred Thompson           Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mark Stewart            Democratic challenger
34      William Van Hilleary    Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Tennessee       Congressional District: 5

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      J. Houston Gordon       Democratic challenger
14      Fred Thompson           Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bob Clement             Democratic incumbent
36      Steven L. Edmondson     Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Jim Turner              Democratic candidate
32      Brian Babin             Republican candidate
41      Charles Wilson          Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Lee Cole                Democratic challenger
34      Sam Johnson             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 6

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Janet Carroll RichardsonDemocratic challenger
34      Joe L. Barton           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 7

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Al Siegmund             Democratic challenger
34      Bill Archer             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 8

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      C.J. Newman             Democratic candidate
32      Kevin Brady             Republican candidate
42      Jack Fields Jr.         Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 9

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Nick Lampson            Democratic challenger
34      Steve Stockman          Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 11

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Chet Edwards            Democratic incumbent
36      Jay Mathis              Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 12

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Hugh Parmer             Democratic candidate
32      Kay Granger             Republican candidate
41      Pete Green              Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 13

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Samuel Brown Silverman  Democratic challenger
34      William (Mac) ThornberryRepublican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 14

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Charles 'Lefty' Morris  Democratic candidate
32      Ron Paul                Republican candidate
42      Greg Laughlin           Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 15

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Ruben Hinojosa          Democratic candidate
32      Tom Haughey             Republican candidate
41      E (Kika) de la Garza    Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 18

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sheila Jackson Lee      Democratic incumbent
36      Larry White             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 21

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Gordon H. Wharton       Democratic challenger
34      Lamar Smith             Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 22

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Scott Douglas CunninghamDemocratic challenger
34      Tom DeLay               Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 25

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Ken Bentsen             Democratic incumbent
36      Brent Perry             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 26

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jerry Frankel           Democratic challenger
34      Dick Armey              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 28

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Frank Tejeda            Democratic incumbent
36      Mark Lynn Cude          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Texas           Congressional District: 29

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Gene Green              Democratic incumbent
36      Jack Rodriguez          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Utah            Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Gregory J. Sanders      Democratic challenger
34      James V. Hansen Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Utah            Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Ross C. Anderson        Democratic candidate
32      Merrill Cook            Republican candidate
42      Enid Greene             Republican -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Utah            Congressional District: 3

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bill Orton              Democratic incumbent
36      Christopher B. Cannon   Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Russell Axsom           Democratic challenger
34      Herbert H. Bateman      Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 2

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Owen B. Pickett         Democratic incumbent
36      John Tate               Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Robert C. Scott         Democratic incumbent
36      Elsie Holland           Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 4

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Norman Sisisky          Democratic incumbent
36      A.J. (Tony) Zevgolis    Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 5

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent


(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Virgil Goode            Democratic candidate
32      George C. Landrith III  Republican candidate
41      Lewis F. Payne          Democrat -- retiring

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 6

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent


(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jeffrey Grey            Democratic challenger
34      Robert W. Goodlatte     Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 7

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Roderic H. Slayton      Democratic challenger
34      Thomas J. Bliley Jr.    Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 8

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      James P. Moran          Democratic incumbent
36      John Otey               Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 9

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Rick Boucher            Democratic incumbent
36      Patrick Muldoon         Republican challenger


-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 10

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Robert L. Weinberg      Democratic challenger
34      Frank R. Wolf           Republican incumbent


-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 11

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Tom Horton              Democratic challenger
34      Thomas M. Davis III     Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Washington      Congressional District: 1

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jeff Coopersmith        Democratic challenger
34      Rick White              Republican incumbent

 -----------------------------------------------------

State:  Washington      Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Kevin Quigley           Democratic challenger
34      Jack Metcalf            Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Washington      Congressional District: 6

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Norm Dicks              Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Tinsley            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Washington      Congressional District: 7

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jim McDermott           Democratic incumbent
36      Frank Kleschen          Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Washington      Congressional District: 8

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Dave Little             Democratic challenger
34      Jennifer Dunn           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Washington      Congressional District: 9

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Adam Smith              Democratic challenger
34      Randy Tate              Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  West Virginia   Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Jay Rockefeller         Democratic incumbent
16      Betty A. Burks          Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Alan B. Mollohan        Democratic incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  West Virginia   Congressional District: 3

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Jay Rockefeller         Democratic incumbent
16      Betty A. Burks          Republican challenger

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Nick J. Rahall II       Democratic incumbent
36      Sharon Lord             Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Wisconsin       Congressional District: 2

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Paul R. Soglin          Democratic challenger
34      Scott L. Klug           Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Wisconsin       Congressional District: 4

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Gerald D. Kleczka       Democratic incumbent
36      Tom Reynolds            Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Wisconsin       Congressional District: 5

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Thomas M. Barrett       Democratic incumbent
36      Paul D. Melotik         Republican challenger

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Wisconsin       Congressional District: 9

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Floyd Brenholt          Democratic challenger
34      F. James Sensenbrenner  Republican incumbent

-----------------------------------------------------

State:  Wyoming Congressional District: 1

(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Kathy Karpan            Democratic candidate
12      Michael B. Enzi         Republican candidate
22      Alan Simpson            Republican -- retiring

(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Pete Maxfield           Democratic challenger
34      Barbara L. Cubin        Republican incumbent       
  







                           SAMPLE BALLOT CARDS



........................................................................


                                 BALLOT CARD



                       For the November 1996 General Election
                       ======================================


                                       State:  New Jersey
                      Congressional District:  01


             
                         Democratic                  Republican
                           Party                       Party
                         ----------                  ----------
                  

CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES:      Robert E. Andrews             Sophia A. Nelson
                                                    


CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. SENATE:          Robert G. Torricelli          Dick Zimmer


........................................................................


                                     BALLOT CARD



                       For the November 1996 General Election
                       ======================================
                       

                                       State: Kansas
                      Congressional District: 01


                         Democratic                  Republican
                           Party                       Party
                         ----------                  ----------


CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES:         John Divine                Jerry Moran



CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. SENATE:             Sally Thompson             Pat Roberts



CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. SENATE:             Jill Docking               Sam Brownback

........................................................................


                                      BALLOT CARD



                       For the November 1996 General Election
                       ======================================


                                       State: New York
                      Congressional District: 01


                         Democratic                  Republican
                           Party                       Party
                         ----------                  ----------

CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES:         Nora Bredes                Michael P. Forbes

........................................................................
