              BEHAVIOR REPORTING EXPERIMENT


The Behavior Reporting Experiment is a joint product of the
American National Election Studies (ANES), ISR's Center for
Political Studies, and the Survey Methodology Program of the
Survey Research Center.  For ANES, Steven J. Rosenstone and
Santa Traugott, with the assistance of Margaret Petrella,
collaborated with Robert F. Belli, of the Survey Methodology
Program, in the design and implementation of the experiment.

The experimental manipulation was designed to test a method
to reduce over-reporting of voting and of church attendance.
700 respondents in two Michigan communities were administered
a brief, 10-minute questionnaire between November 9 and December
20, 1994.  The length of the field period for this experiment
was designed to match the usual ANES Time Series field period.

Respondents were selected from voter registration lists, which
were obtained from the city clerk's office in machine readable
form.  A random subset of registrants was selected and these
names were passed through a matching procedure in order to obtain
telephone numbers.  The returned list of names with working
telephone numbers was divided into replicates of equal size.
Since the list of names was in alphabetical order, the replicates
themselves were administered in random order.

Response rate was given low priority, because the focus of the
study was entirely on differences resulting from the experimental
manipulations.  Standard interviewing hours were 6-9 p.m., Monday
through Thursday, and 2-9 p.m. on Sunday.  The overall  response
rate was 29%.

There were four forms of the interview.  All questions were
identical except for the church attendance and the turnout
questions.  The brief interview replicated, insofar as
possible, the standard ANES questions leading up to the turnout
question.  The experimental versions of the church attendance and
turnout questions were designed to reduce "source confusion" by
asking respondents to think very concretely about the
circumstances surrounding their behavior.

Question versions:
              VOTE (TURNOUT)   CHURCH ATTENDANCE
      Form 1: standard          standard
      Form 2: standard          experimental
      Form 3: experimental      standard
      Form 4: experimental      experimental


The actual turnout of each respondent was verified using the
official city registration and voting records, and is on the data
file.

The dataset has 700 cases and 73 variables.



CODEBOOK
1994 BEHAVIOR REPORTING EXPERIMENT


VAR #

100        City ID

            1. Ann Arbor
            2. Ypsilanti


101        Respondent ID Number  (0001-3058)


102        Vote Validation

            1.  Voted in the November 8, 1994 Election
            0.  Did not vote


103        Replicate (1-26)


104        Year Born (2-digit code)


105        Form of Questionnaire

            1. Form 1 (standard turnout, standard church)
            2. Form 2 (standard turnout, experimental church)
            3. Form 3 (experimental turnout, standard church)
            4. Form 4 (experimental turnout, experimental church)


106        Interviewer ID (3-digit code)


107        Date of Interview (mm/dd/yy)


108        Length of Interview (2-digit code, in minutes)


109        Number of calls (1-digit code)


110        Final Disposition of Call

            1.   Completed interview
            5.   Partial interview


111        Final Disposition, Call 1 (2-digit code)

             1.  Completed interview
             5.  Partial interview
            11.  Appointment with R
            12.  Call back; best time for R known
            13.  Call back; best time for R not known
            14.  Answering machine/answering service
            22.  First wrong connection
            25.  First wrong number for R, recontact only
            26.  R's number no longer in service, recontact only
            41.  Ring, no answer
            42.  Regular busy signal
            44.  Fast busy signal or strange noise


112        Final Disposition, Call 2 (2-digit code)

             1.  Completed interview
             5.  Partial interview
            11.  Appointment with R
            12.  Call back; best time for R known
            13.  Call back; best time for R not known
            14.  Answering machine/answering service
            22.  First wrong connection
            25.  First wrong number for R, recontact only
            26.  R's number no longer in service, recontact only
            41.  Ring, no answer
            42.  Regular busy signal
            44.  Fast busy signal or strange noise

113        Final Disposition, Call 3 (2-digit code)

             1.  Completed interview
             5.  Partial interview
            11.  Appointment with R
            12.  Call back; best time for R known
            13.  Call back; best time for R not known
            14.  Answering machine/answering service
            22.  First wrong connection
            25.  First wrong number for R, recontact only
            26.  R's number no longer in service, recontact only
            41.  Ring, no answer
            42.  Regular busy signal
            44.  Fast busy signal or strange noise
            
            

THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT MUST BE READ TO ALL RESPONDENTS:
*******************************************************************************
* This interview is completely voluntary and confidential. If we should come  *
* to any question which you don't want to answer, just let me know and we'll  *
* go on to the next question.                                                 *
*******************************************************************************

VAR #

SECTION A
---------
            In this interview I will be talking with you about the recent
            elections, as well as a number of other things.  First, I have some
            questions about the political campaigns which took place this
            election year.


1          A1.   Some people don't pay much attention to political campaigns.
                  How about you?  Would you say that you were very much
                  interested, somewhat interested, or not much interested in
                  following the political campaigns this year?

                  1. VERY MUCH INTERESTED
                  3. SOMEWHAT INTERESTED
                  5. NOT MUCH INTERESTED

                  8. DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA


2          A2.   How many days in the past week did you read a daily newspaper?

                  0. NONE
                  1. ONE DAY
                  2. TWO DAYS
                  3. THREE DAYS
                  4. FOUR DAYS
                  5. FIVE DAYS
                  6. SIX DAYS
                  7. SEVEN DAYS

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


3          A3.   How many days in the past week did you watch the news on TV?

                  0. NONE
                  1. ONE DAY
                  2. TWO DAYS
                  3. THREE DAYS
                  4. FOUR DAYS
                  5. FIVE DAYS
                  6. SIX DAYS
                  7. SEVEN DAYS

                  8. DK
                  9. NA

SECTION B
---------

4          B1.   Do you approve or disapprove of the way Bill Clinton is
                  handling his job  president?

                  1. APPROVE
                  5. DISAPPROVE

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


5          B2.   As you know, representatives to Congress in Washington were
                  chosen in this election from congressional districts all around
                  the country. How much would you say that you personally cared
                  about the way the election to the U.S. House of Representatives
                  came out:  did you care very much, pretty much, not very much,
                  or not at all?

                  1. VERY MUCH
                  2. PRETTY MUCH
                  4. NOT VERY MUCH
                  5. NOT AT ALL

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


6          B3.   Do you happen to remember the names of the candidates for
                  Congress  that is, for the House of Representatives in
                  Washington  who ran in this district this November?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


7          B3a.  Who were they? (PROBE: Any Others?)

8                [IWER: RECORD FIRST TWO NAMES GIVEN. DO NOT PROBE FOR
                  ADDITIONAL NAMES.]


9                 1. Lynn Rivers
                  2. John Schall
                  3. Other name given
                  4. No name given

                  9. NA
                  0. INAP, 5, 8-9 IN B3


10         B3b.  (ASK FOR EACH NAME IN B3a)
11               What was (NAME's) party?
12
                  1. DEMOCRAT
                  5. REPUPLICAN

                  7. OTHER PARTY
                  8. DON'T KNOW/NO PARTY GIVEN
                  9. NA
                  0 INAP., 5, 8-9 in B3, 8-9 in B3a

SECTION C
---------

           Next I would like to ask you some questions about the candidates who
           ran in this district for the U.S. House of Representatives.


13         C1.   Was there anything in particular that you liked about Lynn
                  Rivers, the Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of
                  Representatives?
                  [INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON'T KNOW RESPONSE]

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  7. R VOLUNTEERS: "I DON'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THIS PERSON"
                  8. DK
                  9. NA


14         C2.   Was there anything in particular that you didn't like about
                  Lynn Rivers?      
                  [INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON'T KNOW RESPONSE]

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 7 IN C1


15         C3.   Was there anything in particular that you liked about John
                  Schall, the Republican candidate for the U.S. House of
                  Representatives?
                  [INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON'T KNOW RESPONSE]

                  1. YES
                  5. NO
                  7. R VOLUNTEERS: "I DON'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THIS PERSON"
                  8. DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA


16         C4.   Was there anything in particular that you didn't like about
                  John Schall?
                  [INTERVIEWER: DO NOT PROBE DON'T KNOW RESPONSE]

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 7 IN C3

           C5.   There are many ways in which Congressional candidates can have
                  contact with the people from their districts.  Think of Lynn
                  Rivers who ran for the U.S. House of Representatives from this
                  district in the last election.  Have you come into contact with
                  or learned anything about her through any of these ways:


17         C5a. Attended a meeting or gathering where she spoke?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


18         C5b. Received something in the mail from her?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


19         C5c. Read about her in a newspaper or magazine?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA

           C6.   (There are many ways in which congressional candidates can have
                  contact with people in their district.) How about John Schall
                  who also ran for the House of Representatives from this
                  district in the last election.  Have you come into contact with
                  or learned anything about him through any of these ways:


20         C6a. Attended a meeting or gathering where he spoke?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


21         C6b. Received something in the mail from him?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


22         C6c. Read about him in a newspaper or magazine?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA

SECTION D
---------

23         D1.    In talking to people about elections, we often find that a lot
                  of people were not able to vote because they weren't
                  registered, they were sick, or they just didn't have time.  How
                  about you--did you vote in the elections this November?

                  1. YES, DID VOTE
                  5. NO, DID NOT VOTE

                  7. I VOTED BY ABSENTEE BALLOT  (VOLUNTEERED)
                  8. DK
                  9. NA

                  0. INAP (FORMS 3,4)


24         D1A.   In talking about elections, we sometimes find that people who
                  thought about voting actually did not vote.  Also, people who
                  usually vote may have trouble saying for sure whether they
                  voted in a particular election.

                  In a moment, I'm going to ask you whether you voted on Tuesday,
                  November 8th, which was _________ [day(s)/week(s) ago].  Before
                  you answer, think of a number of different things that will
                  likely come to mind if you actually did vote this past election
                  day; things like whether you walked, drove, or were driven by
                  another person to your polling place [pause], what the weather
                  was like on the way [pause], the time of day that was [pause],
                  and people you went with, saw, or met while there [pause].
                  After thinking about it, you may realize that you did not vote
                  in this particular election. [Pause].

                  Now that you've thought about it, which of these statements
                  best describes you?  [IWER: READ STATEMENTS IN BOXES 1-4 TO R]

                  1. I did not vote in the November 8th election
                  2. I thought about voting this time but didn't
                  3. I usually vote but didn't this time
                  4. I am sure I voted in the November 8th election

                  7. (VOLUNTEERED) I VOTED BY ABSENTEE BALLOT
                  8. (VOLUNTEERED) DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., FORMS 1,2


25         D1A(1).(IF DON'T KNOW IN D1A:)   Let me reread the options.  Which of these
                  statements best describes you?

                  1. I did not vote in the November 8th election
                  2. I thought about voting this time but didn't
                  3. I usually vote but didn't this time
                  4. I am sure I voted in the November 8th election

                  7. (VOLUNTEERED) I VOTED BY ABSENTEE BALLOT
                  8. (VOLUNTEERED) DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 1-7, 9 in D1A, FORMS 1,2


26         D2.   (IF VOTED OR DK IF VOTED IN D1/D1A:) How about the election for
                  the House of Representatives in Washington.  Did you vote for a
                  candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  7. REFUSED
                  8. DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 5 in D1, 1-3 in D1A, 1-3 in D1A(1)


27         D2a.  (IF YES TO D2:) Who did you vote for?  (IF NO NAME GIVEN:  Which
                  party did you vote for?)

                  1. Lynn Rivers
                  2. John Schall
                  3. Other Candidate
                  4. Democratic Candidate
                  5. Republican Candidate

                  7. REFUSED
                  8. DK
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 5 in D1, 1-3 in D1A, 1-3 in D1A(1), 5,8,9 in D2


28         D3.   (IF VOTED OR DK IF VOTED IN D1/D1A:) How about the election for
                  the United States Senate?  Did you vote for a candidate for the
                  U.S. Senate?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  7. REFUSED
                  8. DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 5 in D1, 1-3 in D1A, 1-3 in D1A(1)


29         D3a.  (IF YES TO D3:) Who did you vote for?  (IF NO NAME GIVEN:  Which
                  party did you vote for?)

                  1. Bob Carr
                  2. Spencer Abraham
                  3. Other Candidate
                  4. Democratic Candidate
                  5. Republican Candidate

                  7. REFUSED
                  8. DK
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 5 in D1, 1-3 in D1A, 1-3 in D1A(1), 5,8,9 in D3


30         D4.   Do you happen to know which party had the most members in the
                  House of Representatives in Washington before the election
                  (this/last) month?  (IF NECESSARY:  Which party?)

                  1. REPUBLICANS
                  5. DEMOCRATS

                  8. NO, DON'T KNOW  (DO NOT PROBE)
                  9. NA


31         D5.   Do you happen to know which party had the most members in the U.S.
                  Senate before the election (this/last) month?  (IF NECESSARY:
                  Which party?)

                  1. REPUBLICANS
                  5. DEMOCRATS

                  8. NO, DON'T KNOW  (DO NOT PROBE)
                  9. NA

SECTION E
---------

32         E1.   Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as a
                  Republican, a Democrat, an Independent, or what?

                  1. REPUBLICAN
                  5. DEMOCRAT
                  2. INDEPENDENT
                  3. NO PREFERENCE
                  4. OTHER PARTY

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


33         E1a.  (IF REPUBLICAN:) Would you call yourself a strong  Republican or a
34                  not very strong Republican?
           E1b.  (IF DEMOCRAT:) Would you call yourself a strong Democrat or a not
                  very strong Democrat?

                  1. STRONG
                  5. NOT VERY STRONG

                  8. DK
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 2-4, 8-9 in E1


35         E1c.  (IF INDEPENDENT, NO PREFERENCE, OR OTHER PARTY:) Do you think of
                  yourself as closer to the Republican Party or the Democratic
                  Party?

                  1. CLOSER TO REPUBLICAN
                  5. CLOSER TO DEMOCRATIC
                  3. NEITHER

                  8. DK
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 1,5,8,9 in E1

SECTION G
---------

            G1.   We would like to find out about some of the things people do to
                  help a party or a candidate win an election.


36                During the campaign, did you talk to any people and try to show
                  them why they should vote for or against one of the parties or
                  candidates?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


37         G2.    Did you go to any political meetings, rallies, speeches, dinners,
                  or things like that in support of a particular candidate?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


38         G3.    During an election year people are often asked to make a
                  contribution to support campaigns.  Did you give money to an
                  individual candidate running for public office or to a political
                  party?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA

SECTION H
---------

39         H1.    When it comes to politics, do you usually think of yourself as a
                  liberal, a conservative, a moderate, or what?

                  1. LIBERAL
                  5. CONSERVATIVE
                  6. MODERATE

                  7. NO, NEVER THINK IN THESE TERMS
                  8. DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA
                  0. R HAS ABSOLUTELY NO UNDERSTANDING OF TERMS "LIBERAL" AND
                  "CONSERVATIVE"


40         H5A.  (IF LIBERAL:) Do you think of yourself as a strong  liberal or a
41                not very strong liberal?
           H5B.  (IF CONSERVATIVE:) Do you think of yourself as a strong
                  conservative or a not very strong conservative?

                  1. STRONG
                  5. NOT VERY STRONG

                  8. DK
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 0, 6-9 in H1


42         H5C.  (IF MODERATE, NEVER THINK IN THESE TERMS OR DK:) Do you think of
                  yourself as more like a liberal or more like a conservative?

                  1. LIBERAL
                  5. CONSERVATIVE

                  3. NEITHER; R REFUSED TO CHOOSE
                  7. NO, NEVER THINK IN THESE TERMS
                  8. DON'T KNOW
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., 1,5,9,0 in H1

SECTION N
---------

          *N1.    We are interested in people's opinions about how government works
                  in general in the United States and how much influence ordinary
                  people have over it.  I am going to read some of the things people
                  have said about the type of government we have in this country.
                  After I read each statement, please tell me whether you strongly
                  agree, somewhat agree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat
                  disagree, or strongly disagree.


43         N1a.   Public officials don't care much what people like me think.

                  1. STRONGLY AGREE
                  2. SOMEWHAT AGREE
                  3. NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
                  4. SOMEWHAT DISAGREE
                  5. STRONGLY DISAGREE

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


44         N1b.   People like me don't have any say about what the government
                  does.

                  1. STRONGLY AGREE
                  2. SOMEWHAT AGREE
                  3. NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
                  4. SOMEWHAT DISAGREE
                  5. STRONGLY DISAGREE

                  8. DK
                  9. NA


45         N1c.   Sometimes politics and government seem so complicated that a
                  person like me can't really understand what's going on.

                  1. STRONGLY AGREE
                  2. SOMEWHAT AGREE
                  3. NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
                  4. SOMEWHAT DISAGREE
                  5. STRONGLY DISAGREE

                  8. DK
                  9. NA

SECTION X
---------

46         X1.    Now I would like to ask you whether or not you happened to attend
                  church or synagogue this (this past) weekend.  Did you yourself
                  attend church or synagogue this (this past) weekend?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  7. REFUSED
                  8. DK
                  9. NA

                  0. INAP., FORMS 2,4


47         X1A/X1B.    
                  Lots of people tell us that they attend religious services
                  quite regularly, but that this (this past) weekend, for some
                  reason or another, they could not attend.  In a moment, I am
                  going to ask you whether you attended religious services
                  this weekend.  Before you answer, think of a number of
                  different things that will likely come to mind if you
                  actually did attend religious services; things like whether
                  you walked, drove or were driven by another person to the
                  service [pause]; what the weather was like on the way
                  [pause]; if someone you expected to see was not there
                  [pause]; and the particular hymns or prayers that took
                  place. [pause]  After thinking about it, you may realize
                  that you did not go this weekend, but you can remember
                  another earlier weekend in which you did attend.[pause].

                  Now that you've thought about it, which of these statements best
                  describes you?
                  [IWER: READ STATEMENTS IN BOXES 1-4 TO R]

                  1. I did not attend religious services this weekend
                  2. I thought about going this weekend, but didn't
                  3. I usually go, but didn't this weekend
                  4. I am sure I attended religious services this weekend
                  5. (VOLUNTEERED) I WENT ON AN EARLIER WEEKEND
                  6. (VOLUNTEERED) I NEVER GO TO RELIGIOUS SERVICES

                  7. REFUSED
                  8. DK
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP., FORMS 1,3

SECTION Y
---------

48         Y1.    What is the highest grade of school or year of college you have
                  completed?

                  00. NONE, No grades completed
                  01. One year completed
                  02. Two years completed
                  03. Three years completed
                  04. Four years completed
                  05. Five years completed
                  06. Six years completed
                  07. Seven Years completed
                  08. Eight years completed
                  09. Nine years completed
                  10. Ten years completed
                  11. Eleven years completed
                  12. Twelve years completed
                  13. Thirteen years completed
                  14. Fourteen years completed
                  15. Fifteen years completed
                  16. Sixteen years completed; four years of college
                  17. Seventeen years; graduate study

                  98. DK
                  99. NA


49          Y1a.  (IF 12 YEARS OR LESS)  Did you get a high school diploma or pass a
                  high school equivalency test?

                  1. YES
                  5. NO

                  8. DK
                  9. NA
                  0. INAP (13-17, 98,99 in Y1)


50         Y1b.  (IF 13-17+ YEARS:) What is the highest degree that you have
                  earned?

                  1.  Bachelor's Degree
                  2.  Master's Degree
                  3.  PhD, LLB, JD, MD, OR OTHER ADVANCED DEGREE
                  4.  ASSOCIATE DEGREE, AA
                  6.  NO ADVANCED DEGREE EARNED

                  8.  DK
                  9.  NA
                  0.  INAP, 00-12, 98-99 in Y1

            Y2.   Can you give us an estimate of your total family income in 1993
                  before taxes?. This figure should include salaries, wages,
                  pensions, dividends, interest and all other income for every
                  member of your family living in your house in 1993.


51                First could you tell me if that was under $25,000 or over $25,000?
                  (IF UNCERTAIN: what would be your best estimate?)

                  1. UNDER $25,000
                  2. OVER $25,000
                  3. $25,000 EXACTLY

                  8. DK
                  9. REFUSED TO ANSWER


52         Y2a.  (IF UNDER $25,000:) Was it under $15,000 or over $15,000?

                  1. UNDER $15,000
                  2. OVER $15,000
                  3. $15,000 EXACTLY

                  8. DK
                  9. REFUSED TO ANSWER
                  0. INAP, 2,3,8,9 in Y2


53         Y2b.  (IF UNDER $15,000:) Was it under $10,000 or over $10,000?

                  1. UNDER $10,000
                  2. OVER $10,000
                  3. $10,000 EXACTLY

                  8. DK
                  9. REFUSED TO ANSWER
                  0. INAP, 2,3,8,9 in Y2; 2,3,8,9 in Y2a


54         Y2c.  (IF OVER $25,000:) Was it under 35,000 or over 35,000?

                  1. UNDER $35,000
                  2. OVER $35,000
                  3. $35,000 EXACTLY

                  8. DK
                  9. REFUSED TO ANSWER
                  0. INAP, 1,3,8,9 in Y2


55         Y2d.  (IF OVER $35,000:) Was it under $50,000 or over $50,000?

                  1. UNDER $50,000
                  2. OVER $50,000
                  3. $50,000 EXACTLY

                  8. DK
                  9. REFUSED TO ANSWER

                  0. INAP, 1,3,8,9 in Y2; 1,3,8,9 in Y2c


56         Y2e.  (IF OVER $50,000:) Was it under $75,000 or over $75,000?

                  1. UNDER $75,000
                  2. OVER $75,000
                  3. $75,000 EXACTLY

                  8. DK
                  9. REFUSED TO ANSWER
                  0. INAP, 1,3,8,9 in Y2; 1,3,8,9 in Y2c; 1,3,8,9 in Y2d


57         Y3.    Would you mind telling me your race?  Are you white, black or
                  African American, American Indian, or Asian?

                  1. WHITE
                  2. BLACK/AFRICAN AMERICAN
                  3. AMERICAN INDIAN
                  4. ASIAN

                  6. OTHER
                  7. REFUSED
                  9. NA


INTERVIEWER'S SUPPLEMENT
------------------------

58         Z1.    RESPONDENT'S SEX

                  1. MALE
                  2. FEMALE
                  9. NA


59         Coder

                  1.  Coder 1
                  2.  Coder 2
                  3.  Coder 3
                  4.  Coder 4
                  
