APPENDICES

>> Study Design, Content, and Administration 1992 PRE-POST

                          STUDY DESIGN

The 1992 National Election Study entailed both a pre-election interview and a
post-election re-interview.  Approximately half of the 1992 cases are
comprised of empaneled respondents who were first interviewed in the 1990
National Election Study and later in the 1991 Political Consequences of War
Study.  The other half of the cases are a freshly drawn cross-section sample.
(Details of the sample design are given in "Sample Design of the 1992 Pre- and
Post-Election Study", below.)

The panel component of the study design provides an opportunity to trace how
the changing fortunes of the Bush presidency, from the high levels of approval
at the start of the Gulf War, through the decline after the onset of a
recession, affected voting in the November 1992 presidential election.  It
also permits analysts to investigate the origins of the Clinton and Perot
coalitions as well as changes in the public's political preferences over the
two years preceding the 1992 election.

Altogether, 2485 citizens were interviewed in the 9 weeks prior to the
November 3, 1992 election.  [Note: The original study Staff release of the
1992 National Election Study in April, 1993 contained 2,487 cases.  See the
note on "A Note on Deletion of Cases", below, for further information about
the two cases deleted from this edition of the collection.] To permit analysis
of the impact of the unfolding election campaign, a random half of the sample
was released to the field on September 1 and the other half on October 1st.
1359 of the pre-election interviews were conducted with panel respondents;
1126 with cross-section respondents.  In the weeks following the election,
2255 pre-election respondents were reinterviewed; 1250 panel, 1005
cross-section.  Further details of the administration of the surveys are given
in "Study Administration", below.

The two components of the study -- the panel and the new cross-section -- were
designed to be easily used together to create a combined nationally
representative sample of the American electorate.  Several case weights are
provided with this data set.

           V3008 (which incorporates sampling, nonresponse and
                 post-stratification adjustments) should be used when
                 analyzing the combined sample (the panel and the new
                 cross-section respondents).

           V3009 (which incorporates sampling, nonresponse and
                 post-stratification adjustments) should be used
                 when analyzing the panel respondents alone.

           V7000 (which corrects for panel attrition and the
                 aging of the panel respondents, but does not
                 incorporate sampling, nonresponse and post-
                 stratification adjustments) should be used when
                 comparing either the panel respondents or the
                 combined panel and new cross-section respondents
                 to previous (unweighted)  National Election
                 Studies data collections.

See "Sample Design of the 1992 Pre- and Post-Election Study", below, and the
documentation for V3008, V3009, and V7000, for further information.


                       STUDY CONTENT; SUBSTANTIVE THEMES

The content for the 1992 Election Study reflects its double duty, both as the
traditional presidential election year time-series data collection and as a
panel study.  The substantive themes represented in the 1992 questionnaires
include:

  *  interest in the political campaigns; concern about
     the outcome; and attentiveness to the media's coverage
     of the campaign

  *  information about politics

  *  evaluation of the presidential candidates and placement
     of presidential candidates on various issue
     dimensions

  *  partisanship and evaluations of the political parties

  *  knowledge of, contact with, and evaluation of House
     candidates (including questions on how their
     Representative voted on the Persian Gulf War
     resolution and whether he/she was implicated in the
     House banking scandal) ; opinions on term limitations

  *  political participation:  turnout in the Presidential
     primaries and in the November general election; other
     forms of electoral campaign activity

  *  vote choice for President, the U.S. House, and the U.S.
     Senate, including second choice for President

  *  personal and national economic well-being, with
     particular attention to the impact of the recession

  *  positions on social welfare issues including:  social
     security; government health insurance; federal budget
     priorities, and the role of the government in the
     provision of jobs and good standard of living

  *  positions on social issues including:  abortion, the
     death penalty; prayer in the schools; the rights of
     homosexuals; sexual harassment and women's rights

  *  racial and ethnic stereotypes; opinions on school
     integration and affirmative action; attitudes towards
     immigrants (particularly Hispanics and Asians);
     opinions on immigration policy and bilingual education

  *  opinions about the nation's most important problem and
     the most important issues discussed during the local
     congressional campaign

  *  political predispositions:  moral traditionalism;
     patriotism; political efficacy; egalitarianism;
     individualism; trust in government; racial prejudice;
     and feminist consciousness

  *  social altruism and social connectedness

  *  assessments of U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War
     and of U.S. foreign policy goals

  *  feeling thermometers on a wide range of political
     figures and political groups; affinity with various
     social groups

  *  detailed demographic information and measures of
     religious affiliation and religiosity
         


                Congressional Ballot Cards, Candidate Lists, and
                               Candidate Numbers

In the usual NES Post-Election survey, and for 1992, in the Pre-Election
survey as well, respondents are asked several questions about their particular
Congresspersons and Senators.  Interviewers pre-edited questionnaires to fill
in the names appropriate for the state and congressional district in which the
respondent was living (or was living during the pre-election interview).  Each
candidate and Senator is assigned a unique number that reflects his or her
incumbency status and party.  (See Candidate Number Codes and Lists).
Particular questions in the survey require the insertion by the interviewer
during pre-editing of the names of candidates.  See, for example, post-
election question B1, which includes feeling thermometers for the various
candidates.  The Candidate Lists used by the interviewers, which show which
candidates are associated with which congressional district and with which
numbers they are tagged, can be found in Appendix F.

Asking questions about incumbent candidates is somewhat more problematic in a
year when redistricting occurred, and for the Pre-Election survey there is the
additional complication that a number of states held their Congressional
primaries after the Pre-Election field work had started.  Further details can
be found at the documentation for Pre-Election questions J10-J11.


                   Handling of Congressional Incumbency Where
                           Redistricting has Occurred

Throughout, whenever the word "incumbent" is used, its referent is a
representative who was a member of the 102nd Congress; i.e., the Congress in
session prior to the November 1992 General Election.  Due to redistricting as
a result of the 1990 U.S. Census, any given incumbent's district for the 103rd
Congress may consist of a fairly different geographical area from the area
covered by the district prior to the boundary changes. Therefore, prior to
1992, the "incumbent" may or may not have been the representative for the
particular piece of geography (the sample segment or census tract) in which
the respondent lives.  For each sample segment, we have included in the
dataset its 1992 congressional district number, v3019, and its congressional
district number in 1990, v3020.  By comparing the two, it can be determined
whether the "incumbent" in question was actually the respondent's incumbent
prior to the 1992 general election.


            "Lagged" Measures Obtained from 1990 and 1991 Interviews

Slightly more than half of the respondents in the 1992 study were also
interviewed in 1990 and 1991. Therefore, all of the variables associated with
the 1990 Post-Election Study (ICPSR 9548) and the 1991 Political Consequences
of War Study (ICPSR 9673) are available for use as "lagged" measures in the
current release of this collection.


                              STUDY ADMINISTRATION

                      Pre-election Study Release of Sample

To permit analysis of the impact of the unfolding election campaign and to
minimize the relationship between interviews taken late in the campaign period
and the difficulty of obtaining an interview, NES divided the Pre-Election
study sample into two random parts. Administration of the first random half
occurred between September 1 and September 30; the second half between October
1 and October 31st, with the first two days of November as "cleanup." The two
part division applied to both panel and cross-section samples.

Note that the study period began before Labor Day, the traditional start of
the Election Studies (and Presidential campaigns). The combination of a late
date for Labor Day (Sept. 7) and an early date for Election Day (Nov. 3rd)
would have shortened our standard field period by about a week, which would
have reduced the overall response rate.


                              Sample "Replicates"

To more closely tailor the field effort to the actual sample performance
during this study, both parts of the sample (panel and cross-section) were
randomly subdivided into five replicates, each of which is a proper, random
subsample of the NES sample.  Replicates 1 and 2 were considered the "base
sample," certain to be released, with three replicates being held in reserve
to be released for fieldwork October 1, 1992, if it was decided they were
needed.  Replicates 4 and 5 were released at that time.


                    Survey Modes:  Design and Implementation

One of the administrative problems in fielding a panel study is that
respondents have had an intervening period of time in which to relocate,
perhaps at some remove from areas where field staff is maintained. 
Additionally, some of the SRC sample primary areas were replaced between 1990
and 1992, and therefore potentially some of the 1990 Election Study
respondents lived in areas where SRC interviewers were no longer on staff.  We
estimated that between 50 and 125 respondents might have moved to areas in
which SRC did not have interviewers, or might be living in their 1990
residence, in a place where SRC no longer maintained interviewing capability. 
(As it turned out, the total number of panel respondents that we interviewed
who were "out of range" for either of these two reasons was 43.) It was our
intention to interview as many panel respondents as possible, but we did not
want to incur the additional costs associated with interviewer travel.
Therefore, we prepared a truncated version of both Pre- and Post-Election
Survey questionnaires, (the "Short-Form") to be administered over the
telephone to those panel respondents who had moved out of range.

Interviews, both in the Pre- and in the Post Election surveys, were also
administered over the telephone to many respondents, both panel and
cross-section, who did not meet the "panel out-of-range" criteria for
telephone interviewing.  The mis-implementation of the design also entailed
the inappropriate use of the full-length questionnaire. Table 7, below, sums
up the situation. In total, 86 percent of the interviews (91 percent before
the election and 81 percent of those conducted after the election) were
administered as mandated by the study design: face-to-face with the full
length questionnaires or by phone for those panel respondents who moved out of
range.


                          A NOTE ON DELETION OF CASES

In putting together the panel file, study staff examined with particular
attention the work of one interviewer and decided that his entire production
for 1990 was suspect. Two panel reinterviews in 1992 were thus based on 1990
interviews which were very likely faked in whole or very large part.  The
decision was made to eliminate these interviews from the 1992 dataset (and
also from the panel file).  Consequently, the total N for the ICPSR release of
these data is 2485 as compared with a N of 2487 in the Study Staff release of
the 1992 Cross-Section data.  The tables found in this introduction were
produced using the original Study Staff release of the data and reflect the
original N of 2487.


                  Table 7: Mode and Form Administration in the
                        1992 Pre-/Post Election Studies

          Panel Respondents
              Mode     Questionnaire   Pre-Election     Post-Election
          Face-to-face(A)    Full       1155   84.8%      951   76.%1
          Phone(B)           Short       149   11.0%      186   14.9%
          Phone              Full         57    4.2%      113    9.0%

                              Subtotal   1361  100.0%     1250  100.0%

          Cross Section Respondents
              Mode     Questionnaire   Pre-Election     Post-Election
          Face-to-face(C)    Full       1053   93.6%      830   82.6%
          Phone (D)          Short         5     .4%        4     .4%
          Phone              Full         68    6.0%      171   17.0%

                             Subtotal   1126  100.0%     1005  100.0%

          Total Respondents
              Mode     Questionnaire   Pre-Election     Post-Election
          Face-to-face       Full       2208   88.8%     1781    79.0%
          Phone              Short       154    6.2%      190     8.4%
          Phone              Full        125    5.0%      284    12.6%
                                Total   2487  100.0%     2255  100.0%

          A.  The 1155 Pre-election respondents in this category
          include 16 Panel interviews taken F-T-F using the Spanish
          version of the questionnaire.

          B.  The Pre-election respondents in this category include 1
          Spanish language panel interview, taken by phone.

          C.  The pre-election total includes 4 Spanish version
          questionnaires taken F-T-F.

          D.  The 5 cases in the Pre-election category consist of 1
          F-T-F and 3 Phone short-form, plus 1 Spanish language
          cross-section case.


                    SURVEY FORMS:  DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

There were two [5] forms of both the Pre- and the Post- Election Study
questionnaire: a short form, to be administered over the phone to panel
respondents who were "out of range," as described above, and a standard, or
full-length questionnaire to be administered to everyone else.  The questions
on the short-form were a subset of those on the full length questionnaires
whose 70 minutes in length was thought to be unacceptably long for a telephone
interview.

50 minutes worth of content was selected for the short form, both Pre- and
Post-Election Surveys.  The criteria for inclusion were that the questions
were "core," i.e., questions part of the NES time-series, as opposed to
recently piloted or topical items, or that they related to the focus of the
1991 Political Consequences of War Study. We decided not to repeat most of the
demographics items for the approximately 100 panel respondents we expected
would be interviewed with the short form, relying instead on their responses
in the 1990 survey.  Additionally, some congressional content was deleted,
because of the difficulty in assigning respondents over the phone to the newly
drawn congressional districts.

Because we estimated the number of cases affected to be few and randomly
scattered across the country, we did not design the instrument for the
telephone.  Except for the income question, we made no adjustments to the
questionnaire for the difference in mode.  In general, interviewers were
expected to read response options to the respondent and to repeat them as
necessary until they were clear to the respondent.

All interviews with a short form questionnaire, except for Spanish language,
and including "legitimate" or "out-of-range" panel respondent interviews, have
been designated as partial interviews, in the result code variables for the
Pre- and Post-Election Studies (v3033 and v5012).


                 EVALUATION OF PROBLEMS IN STUDY IMPLEMENTATION

The problems mentioned above did not become fully evident until coding was
virtually completed, in the last week of February. At its March 1 meeting, the
NES Board of Overseers, to whom these problems were reported, instructed the
Principal Investigators to assess the significance of these problems with
respect to data quality.  This work was carried out by the Principal
Investigators and members of the Study Staff in consultation with Board
members, SRC methodologists and Center for Political Studies personnel as
appropriate. The findings are available in NES Technical Report No.  43,
available from NES Project Staff.

As the Technical Report documents in detail, the inappropriate use of the
telephone and the short-form questionnaire thankfully had only a negligible
impact on the quality of the 1992 data.  When the short-form questionnaire was
used, it of course generated missing data on those items that appeared on the
full-length questionnaire but not on the short-form. But this resulted in a
very slight increase (less than .05 percentage points) in the standard errors
of the affected variables. The pattern of missing data (from use of the
short-form questionnaire) is unrelated to the demographic or political
characteristics of respondents. Instead, interviewers turned to the short form
when it appeared they would have difficulty securing an interview for other
reasons having to do with the field administration of the study. The same
holds for use of phone instead of face-to-face interviewing. Respondents
interviewed over the phone are politically indistinguishable from those
interviewed face-to-face. Attributes of the study administration, not
attributes of the individual respondents, are associated with the propensity
of interviewers to conduct some of their interviews over the phone.  Finally,
although some survey questions perform differently across the two modes of
interviewing, the distribution of responses and the relationship among
variables are substantively the same among phone and face-to-face respondents.


                                 RESPONSE RATES

The Pre-Election study response rate for the cross section sample was 74.0%. 
Recalculating the response rate to eliminate 4 short-form, cross-section
interviews (partials) results in a response rate of 73.7%[6].  For the panel
sample, the response (or reinterview) rate is 77.7% when partials, or short
form interviews, are included, but drops to 69.2% when they are excluded. 
Post-Election reinterview rates are 91.8% for the panel, including partials,
and 85.0% excluding the partial or short-form interviews.  The cross-section
Post-Election reinterview rate was 89.3% including 4 partials; 88.9% excluding
them. These calculations do not differentiate between face-to-face and
telephone modes of interviewing.


                           INTERVIEW COMPLETION RATE

Table 8 lays out the number of interviews taken for each week elapsing after
the Nov. 3 General Election.  In 1992, 25.8% of the interviews were completed
in the first two weeks after the election; 53.1% in the first four weeks. For
comparison, in 1988, 55% of the interviews were taken in the first two weeks
after the election, and 82% in the first four weeks.

            Table 8: Number of and Cumulative Percent of Interviews
             Taken in the Post-Election Study by Week of Interview

          DATES             NUMBER OF      CUMULATIVE      CUMULATIVE
                           INTERVIEWS     NUMBER OF       PERCENT OF
                                          INTERVIEWS      INTERVIEWS

          Nov. 4-Nov.10        237            237            10.5%
          Nov.11-Nov.17        344            581            25.8
          Nov.18-Nov.24        372            953            42.3
          Nov.25-Dec. 1        245           1198            53.1
          Dec. 2- Dec. 8       348           1546            68.6
          Dec.  9-Dec.15       278           1824            80.9
          Dec.16-Dec.22        175           1999            88.7
          Dec.23-Dec.29         86           2085            92.5
          Dec.30-Jan.  5       125           2210            98.0
          Jan.  6-Jan.13        45           2255           100.0%


              VARIABLES SUPPRESSED FOR REASONS OF CONFIDENTIALITY

Starting with the 1986 Election Study, NES has released occupation code
variables in somewhat less detail than in years past.  This dataset includes a
two-digit code with 71 categories corresponding to Census Bureau occupational
groupings.  Those who need the full occupation code for their research should
contact the NES project staff for information about the conditions under which
access may be provided.

Similarly, the National Election Studies have not included information for
census tracts or minor civil divisions since 1978.  Permission to use the more
detailed geographic information for scholarly research may be obtained from
the Board of Overseers.  More information about this is available from NES
project staff.

Coding of the new religious denomination variable is in some cases based on an
alphabetic "other, please specify" variable.  This variable is restricted for
reasons of confidentiality, but access may be provided to legitimate scholars
under established NES procedures.


                              OPEN-ENDED MATERIALS

Traditionally, the National Election Studies have contained several minutes of
open-ended responses (for example, the candidate likes and dislikes).  These
questions are put into Master Codes by the SRC coding section.  Other scholars
have developed alternative or supplemental coding schemes for the questions
(for example, the levels of conceptualization, released as ICPSR 8151).  The
Board of Overseers wishes to encourage these efforts but in ways which respect
the NES and SRC obligation to protect the privacy and anonymity of
respondents.  Circumstances under which individuals may have access to
transcribed versions of these questions have been worked out and those
interested should contact the NES project staff for further details.

                                                                               
                      Table 1: Field Administration Information                
                                                                               
                            Response Rate:     71.4%                           
                      Length of Interview:     78.0 min                        
                       No. of Respondents:   2000                              
-                                                                              

                                                                               
               Table 2: Number and Cumulative Percent of Interviews in         
                      Two-Week Intervals from Election Day, 1990               
                                                                               
                          Nov. 07-Nov. 17       836      42%                   
                                                                               
                          Nov. 18-Dec. 01       594      72%                   
                                                                               
                          Dec. 02-Dec. 22       413      92%                   
                                                                               
                          Dec. 23-Jan. 05       106      97%                   
                                                                               
                          Jan. 06-Jan. 26        51     100%                   

                                        NOTES

             {There are no notes [1] - [4]}                                    
 
             [5] There were actually three forms of both questionnaires,       
             since they were translated in Spanish.  The Spanish language      
             questionnaires are also "short-form" since only core items        
             were translated.  They are not, however, treated as               
             "short-form" for "partials" for the purpose of this               
             discussion.                                                       
                                                                               
             [6] The denominator for the calculations in this paragraph        
             are as given in Tables 14 and 15 this Introduction.               
             Information about the numerators appears in Table 7.              
                                                                               
             [7] Text prepared by the Sampling Section of the Survey           
             Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University        
             of Michigan,  March, 1993.                                        
                                                                               
             [8] While the Panel segments were selected from the 1980          
             STF1B file, most of the Cross-section segments were selected      
             from the nearly equivalent 1990 Census file (PL94-171 file        
             on CD ROM) which contains the block-level 1990 Census             
             housing unit (HU) data.  At the time of selection the 1990        
             STF1B file was not available.  Therefore, the PL94-171 file       
             was used, which had "total HU's" (rather than "occupied           
             HU's") per block; for these Cross-section segments, linkage       
             was designed to achieve a minimum measure of 72 TOTAL HU's        
             per SSU.  Also, since in 1990 all areas had been divided          
             into Census Tracts and blocks, no Enumeration Districts were      
             involved as SSU's.  In other respects the second stage            
             selection was the same for both sets of area segments.            
                                                                               
             [9] See Note 3.                                                   
                                                                 
             [10] The 1986 NES was the most recent NES sample using the        
             two-thirds National Sample.  Response rate in 1986 was .701       
             and occupancy eligibility rate was .835.                          
                                                                               
             [11] Based on field experience in 1986 NES study.                 
                                                                               
             [12] About 55% of the base sample was assigned to the first       
             release, September 1, 1992.                                       
                                                                               
             [13] Released to field October 1, 1992.                           
                                                                               
             [14] All "reserve" replicates were to have coversheets sent       
             to the field October 1, 1992, in sealed envelopes which were      
             not to be opened by the interviewers until notified of their      
             "release".  As it happened, it was decided to release             
             Replicates 4 and 5 on October 1, 1992.  Replicate 3 was           
             never released. (However, a few cases from Replicate 3 were       
             released by mistake; these cases can be identified by using       
             variables 3023 and 3024.)                                         
                                                                               
             [15] An overall Panel response rate of 75% was assumed.           
             Based on recontact response to the 1991 Persian Gulf Study:       
             1385 cases at 87% response rate = 1205 cases, and 615 cases       
             at 50% response rate = 308 cases.  Therefore, Overall:            
             1513/2000 = .756                                                  
                                                                               
             [16] See Note 12.                                                 
                                                                               
             [17] Based on 1986 NES field experience using the two-thirds      
             National Sample (.835).                                           
                                                                               
             [18] No provision of update growth was applied in early           
             estimates.  Since the updating process was applied to the         
             cross-section component of the 1992 NES Sample, and since it      
             typically produces about 3% increase in sample lines over         
             the count selected from the National Sample system, the           
             update inflation factor was set at 1.03 for the                   
             cross-section component.                                          
                                                                               
             [19] One percent of the sample was lost due to subsampling        
             in three locked and two dangerous areas.                          
                                                                               
             [20] An overall Panel response rate of 75% was assumed,           
             based on previous recontact experience (response to the 1991      
             Persian Gulf Study): 1385 cases at 87% response rate = 1205       
             cases, and 615 cases at 50% response rate = 308 cases.            
             Overall: 1513/2000 = .756                                         
                                                                               
             [21] This figure was left without applying the usual growth       
             factor for updating to the cross-section component of the         
             sample, since this was the table presented (see Table 11) in      
             the original planning for the study.  The equivalent figure       
             for the actually released Replicates 1,2,4 and 5) was taken       
             with the growth factor of 1.03 applied to the cross-section       
             component only.                                                   
                                                                               
             [22] In constructing the analysis weight, a maximum of three      
             eligible adults was allowed.                                      
                                                                               
             [23] For cross-sectional analysis of the 1992 NES data the        
             combined cross-section and panel data must be used.  Cross-       
             section component data cannot be used alone.                      
                                                                               
             [24] The design effects from the 1988 NES are expected to be      
             similar to those for the 1992 NES. Sampling errors for the        
             1992 NES have not yet been run.                                   
                                                                               
             [25] The standard error of a percentage is a symmetric            
             function with its maximum centered at p=50%; i.e., the            
             standard error of p=40% and p=60% estimates are equal.            


>> Study Design, Content, and Administration 1993 PILOT

                 SURVEY CONTENT AND OBJECTIVES

                            Overview

The 1993 Pilot Study is the second of a projected three wave study.  The 1993
wave was in the field approximately one year after the first wave of the study
which is the 1992 Pre- and Post-election study, from which the 1005
cross-section respondents were selected for reinterview in 1993.  We
anticipate that respondents will be interviewed for a third time as part of
the 1994 Election Study.  The three-wave study is designed to exploit the
special circumstances of the 1992-94 elections:  a minority president who is
struggling to forge a majority coalition in the face of a strong third-party
challenge, and the replacement in 1992 of fully one-quarter of the House of
Representatives. Each presents an unique opportunity which we propose to seize
through projects that are directed at understanding how electoral coalitions
form (and decay) and how new members of the House secure their districts.
Additionally, the Pilot Study fulfills its role as the vehicle for testing and
developing new instrumentation for the 1994 National Election Study.

                             The Clinton Coalition

The 1994 elections present both a substantial opportunity and risk to the
Democratic Party.  The stakes are high:  the party needs to consolidate the
gains of 1992 and build a majority coalition.  In some ways, the Clinton
Administration began this political task from a position of extraordinary
weakness.  Although Bill Clinton captured a clear majority of the electoral
votes, he entered the White House without a clear mandate, winning just a
shade over 43 percent of the popular vote.  Indeed, early interpretations of
the 1992 election have emphasized less that Clinton won the Presidency and
more that Bush lost it.

At the same time, whether in possession of a popular mandate or not, Clinton
came to Washington with significant legislative initiatives in mind. He
introduced major proposals on taxes and spending.  He appears determined to
grapple with health care, not to tinker with it but to reform it
fundamentally.  Clinton's election has of course meant the return of unified
government to the national scene, though early readings suggest that
Republican unity in the Senate and Democratic defections from Clinton's
proposals may undermine the promises of unified control.  Still, there is the
prospect of real change: major proposals, passed into law, with the
consequences broadly felt throughout the country.

From the perspective of coalition maintenance, this is a special political
moment, one portentous for the future electoral success not only of the
Democratic and Republican Parties but for third party challenges as well (a
point we take up immediately below).  We want to assess how all this
consequential and high-profile political churning intrudes upon Clinton's
capacity to hold together and expand his political coalition over the first
critical years of his administration.  How have each of Clinton's major policy
initiatives added or subtracted support from his political coalition?

The 1993 Pilot Study re-asks a number of items from the 1992 Study, and adds
others, to give as complete a picture as possible of how Clinton is faring
with the coalition which elected him.  These items are:

          Evaluation of economy (V7238-7260)

          Approval ratings of several aspects of Clinton's
                performance in office (V7101-7120)

          Thermometer ratings of Bill and Hillary Clinton
                (V7130-7138)

          Who would R vote for if the election were held
                today (V7161)

          Liberal-conservative placement of Clinton (V7209-
                7216)

          Traits and affects batteries (V7226-7230, V7267-
                7270)

          Opinion on NAFTA (V7261-7266)

          Opinion on budget deficit (V7315-7323)

From a slightly different angle, the 1992-1994 study, of which the 1993 Pilot
Study is the middle piece, is also directed at more fully understanding the
Perot phenomenon.  That Perot's popularity is a political phenomenon is hardly
open to question.  Following an eccentric if not quixotic on and off and on
again campaign, and in spite of the formidable hurdles which the American
system places before third-party candidates, Perot won nearly one in five
votes cast in 1992.  In this respect, Perot did better than all but one third
party candidate since the Civil War split the nation.

Perot's pockets are deep enough to finance a continued high public profile. 
Perot's likely continued presence quickens interest on our part in
understanding the maintenance and decay of his coalition as well.  Even
without the trappings and formal powers of the Presidency, Perot, like
Clinton, faces the identical political problem of somehow hanging on to his
supporters while recruiting still others as they become disenchanted with the
alternatives.

To what extent does Perot's continued support rest upon an ideological base? 
Or upon disenchantment with business as usual, a continuing protest against
politics itself?  Or upon the failure of government to deal with the economy
or the budget deficit?  Or should the Perot movement be understood in more
personal terms, dependent upon continuing public displays of a winning style
and personality?  Or, finally, does it turn on contempt for the alternatives?

A number of items which attempt to tap the sources and strength of Perot
support have been included in the study.  They include:

          Ross Perot and United We Stand feeling thermometers
               (V7131, V7149, V7150)

          Liberal-conservative placement for Perot (V7220-
               7221)

          Traits and affects batteries (V7231-7235, V7271-
               7274)

          Attitudes toward political parties ((V7295-7296,
               V7305, V7366-7370)

          Attitudes toward media, special interests,
               government in Washington (V7306-V7308)

          Membership in, contact by United We Stand America
              (V7312-7314)

To examine the maintenance and decay of electoral coalitions, we have
empaneled the cross-section respondents to the 1992 NES Post-Election Survey,
interviewing them again in the fall of 1993, and proposing to interview them
one final time in the weeks following the 1994 midterm election.  The panel
design is a powerful one for several reasons.  First, an absolute requirement
for a study of electoral coalitions is the successful identification of
Clinton, Perot, and Bush voters (and non-voters as well).  For Clinton, the
immediate political challenge has several aspects:  to maintain the support of
those who voted for him in 1992; to build support among those who voted for
his opponents, especially those who went Perot's way in 1992; and to awaken
interest and eventually support among those millions who, in 1992, voted for
no one at all. Attempting to assess vote a year or more away from the
election, as we would have to do absent a panel design, invites error of the
most pernicious sort.  For example, citizens who in fact voted for Clinton in
1992 but who have since recoiled in horror at what he has done, might now
report that they had voted for Bush.  To get this project off the ground, we
need to know what citizens did on election day 1992, and to know that, we
treat the 1992 NES Survey as a first wave of a panel.

Second, coalition maintenance and decay may be a classic case of little
detectable movement at the aggregate level obscuring lots of off-setting
movement at the individual level, as citizens move in and out of various
partisan camps.  Determining the fluidity of the Clinton and Perot coalitions
can be uncovered with panel evidence.

Finally, panel data will also permit the testing of alternative theories of
political learning.  Whether such theories come from formal, statistical
formulations, as in Bayesian models, or from various psychological theories, a
claim held in common is that what people absorb from their political
experiences depends on their prior beliefs and sentiments.  Learning is
conditional on what citizens already know.  This means that we must have
baseline readings on citizens before Clinton's coming to power. The 1992 NES
survey of course delivers handsomely on precisely this point.  These data tell
us what citizens thought in 1992 about the necessity of new taxes, the
seriousness of the federal budget deficit, the need for health care reform,
the conditions under which women should be permitted to have abortions,
whether gays should be allowed to serve in the armed forces, the
responsiveness of government institutions, the performance of the major
parties, and much, much more. And this means that, having returned to these
same citizens in 1993 and 1994, we will be in excellent position to understand
in a fine-grained way how electoral coalitions are held together and how they
fall apart.

                             Securing the District

Due to a combination of re-districting, scandal, and retirement, the 1992
House elections resulted in a dramatic turnover in personnel.  More than
one-quarter of the House was replaced:  110 new Representatives won in
November, the most in nearly half a century  This turnover provides an the
opportunity of examining the ways in which new members of the House secure
their districts against challenge in the next election.  For the first time,
we can examine the relationship that develops between representatives and
their constituents in its formative stages during the first term in office.

The advantages of incumbency have been a central theme of research on House
elections and on the institution itself.  Defections from party-line voting in
House elections have increasingly favored the incumbent.  These days,
incumbent Representatives almost always win, often by overwhelming margins. 
Despite all the talk about anti-incumbent feelings in 1992, fully 93 percent
of House incumbents seeking re-election were returned to office. Taking into
account primary election defeats, this figure remains an impressive 88
percent. On the other hand, this re-election rate was the lowest since the
Watergate election of 1974 and fell just 2 points short of being the lowest in
forty years. Moreover, it does not take into account the unusually large
number of representatives who choose not to run again in 1992, some of whom
certainly would have been defeated.  It is also true that winning incumbents
were much more likely to find themselves in close contests in 1992 than in
previous years.  Still, in the face of re-districting, scandal, and widespread
popular disdain for the institution of Congress, incumbents seeking
re-election were rarely turned away.  Success at under these highly
unfavorable conditions testifies to the continuing electoral benefits of
incumbency.

We know that incumbent advantage accrues quickly: it is well-established,
perhaps established in full, by completion of the first term in office. 
Indeed, a common measure of incumbency advantage is the "sophomore surge:" 
the gain typically registered in the representative's first re-election try.
What happens during these first two years?  How do newly elected members of
the House consolidate their victories?  Is the incumbency advantage secured as
a result of the actions that members of Congress engage in during their first
term of office, or is it secured as a result of their first re-election
campaign?  As it is typically investigated, the problem is impossible to
unravel.  The data we rely on are always investigated in the context of an
election campaign.  Moreover, it is precisely those incumbents who are deepest
in trouble at election time who work their district the most.

The study we propose here provides a clean test of the inherent (as opposed to
campaign-related) advantages of incumbency.  Many new members are precarious,
and most no doubt believe that they are.  Under these circumstances, do in
fact new members of the House concentrate their attention and activities on
their home district during their first term and, most important, do their
constituents take notice?

As a general matter, we know next to nothing about the impressions created by
Representatives -- whether they are new to Congress or not--between elections. 
What in fact happens to the visibility of newly-elected representatives over
the critical period of their first term?  Do constituents tend to forget about
their representatives between elections, and then learn about them again as
the next campaign takes off?  Or do constituents learn more and more about
their representatives as the first term proceeds, a response to what Richard
Fenno has called "the permanent campaign?"

The 1992-1993-1994 panel data provide sharp tests of the alternative
theoretical interpretations of the incumbency advantage.  Of the 1005
respondents who make up the 1992 NES post-election cross-section, over a
quarter (n=275) resided in congressional districts that sent a new member to
Congress in 1992.  Thus, the high turnover that occurred in the House in 1992
provides sufficient numbers of respondents to support detailed analysis of the
processes by which newly-elected representatives (compared to returning
incumbents) shore up their support during their first term in office.  The
panel design provides efficient measurement of the evolution of new
Representatives' reputations among their constituents.  With panel evidence in
hand, patterns of learning and forgetting and alterations in trust and
support, conditional on the views held by constituents before their
Representatives went off to Washington, can be traced.

The survey included extensive content on evaluations of incumbent members of
Congress.  Much of the content repeats the now-familiar congressional
batteries.  Also embedded in the study is an experiment designed to give us
more information about whether the use of the ballot card has contributed to
over-reporting. Half of the respondents were supplied with the names as well
as parties of the candidates for congress when asked for whom they voted. This
emulates the ballot card.  The other half of the respondents were simply asked
whether they voted for the Democrat or the Republican candidate.

               Recall of candidates running in "this district
                this past November" (V7121-7129)

               Thermometer rating of incumbent; recall what
                job he/she holds? (V7136-7137)

               Likes/dislikes of incumbent (V7162-7173)

               Contact with U.S. Representative incumbent
                (V7174-7183)

               Vote for Representative (V7184-7185)

               Approve of way Representative handling job
                (V7191-7194)

               Does R's representative support Clinton's
                legislative proposals (V7195-V7199)

               Did he/she vote for Clinton's deficit reduction
                package (V7200-7202)

               Does Representative do a good job of keeping in
                touch (V7203)

               Liberal-conservative placement of Representative
                (V7222-7223)

                         Developing New Instrumentation

The design of the 1993 Pilot Study replicates one NES successfully implemented
in 1990-91-92 to assess the political impact of the Persian Gulf War.  In this
design, the odd- year Pilot Study serves double duty as a platform both from
which to conduct the second wave of the panel and to carry out the research
and development work for the subsequent year's election study.

One section of development work (variables 7371- 7422) follows a proposal made
by Laura Stoker, to study the interest basis of political attitudes. Questions
are asked about perceived interests of several groups (wealthy, poor, middle
class, blacks, whites), as well as self and national interest, in three
domains:

               National health insurance (V7374-7384)
               Affirmative action (V7405-7422)
               School choice (V7385-7404)

Half of the respondents received the questions about affirmative action in
lieu of the school choice questions while the other half got the school choice
questions instead of those relating to affirmative action.

Douglas Strand proposed a number of questions relating to attitudes toward
homosexuals and about policies affecting homosexuals.  The attitudes toward
homosexuals are measured by asking Rs whether:

               Parents should encourage boys to be masculine and
                girls to be feminine (V7289-7294)

               Homosexuality is a matter of choice (V7336-7339)

               Homosexuals try to seduce non-homosexuals (V7340-
                7343)

               The idea of homosexuality disgusting or
                uncomfortable (V7348-7351)

               He/she worries about getting AIDS or other disease
                from homosexuals (V7348-7351)

               Homosexuality is unnatural (V7352-7355)

               Homosexuals have too much/too little influence
                (V7356-7360)

               Homosexuality is against the will of God
                (V7361-7365)

               Attitudes towards policy relating to homosexuals
                are measured by these items:

               Favor or oppose laws protecting homosexuals
                from job discrimination (V7324-7327)

               Whether homosexuals should serve in military
                (V7328-7331)

               Should homosexual couples be allowed to adopt
                children (V7332-7335)

               A number of experiments in the survey response
                also are included in the Pilot Study.  These
                include:

               Budget package vs. deficit reduction package
                (V7200)

               Experiment in wording of the vote choice for
                Representative question-reading candidate name
                as well as party, versus reading only party
                labels (V7185, V7283)

               Reversing order of self versus political object
                placement on liberal conservative 7-pt scale
                (V7205-7219)

               Certainty probe on liberal-conservative scale;
                self and other objects (V7208, V7211, V7216, V7219,
                V7221, V7223)

               Experiments on nature of follow-up: strength
                versus amount (lot, little) (V7263, V7266,
                V9\7291, V7294, V7300, V7308)

               Experiments on length of follow-ups: short versus
                verbose ((V7102-7104, V7349-7351) order in which
                groups were presented in the interest basis of
                politics section was reversed for half the
                sample (V7374-7422)

                  STUDY CHARACTERISTICS AND ADMINISTRATION

The 1993 Pilot Study was a telephone reinterview of (cross-section)
respondents to the NES 1992 Pre- and Post-Election Study.  Interviewing was
carried out by the Telephone Facility of the Survey Research Center, the
Institute for Social Research.

               Field period was Sept. 23 --Nov. 24, 1993
               Average interview length was 42 minutes
               750 interviews were taken, including 4 partials
               Response rate was 74.6 percent; cooperation
                  rate was 88.4 percent (See below)
               The study was CATI -- there is no paper version
                  of the Questionnaire

                           Response Rate Calculations

This is a Panel Study, and response rate calculations are somewhat different
than those for an initial contact study, primarily because there is no
"non-sample" category.  Every one of the 1005 persons we originally
interviewed in the 1992 Post -election study is, by definition, eligible for a
reinterview.  (1992 respondents who were interviewed in the Pre-election study
only were not part of the 1993 study sample.)  We reinterviewed 750 of these
1005 respondents to the 1992 study, for a strictly construed reinterview rate
of 74.6 percent. 98 respondents from the 1990 Study refused to be
reinterviewed.  An additional 157 respondents could not cooperate because they
were ill or for some other reason physically unable to complete a telephone
interview; because they were not locatable; or because they did not have a
telephone and did not respond to our requests to call the Telephone Facility. 
A cooperation rate, which excludes the 157 noninterview cases, is calculated
at 88.4 percent.

The Telephone Facility and NES staff collaborated on a several step plan to
boost response rate and to reduce panel attrition.  There were several
mailings to the respondents, including a thank-you letter, a respondent
report, and an advance contact letter enclosing a small clock as an incentive.
The field period was long enough to provide time to track respondents.
Persuasion letters were sent, to those who were initially reluctant to
participate.  An 800-number was set up for respondents to call for further
information about the study. In the late stages of interviewing, monetary
incentives were offered to 42 reluctant respondents.  Finally, the study
benefitted from having a highly committed and skilled cadre of interviewers.

                Interviewer training, pretesting and debriefings

The first draft of the questionnaire was pretested by picking at random
telephone numbers from local (not Ann Arbor) telephone exchanges.  30 inter-
viewers were taken in this way by a mixture of experienced and new
interviewers.  Study staff "debriefed" the interviewers on their own and
respondents' reactions to each question in the pretest instrument.  These
pretest interviews were also tape recorded, and new questions were "behavior
coded" for more quantitative indications of problems with these questions.  A
separate debriefing was held for the behavior coders.  Information from both
of these debriefings (which were contradictory on certain points) was
incorporated into the production instrument.

Standard practice for an SRC study calls for a study guide, listing study
objectives and procedures, as well as any special information that
interviewers need to know about specific questions.  (A copy of this document,
as well as study guides for all previous studies, is available from NES
Project Staff.) Prestudy conferences with all interviewers and NES staff and
PIs gave an opportunity to train on specific questions, and answer concerns of
interviewers. Midway through the interviewing, NES staff and PI met with
interviewers to hear directly from them how the study was proceeding and how,
in their opinion, new sections of the questionnaire were working.  A full
report of this debriefing is included in Appendix A.

                                Forms Assignment

When the Board began planning for this study, we were budgeted for about 40
minutes of interview time, and a number of experiments were proposed.  In
order to meet these objectives, respondents were randomly assigned to one of
four forms.  (Variable 7003 records the form assignment.)

                                 Randomization

Responses to survey questions can be affected by questions that have been
asked previously in the survey. There are many survey questions, like the
feeling thermometers, where lists of objects are presented for evaluation by
respondents.  It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to identify a
single order for the items which eliminates response effects.  An alternative
is to randomize the order in which items on a list are presented to
respondents. The CATI system used by the SRC Telephone Facility, AUTOQUEST,
has a randomizing function and this was implemented for the feeling
thermometer (variables V7130-7136, 7138-7141).  No information as to the order
in which the thermometer items were asked for a given respondent was
preserved.

                Congressional District Identification for Movers

One of the goals of the multiple advance mailings to the 1992 respondents was
to get change of address information from local post offices.  When we got
information that a respondent had moved, and to where, study staff attempted
to determine, from what was known of the respondent's new location, in which
congressional district the respondent now lived.  The name of the member of
Congress for that district was then substituted throughout the questionnaire
for the name of the member of Congress who was elected in the district in
which the respondent lived at the time of the 1992 interview.  In a few cases,
the information that the respondent had moved was not elicited until the
interview was actually underway.  When this happened, the interview continued,
using the original member of Congress.

                 Organization and Documentation of the Dataset

Data for all of the variables and all of the cases in the first wave of the
panel, i.e., the 1992 Pre- and Post-election Study, are included in this
dataset.  Please note that this means that although there are 750 respondents
in the 1993 Pilot Study, there are actually 1005 records in the Pilot dataset;
one for each (cross-section) respondent to the 1992 Post-election Study.
Respondents in the 1992 study who were not re-interviewed in the 1993 wave are
assigned missing data codes on the 1993 variables.

Documentation for the 1993 Study is separate from the documentation (i.e.,
codebook) for the 1992 Election Study.   Since the variable numbers for the
1992 wave of the study re the same in the Study Staff and the Consortium
Releases of the 1992 Election Study, users may use whichever version of that
documentation they now have.   Users who do not have any 1992 documentation
available to them should specify that fact when ordering.   The documentation
for the 1993 wave is hard-copy, but users may also receive the documentation
as WordPerfect 5.2 files or as an ASCII text file.

The dataset is an ASCII, raw data file accompanied by SAS/SPSS control cards. 
There is no OSIRIS dataset.

Documentation and dataset are available through the Inter-university
Consortium for Political and Social Research.  ICPSR User Services may be
contacted by phone (313.763- 5010) or by Internet E-Mail
(icpsr_netmail@um.cc.umich.edu) for further information.


>> Study Design, Content, and Administration 1994 POST

                          STUDY DESIGN

The 1994 Election Study was designed to be simultaneously the third wave in a
three wave panel, which began in 1992, and also a stand-alone cross-section
data collection in the traditional NES time-series. Thus, there are two
components to the 1994 Post-election Study: one is a fresh cross-section
component, comprising 1136 respondents who were interviewed for the first time
in the weeks following the November 8, 1994 general election, and the other is
a set of 759 respondents who were initially interviewed in the 1992
Pre-election Study. All of these respondents were interviewed in the 1992
Post-Election Study, and 635 of the panel respondents also gave us an
interview in the 1993 Pilot Study. The full set of 1795 respondents may be
treated, with appropriate  weighting, as a fully representative national
cross-section.

The three-wave study was designed to exploit the special features of the
1992-1994 elections; a minority president struggling to forge a majority
coalition in the face of a strong third-party challenge, and the replacement
in 1992 of fully one-quarter of the House of Representatives. The design
themes of the 1992-1994 Panel became particularly salient because of the
electoral earthquake of the 1994 election, when the Republicans gained control
of both houses of Congress first time since 1952.

The datafile has been enhanced, for panel respondents, with data from the 1992
and 1993 studies. Data from these earlier studies may be thought of as
'lagged' measures, for use in analysis of 1994 panel respondents. For a full
description of the 1992 and 1993 study designs and content, the user is
referred to the Appendices to this documentation, which contain the complete
original study descriptions as they appear in the documentation for these
studies.

Of the 1005 respondents who make up the 1992 NES post-election cross-section,
(from which the 1992-93-94 Panel respondents were drawn) over a quarter
resided in congressional districts that sent a new member to congress in 1992.
Thus, the high turnover that occurred in the House in 1992 provides sufficient
numbers of respondents to support detailed analysis of the processes by which
newly- elected representatives shore up, or fail to shore up their support
during their first term in office.

The congressional battery that has been in place in NES studies since 1978 was
the chief vehicle used in 1992, 1993 and 1994 to evaluate respondents'
attitudes towards Congress and their congressional representatives. (For 1993,
these questions were modified as necessary to refer to "last November"s
election and to the incumbent rather than to the congressional candidates).
These questions include:

           *   what respondents like and dislike about
               congressional candidates

           *   whether and how they have been contacted by the
               candidates for summary evaluations ( feeling'
               thermometers) of the candidates, whether they can
               recall congressional candidates (1993: running in
               this district this past November')

           *   whether they have had contact with the incumbent
               candidate

           *   where they place congressional candidates on
               several issue dimensions

           *   for their evaluations of congressional
               performance

           *   what the most important issue discussed
               in the congressional campaign in their district

The core battery of congressional evaluations was supplemented by questions on
term limits, (1992 and 1994) on the representative's vote on President
Clinton's crime bill,(1994), or on the Persian Gulf war resolution (1992), on
Clinton's deficit reduction package (1993), whether their Representative was
implicated in the House banking scandal (1992) and on whether the respondent
felt that his representative cared more about prestige and influence for
him/herself rather than solving the problems of the congressional
district(1994).

Another major theme of the 1992-1993-1994 Panel is the assessment of how well
the "Clinton coalition" is faring. The 1992 Study, since it occurred in a
Presidential year, had a full set of items bearing on the evaluation of
candidate Clinton, some of which were repeated in 1993 and 1994. These
repeated items include:

             * Summary evaluations (feeling thermometer) of Clinton
             * Traits and affects for Clinton
             * Placement of Clinton on several issue dimensions
               (92 and 94 only)
             * Placement of Clinton on liberal-conservative dimension
             * approval ratings of several aspects of Clinton's
               performance in office (93 and 94 only)
             * For whom R voted (92); recall of Presidential vote (94)
             * Evaluation of the economy

Each of the studies includes specific measures relating to evaluation of
Clinton, including likes/dislikes in 1992, opinion about NAFTA and the federal
budget deficit in 1993, who the respondent would vote for if the election were
held today (1993).

Emphasis on the panel aspects of the design should not obscure the fact that
the 1994 data can be used to support cross-sectional analyses of the 1994
electorate. Note that almost all of the items listed below were also asked in
the 1992 Election Study.

            *   Campaign interest
            *   Media exposure
            *   Measures of partisanship (party likes/dislikes
                   and party identification), which party would
                   better handle certain public problems

            *   Summary evaluations (feeling thermometers) on
                   major political figures and social groups

            *   Voting behavior

            *   Views on issues:  most important problem and
                   several issue dimensions, including defense
                   spending, assistance to blacks, spending and
                   services trade-off, health insurance, women's
                   role, and recent proposals to reform welfare.

            *   Preferences on federal budget allocations

            *   Electoral participation

            *   Retrospective and prospective national and
                   personal economic evaluations

            *   Liberal-conservative self-placement

            *   Political information held by respondent

            *   Values, including moral traditionalism,
                   egalitarianism, and attitudes toward race,
                   as well as individual items on school prayer
                   and abortion

            *   Religious affiliation and behavior

            *   Occupation, work force status, home ownership and
                   residential mobility, nationality, education,
                   income, and number of children being raised.

The 1992 Election Study, in addition to the topics already mentioned, included
questions on social altruism and social connectedness of the respondent;
assessments of U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War and U.S. foreign
policy goals; opinions of the respondent about racial and ethnic stereotypes,
on school integration and affirmative action; attitudes towards immigrants
(particularly Hispanics and Asians); opinions on immigration policy and
bilingual education; and opinions on the rights of homosexuals; on sexual
harassment and women's rights.

In addition to the congressional and Clinton evaluations already mentioned,
the 1993 Pilot Study included a number of items intended to tap the sources
and strength of support for Ross Perot.

As a pilot study, the 1993 Study included developmental work in a number of
areas.  One such area is the interest group basis of political attitudes.
Questions were asked about the perceived interests of several groups (wealthy,
poor, middle class, blacks, whites),as well as self and national interest in
three domains: national health insurance, affirmative action, and school
choice. The 1993 Study also includes a number of questions relating to
attitudes toward homosexuals, and about policies affecting homosexuals. 
Finally, a number of experiments in the survey response were implemented in
the study, including:

            *  an experiment in wording of the vote choice for
                 Representative question

            *  reversing order of self versus political object
                 placement on liberal-conservative 7-pt scale

            *  certainty probe on liberal-conservative scale;
                 self and other objects


             NOTES ON SURVEY ADMINISTRATION FOR 1992, 1993 AND 1994
                                    STUDIES

                                 Field Periods


Like the 1992 Pre-and Post-Election Study, the 1994 study design involved
face-to face, paper and pencil interviews of respondents randomly selected
from the SRC's national area probability sample. The 1994 field period was
November 9, 1994 through January 9, 1995, with 40% of the 1795 interviews
taken in the first week, and 68% of the interviews within three weeks of the
November 8 General Election. This is a significant improvement over the
performance of the 1992 Post Election Study, in which only 42.3% of the
Post-Election interviews were taken at the end of three weeks.

In the 1992 Pre-Election Study, 2485 citizens were interviewed in person in
the 9 weeks prior to the November 3, 1992 election of whom 1126 were cross
section respondents. To permit analysis of the impact of the unfolding
election campaign, a random half of the sample was released to the field on
September 1 and the other half on October 1. In  the weeks following the
election, 2255 pre-election respondents were reinterviewed; 1005 of them were
cross-section.

                               Sample Replicates

To more closely tailor the field effort to the actual sample performance, NES
samples are randomly divided into "replicates" of varying sizes. The usual
practice is hold some replicates in reserve. In 1992, additional replicates
for both panel and cross section were released midway through the Pre-Election
field period; in 1994, all panel sample was released at the beginning of the
field period.  It did not prove necessary to release additional cross-section
replicates.

                   Response Rates for the 1994 Election Study

                               1994 Post Election

                                  N     Resp. Rate

                 X-Section      1036     72.1%
                 Panel           759     77.0%
                 Overall        1795     74.1%


                         Notes on the 1993 Pilot Study

The 1993 Pilot Study was a telephone reinterview of cross-section respondents
to the NES 1992 Pre- and Post- election Study. Interviewing was carried out by
the Telephone Facility of the Survey Research Center, the Institute for Social
Research. The Field period was Sept. 23 - Nov. 24, 1993, roughly halfway
between the 1992 and 1994 Election Studies. 750 interviews were taken, with a
response rate of 74.6%. The study was CATI. The average interview length was
42 minutes. Because there were a number of experiments, each respondent was
randomly assigned to one of four forms.

             Randomization of the Feeling Thermometers in the 1993
                                  Pilot Study

There are many survey questions, like the feeling thermometers, where lists of
objects are presented for evaluation by respondents.  It is extremely
difficult, if not impossible to identify a single order for the items which
eliminates response effects.  An alternative is to randomize the order in
which items on a list are presented to respondents.  The AUTOQUEST CATI system
has a randomizing function, and this was implemented for the feeling
thermometers in the 1993 Pilot Study.  No information as to the order in which
the thermometer items were asked for a given respondent was preserved.

            CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT IDENTIFICATION AND CONGRESSIONAL
                                   CANDIDATES

                  Congressional Ballot Cards, Candidate Lists,
                             and Candidate Numbers

In all NES Post-Election surveys since 1978, respondents have been asked
several questions about their particular Congresspersons and Senators.  These
questions in the survey require the insertion by the interviewer, during
pre-editing, of the names of candidates.  See, for example, question B11,
which includes feeling thermometers for the various candidates.  Each
candidate and Senator is assigned a unique number that reflects his or her
incumbency status and party. (See MASTER CODES Candidate Number). The
Candidate Lists used by the interviewers, which show which candidates are
associated with which congressional district and with which numbers they are
tagged, are Notes 4 and 5 in the Master Codes section of this documentation.

                      Congressional District Determination

From 1978 through 1990, the congressional district in which an NES sample
segment was located was determined by the SRC's sampling section.  This was
usually done by comparing very detailed maps of the sample segment and of
congressional districts.  Congressional district determination for the 1992
and 1994 studies presented complications due to the massive redistricting
following the 1990 U.S. Census, and due to its panel nature -- movers had to
be tracked and their new district determined.


                   Handling of Congressional Incumbency Where
                       Redistricting has Occurred (1992)

Throughout the documentation for the 1992 study, whenever the word "incumbent"
is used, its referent is a representative who was a member of the 102nd
Congress; i.e., the Congress in session prior to the November 1992 General
Election.  Due to redistricting, any given incumbent's district for the 103rd
Congress may consist of a fairly different geographical area from the area
covered by the district prior to the boundary changes. Therefore, prior to
1992, the "incumbent"may or may not have been the representative for the
particular piece of geography (the sample segment or census tract) in which
the respondent lives.  For each sample segment, we have included in the
dataset its 1992 congressional district number, v3019, and its congressional
district number in 1990, v3020.  By comparing the two, it can be determined
whether the "incumbent" in question was actually the respondent's incumbent
prior to the 1992 general election.

                 Congressional District Assignments For Movers

Respondents to the 1992 Post-election Study were the recipients of several
mailings, which we used to track address changes, and minimize panel attrition
due to "lost" respondents. When the United States Post Office returned
information indicating that respondents had changed their addresses, the study
staff attempted to determine, usually by calling local election offices, in
which congressional district the respondent now lived. The substantive
decision, for 1993 and for 1994 panel waves, was to ask the R to evaluate the
congressional candidates in the district in which h/she was now living, and
about whom h/she was presumably receiving information.

In some instances, information about where a respondent was now living was not
available until the field period, when interviewers were able to track the
respondents by talking to former neighbors, etc. In 1994, the interviewers
were instructed to contact local electoral offices directly to determine if
R's change of address involved also a change of congressional district. A
candidate list for R's new district was then prepared, and used to pre-edit
the respondent's questionnaire.  A similar procedure was used in the 1993
Pilot Study.

                 A Reliability Check of Congressional District
                                  Assignments


Since one of the chief themes of the 1992-93-94 Panel Study is the evaluation
over time of respondents' attitudes toward their congressional
representatives, and because of the complications of following movers and of
redistricting, NES staff made an intensive effort to assess the both the
accuracy and the stability of congressional district assignments.  Their
findings will appear as Technical Report 52, "Accuracy and Stability of
Congressional District Assignments in the 1992-93-94 National Election
Studies." That report will be available by early June, 1995.

For the 1994 Election Study, we decided to send the entire set of sample
segment selections to an outside source for computerized matching of
congressional district boundaries and the Census geocodes for the SRC sample
segments.  In this process, we completely checked the 1992 Congressional
District assignments. Approximately 71, or 2.8% of the 1992 respondents (N =
2485) were assigned to the wrong congressional district, because of errors in
the original determination of the district (misreading maps, incorrect
information from local election offices, etc.) These misassignments were
corrected for the 1994 field work, but not for the 1993 Pilot Study, where
4.5% of the 750 respondents were misassigned. In both the 1992 and 1994
Studies, all other causes of being asked about the wrong congressional
candidates (e.g., wrongly pre-edited questionnaires, inappropriate
determination of congressional districts for movers) totaled less than one
percent of the respondents.

More important than these errors is the simple question of the stability of
the congressional objects themselves. The candidates we ask the respondent to
evaluate can change, because a) the respondent moves; b) his/her incumbent
does not stand for re-election, or c) there is redistricting. respondent
lives.  3% of the panel respondents were affected by 1993 and 1994
redistricting, so that they were not asked to evaluate the same candidates in
1992 and 1994. Incumbents did not run in the general election for 15% of the
panel cases, so the congressional candidates they were asked to evaluate in
1994 were different than 1993 or 1992. About 8% of the panel respondents moved
between their initial 1992 interview and the 1994 Election Study.

Finally, it should be noted that about 3% of the 1994 respondents are
registered in districts different than the one in which they were interviewed. 
Consequently, their vote choice was between a different set of candidates than
those about whom they were asked.  This dataset contains a number of
variables, v22-v32, v80, v7004, and V7007, which record the various
contingencies discussed above. Users interested in more detail about these
matters should request Technical Report 52 from NES Project Staff.

>> Study Design, Content, and Administration 1995 PILOT

                          Study Design
             
The 1995 Pilot Study was conducted between August 3 and September 10th, 1995. 
The study is a one-wave reinterview of a randomly selected subset of
respondents with telephones from the fresh cross section portion of the 1994
Post-Election Study.  1994 "panel" respondents who had been interviewed in
1992 were not eligible for reinterview in the 1995 Pilot Study.  The randomly
selected sample consisted of 704 respondents from 1994; 486 of these
respondents agreed to be interviewed in 1995.

The response rate is thus .69 (486/704). The number of refusals was 95. The
remainder of the non-interviews are persons with whom contact was lost, or who
were unavailable during the study period, for such reasons as illness or
absence from home.  The study mode was Computer Assisted Telephone
Interviewing, or CATI. The average interview length was 44.8 minutes.

                         Study Content

The content of the study reflects the NES commitment to improve measures of
candidate evaluation, the impact of the campaign, values and predispositions,
the comparative study of elections, and other responses to a stimulus letter
calling for ideas for content sent to the user community on November 4, 1994.

Specific topic areas in the study include:
        
             *   an experiment between different measures of 
                 affective reactions to political figures
        
             *   a module of items that are being concurrently tested 
                 in many other nations as part of a comparative study 
                 of politics
        
             *   a set of 12 items asking respondents to make tradeoffs 
                 between programs, taxes and the budget deficit
        
             *   a set of items designed to measure attitudes toward 
                 the environment and environmental policy
        
             *   a new measure of "humanitarianism"
        
             *   an extensive set of items re attention to the media,
                 intended to capture exposure to the political campaigns.
        
In order to include all of the content, and also in order to test between
competing instrumentation, there were two forms of the questionnaire. 
  
Rosters of items, such as the thermometer, were randomized in administration,
to minimize order effects.
  
                     Data and Documentation
  
Because the 486 Pilot Study respondents had also been interviewed in the 1994
Post Election Study, their data from that study has been merged onto the
datafile.  There are 486 cases in the dataset (in other words, 1994
respondents who were not reinterviewed in 1995 are not included in the
dataset).
  
The dataset is an ASCII, or "raw" dataset, accompanied by SAS and SPSS control
cards.  Missing data definition cards are also included.
  
Documentation for the 1995 Pilot Study is available as an ASCII text file. 
1994 Post-Election Study documentation is available on the NES CD-ROM.  It
will shortly be accessible at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu or through the NES
Home Page: http://www.umich.edu/~nes.  It is not included as part of the 1995
Pilot Study release.

      
>> Study Design, Content, and Administration 1996 PRE-POST

                          STUDY DESIGN
     
The 1996 National Election Study entailed both a pre-election interview and a
post-election re-interview.  About three-fourths of the 1996 cases consist of
empaneled respondents who were first interviewed in the 1994 or 1992 National
Election Study.  A freshly drawn cross-section sample makes up the balance of
the 1996 cases.  (Details of the sample design are given in "Sample Design of
the 1996 Pre/Post Election Studies", in Appendix C.  Altogether, 1714 citizens
were interviewed in the 9 weeks prior to the November 5, 1996 election. To
permit analysis of the impact of the unfolding election campaign, the
pre-election sample was divided into four subsample replicates, which were
released approximately two weeks apart.  1316 of the pre-election interviews
were conducted with panel respondents; 398 with cross-section respondents.  In
the weeks following the election, 1534 pre-election respondents were
reinterviewed: 1197 panel, 337 cross-section.  This post-election survey
included a mode experiment in which respondents were randomly assigned to be
interviewed either by telephone or face-to-face.  Further details of the
administration of the surveys are given in "Study Administration", below.  

The two components of the study -- the panel and the new cross-section -- were
designed to be used together to create a combined nationally representative
sample of the American electorate.  The 1996 NES data set includes a weight
which incorporates sampling, nonresponse and post- stratification factors,
(V3), for analysis of the 1996 NES combined sample (Panel component cases plus
Cross-section supplement cases).  A Time Series Weight (V5) which corrects for
Panel attrition (but does not incorporate sampling, nonresponse and
post-stratification adjustments) should be used in analyses comparing either
the panel respondents or the combined panel and new cross-section respondents
to previous (unweighted) National Election Studies data collections.  See
"Sample Design of the 1996 Pre- and  Post-Election Study", and the
documentation for V3, and V5 for further information.  The frequencies that
appear in this codebook are  unweighted.  A set of files, data, weights, and
data documentation, designed to enable panel analyses of the 1992-94-96 data
become available sometime late in 1997; announcements concerning the release
of data for panel analysis are  found at the NES website,  www.umich.edu/~nes. 
The present release has been  prepared for cross-section and time series
analyses.

              STUDY CONTENT AND SUBSTANTIVE THEMES

The content for the 1996 Election Study reflects its double duty, both as the
traditional presidential election year time-series data collection and as a
panel study.  Substantive themes represented in the 1996 questionnaires
include:

*  interest in the political campaigns; concern about the outcome; and 
   attentiveness to the media's coverage of the campaign      
*  information about politics       
*  evaluation of the presidential candidates and placement of presidential 
   candidates on various issue dimensions  
*  partisanship and evaluations of the political parties    
*  knowledge of and evaluation of House candidates
*  political participation:  turnout in the November general election; other
   forms of electoral campaign activity
*  vote choice for President, the U.S. House, and the U.S. Senate, including
   second choice for President    
*  personal and national economic well-being
*  positions on social welfare issues including:  government health insurance;
   federal budget priorities, and the role of the government in the provision 
   of jobs and good standard of living    
*  positions on social issues including:  abortion; women's roles; prayer in
   the schools; the rights of homosexuals and the death penalty        
*  racial and ethnic stereotypes; opinions on affirmative action; attitudes
   towards immigrants
*  opinions about the nation's most important problem
*  values and predispositions:  moral traditionalism; political efficacy; 
   egalitarianism; humanitarianism individualism; trust in government
*  social altruism and social connectedness       
*  feeling thermometers on a wide range of political figures and political 
   groups; affinity with various social groups  
*  detailed demographic information and measures of religious affiliation and
   religiosity.   

Several new themes are included in the 1996 study: 

THE CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN: To better understand the dynamics of
congressional
campaigns, the pre-election wave contains a core battery of campaign-related
congressional items (including candidate recall, thermometer ratings,
ideological placements, and vote intention). 

ISSUE IMPORTANCE AND UNCERTAINTY: Several issue questions include
"uncertainty" and "importance" follow-ups for both respondent self-placements
("How certain are you of your position on this scale?" "How important is this
issue to you?") and candidate placements (e.g. "How certain are you of Bob
Dole's position on this scale?" "How important is this issue to Bob Dole?").

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS: An eight-minute module of
questions
developed by a consortium of electoral scholars from 52 polities is included
in the post-election interview.  Designed to facilitate comparative analysis
of political attitudes and voting behavior, the same questions are being asked
in similar form in national election studies around the world, and the
resulting survey data will eventually be merged with contextual data on
electoral laws and political institutions to produce a rich cross-national
data set.  This module is included as questions T1-T16 in the post-election
survey.

ISSUE COVERAGE: New issue items in the areas of crime, the environment, gun
control, and income inequality are included.  A six-item battery carried
forward from the 1995 Pilot Study taps respondents' reactions to proposed
trade-offs among domestic spending, deficit reduction, and tax cuts.

THE ENVIRONMENT: New items from the 1995 Pilot Study tap perceptions of
environmental conditions (air quality and the safety of drinking water in the
nation and in the respondent's own community), environmental priorities
(ranging from global warming to cleaning up lakes and parks), self-placements
and placements of candidates and parties on environmental issues (trading off
environmental protection against jobs and living standards, and supporting or
opposing government environmental regulations on businesses), and the relative
effectiveness of national, state, and local governments in dealing with
environmental problems.

SOCIAL CAPITAL: Several measures of social connectedness are repeated from the
1992 survey.  Items tapping trust in people and trust in government are
repeated in the pre- and post-election waves to facilitate analysis of the
effect of the campaign and election on broader social attitudes.  A battery 
of items on membership and activity in a wide variety of social, political,
religious, and civic organizations is included in the post-election
questionnaire.  This battery includes several questions on as many as four
groups in each of twenty-two categories of organizations.  Because of the
large number of variables produced from these questions, two means of
accessing these data are provided; one set of variables which summarize the
groups data is available without any unusual effort by the user.  A full
complement of variables of interest to the specialist in groups membership and
participation is also readily available by following instructions provided in
Appendix A.

MEDIA EXPOSURE: New media exposure, reception, and attention items developed
in the 1995 Pilot Study include talk radio items, more specific exposure items
for network and local television news, and reception items asking respondents
to match news anchors with the networks they work for.  A battery of exposure
items for entertainment television programs provides an indirect measure of
exposure to campaign advertisements. There is also a new open-ended item on
recollection of a memorable campaign ad, some expansion and reorganization of
items tapping attention to the campaign in various media.

Congressional Ballot Cards, Candidate Lists, and Candidate Numbers
    
In the usual NES Post-Election survey, and for 1996, in the Pre-Election
survey as well, respondents are asked several questions about their particular
Congressperson and Senators.  In previous years, interviewers pre-edited
questionnaires to fill in the names appropriate for the state and
congressional district in which the respondent was living (or was living
during the pre-election interview).  The use of Computer-Assisted Interviewing
software means that information about respondents' congressional district and
about candidates and incumbents names (including retiring incumbents) and
parties is maintained and periodically updated in a computerized database;
this information is loaded into the laptop computers used by interviewers and
accessed to provide the correct CD and candidate information for displaying
and entering responses to the relevant questions.  Each candidate and Senator
is assigned a unique number that reflects his or her incumbency status and
party.  (See Candidate Lists)  Particular questions in the survey, which
include feeling thermometers for the various candidates, automatically appear
on screen with the correct name filled in.  The Candidate Lists stored in the
database, which show which candidates are associated with which congressional
district and with which numbers they are tagged, can also be found here, as
can a sample ballot card.  Candidates' names were identified by referring to
the results of primary elections published in Congressional Quarterly.  In the
Pre-Election survey there is the additional complication that a number of
states held their Congressional primaries after the Pre-Election field work
had started.  In these cases, the names of those candidates with the greatest
chance of winning their party's nomination were loaded into the database. 
Forecasts of likely winners assumed that incumbents were likely to win their
primaries and that unopposed non-incumbents would win.  Other races were
forecast by Board member Charles Franklin, using a probit model of all 1996
contested primaries involving non-incumbents and utilizing FEC data from
August 1, 1996.  As soon as the outcome of the primary was known, the correct
candidate information was entered into the database and the new version was
loaded onto the appropriate interviewers' laptop computers.  In nearly all
races the forecasted winner was correct.  Further details can be found at the
documentation for Pre-Election questions B2a and B2b.      

Features of a CAI questionnaire

Using the capabilities of computer-assisted interviewing (CAI) in the 1996 NES
enabled the introduction of several features that would not be feasible using
a paper-and-pencil questionnaire.  The most significant of these for users of
this data are: randomization within batteries or sequences of questions;
application of half-sampling to some questions; and random order of
presentation of blocks of questions.  Randomization within batteries refers to
presenting, in a randomly determined order, a series of questions about the
same objects (or people).  An example would be the questions about the
respondent's likes and dislikes of the three main Presidential candidates
where the names of Clinton, Dole and Perot were inserted randomly as the
first, second or third person to be asked about in this series.  Randomization
of names/objects in this way avoids ordering effects that might be obtained
if, for example, the candidates were always asked about in the same order in
every series of questions where a parallel question is asked about each of the
three.  Questions where randomization of order within a series was in force
are clearly identified in the codebook.  Randomization variables, which allow
the user to identify the order of presentation, are provided for all instances
of randomized presentation.  A few questions, primarily open-ended questions,
were half-sampled, so that a randomly selected half of respondents were asked
the question.  Finally, an order experiment, where a sequence of closed-ended
questions was asked early in the interview for a random half of respondents
and late in the interview for the other half, was included as part of the mode
comparison experiment described below.  For both of these features, the
relevant codebook entries contain explanatory notes.  All random selections
were programmed into the computer application of the questionnaire and
occurred automatically and independently of other circumstances of the
interview.  CAI eliminates the preparation of a paper and pencil version which
would previously have been published in the codebook.

                      STUDY ADMINISTRATION

Interviewing for the pre-election survey began on September 3, 1996 and
concluded on November 4, 1996.  The average length of interview in the
pre-election survey was 74 minutes.  The overall response rate was 71%.  (See
"Response Rates" below for a complete discussion.)  The post-election
interviewing occurred between November 6 and December 31, 1996 inclusive, with
an average interview length of 70 minutes.  The overall reinterview rate was
90%, with further details available in the Response Rate section below.

Sample "Releases" in the Pre-election survey

Both parts of the sample (panel and cross-section) were randomly subdivided
into four quarter sample releases, each of which is a proper, random subsample
of the NES sample.  Two additional 'reserve' replicates of cross-section cases
were held in abeyance until it was determined that the additional sample lines
would be needed to attain study goals.  Replicates 1 through 4 were considered
the "base sample," certain to be released.  The release dates for sample
replicates were:

     Replicate           Date of release
     1                   September 3, 1996   
     2                   September 12, 1996
     3                   September 26, 1996
     4                   October 10, 1996
     5 (Reserve)         September 26, 1996 (with replicate 3)
     6 (Reserve)         October 10, 1996 (with replicate 4)


For a full description of the sample design and implementation, see "1996
SAMPLE DESIGN".

Pre-election study: assignment to telephone mode

One of the administrative problems in fielding a panel study is that
respondents have had an intervening period of time in which to relocate,
perhaps at some remove from areas where field study staff are available to
interview them.  We estimated that between 40 and 80 respondents might have
moved to areas in which SRC did not have interviewers in the field.  Our
priority was to interview as many panel respondents as possible, but we did
not want to incur the additional costs associated with interviewer travel. 
Accordingly, panel respondents who had moved 'out-of-range' for a face-to-face
interview were converted to phone mode.  The criterion set for deciding if a
case was 'out-of-range' was 90 minutes driving time one-way from the
interviewer's home to the respondent's address under local usual driving
conditions.  The total number of panel respondents that we interviewed who
were "out of range" for this reason was 47.

Post-Election Mode Experiment: Design and Implementation

In contrast with the usual NES practice of conducting all post-election
interviews in person, half of the respondents in the post-election wave of the
1996 survey were interviewed by telephone, with post-election respondents 
randomly assigned (except in extreme circumstances) to phone or face-to-face 
administration.  The telephone mode used the same computerized questionnaire
developed for the face-to-face post-election interviews and was conducted by
the same interviewers.  The mode experiment provides a direct comparison of 
the effects of mode of interview on important indicators of data quality and
comparability.

Cases were assigned to either telephone or face-to-face mode at the sample
segment level.  Every effort to retain randomly assigned cases in their
assigned mode was made.  Respondents who had been interviewed by telephone in
the pre-election study were disqualified from random assignment to mode; all
those reinterviews were done by telephone, a total of 47 cases.  Respondents
who did not have telephones and respondents who were not able to participate
in the mode experiment because of a physical limitation that prevented them 
from being interviewed by one mode or another were also excluded, which
totaled 130 additional cases (24 of these were completed by telephone).  No
changes in mode of interview because of respondent preference or for ease of 
administration were permitted.

All prospective respondents received two incentives in the mail: a check for
$10 and a small gift.  Included in the mailing to telephone mode respondents
was a sealed respondent booklet with the candidate ballot folded inside.  The
contact letter instructed respondents to set these materials aside until told
to open them by the interviewer.  Interviewers followed procedures to
ascertain that respondents were using the booklet and ballot card
appropriately and to note deviations from the instructions.  
     
Evaluation of problems in study implementation

Two implementation problems arose in the post-election field administration. 
This resulted in two unintended systematic deviations from standard
administration.  145 cases in the phone mode were mailed a respondent booklet
that included the wrong ballot card.  As soon as this problem was discovered,
new respondent booklets with correct ballot cards were mailed by overnight
mail to these respondents.  Approximately 50 interviews were  conducted where
the respondent had the incorrect ballot card; in these cases interviewers read
the correct ballot card information to the respondent.   A full report to be
issued will analyze these data to identify any systematic differences related
to this implementation error.  It was discovered early in the data collection
period that 39 interviews were completed using the training version of the
survey instrument, due to a technical problem in transmitting files to the
field.  The training version contained no randomized presentation of questions
and lacked several last minute changes to the interview.  Call-backs to 37 of
these 39 respondents allowed us to collect data on the several missed
questions.  A report analyzing these cases for differential impact of the use
of the training questionnaire is in preparation.

RESPONSE RATES    

The response rate in the pre-election study was 71%.  Among panel respondents
the response (reinterview) rate was 76%; among cross-section respondents it
was 60%.   

The overall reinterview/response rate in the post-election interviewing was
90%.  Among panel respondents in the post-election survey, the response rate
was 91% and among cross-section respondents it was 85%.  The response rate in
face-to-face mode (including all cases in this mode, experimentally assigned
and excluded) was 89% and for telephone mode it was 91%.

INTERVIEW COMPLETION RATE    
 
Completion rates for the pre-election sample releases, for pre-election time
periods, and for post-election time periods are presented here.  Table 1
presents the percentage completions per quarter sample replicate (replicates 3
and 4 include the reserve cases added to those replicates); table 2 shows the
percentage of completions per two week time period in the pre-election survey. 
Table 3 lays out the number of interviews taken for each week elapsing after
the Nov. 5 General Election.  In 1996, 29% of the interviews were completed in
the first week after the election and 86% in the first three weeks; progress
was evenly divided between face-to-face and telephone modes.

Table 1: % Completions by release (pre-election survey)

RELEASE       Total     Panel  Cross-section
1              28%       28%       18%
2              27        27        24
3+5            23        23        23
4+6            23        22        25

Table 2: Percent Completions by two week period (pre-election survey)

DATES               Total     Panel  Cross-section
9/3-9/16             19%       20%       18%
9/17-10/1            24        24        22
10/2-10/16           23        23        23
10/17-10/30          24        24        26
10/31-11/4           10        10        12        

Table 3: Number of and Cumulative Percent of Interviews Taken in the
Post-Election Study by Week of Interview    
 
DATES               NUMBER OF      CUMULATIVE          CUMULATIVE
                    INTERVIEWS     NUMBER OF           PERCENT OF    
                                   INTERVIEWS          INTERVIEWS

Nov. 6-Nov.12       449               449               29%
Nov.13-Nov.19       551              1000               65
Nov.20-Nov.26       314              1314               86
Nov.27-Dec. 3        91              1405               92
Dec.4- Dec. 10       84              1489               97
Dec.11-Dec.17        32              1521               99
Dec.18-Dec.24        10              1531               99
Dec.25-Dec.31         3              1534              100%


FILE STRUCTURE

The AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1996 PRE- AND POST-ELECTION
SURVEY are
available in logical record length (LRECL) format.  The data are sorted in
ascending order by respondent number, and contain 1,657 variables for 1714
respondents.

The machine-readable codebook, which provides complete formatting and other
information for all variables accompanies the data.  In addition, a set of SAS
and SPSS control statements has been prepared for this collection.  The
control statements contain formatting information as well as variable labels,
value labels and missing data specifications for all variables in the
collection.

The data can also be accessed directly through software packages that do not
use SAS or SPSS control statements by specifying the record locations of the
desired variables.  The record locations for all variables are provided in the
codebook.

NOTES ON CONFIDENTIALITY

Starting with the 1986 Election Study, NES has released occupation code
variables in somewhat less detail than in years past.  This dataset includes a
two-digit code with 71 categories corresponding to Census Bureau occupational
groupings.  Those who need the full occupation code for their research should
contact the NES project staff for information about the conditions under which
access may be provided.  Similarly, the National Election Studies have not
included information for census tracts or minor civil divisions since 1978. 
Permission to use the more detailed geographic information for scholarly
research may be obtained from the Board of Overseers.  More information about
this is available from NES project staff. Coding of the new religious
denomination variable is in some cases based on an alphabetic "other, please
specify" variable.  This variable is restricted for reasons of
confidentiality, but access may be provided to legitimate scholars under
established NES procedures.     

OPEN-ENDED MATERIALS  

Traditionally, the National Election Studies have contained several minutes of
open-ended responses (for example, the candidate likes and dislikes).  These
questions are put into Master Codes by the SRC coding section.  Other scholars
have developed alternative or supplemental coding schemes for the questions
(for example, the levels of conceptualization, released as ICPSR 8151).  The
Board of Overseers wishes to encourage these efforts but in ways which respect
the NES and SRC obligation to protect the privacy and anonymity of
respondents.  Circumstances under which individuals may have access to
transcribed versions of these questions have been worked out and those
interested should contact the NES project staff for further details.  

1996 SPECIAL NOTE - CHANGES IN CODING BETWEEN PRE AND POST

Several questions which were asked in the Pre-election interview and then
asked again in the Post-Election interview had some differences between the
versions used.

Variables where pre and post codes (and some code labels) don't match on
repeated questions:

Pre          Post
960369       1273     (Code 4 label; Respon. Booklet identical both waves)
960370       1274     (Code 4 label; Respon. Booklet identical both waves)
960371       1275     (Code 4 label; Respon. Booklet identical both waves)
960375       1277     (Code 4 label; Respon. Booklet identical both waves)
960376       1278     (Code 4 label; Respon. Booklet identical both waves)
960377       1279     (Code 4 label; Respon. Booklet identical both waves)
960378       1280     (Code 4 label; Respon. Booklet identical both waves)
960566       1251     (Code 7 in Pre; code 4 in Post)
960569       1259     (Codes 1, 2 in Pre; codes 1, 5 in Post)

For variables 960369-371, 960375-378 / 961273-1275, 961277-1280  (7 point
liberal-conservative scale questions) the differences appeared onscreen to the
interviewer but the labeled Respondent Booklet was accurate (complete code 4
label) and identical for both interviews.

NEW WEIGHTS FOR THE 1996 STUDY  (RELEASED MARCH 1998)

The steps taken to address the 1996 NES overestimation of voting in the 1996
presidential election resulted in the development of post-stratified weights
which account for individual selection probability, regional differences in
household nonresponse, and misrepresentation of any age by education
subgroups.  These revised, CPS-standardized weights were computed for the 1994
NES Post and 1996 NES Pre and Post Election data sets.  Users of previous
weights released with the 1994 and 1996 data will find that these weights
extend and combine the features of previously released weights.  Similar
weights were computed for the 1992 cross-section cases; these weights will be
included in an upcoming combined 1992-1994-1996 data file.  

V960005A and V960005B, the two new weight variables for 1996, are released for
the first time for use with the 1996 NES data.  A review of the findings that
led to the construction of these new weights and full details of their
development and effect are described in new Appendix B, "Post-Stratified
Cross-sectional Analysis Weights for the 1992, 1994 and 1996 NES Data."  The
recommendation to explore developing these weights was made by Warren Miller
and Merrill Shanks and authorized by the NES Board of Overseers at its
September 1997 meeting.  The SRC Sampling Section, under the direction of
Steve Heeringa, completed the work and the technical report in consultation
with the NES Director of Studies.

There are two weights, one to be applied to the pre-election sample (V960005A)
and the other which is for use with the post-election sample  (V960005B).  The
post-election sample weight takes into account attrition that occurred between
the pre- and post-election surveys.    In analyses using variables from both
the pre- and post-election data, the post-election weight should be applied. 
Use of either weight is appropriate only for the full sample, cross-section
and panel cases combined.  

>> Study Design, Content, and Administration 1997 PILOT

                          Study Design
     
The 1997 Pilot Study was conducted between September 5 and October 1, 1997. 
The study is a reinterview of a subset of respondents with telephones from the
1996 Post-Election Study.  All fresh-cross section cases for 1996 that
completed a post-election interview and for which telephone numbers were
available were included in the 1997 pilot.  The balance of cases consisted of
cases from the two previous waves, the 1994 'panel' cases and the 1992 'panel'
cases for which telephone numbers were available and a post-election interview
was conducted in 1996.  Each of these panel components was represented
proportionally in the initial sample for 1997.  The initial sample consisted
of 724 respondents from 1996; 551 of these respondents completed an interview
in 1997.

The response rate is thus .76 (551/724). The number of refusals was 22.  The
remainder of the non-interviews are persons with whom contact was never made,
or who were unavailable during the study period, for such reasons as illness
or absence from home.

The study mode was Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing ("CATI".)  The
average interview length was 45.3 minutes.

                         Study Content

The content of the study reflects the NES commitment to improve measures of
group mobilization, interest articulation and representation, group-based
political reasoning, race and racial attitudes and policy, issue attitudes,
human and social capital, social choice, theories of the survey response, and
other responses to a stimulus letter calling for ideas for content sent to the
user community on November 11, 1996.  

Specific topic areas in the study include:

MOBILIZATION AND NON ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION: 

A battery designed to improve NES instrumentation on non-electoral political
participation and mobilization; specifically, respondents' efforts to contact
public officials at different levels of government during the non electoral
season and their reasons for contact. 

GROUP-BASED POLITICS: 

Elaborated testing of long-standing NES instrumentation on group closeness
designed to evaluate both "traditional" NES instrumentation and investigate
possible additions and improvements. 

Group difference and group conflict as a basis of current mass politics:
Perceptions of paired "opposing" social groups on issue, ideology, party
placements and vote choice. The groups include black and white people,
Christian fundamentalists and gays and lesbians, and men and women. There is
an embedded experiment testing the effects of focusing on group difference and
conflict on social trust and political trust and interest.

Group threat as a basis of group-based politics: A split ballot of items
involving an experimental manipulation of the level of threat in different
domains and prejudices about Blacks and Christian Fundamentalists.

RESPONSE LATENCY: 

Activated timings of response latencies on several questions to extend recent
NES work on certainty. 

EVALUATIONS OF THE PRESIDENT, CONGRESS AND THE SUPREME COURT: 

Exploration of a new battery of items to improve current NES instrumentation
and extend parallel measurement across governmental institutions.

RELIGION AND POLITICS: 

Further Pilot work on the role of religion in citizens' political thinking;
attitudes toward the role of religion and religious institutions in American
society and politics. 


The use of CATI enabled a number of experimental treatments within the survey
instrument.  Random assignment to question wording, early-late placement and
presentation order were applied to numerous question sequences.  Rosters of
items, such as the thermometer and placements of groups and individuals on
scales, were randomized in administration, to minimize order effects. 
Indicator variables that document the use of split-ballot and randomization
features are found in the codebook.

Data and Documentation

Because the 551 Pilot Study respondents had also been interviewed in the 1996
Pre- and Post Election Studies, their data from those studies has been merged
onto the datafile.  There are 551 cases in the dataset (in other words, it
contains 1996 data only for those respondents who were reinterviewed in 1997).

The dataset is an ASCII, or "raw" dataset, accompanied by SAS and SPSS control
cards.  Missing data definition cards are also included. 
 
Documentation for the 1997 Pilot Study is available as an ASCII text file on
the NES website (http://www.umich.edu/~nes) and from the ICPSR
(http://www.icpsr.umich.edu).  1996 Election Studies documentation is also
available (separately) on both websites; it is not included as part of the
1997 Pilot Study release.


>> 1996 - ACCESSING GROUP-SPECIFIC DATA 

Please also see related paragraphs in the Introductory section of the codebook
for general information about the 'Groups' section in the Post.

For data users interested in a greater level of detail for the Post 'Groups'
section (R3-R7w), the raw data for the 1996 Study includes additional data 
which are not represented in the codebook and are not included in the SAS and
SPSS data definition files provided with the Study data.  To access these
additional variables, the column numbers may be cut and pasted from the
listings below and then inserted into the SAS or SPSS data definition file
that the user is submitting.  SAS and SPSS missing data assignments also may
be cut and pasted into the  user's file.  This additional information provides
the specific responses to questions about individual groups in each
category--Group1, Group2, Group3 or Group4.

GROUP SPECIFIC DATA

For the question on group membership, the category summary variable
identifies the specific groups of which R is a member and additional
group-specific vars are not necessary.

For the questions on dues/contributions, meetings/activities, and political
discussion, however, more than 2 responses were possible and the summary
variables could not identify the particular response for an individual group.

The responses categories are:

"In the past 12 months have you paid dues or given any money to this group?
Which is that? (Dues, contributions, or both?)"
1. Dues
3. Contributions
5. Both
7. Other (specify)
8. DK
9. NA
0. Inap, R is not involved with any group in this category; no further group
mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW

"In the last 12 months have you taken part in any activities sponsored by this
group or attended a meeting of this group?"
1. Attended a meeting
3. Taken part in activities
5. Both
8. DK
9. NA
0. Inap, R is not involved with any groups in this category; no further group
mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW

"How often does this group discuss politics-- often, sometimes, rarely, or
never?"
1. Often
2. Sometimes
3. Rarely
4. Never
8. DK
9. NA
0. Inap, R is not involved with any groups in this category; no further group
mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW

COMPLETE SET OF COLUMN LOCATIONS
   (Within each group category, Group 1 is identified in the "A" variable,
    Group 2 in the "B" variable, Group 3 in the "C" variable", and Group 4 
    in the "D" variable).  SEE MISSING DATA HEADINGS BELOW TO IDENTIFY
    QUESTIONS WITHIN GROUP CATEGORIES.

V961344 5756
V961345 5757-5760
V961346 5761-5764
V961346A 5765
V961346B 5766
V961346C 5767
V961346D 5768
V961347 5769-5772
V961347A 5773
V961347B 5774
V961347C 5775
V961347D 5776
V961348 5777-5780
V961348A 5781
V961348B 5782
V961348C 5783
V961348D 5784
V961349 5785
V961350 5786-5789
V961351 5790-5793
V961351A 5794
V961351B 5795
V961351C 5796
V961351D 5797
V961352 5798-5801
V961352A 5802
V961352B 5803
V961352C 5804
V961352D 5805
V961353 5806-5809
V961353A 5810
V961353B 5811
V961353C 5812
V961353D 5813
V961354 5814
V961355 5815-5818
V961356 5819-5822
V961356A 5823
V961356B 5824
V961356C 5825
V961356D 5826
V961357 5827-5830
V961357A 5831
V961357B 5832
V961357C 5833
V961357D 5834
V961358 5835-5838
V961358A 5839
V961358B 5840
V961358C 5841
V961358D 5842
V961359 5843
V961360 5844-5847
V961361 5848-5851
V961361A 5852
V961361B 5853
V961361C 5854
V961361D 5855
V961362 5856-5859
V961362A 5860
V961362B 5861
V961362C 5862
V961362D 5863
V961363 5864-5867
V961363A 5868
V961363B 5869
V961363C 5870
V961363D 5871
V961364 5872
V961365 5873-5876
V961366 5877-5880
V961366A 5881
V961366B 5882
V961366C 5883
V961366D 5884
V961367 5885-5888
V961367A 5889
V961367B 5890
V961367C 5891
V961367D 5892
V961368 5893-5896
V961368A 5897
V961368B 5898
V961368C 5899
V961368D 5900
V961369 5901
V961370 5902-5905
V961371 5906-5909
V961371A 5910
V961371B 5911
V961371C 5912
V961371D 5913
V961372 5914-5917
V961372A 5918
V961372B 5919
V961372C 5920
V961372D 5921
V961373 5922-5925
V961373A 5926
V961373B 5927
V961373C 5928
V961373D 5929
V961374 5930
V961375 5931-5934
V961376 5935-5938
V961376A 5939
V961376B 5940
V961376C 5941
V961376D 5942
V961377 5943-5946
V961377A 5947
V961377B 5948
V961377C 5949
V961377D 5950
V961378 5951-5954
V961378A 5955
V961378B 5956
V961378C 5957
V961378D 5958
V961379 5959
V961380 5960-5963
V961381 5964-5967
V961381A 5968
V961381B 5969
V961381C 5970
V961381D 5971
V961382 5972-5975
V961382A 5976
V961382B 5977
V961382C 5978
V961382D 5979
V961383 5980-5983
V961383A 5984
V961383B 5985
V961383C 5986
V961383D 5987
V961384 5988
V961385 5989-5992
V961386 5993-5996
V961386A 5997
V961386B 5998
V961386C 5999
V961386D 6000
V961387 6001-6004
V961387A 6005
V961387B 6006
V961387C 6007
V961387D 6008
V961388 6009-6012
V961388A 6013
V961388B 6014
V961388C 6015
V961388D 6016
V961389 6017
V961390 6018-6021
V961391 6022-6025
V961391A 6026
V961391B 6027
V961391C 6028
V961391D 6029
V961392 6030-6033
V961392A 6034
V961392B 6035
V961392C 6036
V961392D 6037
V961393 6038-6041
V961393A 6042
V961393B 6043
V961393C 6044
V961393D 6045
V961394 6046
V961395 6047-6050
V961396 6051-6054
V961396A 6055
V961396B 6056
V961396C 6057
V961396D 6058
V961397 6059-6062
V961397A 6063
V961397B 6064
V961397C 6065
V961397D 6066
V961398 6067-6070
V961398A 6071
V961398B 6072
V961398C 6073
V961398D 6074
V961399 6075
V961400 6076-6079
V961401 6080-6083
V961401A 6084
V961401B 6085
V961401C 6086
V961401D 6087
V961402 6088-6091
V961402A 6092
V961402B 6093
V961402C 6094
V961402D 6095
V961403 6096-6099
V961403A 6100
V961403B 6101
V961403C 6102
V961403D 6103
V961404 6104
V961405 6105-6108
V961406 6109-6112
V961406A 6113
V961406B 6114
V961406C 6115
V961406D 6116
V961407 6117-6120
V961407A 6121
V961407B 6122
V961407C 6123
V961407D 6124
V961408 6125-6128
V961408A 6129
V961408B 6130
V961408C 6131
V961408D 6132
V961409 6133
V961410 6134-6137
V961411 6138-6141
V961411A 6142
V961411B 6143
V961411C 6144
V961411D 6145
V961412 6146-6149
V961412A 6150
V961412B 6151
V961412C 6152
V961412D 6153
V961413 6154-6157
V961413A 6158
V961413B 6159
V961413C 6160
V961413D 6161
V961414 6162
V961415 6163-6166
V961416 6167-6170
V961416A 6171
V961416B 6172
V961416C 6173
V961416D 6174
V961417 6175-6178
V961417A 6179
V961417B 6180
V961417C 6181
V961417D 6182
V961418 6183-6186
V961418A 6187
V961418B 6188
V961418C 6189
V961418D 6190
V961419 6191
V961420 6192-6195
V961421 6196-6199
V961421A 6200
V961421B 6201
V961421C 6202
V961421D 6203
V961422 6204-6207
V961422A 6208
V961422B 6209
V961422C 6210
V961422D 6211
V961423 6212-6215
V961423A 6216
V961423B 6217
V961423C 6218
V961423D 6219
V961424 6220
V961425 6221-6224
V961426 6225-6228
V961426A 6229
V961426B 6230
V961426C 6231
V961426D 6232
V961427 6233-6236
V961427A 6237
V961427B 6238
V961427C 6239
V961427D 6240
V961428 6241-6244
V961428A 6245
V961428B 6246
V961428C 6247
V961428D 6248
V961429 6249
V961430 6250-6253
V961431 6254-6257
V961431A 6258
V961431B 6259
V961431C 6260
V961431D 6261
V961432 6262-6265
V961432A 6266
V961432B 6267
V961432C 6268
V961432D 6269
V961433 6270-6273
V961433A 6274
V961433B 6275
V961433C 6276
V961433D 6277
V961434 6278
V961435 6279-6282
V961436 6283-6286
V961436A 6287
V961436B 6288
V961436C 6289
V961436D 6290
V961437 6291-6294
V961437A 6295
V961437B 6296
V961437C 6297
V961437D 6298
V961438 6299-6302
V961438A 6303
V961438B 6304
V961438C 6305
V961438D 6306
V961439 6307
V961440 6308-6311
V961441 6312-6315
V961441A 6316
V961441B 6317
V961441C 6318
V961441D 6319
V961442 6320-6323
V961442A 6324
V961442B 6325
V961442C 6326
V961442D 6327
V961443 6328-6331
V961443A 6332
V961443B 6333
V961443C 6334
V961443D 6335
V961444 6336
V961445 6337-6340
V961446 6341-6344
V961446A 6345
V961446B 6346
V961446C 6347
V961446D 6348
V961447 6349-6352
V961447A 6353
V961447B 6354
V961447C 6355
V961447D 6356
V961448 6357-6360
V961448A 6361
V961448B 6362
V961448C 6363
V961448D 6364
V961449 6365
V961450 6366-6369
V961451 6370-6373
V961451A 6374
V961451B 6375
V961451C 6376
V961451D 6377
V961452 6378-6381
V961452A 6382
V961452B 6383
V961452C 6384
V961452D 6385
V961453 6386-6389
V961453A 6390
V961453B 6391
V961453C 6392
V961453D 6393
...............................................

GROUP-SPECIFIC MISSING DATA

************************************************************
************************************************************

FOR PAYMENT OF DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS:
the group-specific data may be found in the columns below.  For each group
category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention,
the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc.

LABOR UNIONS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961346a =0 then  v961346a =.;
if v961346b =0 then  v961346b =.;
if v961346c =0 then  v961346c =.;
if v961346d =0 then  v961346d =.;
v961346a (0)
v961346b (0)
v961346c (0)
v961346d (0)

BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961351a =0 then  v961351a =.;
if v961351b =0 then  v961351b =.;
if v961351c =0 then  v961351c =.;
if v961351d =0 then  v961351d =.;
v961351a (0)
v961351b (0)
v961351c (0)
v961351d (0)

VETERANS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961356a =0 then  v961356a =.;
if v961356b =0 then  v961356b =.;
if v961356c =0 then  v961356c =.;
if v961356d =0 then  v961356d =.;
v961356a (0)
v961356b (0)
v961356c (0)
v961356d (0)

CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961361a =0 then  v961361a =.;
if v961361b =0 then  v961361b =.;
if v961361c =0 then  v961361c =.;
if v961361d =0 then  v961361d =.;
v961361a (0)
v961361b (0)
v961361c (0)
v961361d (0)

OTHER RELIGIOUS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961366a =0 then  v961366a =.;
if v961366b =0 then  v961366b =.;
if v961366c =0 then  v961366c =.;
if v961366d =0 then  v961366d =.;
v961366a (0)
v961366b (0)
v961366c (0)
v961366d (0)

ELDERLY/SENIOR DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961371a =0 then  v961371a =.;
if v961371b =0 then  v961371b =.;
if v961371c =0 then  v961371c =.;
if v961371d =0 then  v961371d =.;
v961371a (0)
v961371b (0)
v961371c (0)
v961371d (0)

ETHNIC/NATIONALITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961376a =0 then  v961376a =.;
if v961376b =0 then  v961376b =.;
if v961376c =0 then  v961376c =.;
if v961376d =0 then  v961376d =.;
v961376a (0)
v961376b (0)
v961376c (0)
v961376d (0)

WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961381a =0 then  v961381a =.;
if v961381b =0 then  v961381b =.;
if v961381c =0 then  v961381c =.;
if v961381d =0 then  v961381d =.;
v961381a (0)
v961381b (0)
v961381c (0)
v961381d (0)

POLITICAL ISSUE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961386a =0 then  v961386a =.;
if v961386b =0 then  v961386b =.;
if v961386c =0 then  v961386c =.;
if v961386d =0 then  v961386d =.;
v961386a (0)
v961386b (0)
v961386c (0)
v961386d (0)

NONPARTISAN OR CIVIC DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961391a =0 then  v961391a =.;
if v961391b =0 then  v961391b =.;
if v961391c =0 then  v961391c =.;
if v961391d =0 then  v961391d =.;
v961391a (0)
v961391b (0)
v961391c (0)
v961391d (0)

LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961396a =0 then  v961396a =.;
if v961396b =0 then  v961396b =.;
if v961396c =0 then  v961396c =.;
if v961396d =0 then  v961396d =.;
v961396a (0)
v961396b (0)
v961396c (0)
v961396d (0)

POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961401a =0 then  v961401a =.;
if v961401b =0 then  v961401b =.;
if v961401c =0 then  v961401c =.;
if v961401d =0 then  v961401d =.;
v961401a (0)
v961401b (0)
v961401c (0)
v961401d (0)

CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961406a =0 then  v961406a =.;
if v961406b =0 then  v961406b =.;
if v961406c =0 then  v961406c =.;
if v961406d =0 then  v961406d =.;
v961406a (0)
v961406b (0)
v961406c (0)
v961406d (0)

LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961411a =0 then  v961411a =.;
if v961411b =0 then  v961411b =.;
if v961411c =0 then  v961411c =.;
if v961411d =0 then  v961411d =.;
v961411a (0)
v961411b (0)
v961411c (0)
v961411d (0)

HOBBY OR LEISURE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961416a =0 then  v961416a =.;
if v961416b =0 then  v961416b =.;
if v961416c =0 then  v961416c =.;
if v961416d =0 then  v961416d =.;
v961416a (0)
v961416b (0)
v961416c (0)
v961416d (0)

NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961421a =0 then  v961421a =.;
if v961421b =0 then  v961421b =.;
if v961421c =0 then  v961421c =.;
if v961421d =0 then  v961421d =.;
v961421a (0)
v961421b (0)
v961421c (0)
v961421d (0)

SERVICE/FRATERNAL DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961426a =0 then  v961426a =.;
if v961426b =0 then  v961426b =.;
if v961426c =0 then  v961426c =.;
if v961426d =0 then  v961426d =.;
v961426a (0)
v961426b (0)
v961426c (0)
v961426d (0)

SERVICE TO NEEDY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961431a =0 then  v961431a =.;
if v961431b =0 then  v961431b =.;
if v961431c =0 then  v961431c =.;
if v961431d =0 then  v961431d =.;
v961431a (0)
v961431b (0)
v961431c (0)
v961431d (0)

EDUCATIONAL DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961436a =0 then  v961436a =.;
if v961436b =0 then  v961436b =.;
if v961436c =0 then  v961436c =.;
if v961436d =0 then  v961436d =.;
v961436a (0)
v961436b (0)
v961436c (0)
v961436d (0)

CULTURAL SERVICE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961441a =0 then  v961441a =.;
if v961441b =0 then  v961441b =.;
if v961441c =0 then  v961441c =.;
if v961441d =0 then  v961441d =.;
v961441a (0)
v961441b (0)
v961441c (0)
v961441d (0)

SELF-HELP DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961446a =0 then  v961446a =.;
if v961446b =0 then  v961446b =.;
if v961446c =0 then  v961446c =.;
if v961446d =0 then  v961446d =.;
v961446a (0)
v961446b (0)
v961446c (0)
v961446d (0)

OTHER DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS
if v961451a =0 then  v961451a =.;
if v961451b =0 then  v961451b =.;
if v961451c =0 then  v961451c =.;
if v961451d =0 then  v961451d =.;
v961451a (0)
v961451b (0)
v961451c (0)
v961451d (0)

************************************************************
************************************************************
FOR MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES:
the group-specific data may be found in the columns below.  For each group
category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention,
the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc.

LABOR UNIONS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961347a =0 then  v961347a =.;
if v961347b =0 then  v961347b =.;
if v961347c =0 then  v961347c =.;
if v961347d =0 then  v961347d =.;
v961347a (0)
v961347b (0)
v961347c (0)
v961347d (0)

BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961352a =0 then  v961352a =.;
if v961352b =0 then  v961352b =.;
if v961352c =0 then  v961352c =.;
if v961352d =0 then  v961352d =.;
v961352a (0)
v961352b (0)
v961352c (0)
v961352d (0)

VETERANS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961357a =0 then  v961357a =.;
if v961357b =0 then  v961357b =.;
if v961357c =0 then  v961357c =.;
if v961357d =0 then  v961357d =.;
v961357a (0)
v961357b (0)
v961357c (0)
v961357d (0)

CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961362a =0 then  v961362a =.;
if v961362b =0 then  v961362b =.;
if v961362c =0 then  v961362c =.;
if v961362d =0 then  v961362d =.;
v961362a (0)
v961362b (0)
v961362c (0)
v961362d (0)

OTHER RELIGIOUS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961367a =0 then  v961367a =.;
if v961367b =0 then  v961367b =.;
if v961367c =0 then  v961367c =.;
if v961367d =0 then  v961367d =.;
v961367a (0)
v961367b (0)
v961367c (0)
v961367d (0)

ELDERLY/SENIOR MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961372a =0 then  v961372a =.;
if v961372b =0 then  v961372b =.;
if v961372c =0 then  v961372c =.;
if v961372d =0 then  v961372d =.;
v961372a (0)
v961372b (0)
v961372c (0)
v961372d (0)

ETHNIC/NATIONALITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961377a =0 then  v961377a =.;
if v961377b =0 then  v961377b =.;
if v961377c =0 then  v961377c =.;
if v961377d =0 then  v961377d =.;
v961377a (0)
v961377b (0)
v961377c (0)
v961377d (0)

WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961382a =0 then  v961382a =.;
if v961382b =0 then  v961382b =.;
if v961382c =0 then  v961382c =.;
if v961382d =0 then  v961382d =.;
v961382a (0)
v961382b (0)
v961382c (0)
v961382d (0)

POLITICAL ISSUE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961387a =0 then  v961387a =.;
if v961387b =0 then  v961387b =.;
if v961387c =0 then  v961387c =.;
if v961387d =0 then  v961387d =.;
v961387a (0)
v961387b (0)
v961387c (0)
v961387d (0)

NONPARTISAN OR CIVIC MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961392a =0 then  v961392a =.;
if v961392b =0 then  v961392b =.;
if v961392c =0 then  v961392c =.;
if v961392d =0 then  v961392d =.;
v961392a (0)
v961392b (0)
v961392c (0)
v961392d (0)

LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961397a =0 then  v961397a =.;
if v961397b =0 then  v961397b =.;
if v961397c =0 then  v961397c =.;
if v961397d =0 then  v961397d =.;
v961397a (0)
v961397b (0)
v961397c (0)
v961397d (0)

POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961402a =0 then  v961402a =.;
if v961402b =0 then  v961402b =.;
if v961402c =0 then  v961402c =.;
if v961402d =0 then  v961402d =.;
v961402a (0)
v961402b (0)
v961402c (0)
v961402d (0)

CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961407a =0 then  v961407a =.;
if v961407b =0 then  v961407b =.;
if v961407c =0 then  v961407c =.;
if v961407d =0 then  v961407d =.;
v961407a (0)
v961407b (0)
v961407c (0)
v961407d (0)

LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961412a =0 then  v961412a =.;
if v961412b =0 then  v961412b =.;
if v961412c =0 then  v961412c =.;
if v961412d =0 then  v961412d =.;
v961412a (0)
v961412b (0)
v961412c (0)
v961412d (0)

HOBBY OR LEISURE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961417a =0 then  v961417a =.;
if v961417b =0 then  v961417b =.;
if v961417c =0 then  v961417c =.;
if v961417d =0 then  v961417d =.;
v961417a (0)
v961417b (0)
v961417c (0)
v961417d (0)

NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961422a =0 then  v961422a =.;
if v961422b =0 then  v961422b =.;
if v961422c =0 then  v961422c =.;
if v961422d =0 then  v961422d =.;
v961422a (0)
v961422b (0)
v961422c (0)
v961422d (0)

SERVICE/FRATERNAL MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961427a =0 then  v961427a =.;
if v961427b =0 then  v961427b =.;
if v961427c =0 then  v961427c =.;
if v961427d =0 then  v961427d =.;
v961427a (0)
v961427b (0)
v961427c (0)
v961427d (0)

SERVICE TO NEEDY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961432a =0 then  v961432a =.;
if v961432b =0 then  v961432b =.;
if v961432c =0 then  v961432c =.;
if v961432d =0 then  v961432d =.;
v961432a (0)
v961432b (0)
v961432c (0)
v961432d (0)

EDUCATIONAL MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961437a =0 then  v961437a =.;
if v961437b =0 then  v961437b =.;
if v961437c =0 then  v961437c =.;
if v961437d =0 then  v961437d =.;
v961437a (0)
v961437b (0)
v961437c (0)
v961437d (0)

CULTURAL SERVICE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961442a =0 then  v961442a =.;
if v961442b =0 then  v961442b =.;
if v961442c =0 then  v961442c =.;
if v961442d =0 then  v961442d =.;
v961442a (0)
v961442b (0)
v961442c (0)
v961442d (0)

SELF-HELP MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961447a =0 then  v961447a =.;
if v961447b =0 then  v961447b =.;
if v961447c =0 then  v961447c =.;
if v961447d =0 then  v961447d =.;
v961447a (0)
v961447b (0)
v961447c (0)
v961447d (0)

OTHER MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES
if v961452a =0 then  v961452a =.;
if v961452b =0 then  v961452b =.;
if v961452c =0 then  v961452c =.;
if v961452d =0 then  v961452d =.;
v961452a (0)
v961452b (0)
v961452c (0)
v961452d (0)

************************************************************
************************************************************
FOR POLITICAL DISCUSSION:
the group-specific data  may be found in the columns below.  For each group
category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention,
the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc.

LABOR UNIONS POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961348a =0 then  v961348a =.;
if v961348b =0 then  v961348b =.;
if v961348c =0 then  v961348c =.;
if v961348d =0 then  v961348d =.;
v961348a (0)
v961348b (0)
v961348c (0)
v961348d (0)

BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961353a =0 then  v961353a =.;
if v961353b =0 then  v961353b =.;
if v961353c =0 then  v961353c =.;
if v961353d =0 then  v961353d =.;
v961353a (0)
v961353b (0)
v961353c (0)
v961353d (0)

VETERANS POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961358a =0 then  v961358a =.;
if v961358b =0 then  v961358b =.;
if v961358c =0 then  v961358c =.;
if v961358d =0 then  v961358d =.;
v961358a (0)
v961358b (0)
v961358c (0)
v961358d (0)

CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961363a =0 then  v961363a =.;
if v961363b =0 then  v961363b =.;
if v961363c =0 then  v961363c =.;
if v961363d =0 then  v961363d =.;
v961363a (0)
v961363b (0)
v961363c (0)
v961363d (0)

OTHER RELIGIOUS POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961368a =0 then  v961368a =.;
if v961368b =0 then  v961368b =.;
if v961368c =0 then  v961368c =.;
if v961368d =0 then  v961368d =.;
v961368a (0)
v961368b (0)
v961368c (0)
v961368d (0)

ELDERLY/SENIOR POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961373a =0 then  v961373a =.;
if v961373b =0 then  v961373b =.;
if v961373c =0 then  v961373c =.;
if v961373d =0 then  v961373d =.;
v961373a (0)
v961373b (0)
v961373c (0)
v961373d (0)

ETHNIC/NATIONALITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961378a =0 then  v961378a =.;
if v961378b =0 then  v961378b =.;
if v961378c =0 then  v961378c =.;
if v961378d =0 then  v961378d =.;
v961378a (0)
v961378b (0)
v961378c (0)
v961378d (0)

WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961383a =0 then  v961383a =.;
if v961383b =0 then  v961383b =.;
if v961383c =0 then  v961383c =.;
if v961383d =0 then  v961383d =.;
v961383a (0)
v961383b (0)
v961383c (0)
v961383d (0)

POLITICAL ISSUE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961388a =0 then  v961388a =.;
if v961388b =0 then  v961388b =.;
if v961388c =0 then  v961388c =.;
if v961388d =0 then  v961388d =.;
v961388a (0)
v961388b (0)
v961388c (0)
v961388d (0)

NONPARTISAN OR CIV96IC
if v961393a =0 then  v961393a =.;
if v961393b =0 then  v961393b =.;
if v961393c =0 then  v961393c =.;
if v961393d =0 then  v961393d =.;
v961393a (0)
v961393b (0)
v961393c (0)
v961393d (0)

LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961398a =0 then  v961398a =.;
if v961398b =0 then  v961398b =.;
if v961398c =0 then  v961398c =.;
if v961398d =0 then  v961398d =.;
v961398a (0)
v961398b (0)
v961398c (0)
v961398d (0)

POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961403a =0 then  v961403a =.;
if v961403b =0 then  v961403b =.;
if v961403c =0 then  v961403c =.;
if v961403d =0 then  v961403d =.;
v961403a (0)
v961403b (0)
v961403c (0)
v961403d (0)

CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961408a =0 then  v961408a =.;
if v961408b =0 then  v961408b =.;
if v961408c =0 then  v961408c =.;
if v961408d =0 then  v961408d =.;
v961408a (0)
v961408b (0)
v961408c (0)
v961408d (0)

LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961413a =0 then  v961413a =.;
if v961413b =0 then  v961413b =.;
if v961413c =0 then  v961413c =.;
if v961413d =0 then  v961413d =.;
v961413a (0)
v961413b (0)
v961413c (0)
v961413d (0)

HOBBY OR LEISURE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961418a =0 then  v961418a =.;
if v961418b =0 then  v961418b =.;
if v961418c =0 then  v961418c =.;
if v961418d =0 then  v961418d =.;
v961418a (0)
v961418b (0)
v961418c (0)
v961418d (0)

NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961423a =0 then  v961423a =.;
if v961423b =0 then  v961423b =.;
if v961423c =0 then  v961423c =.;
if v961423d =0 then  v961423d =.;
v961423a (0)
v961423b (0)
v961423c (0)
v961423d (0)

SERVICE/FRATERNAL POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961428a =0 then  v961428a =.;
if v961428b =0 then  v961428b =.;
if v961428c =0 then  v961428c =.;
if v961428d =0 then  v961428d =.;
v961428a (0)
v961428b (0)
v961428c (0)
v961428d (0)

SERVICE TO NEEDY POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961433a =0 then  v961433a =.;
if v961433b =0 then  v961433b =.;
if v961433c =0 then  v961433c =.;
if v961433d =0 then  v961433d =.;
v961433a (0)
v961433b (0)
v961433c (0)
v961433d (0)

EDUCATIONAL POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961438a =0 then  v961438a =.;
if v961438b =0 then  v961438b =.;
if v961438c =0 then  v961438c =.;
if v961438d =0 then  v961438d =.;
v961438a (0)
v961438b (0)
v961438c (0)
v961438d (0)

CULTURAL SERVICE POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961433a =0 then  v961433a =.;
if v961433b =0 then  v961433b =.;
if v961433c =0 then  v961433c =.;
if v961433d =0 then  v961433d =.;
v961443a (0)
v961443b (0)
v961443c (0)
v961443d (0)

SELF-HELP POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961448a =0 then  v961448a =.;
if v961448b =0 then  v961448b =.;
if v961448c =0 then  v961448c =.;
if v961448d  =0 then  v961448d  =.;
v961448a (0)
v961448b (0)
v961448c (0)
v961448d (0)

OTHER POLITICAL DISCUSSION
if v961453a =0 then  v961453a =.;
if v961453b =0 then  v961453b =.;
if v961453c =0 then  v961453c =.;
if v961453d =0 then  v961453d =.;
v961453a (0)
v961453b (0)
v961453c (0)
v961453d (0)
>> POST-STRATIFIED CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS WEIGHTS FOR THE 
  1992, 1994 AND 1996 NES DATA

    Prepared by the Sampling Section Division of Surveys and Technologies 
                          Survey Research Center 
                      Institute for Social Research 
                           University of Michigan 

1. Overview: Why is NES issuing new weight variables? 

A new set of weights has been constructed for use with the series of National
Election Studies beginning with the 1992
Pre-Election Study. This series includes the 1992 Pre and Post, the 1994 Post,
and the 1996 Pre and Post Election Studies. The
main difference between these and the previously released weights is found in
the post-stratification criteria. The new weights
post-stratify the National Election Study data to match the Current Population
Study (CPS) estimate of the distribution of age
group by education level. The previous set of weights adjusted the NES sample
to the CPS distribution for Census Region,
sex, and age group. These new weights correct for an under-representation of
younger and less educated respondents in each
year's sample of respondents mainly due to attrition of these categories of
respondents in the panel component. 

The previous set of analysis weights developed for the 1996 NES public use
data sets led to overestimation of reported voter
turnout in the 1996 presidential election. A comparison between the 1992 and
the 1996 presidential vote turnout estimates from
the NES samples does not to reflect the trend of declining participation that
has been evident from external sources, such as the
Current Population Survey turnout estimates. Several sources of bias caused of
this problem, leading to under-representation of
18-22 year olds in the 1996 NES sample, respondents with no high school
diploma, or both. 

The significance of this under-representation becomes clear when the rates of
voting participation by age and education
subgroups are examined. The results are summarized in Tables 1a and 1b, below.
Table 1a clearly demonstrates the
well-known strong relationship between education and voting: people with less
education are less likely to vote. Table 1b
shows that reported voter turnout is higher among older people. Since the age
and education groups with the lowest voting
rates are underrepresented, estimates of 1996 presidential election
participation are skewed in the direction of higher rates of
turnout. 

Table 1a: 

Reported turnout in the 1996 presidential election by education level of
respondent (source: 1996 NES). 

Education                % reporting
                         having voted

No HS diploma            57.1
High school diploma      69.1
Some college             80.7
College Graduate         89.9

Total                    76.6


Table 1b: 

Reported turnout in the 1996 presidential election by age group of the
respondent (source: 1996 NES). 

Age            % reporting
               having voted

18-21          54.6
22-29          59.2
30-39          73.3
40-49          80.7
50-59          81.0
60-69          81.8
70+            84.5

Total          76.6 

The following three sections describe the three major factors which contribute
to the under-representation of specific age or
education groups. These include "initial contact non-response bias," "coverage
bias resulting from longitudinal sample design"
and "education related attrition bias." Subsequent sections describe in detail
the procedures used in the construction of the new
weights. 

2. Initial Contact Nonresponse Bias 

The first important source of age and education related bias is nonresponse
bias at the initial interview. Initial contact
nonresponse bias occurs when people with a certain characteristic in common
have a significantly different response rate from
the overall response rate. For example, if women are found to have a much
higher response rate than the combined response
rate for men and women, then there is an initial contact nonresponse bias
based on gender. 

If there were no nonresponse bias based on age or education we would expect
the NES cross-section samples to have age by
education distributions similar to that of the Current Population Survey (CPS)
population estimates. There would be minor
differences attributable to sampling error, but we would not expect to find
large or systematic differences. Table 2, which
compares the weighted distributions of education for the 1992, 1994 and 1996
NES cross-section samples to CPS population
estimates for the same years suggests that systematic differences are present. 

The weight used in Table 2 is the calculated base weight. This weight is the
product of a person-level selection weight and a
household-level nonresponse adjustment factor. Since the selection probability
of an eligible adult is inversely proportional to
the number of eligible adults in the household it is important to use the
selection weight based on the number of eligible adults
in the household when comparing NES person-level statistics to CPS
person-level distributions. The base weight also adjusts
for the difference in response rates by region and by urbanicity. The
construction of these weight factors is described in
Sections 5 through 8. This part of the NES weight is essentially the same for
the old and new weights. 

In Table 2, CPS estimates for 1992, 1994 and 1996 are included in the shaded
columns. Comparisons of the weighted
cross-section data from 1992, 1994 and 1996 to the corresponding CPS estimates
reveal clear systematic differences which
cannot be wholly attributed to sampling error. In all three cross-section
groups there is a strong relationship between the level of
education achieved by the respondent and the nonresponse rate. Specifically,
people with less education -- especially people
without a high school diploma - tend to be underrepresented in the weighted
cross-section samples. 

Table 2: Summary of weighted cross-section distributions by education 

           1992 CPS  1992 pre   1994 CPS  1994 post  1996 CPS  1996 pre
           propor-  (weighted)  propor-  (weighted)  propor-  (weighted)
           tion                 tion                 tion

No HS 
Diploma    0.208      0.144     0.195     0.161      0.189     0.103

HS Diploma 0.355      0.321     0.339     0.356      0.332     0.338

Some 
College    0.243      0.270     0.264     0.258      0.264     0.323

College 
Graduate   0.195      0.265     0.203     0.226      0.215     0.236

3. Coverage Bias Resulting from Longitudinal Sample Design 

The longitudinal design of the National Election Study results in a coverage
bias in the 1992 and 1994 cross-section component
of the 1996 sample. Respondents age 18-19 had no chance of being observed in
the panel. Respondents age 20 or 21 years
old had a chance of inclusion in only the 1994 cross-section component of the
1996 panel. This structural bias in cross-sectional
estimates based on the combined 1996 NES sample is an additional contributor
to under-representation of the younger
population. The age 18-21 bias in the sample also affects education since the
youngest group (e.g., 18-22) has a natural
constraint on the level of education that a respondent could have achieved by
the time he or she was interviewed. 

4. Education Related Attrition Bias 

Differential reinterview rates (pre to post as well as across election year
waves) based on education also contribute to over-
estimation of voting in the 1996 presidential election. The relationship
between education and cumulative attrition is shown in
Tables 3a-3c. 

Table 3a tracks the 1992 cross-section cases across subsequent interviews. The
age groups listed in the left-most column refer
to the respondent's age at the initial interview. Thus, a 29 year old
respondent in 1992 would not move into the next higher age
group in 1994. Columns labeled "%" indicate the percent of the original sample
that was reinterviewed. For example, in Table
3a, under 1996 (pre), there is a column labeled "n" and a column labeled "%".
The value in the top row in the "%" column is
71.4%. This means that 71.4 percent of the seven 18-21 year olds with no HS
diploma were included in the panel component of
the 1996 pre election interview. Sample Tables 3b and 3c show the attrition
for the 1994 and 1996 cross-section components. 

The summaries of cumulative attrition by education group portray a strong
relationship between education and reinterview rate.
Respondents with more education are more likely to participate in subsequent
interviews. This difference in attrition rate is found
between pre and post interviews of the same year (Table 3a - 1992 Post, Table
3c - 1996 Post) as well as across interview
years (Table 3b - 1996 Pre). Initially biased samples are subjected to further
nonresponse bias at every subsequent interview,
causing significant under-representation of less educated, eligible voters.
Since eligible adults with low education are less likely
to vote and are under-represented in the sample, predictions of voting
participation will be biased upward. 

Table 3a: Cumulative attrition for the 1992 NES Cross-section sample 

                        1992           1994            1996

                    (pre)  (post)     (post)      (pre)       (post)

AGE     HIGHEST
(in     EDUCATION    n    n    %      n    %      n    %      n    %
1992)

18-21   No HS 
        Diploma      7    7   100.0   7   100.0   5    71.4   3    42.9
        HS Diploma  30   27    90.0  18    60.0  11    36.7   6    20.0
        Some 
        College     24   23    95.8  18    75.0  15    62.5  14    58.3
        College 
        Graduate     1    1   100.0   1   100.0   0     0.0   0       0

TOTAL               62   58    93.5  44    71.0  31    50.0  23    37.1

22-29   No HS
        Diploma     15   15   100.0   8    53.3   6     40.0   6    40.0
        HS Diploma  53   47    88.7  29    54.7  17     32.1  15    28.3
        Some
        College     63   56    88.9  44    69.8  38     60.3  34    54.0
        College
        Graduate    42   38    90.5  29    69.0  26     61.9  23    54.8

TOTAL              173  156    90.2 110    63.6  87     50.3  78    45.1

30-39   No HS
        Diploma     23   22    95.7  16    69.6  11     47.8  11    47.8
        HS Diploma  89   78    87.6  56    62.9  44     49.4  41    46.1
        Some
        College     93   86    92.5  72    77.4  54     58.1  49    52.7
        College
        Graduate   107  103    96.3  78    72.9  62     57.9  58    54.2

TOTAL              312  289    92.6 222    71.2 171     54.8 159    51.0

40-49   No HS
        Diploma     13   13   100.0   9    69.2   6     46.2   5    38.5
        HS Diploma  52   48    92.3  35    67.3  28     53.8  24    46.2
        Some
        College     48   40    83.3  27    56.3  21     43.8  20    41.7
        College 
        Graduate    70   62    88.6  50    71.4  41     58.6  38    54.3

TOTAL              183  163    89.1 121    66.1  96     52.5  87    47.5

50-59   No HS
        Diploma     27  24     88.9  17    63.0  15     55.6  14    51.9
        HS Diploma  43  40     93.0  33    76.7  26     60.5  22    51.2
        Some
        College     28  25     89.3  18    64.3  14     50.0  14    50.0
        College 
        Graduate    45  39     86.7  33    73.3  30     66.7  29    64.2

TOTAL              143 128     89.5 101    70.6  85     59.4  79    55.2

60-69   No HS
        Diploma     37  30     81.1  23    62.2  17     45.9  16    43.2
        HS Diploma  50  39     78.0  30    60.0  24     48.0  24    48.0
        Some
        College     19  14     73.7  10    52.6   9     47.4   9    47.4
        College 
        Graduate    16  16    100.0  13    81.3  12     75.0  11    68.8

TOTAL              122  99     81.1  76    62.3  62     50.8  60    49.2

70+     No HS
        Diploma     54  42     77.8  28    51.9  22     40.7  21    38.9
        HS Diploma  31  30     96.8  22    71.0  15     48.4  14    45.2
        Some
        College     27  24     88.9  20    74.1  16     59.3  14    51.9
        College 
        Graduate    19  16     84.2  15    78.9  12     63.2  10    52.6

TOTAL              131 112     85.5  85    64.9  65     49.6  59    45.0

                  1126 1005         759         597          545

Summary by Education level:

     1992 pre     1992 post     1994 post     1996 pre     1996 post

            n     n     %     n     %     n     %      n    %

No HS 
Diploma     176   153   86.9  108   61.4   82   46.6   76   43.2
HS Diploma  348   309   88.8  223   64.1  165   47.4  146   42.0
Some 
College     302   268   88.7  209   69.2  167   55.3  154   51.0
College 
graduate    300   275   91.7  219   73.0  183   61.0  169   56.3

Total      1126  1005   89.3  759   67.4  597   53.0  545   48.4


Table 3b: Cumulative attrition for the 1994 NES Cross-section sample 

                  1994                    1996
                 (post)          (pre)            (post)

AGE    HIGHEST          n        n        %        n        %
(at    EDUCATION
1994)

18-21  No HS
       Diploma         13        8     61.5        4     30.8
       HS Diploma      24       13     54.2        9     37.5
       Some College    18       10     55.6        7     38.9
       College
       Graduate         0        0                 0

TOTAL                  55       31     56.4       20     36.4

22-29  No HS
       Diploma         14        6     42.9        4     28.6
       HS Diploma      45       31     68.9       26     57.8
       Some College    58       37     63.8       33     56.9
       College 
       Graduate        35       24     68.6       22     62.9

TOTAL                 152       98     64.5       85     55.9

30-39  No HS
       Diploma         21       16     76.2       13     61.9
       HS Diploma      93       59     63.4       53     57.0
       Some
       College         73       45     61.6       40     54.8
       College
       Graduate        59       44     74.6       40     67.8

TOTAL                 246      164     66.7      146      59.3

40-49  No HS
       Diploma         14       10     71.4        8      57.1
       HS Diploma      53       39     73.6       37      69.8
       Some
       College         52       40     76.9       37       71.2
       College
       Graduate        67       54     80.6       51       76.4

TOTAL                 186      143     76.9      133       71.5

50-59  No HS
       Diploma         16       11     68.8       10       62.5
       HS Diploma      43       33     76.7       27       62.8
       Some College    24       19     79.2       19       79.2
       College
       Graduate        29       21     72.4       21       72.4

TOTAL                 112       84     75.0       77       68.8

60-69  No HS
       Diploma         42       30     71.4       28       66.7
       HS Diploma      62       42     67.7       40       64.5
       Some College    21       16     76.2       15       71.4
       College
       Graduate        19       17     89.5       17       89.5

TOTAL                 144      105     72.9      100       69.4

70+  No HS
     Diploma           51       32     62.7       31       60.8
     HS Diploma        42       30     71.4       29       69.0
     Some College      22       12     54.5       11       50.0
     College
     Graduate          26       20     76.9       20        76.9

TOTAL                 141       94     66.7       91        64.5

                     1036      719               652

Summary by Education level:

                    1994 post       1996 pre       1996 post

                        n         n          %      n          %

No HS Diploma         171       113       66.1     98       57.3
HS Diploma            362       247       68.2    221       61.0
Some College          268       179       66.8    162       60.4
College Graduate      235       180       76.6    171       72.8

Total                1036       719       69.4    652       62.9


Table 3c: Cumulative attrition for the 1996 NES Cross-section sample 

                               1996

                         (pre)        (post)

AGE    HIGHEST
(at    EDUCATION           n        n        %
1996)

18-21  No HS Diploma       3        2     66.7
       HS Diploma          9        7     77.8
       Some College       23       21     91.3
       College Graduate    0        0

TOTAL                     35       30     85.7

22-29  No HS Diploma       4        2     50.0
       HS Diploma         19       13     72.2
       Some College       13       10     76.9
       College 
       Graduate           17       16     94.1

TOTAL                     52       41     78.8

30-39  No HS Diploma       4        4    100.0
       HS Diploma         36       29     80.6
       Some College       31       29     93.5
       College Graduate   28       23     82.1

TOTAL                     99       85     85.9

40-49  No HS Diploma       5        4     80.0
       HS Diploma         23       18     78.3
       Some College       25       20     80.0
       College Graduate   22       19     86.4

TOTAL                     75       61      81.3

50-59  No HS Diploma       7        6      85.7
       HS Diploma         17       15      88.2
       Some College       17       15      88.2
       College Graduate   15       15     100.0

TOTAL                     56       51      91.1

60-69  No HS Diploma       9        9     100.0
       HS Diploma         12       11      91.7
       Some College        9        7      77.8
       College Graduate    7        6      85.7

TOTAL                     37       33      89.2

70+  No HS Diploma        13       10      76.9
     HS Diploma           22       18      81.8
     Some College          6        5      83.3
     College Graduate      3        3     100.0

TOTAL                     44      36       81.8

                         398     337


Summary by Education level: 

                    1996 pre             1996 post
                      n               n               %

No HS Diploma        45              37            82.2
HS Diploma          137             111            81.0
Some College        124             107            86.3
College Graduate     92              82            89.1

Total               398             337            84.7


5. Construction of the new weights

The revised NES final analysis weight is based on the product of a calculated
base weight and a post-stratification factor. The base weight is constructed
to adjust for selection probability and geographic differences in response
rates at the time of the initial interview with each sample component. This
weight is the product of a selection probability weight and the household
nonresponse factor. The base weights for 1992, 1994, and 1996 cross-section
cases are initially determined using the corresponding year's household
nonresponse factor. Panel cases use this same base weight, carried over from
the original interview. Since differences in selection probabilities for the
NES sample household are due only to random selection of a single adult from
households of various sizes, the selection probability weight is the number of
eligible people in the household (up to three). 

The post-stratification factor is the ratio of the census proportion for each
age by education subgroup, to the corresponding weighted ( base weight )
sample proportion. Multiplication of the base weight by this
post-stratification factor adjusts the weighted sample distribution to conform
to the CPS population estimates. The following sections describe the base
weight and post-stratification factors in further detail. 

Final Weight = base weight x post-stratification factor 
where: Base weight = selection weight x household nonresponse factor 
and: Selection weight = the number of eligible adults in household (up to
three) 

6. Construction of a Base Weight 

The base weight is the product of two factors: the selection weight and the
household nonresponse adjustment factor. Although the National Election Study
uses an area probability sample design to achieve an equal probability sample
of U.S. households, the NES design does not produce an equal probability
sample of persons. Since only one person is chosen from each selected
household, any particular individual's probability of selection is inversely
proportional to the number of eligible adults in the household. The selection
weight which is equal to the number of eligible persons in the household
(inverse of the selection probability) adjusts for the under-representation of
persons in larger households. The household nonresponse factor is used to
adjust for the differential nonresponse rates found in different regions and
PSU types (Self-representing MSA, Nonself-representing MSA, and non-MSA.
Self-representing MSAs are the largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the
nation and are therefore self-representing in the 1990 SRC National Sample;
Nonself-representing MSAs are medium and smaller sized MSAs, and the non-MSAs
are counties which are not designated as MSAs and are less urban. 

7. Selection Probability Weight: 

The National Election Study uses an area probability sample design to achieve
an equal probability sample of U.S. households.
If a household has only one eligible adult, that person is included in the
sample. If a selected household has more than one eligible adult, one is
selected at random. Since the number of eligible adults varies across
households, the probability of selection for individuals is unequal and a
weight which is the reciprocal of the probability of selection should be used.
In the interest of limiting the variation of the weights, respondents selected
from households with more than three eligible adults were assigned a weight of
three; otherwise the selection weight is equal to the number of eligible
adults. 

8. Household Nonresponse Adjustment Factor: 

Nonresponse bias is a potential source of nonsampling error in the NES data.
It has been found that response rates vary significantly by geographic region
and PSU type (MSA/non-MSA status). In an effort to counteract this potential
source of bias, adjustment factors have been constructed at the household
level to account for the geographic and urban/rural differences in response
rates. Table 4 shows the initial contact response rates in the 1992, 1994 and
1996 NES by PSU type and region. 

The nonresponse adjustment factor was determined by dividing the cross-section
cases among twelve cells of four regions (Northeast / Midwest / South /West)
by three PSU types (SR MSA, NSR MSA, NSR Non- MSA). The cases in each cell
share a nonresponse adjustment factor calculated as the inverse of the
response rate of the cell. These response rates are for the initial
cross-section components only. They do not include the panel cases. 

Table 4: Initial contact response rates by PSU type and region 

                      1992 Response   1994 Response   1996 Response
PSU Type      Region      rate            rate            rate

SR MSA        Northeast   0.683           0.570           0.423
              Midwest     0.759           0.651           0.533
              South       0.724           0.620           0.539
              West        0.471           0.517           0.507
NSR MSA       Northeast   0.741           0.577           0.526
              Midwest     0.699           0.717           0.678
              South       0.727           0.813           0.646
              West        0.723           0.782           0.625
NSR Non-MSA   Northeast   0.820           0.725           0.600
              Midwest     0.917           0.878           0.721
              South       0.830           0.736           0.687
              West        0.762           0.946           0.810

9. Comparison of Weighted NES and CPS Age Group by Education Level
Distributions 

Table 5a below shows the current interview age by education distributions of
1992 cross-section cases in initial and subsequent interviews. The table
includes weighted (base weight) percentages and unweighted percentages with
estimates of the population percentages according to the Current Population
Study included for comparison. We can see for example, that in the 1992 NES
pre election sample there were 15 respondents age 22-29 with no high school
diploma. These represent approximately 1.3 percent of the 1126 total
respondents in this sample. When the base weight is used, the weighted percent
for this group increases to about 1.6 percent. The 1992 CPS population
estimates are listed in a column on the left. It is estimated that in 1992
about 2.4 percent of all eligible adults were 22-29 year-olds with no high
school diploma. The shaded rows indicate totals by age group and a summary by
education is provided at the bottom of the page. Table 5b gives the same
information for the 1994 cross-section cases and Table 5c shows the 1996
cross-section distributions. 

Table 5a: 

Distribution of the 1992 NES Cross-section sample by current age and education 

AGE   HIGHEST    1992     Unwtd    Wghted  Unwtd   Wghted
(Cur- EDUCATION   CPS    n    &     %    n    %    %
rent )                        (Sel,NR)          (Sel,NR)

18-21 No College  4.3   37   3.3   4.6   34   3.4   4.7
      College     3.1   25   2.2   2.3   24   2.4   2.6

TOTAL             7.3   62   5.5   7.0   58   5.8   7.3

22-29 No HS
      Diploma     2.4   15   1.3   1.6   15   1.5   1.8
      HS Diploma  6.1   53   4.7   4.5   47   4.7   4.6
      Some
      College     4.8   63   5.6   5.6   56   5.6   5.6
      College
      Graduate    3.5   42   3.7   3.7   38   3.8   3.8

TOTAL            16.7  173  15.4  15.4  156  15.5  15.8

30-39 No HS
      Diploma     3.0   23   2.0   1.6   22   2.2   1.7
      HS Diploma  8.7   89   7.9   8.0   78   7.8   7.8
      Some
      College     6.1   93   8.3   8.0   86   8.6   8.3
      College
      Graduate    5.7  107   9.5   9.2  103  10.2  10.0

TOTAL            23.4  312  27.7  26.8  289  28.8  27.8

40-49 No HS
      Diploma     2.4   13   1.2   1.2   13   1.3   1.3
      HS Diploma  6.1   52   4.6   5.1   48   4.8   5.2
      Some
      College     4.7   48   4.3   4.7   40   4.0   4.2
      College
      Graduate    5.0   70   6.2   6.3   62   6.2   6.2

TOTAL            18.1  183  16.3  17.2  163  16.2  16.9

50-59 No HS
      Diploma     2.8   27   2.4   2.5   24   2.4   2.4
      HS Diploma  4.7   43   3.8   4.6   40   4.0   4.8
      Some
      College     2.4   28   2.5   2.4   25   2.5   2.5
      College
      Graduate    2.5   45   4.0   4.2   39   3.9   4.1

TOTAL            12.3  143  12.7  13.7  128  12.7  13.7

60-69 No HS
      Diploma     3.5   37   3.3   3.0   30   3.0   2.7
      HS Diploma  4.2   50   4.4   4.0   39   3.9   3.5
      Some
      College     1.8   19   1.7   1.8   14   1.4   1.4
      College
      Graduate    1.7   16   1.4   1.5   16   1.6   1.7

TOTAL            11.1  122  10.8  10.2   99   9.9   9.3

70+   No HS
      Diploma     4.8   54   4.8   3.8   42   4.2   3.1
      HS Diploma  3.6   31   2.8   2.2   30   3.0   2.4
      Some
      College     1.5   27   2.4   2.3   24   2.4   2.2
      College
      Graduate    1.2   19   1.7   1.5   16   1.6   1.5

TOTAL            11.1  131  11.6   9.8  112  11.1   9.2

                      1126             1005

by Education Summary level:       1992 pre                1992 post

                  92 CPS      n   Unwtd %   Wtd %    n    Unwtd %  Wtd %

No HS Diploma     20.8      176    15.6    14.4    153    15.2    13.9
HS Diploma        35.5      348    30.9    32.1    309    30.7    32.1
Some College      24.3      302    26.8    27.0    268    26.7    26.7
College Graduate  19.5      300    26.6    26.5    275    27.4    27.4

Total                      1126                   1005


Table 5a: (cont.):
Distribution of the 1992 NES Cross-section sample by current age and education

                            1994 post     1996 pre       1996 post
AGE     HIGHEST   1992     Unwtd Wghtd   Unwtd Wghtd     Unwtd Wghtd
(Cur-  EDUCATION  CPS   n    %    %    n    %    %    n    %    %
rent)                         (Sel,NR)        (Sel,NR)      (Sel,NR)

18-21  No College  4.3  13  1.7  2.5   0   0.0   0.0   0   0.0   0.0
       College     3.1   4  0.5  0.7   1   0.2   0.3   1   0.2   0.3

       TOTAL       7.3  17  2.2  3.2   1   6.2   0.3   1   0.2   0.3

22-29  No HS
       Diploma    2.4    9  1.2  1.1   4   0.7   0.8   3   0.6   0.7
       HS Dip-
       loma       6.1   27  3.6  4.2  20   3.4   4.1  15   2.8   3.2
       Some
       College    4.8   46  6.1  6.1  21   3.5   3.8  18   3.3   3.6
       College
       Graduate   3.5   16  2.1  2.1  22   3.7   4.0  20   3.7   4.0

TOTAL            16.7   98 12.9 13.5  67  11.2  12.7  56  10.3  11.5

30-39  No HS
       Diploma    3.0   16  2.1  1.7  10   1.7   1.6  10   1.8   1.7
       HS Dip-
       loma       8.7   54  7.1  7.2  40   6.7   6.3  37   6.8   6.5
       Some
       College    6.1   77 10.1  9.7  54   9.0   8.7  47   8.6   8.2
       College
       Graduate   5.7   74  9.8  9.6  54   9.0   9.3  50   9.2   9.4

TOTAL            23.4  221 29.1 28.2 158  26.5  25.9 144  26.4  25.8

40-49  No HS
       Diploma    2.4   11  1.4  1.3   6   1.0   0.7   5   0.9   0.6
       HS Dip-
       loma       6.1   39  5.1  5.7  40   6.7   7.3  35   6.4   7.1
       Some
       College    4.7   26  3.4  3.5  20   3.4   3.8  20   3.7   4.2
       College
       Graduate   5.0   63  8.3  8.1  59   9.9   9.4  53   9.7   9.3

TOTAL            18.1  139 18.3 18.6 125  20.9  21.2 113  20.7  21.2

50-59  No HS
       Diploma    2.8   13  1.7  1.8  10   1.7   1.9  10   1.8   2.1
       HS Dip-
       loma       4.7   35  4.6  5.1  29   4.9   5.3  24   4.4   4.6
       Some
       College    2.4   23  3.0  3.2  22   3.7   4.0  22   4.0   4.3
       College
       Graduate   2.5   32  4.2  4.7  28   4.7   4.8  27   5.0   5.1

TOTAL            12.3  103 13.6 14.8  89  14.9  15.9  83  15.2  16.1

60-69  No HS
       Diploma    3.5   21  2.8  2.8  13   2.2   2.1  12   2.2   2.2
       HS Dip-
       loma       4.2   28  3.7  3.6  22   3.7   3.6  22   4.0   3.9
       Some
       College    1.8   10  1.3  1.2  10   1.7   1.6  10   1.8   1.8
       College
       Graduate   1.7   15  2.0  1.8  18   3.0   2.9  17   3.1   3.1

TOTAL            11.1   74  9.7  9.3  63  10.6  10.2  61  11.2  10.9

70+    No HS
       Diploma    4.8   35  4.6  3.5  32   5.4   4.2  30   5.5   4.3
       HS Dip-
       loma       3.6   30  4.0  3.4  25   4.2   3.6  23   4.2   3.7
       Some
       College    1.5   23  3.0  2.9  21   3.5   3.2  19   3.5   3.2
       College
       Graduate   1.2   19  2.5  2.6  16   2.7   2.8  15   2.8   2.8

TOTAL            11.1  107 14.1 12.4  94  15.7  13.8  87  16.0  14.1

                       759           597             545


Summary by Education level:  1994 post  1996 pre  1996 post

92 CPS   n   unwtd %   wtd %   n   unwtd %   wtd %   n   unwtd %   wtd %

No HS Diploma
20.8    108   14.2    12.7    75    12.6    11.2    70    12.8    11.6

HS Diploma
35.5    223   29.4    31.1   176    29.5    30.1   156    28.6    29.1

Some College
24.3    209   27.5    27.2   149    25.0    25.4   137    25.1    25.6

College Graduate
19.5    219   28.8    29.0   197    33.0    33.2   182    33.4    33.7

Total   759                  597                   545

Table 5b: 

Distribution of the 1994 NES Cross-section sample by current age and 
education

                       1994 post           1996 pre           1996 post

AGE  HIGHEST   1994              wghtd              wghtd          wghtd
     EDUCATION CPS   n  unwtd %     %     n  unwtd %  %    n  unwtd %  %
                                (Sel,NR)           (Sel,NR)     (Sel,NR)

18-21  No College  4.2   37   3.6   4.2   12   1.7   1.8   8   1.2   1.3
       College     3.1   18   1.7   2.4    6   0.8   1.1   5   0.8   1.0

TOTAL              7.3   55   5.3   6.6   18   2.5   3.0  13   2.0   2.3

22-29  No HS
       Diploma     2.3   14   1.4   1.3    6   0.8   1.0   3   0.5   0.5
       HS Diploma  5.5   45   4.3   4.5   23   3.2   3.8  17   2.6   3.0
       Some
       College     5.3   58   5.6   5.7   31   4.3   4.0  27   4.1   3.9
       College
       Graduate    3.4   35   3.4   3.3   22   3.1   3.0  20   3.1   3.1

TOTAL             16.5  152  14.7  14.7   82  11.4  11.7  67  10.3  10.5

30-39  No HS
       Diploma     2.9   21   2.0   2.1   12   1.7   1.7   9   1.4   1.4
       HS Diploma  8.1   93   9.0   9.0   57   7.9   7.5  51   7.8   7.1
       Some
       College     6.6   73   7.1   6.8   53   7.4   7.3  47   7.2   7.2
       College
       Graduate    5.7   59   5.7   5.7   41   5.7   5.9  38   5.8   6.3

TOTAL             23.3  246  23.7  23.7  163  22.7  22.4 145  22.2  22.0

40-49  No HS
       Diploma     2.3   14   1.4   1.6   11   1.5   1.9   9   1.4   1.7
       HS Diploma  6.1   53   5.1   6.0   43   6.0   6.5  41   6.3   6.8
       Some
       College     5.2   52   5.0   5.0   43   6.0   6.3  39   6.0   6.4
       College
       Graduate    5.4   67   6.5   6.6   57   7.9   8.1  53   8.1   8.4

TOTAL             19.0  186  18.0  19.2  154  21.4  22.8 142  21.8  23.3

50-59  No HS
       Diploma     2.4   16   1.5   1.6   12   1.7   1.6  12   1.8   1.8
       HS Diploma  4.6   43   4.2   4.4   36   5.0   5.4  29   4.4   4.9
       Some
       College     2.8   24   2.3   2.2   16   2.2   2.1  16   2.4   2.3
       College
       Graduate    2.8   29   2.8   3.1   25   3.5   3.8  25   3.8   4.2

TOTAL             12.5  112  10.8  11.1   89  12.4  13.0  82  12.6  13.3

60-69  No HS
       Diploma     3.0   42   4.1   3.7   25   3.5   3.3  23   3.5   3.4
       HS Diploma  3.8   62   6.0   5.5   39   5.4   5.2  35   5.4   5.0
       Some
       College     1.9   21   2.0   1.9   21   2.9   3.1  21   3.2   3.4
       College
       Graduate    1.7   19   1.8   2.0   14   2.0   1.9  14   2.2   2.1

TOTAL             10.3  144  13.9  13.2   99  13.8  13.4  93  14.3  13.9

70+  No HS
     Diploma       4.6   51   4.9   4.1   37   5.1   4.4  36   5.5   4.9
     HS Diploma    3.7   42   4.1   3.6   33   4.6   4.1  32   4.9   4.4
     Some
     College       1.7   22   2.1   1.8   22   3.1   2.4  21   3.2   2.6
     College
     Graduate      1.3   26   2.5   2.0   22   3.1   2.8  21   3.2   2.9

TOTAL             11.2  141  13.6  11.5  114  15.9  13.7 110  16.9  14.7

                       1036              719             652


Summary by Education level: 

            1994 post          1996 pre            1996 post

94 CPS   n   Unwtd %  Wtd % n  Unwtd %  Wtd %  n   Unwtd % Wtd %

No HS Diploma
19.5   171   16.5   16.1   110   15.3   15.2   96   14.7   14.4

HS Diploma
33.9   362   34.9   35.6   236   32.8   33.1  209   32.1   31.8

Some College
26.4   268   25.9   25.8   192   26.7  26.3   176   27.0   26.8

College 
Graduate
20.3   235   22.7   22.6   181   25.2  25.4   171   26.2   27.0

Total 1036                 719                652


Table 5c:  Distribution of the 1996 NES Cross-section sample by current age
and education

1996 pre   1996 post

AGE   HIGHEST   1996       Unwtd Wghtd    Unwtd Wghtd
(Cur- EDUCATION  CPS    n    %    %    n    %    %
rent)                           (Sel,NR)        (Sel,NR)

18-21 No College 4.4   12   3.0   4.1   9   2.7   3.6
      College    2.9   23   5.8   7.5  21   6.2   8.2

TOTAL            7.3   35   8.8  11.6  30   8.9  11.8

22-29 No HS
      Diploma    2.0    4   1.0   0.8   2   0.6   0.5
      HS Dip-
      loma       4.9   18   4.5   3.9  13   3.9   3.3
      Some
      College    5.0   13   3.3   2.9  10   3.0   2.9
      College
      Graduate   3.7   17   4.3   4.0  16   4.8   4.4

TOTAL           15.6   52  13.1  11.5  41  12.2   11.0

30-39 No HS
      Diploma    2.9    4   1.0   0.8   4   1.2   0.9
      HS Dip-
      loma       7.6   36   9.0   9.0  29   8.6   8.7
      Some
      College    6.3   31   7.8   7.6  29   8.6   8.4
      College
      Graduate   5.9   28   7.0   6.6  23   6.8   6.3

TOTAL           22.8   99  24.9  24.1  85  25.2  24.4

40-49 No HS
      Diploma    2.4    5   1.3   1.0   4   1.2   0.9
      HS Dip-
      loma       6.6   23   5.8   6.2  18   5.3   5.6
      Some
      College    5.5   25   6.3   6.8  20   5.9   6.3
      College
      Graduate   5.7   22   5.5   5.5  19   5.6   5.7

TOTAL           20.1   75  18.8  19.6  61  18.1  18.5

50-59 No HS
      Diploma    2.3    7   1.8   1.7   6   1.8   1.7
      HS Dip-
      loma       4.6   17   4.3   4.9  15   4.4   4.9
      Some
      College    2.9   17   4.3   3.6  15   4.4   3.8
      College
      Graduate   3.0   15   3.8   4.8  15   4.4   5.7

TOTAL           12.8   56  14.1  15.2  51  15.1  16.1

60-69 No HS
      Diploma    2.8    9   2.3   1.9   9   2.7   2.3
      HS Dip-
      loma       3.7   12   3.0   2.3  11   3.3   2.6
      Some
      College    1.9    9   2.3   2.5   7   2.1   2.2
      College
      Graduate   1.8    7   1.8   2.2   6   1.8   2.3

TOTAL           10.1   37   9.3   8.9  33   9.8   9.3

70+ No HS
    Diploma      4.3   13   3.3   2.8  10   3.0   2.5
    HS Dip-
    loma         3.7   22   5.5   4.6  18   5.3   4.5
    Some
    College      1.9    6   1.5   1.3   5   1.5   1.4
    College
    Graduate     1.5    3   0.8   0.5   3   0.9   0.6

TOTAL           11.3   44  11.1   9.2  36  10.7   8.9

                      398             337


Summary by Education level:

                             1996 pre          1996 post

                96 CPS   n   Unwtd%  Wtd%  n   Unwtd%  Wtd%

No HS Diploma     18.9   45   11.3   10.3   37   11.0   9.8
HS Diploma        33.2  137   34.4   33.8  111   32.9  32.1
Some College      26.4  124   31.2   32.3  107   31.8  33.1
College
Graduate          21.5   92   23.1   23.6   82   24.3  25.0

Total                   398                337
      

9. Post-stratification Factor for the Revised Weights:

The post-stratification factor for the revised NES cross-sectional weights was
developed to address problems caused by under-representation of age or
education groups. To do this, the corresponding CPS estimates were used as the
benchmark standard. The post-stratification factor was calculated by dividing
the CPS percent by the weighted (base weight) NES percent for each of the age
by education subgroups. Note that the youngest age group consists of only two
education groups (no college / at least some college) because of the small
number of 18 to 21 year-olds in the samples (especially in 1994 and 1996)and
because level of education is not as meaningful for the youngest age group
since they may still be in school. 

Tables 6a, 6b and 6c show the data used to construct the post- stratification
factors for the combined panel and cross-section NES samples for each year. As
an example of the calculation, in the 1994 NES sample (Table 6b) there were
fifty 18-21 year olds with no college education. These people represent
approximately 2.8 percent (unweighted) of the 1994 sample. When the base
weight is applied, the weighted percent is about 3.5. On the left side of each
table the CPS statistics for the corresponding year are listed. These are used
as estimates of the population percentages by age and education. The post-
stratification factor is calculated for each subgroup by dividing the CPS
estimate by the weighted percent. In the 1994 example this is 4.2 divided by
approximately 3.5. Although the percentages in the tables are shown to the
nearest tenth of a percent, the calculation of the post-stratification factors
used percents to the nearest hundredth of a percent. 

Table 6a: Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 1992
samples 

1992 pre    1992 post

AGE    HIGHEST  1992  Unwtd  Wghtd  Post-strat  Unwtd  Wghtd  Post-strat
(Cur- EDUCATION  CPS  n   %     %    factor  n   %     %       factor
rent)                       (Sel,NR)  (92 cps)        (Sel,NR)  (92 cps)

18-21 No College 4.3   37   3.3   4.6   0.918   34   3.4   4.7   0.900
      College    3.1   25   2.2   2.3   1.313   24   2.4   2.6   1.200

TOTAL            7.3   62   5.5   7.0           58   5.8   7.3

22-29 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   15   1.3   1.6   1.506   15   1.5   1.8   1.343
      HS Dip-
      loma       6.1   53   4.7   4.5   1.354   47   4.7   4.6   1.319
      Some
      College    4.8   63   5.6   5.6   0.857   56   5.6   5.6   0.864
      College
      Graduate   3.5   42   3.7   3.7   0.935   38   3.8   3.8   0.908

TOTAL           16.7  173  15.4  15.4          156  15.5  15.8

30-39 No HS
      Diploma    3.0   23   2.0   1.6   1.833   22   2.2   1.7   1.747
      HS Dip-
      loma       8.7   89   7.9   8.0   1.083   78   7.8   7.8   1.109
      Some
      College    6.1   93   8.3   8.0   0.763   86   8.6   8.3   0.733
      College
      Graduate   5.7  107   9.5   9.2   0.615  103  10.2  10.0   0.567

TOTAL           23.4  312  27.7  26.8          289  28.8  27.8

40-49 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   13   1.2   1.2   2.009   13   1.3   1.3   1.794
      HS Dip-
      loma       6.1   52   4.6   5.1   1.204   48   4.8   5.2   1.180
      Some
      College    4.7   48   4.3   4.7   1.013   40   4.0   4.2   1.113
      College
      Graduate   5.0   70   6.2   6.3   0.791   62   6.2   6.2   0.797

TOTAL           18.1  183  16.3  17.2          163  16.2  16.9

50-59 No HS
      Diploma    2.8   27   2.4   2.5   1.118   24   2.4   2.4   1.155
      HS Dip-
      loma       4.7   43   3.8   4.6   1.020   40   4.0   4.8   0.973
      Some
      College    2.4   28   2.5   2.4   0.959   25   2.5   2.5   0.955
      College
      Graduate   2.5   45   4.0   4.2   0.594   39   3.9   4.1   0.609

TOTAL           12.3  143  12.7  13.7          128  12.7  13.7

60-69 No HS
      Diploma    3.5   37   3.3   3.0   1.182   30   3.0   2.7   1.282
      HS Dip-
      loma       4.2   50   4.4   4.0   1.055   39   3.9   3.5   1.199
      Some
      College    1.8   19   1.7   1.8   1.000   14   1.4   1.4   1.250
      College
      Graduate   1.7   16   1.4   1.5   1.114   16   1.6   1.7   0.994

TOTAL           11.1  122  10.8  10.2           99   9.9   9.3

70+   No HS
      Diploma    4.8   54   4.8   3.8   1.268   42   4.2   3.1   1.540
      HS Dip-
      loma       3.6   31   2.8   2.2   1.633   30   3.0   2.4   1.490
      Some
      College    1.5   27   2.4   2.3   0.642   24   2.4   2.2   0.671
      College
      Graduate   1.2   19   1.7   1.5   0.791   16   1.6   1.5   0.818

TOTAL           11.1  131  11.6   9.8          112  11.1   9.2

                     1126                     1005

Summary by Education Level:

                       1992 pre                     1992 post

             92 CPS  n  Unwtd%  Wtd%            n   Unwtd%  Wtd%

No HS Diploma  20.8  176  15.6  14.4            153  15.2  13.9
HS Diploma     35.5  348  30.9  32.1            309  30.8  32.1
Some College   24.3  302  26.8  27.0            268  26.7  26.7
College 
Graduate       19.5  300  26.6  26.5            275  27.4  27.4

Total               1126                       1005


Table 6b: Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 1994
samples 

1994 post


AGE   HIGHEST     1994      Unwtd  Wghtd  Post-strat
(Cur- EDUCATION    CPS    n    %    %    factor
rent)                            (Sel,NR)  (94 cps)

18-21 No College   4.2   50   2.8   3.5   1.206
      College      3.1   22   1.2   1.7   1.838

TOTAL              7.3   72   4.0   5.2

22-29 No HS
      Diploma      2.3   23   1.3   1.2   1.924
      HS Diploma   5.5   72   4.0   4.4   1.252
      Some
      College      5.3  104   5.8   5.9   0.898
      College
      Graduate     3.4   51   2.8   2.8   1.230

TOTAL             16.5  250  13.9  14.2

30-39 No HS
      Diploma      2.9   37   2.1   2.0   1.503
      HS Diploma   8.1  147   8.2   8.2   0.979
      Some
      College      6.6  150   8.4   8.1   0.822
      College
      Graduate     5.7  133   7.4   7.4   0.776

TOTAL             23.3  467  26.0  25.6

40-49 No HS
      Diploma      2.3   25   1.4   1.5   1.575
      HS Diploma   6.1   92   5.1   5.9   1.041
      Some
      College      5.2   78   4.4   4.4   1.189
      College
      Graduate     5.4  130   7.2   7.2   0.750

TOTAL             19.0  325  18.1  18.9

50-59 No HS
      Diploma      2.4   29   1.6   1.7   1.407
      HS Diploma   4.6   78   4.4   4.7   0.983
      Some
      College      2.8   47   2.6   2.6   1.069
      College 
      Graduate     2.8   61   3.4   3.7   0.736

TOTAL             12.5  215  12.0  12.7

60-69 No HS
      Diploma      3.0   63   3.5   3.3   0.895
      HS Diploma   3.8   90   5.0   4.7   0.805
      Some
      College      1.9   31   1.7   1.6   1.175
      College
      Graduate     1.7   34   1.9   1.9   0.869

TOTAL             10.3  218  12.1  11.6

70+   No HS
      Diploma      4.6   86   4.8   3.8   1.188
      HS Diploma   3.7   72   4.0   3.5   1.046
      Some
      College      1.7   45   2.5   2.2   0.744
      College 
      Graduate     1.3   45   2.5   2.3   0.559

TOTAL             11.2  248  13.8  11.9

                       1795


Summary by Education level: 1994 post

               94 CPS    n   Unwtd%   Wtd%

No HS Diploma    19.5   279   15.5   14.7
HS Diploma       33.9   585   32.6   33.7
Some College     26.4   477   26.6   26.4
College 
Graduate         20.3   454   25.3   25.3

Total                  1795


Table 6c: Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 1996
samples 

    1996 pre    1996 post


AGE  HIGHEST    1996   Unwtd  Wghtd  Post-strat  Unwtd  Wghtd Post-strat
(Cur- EDUCATION  CPS    n    %    %    factor    n    %    %    factor
rent)

18-21 No College 4.4   24   1.4   1.8   2.383   17   1.1   1.5   3.007
      College    2.9   30   1.8   2.6   1.140   27   1.8   2.6   1.118

TOTAL            7.3   54   3.2   4.4           44   2.9   4.1

22-29 No HS
      Diploma    2.0   14   0.8   0.9   2.349    8   0.5   0.6   3.673
      HS Diploma 4.9   61   3.6   3.9   1.245   45   2.9   3.1   1.554
      Some
      College    5.0   65   3.8   3.6   1.388   55   3.6   3.5   1.424
      College 
      Graduate   3.7   61   3.6   3.6   1.025   56   3.6   3.8   0.981

TOTAL           15.6  201  11.7  12.0          164  10.7  11.0

30-39 No HS
      Diploma    2.9   27   1.6   1.5   2.000   24   1.6   1.5   2.028
      HS Diploma 7.6  133   7.8   7.5   1.013  117   7.6   7.3   1.041
      Some
      College    6.3  138   8.1   7.9   0.805  123   8.0   7.9   0.804
      College 
      Graduate   5.9  123   7.2   7.2   0.811  111   7.2   7.4   0.799

TOTAL           22.8  421  24.6  24.1          375  24.4  24.0

40-49 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   22   1.3   1.3   1.865   18   1.2   1.1   2.080
      HS Diploma 6.6  106   6.2   6.7   0.979   94   6.1   6.6   0.992
      Some
      College    5.5   88   5.1   5.6   0.979   79   5.1   5.6   0.982
      College 
      Graduate   5.7  138   8.0   7.8   0.726  125   8.2   8.0   0.706

TOTAL           20.1  354  20.7  21.4          316  20.6  21.4

50-59 No HS
      Diploma    2.3   29   1.7   1.8   1.331   28   1.8   1.9   1.233
      HS Diploma 4.6   82   4.8   5.2   0.880   68   4.4   4.8   0.958
      Some
      College    2.9   55   3.2   3.1   0.914   53   3.5   3.4   0.847
      College 
      Graduate   3.0   68   4.0   4.4   0.672   67   4.4   4.9   0.606

TOTAL           12.8  234  13.7  14.5          216  14.1  15.0

60-69 No HS
      Diploma    2.8   47   2.7   2.5   1.096   44   2.9   2.7   1.030
      HS Diploma 3.7   73   4.3   3.9   0.956   68   4.4   4.0   0.923
      Some 
      College    1.9   40   2.3   2.4   0.778   38   2.5   2.5   0.744
      College 
      Graduate   1.8   39   2.3   2.3   0.771   37   2.4   2.5   0.715

TOTAL           10.1  199  11.6  11.1          187  12.2  11.7

70+   No HS 
      Diploma    4.3   81   4.7   3.9   1.098   75   4.9   4.0   1.063
      HS Diploma 3.7   80   4.7   4.1   0.912   73   4.8   4.2   0.890
      Some
      College    1.9   49   2.9   2.4   0.789   45   2.9   2.5   0.757
      College 
      Graduate   1.5   41   2.4   2.2   0.694   39   2.5   2.3   0.664

TOTAL           11.3  251  14.6  12.5          232  15.1  12.9

                     1714                     1534


Summary by Education level:   1996 pre                1996 post

               96 CPS   n   Unwtd%  Wtd%           n   Unwtd%  Wtd%

No HS Diploma   18.9   230   13.4   12.5          203   13.2   12.2
HS Diploma      33.2   549   32.0   32.3          476   31.0   31.0
Some College    26.4   465   27.1   27.6          420   27.4   28.0
College 
Graduate        21.5   470   27.4   27.5          435   28.4   28.8

Total                 1714                       1534


10. "Trimming of weights

The new weights for each sample -- 1992 pre and post, 1994 post and 1996 pre
and post - were calculated as the product of the corresponding base weight and
the post-stratification factor. The resulting products were then "trimmed" at
the 1st and 99th percentiles in order to control the potential for high
variation caused by these weights. The results of trimming at the 1st and 99th
percentiles are shown in Table 7. The column labels "Before" and "After"
indicate whether the statistics refer to the weight before or after trimming. 

Table 7: Comparison of final weight statistics before and after trimming 

           1992 pre         1992 post           1994 post
        Before   After    Before    After    Before    After

1126     1126     1005     1005     1795     1795
mean    2.4136   2.4038   2.4092   2.4015   2.4201   2.4129 
std dev 1.1252   1.0841   1.1075   1.0773   1.1817   1.1494 
max     9.6008   5.5521   8.5612   5.2942   8.8935   6.5143 
99th    5.5521   5.5521   5.2942   5.2942   6.6514   6.5143 
1st     0.7796   0.7796   0.7471   0.7471   0.7999   0.7999 
min     0.6480   0.7796   0.6644   0.7471   0.6370   0.7999 

               1996 pre         1996 post
          Before    After    Before    After

n          1714     1714     1 534    1534
mean       2.5241   2.5018   2.5112   2.4727
std dev    1.3853   1.2720   1.5714   1.3387
max        13.277   7.5774   16.753   8.4760
99th       7.5774   7.5774   8.4760   8.4760
1st        0.8930   0.8930   0.8496   0.8496
min        0.7104   0.8930   0.6406   0.8496


11. Results:

The steps taken to address the 1996 NES overestimation of voting in the 1996
presidential election resulted in the development of post- stratified weights
which account for individual selection probability, geographic related
household nonresponse, and misrepresentation of any age by education
subgroups. These revised, CPS-standardized weights were computed for the 1992
NES Pre and Post, 1994 NES Post and 1996 NES Pre and Post Election data sets.
Users of previous weights released with the 1992, 1994 and 1996 data will find
that these weights extend and combine the features of previously released
weights. 

Table 8 compares the weighted ( final weights ) distributions by age and
education to the CPS estimates. It is evident that the use of the final
weights results in a distribution which is more similar to CPS population
estimates. 

Table 8: Comparison of weighted (final weights) NES distribution to CPS
population estimates for age by education subgroups. 

AGE  HIGHEST    '92  '92pre  '92post  '94  '94post  '96  '96pre  '96post
(Cur- EDUCATION  CPS   NES    NES      CPS   NES     CPS   NES    NES
rent)

18-21 No College 4.3   4.27   4.27     4.2   4.22   4.4   3.63   3.38
      College    3.1   3.06   3.08     3.1   2.85   2.9   2.97   2.99

TOTAL            7.3   7.33   7.33     7.3   7.07   7.3   6.61   6.36

22-29 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   2.15   2.19     2.3   2.25   2.0   1.90   1.55
      HS Diploma 6.1   6.10   6.09     5.5   5.47   4.9   4.93   4.95
      Some
      College    4.8   4.86   4.85     5.3   5.30   5.0   5.09   5.11
      College 
      Graduate   3.5   3.48   3.48     3.4   3.43   3.7   3.72   3.73

TOTAL           16.7  16.60  16.61    16.5  16.45  15.6  15.63  15.35

30-39 No HS
      Diploma    3.0   2.99   2.99     2.9   2.94   2.9   2.96   2.99
      HS Diploma 8.7   8.69   8.68     8.1   8.09   7.6   7.68   7.73
      Some
      College    6.1   6.13   6.13     6.6   6.63   6.3   6.38   6.42
      College 
      Graduate   5.7   5.68   5.69     5.7   5.72   5.9   5.92   5.96

TOTAL           23.4  23.49  23.48    23.3  23.38  22.8  22.94  23.11

40-49 No HS
      Diploma    2.4   2.19   2.23     2.3   2.27   2.4   2.37   2.39
      HS Diploma 6.1   6.11   6.11     6.1   6.13   6.6   6.61   6.65
      Some
      College    4.7   4.75   4.74     5.2   5.18   5.5   5.56   5.59
      College 
      Graduate   5.0   4.97   4.97     5.4   5.45   5.7   5.73   5.76

TOTAL           18.1  18.02  18.05    19.0  19.03  20.1  20.27  20.39

50-59 No HS 
      Diploma    2.8   2.76   2.75     2.4   2.36   2.3   2.36   2.37
      HS Diploma 4.7   4.68   4.68     4.6   4.61   4.6   4.64   4.67
      Some
      College    2.4   2.36   2.36     2.8   2.78   2.9   2.89   2.92
      College 
      Graduate   2.5   2.51   2.51     2.8   2.77   3.0   3.01   3.03

TOTAL           12.3  12.31  12.30    12.5  12.51  12.8  12.90  12.99

60-69 No HS
      Diploma    3.5   3.52   3.50     3.0   2.99   2.8   2.78   2.79
      HS Diploma 4.2   4.24   4.24     3.8   3.81   3.7   3.72   3.75
      Some
      College    1.8   1.76   1.75     1.9   1.89   1.9   1.91   1.92
      College 
      Graduate   1.7   1.67   1.67     1.7   1.66   1.8   1.80   1.81

TOTAL           11.1  11.19  11.17    10.3  10.35  10.1  10.21  10.27

70+   No HS
      Diploma    4.8   4.84   4.83     4.6   4.57   4.3   4.28   4.32
      HS Diploma 3.6   3.52   3.53     3.7   3.68   3.7   3.75   3.78
      Some
      College    1.5   1.48   1.48     1.7   1.67   1.9   1.88   1.90
      College 
      Graduate   1.2   1.22   1.22     1.3   1.30   1.5   1.52   1.53

TOTAL           11.1  11.06  11.06    11.2  11.22  11.3  11.44  11.53


Summary by Education level:

                         '92pre '92post       '94post     '96pre '96post
                 '92CPS  NES   NES    '94CPS  NES  '96CPS  NES  NES

No HS Diploma     20.8  19.19  19.32  19.5  18.83  18.9  18.25  17.63
HS Diploma        35.5  36.88  36.77  33.9  34.53  33.2  33.37  33.69
Some College      24.3  24.26  24.24  26.4  26.31  26.4  26.69  26.85
College 
Graduate          19.5  19.68  19.68  20.3  20.33  21.5  21.70  21.84


The final check on the revised weight is to use this trimmed final weight to
estimate presidential election voting rates in 1992 and 1996. Table 9 shows
that in both 1992 and 1996 the use of the final weight results in
significantly lower estimates of voting. 

Table 9: Calculated Voting Rates in the 1992 and 1996 Presidential elections

            1992                               1996
unwghtd  base weight  final weight  unwghtd  base weight  final weight
0.77       0.78        0.75        0.77        0.77        0.72                
    

>> SAMPLE DESIGN 1992 ELECTION STUDY

                        STUDY POPULATION

The study population for the 1992 National Pre/Post Election Study (NES) is
defined to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before the
1992 Election Day. Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units, other
than on military reservations, in the forty-eight coterminous states.  This
definition excludes persons living in Alaska or Hawaii and requires eligible
persons to have been both a United States citizen and eighteen years of age on
or before the 3rd of November 1992.

                   MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN

The 1992 NES is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected from
the Survey Research Center's (SRC) National Sample design.  Identification of
the 1992 NES sample respondents was conducted using a four stage sampling
process--a primary stage sampling of U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(MSAs) and counties, followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a
third stage sampling of housing units within sampled area segments and
concluding with the random selection of a single respondent from selected
housing units.  A detailed documentation of the SRC National Sample is
provided in the SRC publication titled, 1980 SRC National Sample: Design and
Development.


                            Primary Stage Selection

The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs), which depending on the
sample stratum are either MSAs, single counties or groupings of small
counties, is based on the county-level 1980 Census Reports of Population and
Housing. Primary stage units were assigned to 84 explicit strata based on
MSA/Non-MSA status, PSU size, and geographic location.  Sixteen of the 84
strata contain only a single self-representing PSU, each of which is included
with certainty in the primary stage of sample selection.  The remaining 68
nonself-representing strata contain more than one PSU.  From each of these
nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with probability
proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1980 occupied housing units.

The full SRC National Sample of 84 primary stage selections was designed to be
optimal for surveys roughly two to three times the size of the 1992 NES.  To
permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller survey samples,
the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily partitioned into
smaller subsamples of PSUs.  Each of the partitions represents a stratified
subselection from the full 84 PSU design.

Since the 1992 NES desired comparison of data over time from 1990 NES
respondents, as well as an expanded representative sample of eligible 1992
respondents, a combined panel/cross-section sample was designed for the 1992
Pre/Post-Election Study.

The Panel portion of the 1992 sample was selected from the original 1990 NES
sample which, at the Primary stage had been selected from the "one-half"
partition of the 1980 SRC National Sample.  The"A" one-half sample of the 1980
National Sample design includes 11 of the 16 self-representing MSA PSUs and a
stratified subsampling of 34 (of the 68) nonself-representing PSUs of the SRC
National Sample.  The Panel portion of the 1992 NES is designed to allow
longitudinal analysis of individual change since the panel cases follow the
original proportionate distribution to the 1990 "A" one-half sample areas.

The 1992  NES Cross-Section encompasses both the panel cases and a new
selection of cases from the two-thirds partition of the 1980 National Sample
(that is the "A" plus the "B1" PSUs).  The two-thirds 1980 National Sample
design includes all 16 self-representing PSUs and 11 additional
nonself-representing PSUs for a total of 45 (of 68) nonself-representing PSUs. 
The additional cases were added to the 1992 NES to supplement the Panel
selections such that when the Panel and new Cross-section selections are
combined for analysis a representative cross-section of the study population
has been maintained.

Table 9 identifies the PSUs for the 1992 National Election Study by MSA status
and Region.  The PSUs in the Panel portion of the sample design are shown in
standard print on this table while those PSUs added for the two-thirds
Cross-section are shown in italics.


             Table 9:  PSUs in the 1992 NES Pre- and Post-Election
                                     Survey
                           By: MSA Status and Region.

                    REGION            Self-representing MSAs

                  Northeast            New York, NY-NJ
                                       Philadelphia, PA-NJ
                                       Boston, MA*
                                       Nassau-Suffolk, NY
                                       Pittsburgh, PA*

                  North                Chicago, IL
                  Central              Detroit, MI
                                       St. Louis, MO*
                                       Minneapolis, MN-WI

                  South                Washington, DC-MD-VA
                                       Dallas-Ft Worth, TX
                                       Houston, TX*
                                       Baltimore, MD*
                                       Atlanta, GA

                  West                 Los Angeles, CA
                                       San Francisco, CA


                  REGION        Nonself-representing MSAs

                  Northeast            Buffalo, NY
                                       Newark, NJ
                                       Haven, CT
                                       Atlantic City, NJ
                                       Manchester, NH

                  North                Milwaukee, WI
                  Central              Dayton, OH
                                       Kansas City, MO-KS
                                       Des Moines, IA
                                       Grand Rapids, MI
                                       Fort Wayne, IN
                                       Steubenville, OH
                                       Saginaw, MI

                  South                Birmingham, AL
                                       Columbus, GA-AL
                                       Miami, FL
                                       Jacksonville, FL
                                       Lakeland, FL
                                       McAllen, TX
                                       Waco, TX
                                       Wheeling, WV
                                       Knoxville, TN
                                       Richmond, VA

                  West                 Seattle, WA
                                       Denver, CO
                                       Anaheim, CA
                                       Riverside, CA
                                       Fresno, CA
                                       Eugene, OR
                                       Phoenix, AZ


                  REGION               Non-MSAs

                  Northeast            Schuyler, NY
                                       Gardner, MA

                  North                Sanilac, MI
                  Central              Decatur, IN
                                       Phillips, KS/Saline, NE
                                       Mower, MN

                  South                Bulloch, GA
                                       Sabine, LA
                                       Hale, TX
                                       Monroe, AR/Ashley, AR
                                       Bedford, TN
                                       Montgomery, VA
                                       Robeson, NC

                  West                 ElDorado-Alpine, CA
                                       Carbon, WY

NOTE: The PSU's marked with an asterisk are Self-Representing for sample
designs which use the two-thirds or larger portion of the sample (i.e., in
this case, the combined cross-section and panel design).  For the half-sample
design (i.e., in this case, the panel portion alone) only 6 of the 16
Self-Representing areas remain Self-Representing.  The other ten
Self-Representing PSU's are paired and only five are used in the half-sample
design, each representing both itself and the PSU it is paired with.

                    Second Stage Selection of Area Segments

 The second stage of the 1980 National Sample was selected directly from
computerized files that were prepared from the 1980[8] Census summary tape
file series (STF1-B).  The designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs),
termed "area segments", are comprised of census blocks in the metropolitan
primary areas and enumeration districts (EDs) in the rural areas of both
non-MSA and MSA primary areas. Each SSU block, block combination or
enumeration district was assigned a measure of size equal to the total 1980
occupied housing unit count for the area (minimum = 50). Second stage sampling
of area segments was performed with probabilities proportionate to the
assigned measures of size.

A three-step process of ordering the SSUs within the primary areas produced an
implicit stratification of the area segments in the second stage sampling
frame, stratified at the county level by geographic location and population.
Area segments were stratified within county at the Minor Civil Division (MCD)
level by size and income, and at the block and ED level by location within the
MCD or county. (For details, refer to the SRC publication, 1980 NATIONAL
SAMPLE: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT.)

Systematic PPS sampling was used to select the area segments from the second
stage sampling frame for each county.  In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the
number of sample area segments varied in proportion to the size of the primary
stage unit, from a high of 12 Cross-section and 12 Panel area segments in the
SR New York MSA, 6 Cross-section segments and 5 Panel segments in the San
Francisco MSA, to a low of 4 Cross-section and no Panel area segments in the
smaller SR PSUs such as Minneapolis and Atlanta MSAs.  Most
Nonself-representing (NSR) half-sample (A) PSUs were represented by 2
Cross-section and 6 Panel area segments; most of the eleven other (B1) NSR
PSUs had 6 Cross-section area segments (and, of course, no Panel segments).  A
total of 487 area segments were selected, 206 Cross-section and 281 Panel
segments, 151 in the sixteen self-representing PSUs and 336 in the
nonself-representing PSUs as shown in Table 10.

           Table 10:  Number of Cross-Section and Panel Area Segments
            in the 1992 NES Sample Showing PSU Name, National-Sample
                     Stratum and Partition, and MSA Status

          1980     1980 National Sample   # of 1992 NES  # of 1992 NES
          N. Samp       PSU Name          Cross-section   Panel Sample
          PSU#                             Sample Segs.    Segments

          Six Largest Self-representing PSUs
            1   A       New York, NY-NJ         12              12
            2   A       Los Angeles, CA         12               9
            3   A       Chicago, IL              8               8
            4   A       Philadelphia, PA-NJ      6               6
            5   A       Detroit, MI              6               6
            6   A       San Francisco, CA        6               5
          Ten Remaining Self-representing PSUs
            7   B1      Washington, DC-MD-VA     6               0
            8   B1      Dallas-Ft Worth, TX      6               0
            9   A       Houston, TX              0               7
           10   A       Boston, MA               0               6
           11   B1      Nassau-Suffolk, NY       4               0
           12   A       St Louis, MO-IL          0               6
           13   A       Pittsburgh, PA           0               6
           14   A       Baltimore, MD            0               6
           15   B1      Minneapolis, MN-WI       4               0
           16   B1      Atlanta, GA              4               0
          Nonself-representing MSAs:  Northeast
           17   A       Buffalo, NY              2               6
           18   B1      Newark, NJ               6               0
           21   A       New Haven, CT            2               6
           23   A       Atlantic City, NJ        2               6
           24   A       Manchester, NH           2               6
          Nonself-representing MSAs:  North Central
           26   A       Milwaukee, WI            2               6
           27   A       Dayton, OH               2               6
           28   B1      Kansas City, MO-KS       6               0
           29   A       Des Moines, IA           2               6
           31   A       Grand Rapids, MI         2               6
           32   A       Fort Wayne, IN           2               6
           33   A       Steubenville, OH-WV      2               6
           34   B1      Saginaw, MI              6               0
          Nonself-representing MSAs:  South
           36   A       Birmingham, AL           2               6
           39   A       Columbus, GA-AL          2               6
           40   A       Miami, FL                2               6
           42   B1      Jacksonville, FL         6               0
           43   A       Lakeland, FL             2               6
           44   A       McAllen, TX              2               6
           45   B1      Waco, TX                 6               0
           47   A       Wheeling, WV-OH          2               6
           49   A       Knoxville, TN            2               6
           50   A       Richmond, VA             2               6
          Nonself-representing MSAs:  West
           53   A       Seattle, WA              2               6
           55   A       Denver, CO               2               6
           56   A       Anaheim, CA              2               6
           57   B1      Riverside-San
                          Bernardino, CA         6               0
           58   A       Fresno, CA               2               6
           59   A       Eugene, OR               2               6
           60   B1      Phoenix, AZ              6               0
          Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  Northeast
           63   A       Schuyler, NY             2               6
           64   B1      Gardner, MA              6               0
          Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  North Central
           65   A       Sanilac, MI              2               6
           66   B1      Decatur, IN              6               0
           68   A       Phillips, KS/            **              6
                          Saline, NE             2               **
           70   A       Mower, MN                2               6
          Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  South
           73   A       Bulloch, GA              2               6
           74   B1      Sabine, LA               5               0
           76   A       Hale, TX                 2               6
           77   A       Monroe, AR/              **              6
                          Ashley, AR             2               **
           78   A       Bedford, TN              2               6
           80   B1      Montgomery, VA           5               0
           81   A       Robeson, NC              2               6
          Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  West
           82   A       ElDorado-Alpine, CA      2               6
           84   A       Carbon, WY               2               6
                                      Total    206             281

** In two Non-SMSA National Sample strata (68 and 77) the 1980 materials from
which the Panel area segments had been selected was exhausted (i.e., there
were insufficient remaining SSUs from which to select new Cross-section area
segments), so a new Primary selection had to be made from those two strata. 
Therefore, the Panel area segments for stratum 68 are from PSU Phillips
County, KS, and the Cross-section area segments are from Saline County, NE;
the Panel area segments for stratum 77 are from PSU Monroe County, AR, and the
Cross-section area segments are from Ashley County, AR.

Although 281 segments were used in the 1990 NES, only 272 Panel segments
appear in the 1992 NES Panel.  The difference is due to some segments used in
1990 not having any interviews completed in 1990 and, therefore, not becoming
part of the 1992 Panel.

                     Third Stage Selection of Housing Units

For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing was
made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the
segment. For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, all
housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed.  The final
equal probability sample of housing units for the 1992 NES was systematically
selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area segments.

The overall probability of selection for 1992 NES Cross-Section households was
f=.00003988 or .3988 in 10,000. The equal probability sample of households was
achieved for the combined Cross-Section/Panel design by using the standard
multi-stage sampling technique of setting the sampling rate for selecting
housing units within area segments to be inversely proportional to the PPS
probabilities (see above) used to select the PSU and area segment.

Five 1992 Panel replicates were designated for the entire "frame" of
households in which a complete interview was obtained in the 1990 NES study
(2000 - 11 partial interviews = 1989 1990 interview HUs).  The original 1990
sample lines had been selected from the National Sample ("A" or "half-sample"
PSUs) to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select the
area segments as described in the previous paragraph.

The new Cross-Section component of the 1992 NES sample design was
disproportionately allocated to the "B1" PSUs to supplement the Panel cases
such that when cross-sectional analysis was undertaken, combining new
cross-section cases with panel cases would yield an equal probability sample
of households.  The distribution of the combined sample would be that required
by the two-thirds design.

                       Fourth Stage Respondent Selection

Within each sampled new cross-section housing unit, the SRC interviewer
prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members.  Using an
objective procedure described by Kish (1949)[9] a single respondent was then
selected at random to be interviewed.  Regardless of circumstances, no
substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent. This technique had
also been used in 1990 to select the original Panel respondents.  In 1992 the
same Panel respondent (R) was sought for interview as had been interviewed in
1990.

                          SAMPLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The targeted completed interview sample size for the 1992 NES
Pre/Post-Election Survey was n = 2,057 total cases.  In the original sample
size computation, the following assumptions were made for the cross-section
component of the sample: response rate for the pre-election interview = .72
and of these 95% were assumed to be available and cooperative for the
post-election interview, combined occupancy/eligibility rate = .83.  These
assumptions were derived from survey experience in the 1986 NES Post Election
Survey[10].  The assumptions made for the panel component were: .913 recontact
rate and .75 response rate for the pre-election interview.  The same .95
response rate for the post-election interview was assumed for both the panel
and the cross-section component.

To most closely tailor the field effort to the sample field experience during
this study, both parts of the selected sample had five replicates designated. 
Replicates 1 and 2 were considered the "base sample", certain to be released.
55% of this base was designated as Replicate 1 to be released September 1,
1992 and 45% designated as Replicate 2 to be released October 1, 1992.  The
other three replicates were designated "Reserve" replicates, one or more to be
released for field work October 1, 1992 at the discretion of NES study staff. 
Replicate 3 (Reserve replicate 1) was never, in fact, released.  Replicates 4
and 5 (Reserve replicates 2 and 3) were released with Base sample replicate 2
on October 1, 1992. Each replicate is a proper subsample of the NES sample.

A subsampling of one-third of selected addresses was made in certain cases
when selected lines were determined to be within locked buildings, in gated
subdivisions or in areas which posed a danger to interviewing staff.  This
allowed concentration of greater field effort in these circumstances to obtain
at least some interviews.  In cases where this was done, appropriate weighting
of the results will be used to compensate.  (This is not reflected in the
following tables however).

Table 11 provides a full description of the original sample design
specifications applied to the Base Sample and also indicates the number of HU
listings assigned to each replicate. As stated above, Replicates 1 and 2
constitute the Base Sample; Replicates 3, 4 and 5 are reserve replicates. 
Replicate 3 was, in fact, never released for field work.

              Table 11: Original Sample Design Specifications and
               Assumptions 1992 National Pre/Post-Election Survey

                                           Cross-Section Component
                                                (Supplemental)

                                                   Original
                                                Specifications
                                                and Assumptions

                Completed Post/ interview            1,000
                   Contact/Response Rate              .95
                Completed Pre/ interview             1,052
                   Response Rate                      .72
                Eligible sample households           1,462
                   Occupancy/Eligibility Rate[11]     .83
                   Panel Recontact Rate
                Sample HU listings
                   Replicates 1 and 2                1,760
                   Replicate 1 (incl above)[12]        961
                   Replicate 2 (incl above)[13]        799
                   Replicate 3 (Reserve)[14]           200
                   Replicate 4 (Reserve)                75
                   Replicate 5 (Reserve)                51
                Total Sample lines                   2,086

                                           Panel Component     Total

                                               Original
                                            Specifications
                                            and Assumptions

                Completed Post/ interview        1,057         2,057
                   Contact/Response Rate          .95
                Completed Pre/ interview         1,112         2,164
                   Response Rate[15]              .75
                Eligible sample households       1,483         2,945
                   Occupancy/Eligibility Rate[11]
                   Panel Recontact Rate          .913
                Sample HU listings
                   Replicates 1 and 2            1,625         3,385
                   Replicate 1 (incl above)[12]    900
                   Replicate 2 (incl above)[13]    725
                   Replicate 3 (Reserve)[14]       208
                   Replicate 4 (Reserve)           104
                   Replicate 5 (Reserve)            52
                Total Sample lines               1,989[16]

                             SAMPLE DESIGN OUTCOMES

Table 12 compares the original sample design specifications and assumptions
for the new Cross-Section Component of the 1992 NES as applied to the Base
Sample (as in Table 11) and as applied to the actually released sample
(Replicates 1, 2, 4 and 5) to the actual outcome for that component.  Table 13
makes a similar comparison for the Panel Component of the 1992 NES Sample and
Table 14 presents a summary of the figures for the combined
Cross-Section/Panel Sample.  The response rates which appear in these tables
are calculated using both complete and partial (short-form) interviews.  An
alternative response rate which excludes short-form interviews is described in
"Response Rates", above.

             Table 12: Original Sample Design Specifications and
             Assumptions and Actual Sample Design Outcomes for the
                  Cross-Section Component of the 1992 National
                            Pre/Post-Election Survey

                                    Original        Original S & A
                                    Specifications  Applied to
                                    & Assumptions   Actual Release
                                    (Reps. 1 & 2)   (Reps. 1,2,4 & 5)

           Completed Post/Interviews       1,000          1,103
             Contact/Response Rate           .95          .95
           Released for Recontact          1,052          1,161
           Completed Pre/ Interviews       1,052          1,161
             Response Rate                   .72          .72
           Eligible Sample Households      1,462          1,613
             Occupancy/Eligibility Rate[17]  .83          .83
           Subsampling for dangerous/
               locked  areas                  --           --
           Sample HU listings              1,760           1,943
             Sample growth from update[18]   --             1.03
           Selected Sample lines           1,760           1,886

                                           Actual
                                           Outcome

           Completed Post/Interviews       1,005
             Contact/Response Rate          .89
           Released for Recontact          1,126
           Completed Pre/ Interviews       1,126
             Response Rate                  .74
           Eligible Sample Households      1,522
             Occupancy/Eligibility Rate     .80
                                           1,900
             Subsampling for dangerous/
               locked  areas                .99[19]
           Sample HU listings              1,923
             Sample growth from update     1.02
           Selected Sample lines           1,886
  
              Table 13: Original Sample Design Specifications and
           Assumptions and Actual Sample Design Outcomes for the Panel
            Component of the 1992 National Pre/Post-Election Survey

                                      Original        Original S & A
                                      Specifications  Applied to
                                      & Assumptions   Actual Release
                                      (Reps 1 & 2)    (Reps 1,2,4 & 5)

           Completed Post/ Interviews     1,057             1,158
             Contact/Response Rate         .95               .95
           Released for Recontact         1,112             1,219
           Completed Pre/ Interviews      1,112             1,219
             Response Rate                 .75[20]           .75
           Eligible Sample Households     1,483             1,626
             Panel Recontact Rate         .913              .913
           Sample HU listings Released    1,625             1,781

           Total Panel cases              1,989             1,989

                                          Actual
                                          Outcome

           Completed Post/ Interviews      1,250
             Contact/Response Rate          .92
           Released for Recontact          1,361
           Completed Pre/ Interviews       1,361
             Response Rate                  .78
           Eligible Sample Households      1,752
             Panel Recontact Rate           .979
           Sample HU listings Released     1,789

           Total Panel cases               1,989


              Table 14: Original Sample Design Specifications and
             Assumptions and Actual Sample Design Outcomes for the
               Combined Cross-Section/Panel Sample. 1992 National
                            Pre/Post-Election Survey

                                      Original       Original S & A
                                    Specifications     Applied to
                                    & Assumptions    Actual Release
                                    (Reps. 1 & 2)   (Reps. 1,2,4 & 5)

           Completed Post/ Interviews    2,057            2,261
           Released for Recontact        2,164            2,380
           Completed Pre/ Interviews     2,164            2,380
           Eligible Sample Households    2,945            3,239
           Total Sample HU listings      3,385[21]        3,724
             Growth from update of
               Cross-Section component                    1.015
           Selected Sample lines                          3,667

                                        Actual
                                        Outcome

           Completed Post/ Interviews    2,255
           Released for Recontact        2,487
           Completed Pre/ Interviews     2,487
           Eligible Sample Households    3,274
           Total Sample HU listings      3,712

In comparing the second column of Table 12 with the third column, it can be
seen that, for the 1992 Cross-Section component, the sample growth from the
update procedure was slightly less than expected; this was perhaps due to the
fact that many of the new cross-section segments had been listed within the
year previous to field dates for the 1992 NES study.  The original sample
design specifications also overestimated the actual occupancy/eligibility
rates resulting in 91 fewer eligible HUs than estimated.  However, since the
actual response rate was higher than estimated, completed pre-election
interviews fell only 35 short of the number estimated.  The assumptions for
response rate and occupancy/eligibility rate were based on the 1986 NES field
experience for a probability sample based on the entire two-thirds design of
the National Sample.

The actual response rate for the 1992 cross-section component (.74), as well
as the occupancy/eligibility rate very likely reflects the disproportionate
allocation of the new cross-section segments in the B1 areas of the National
Sample which may well have different occupancy/eligibility and response rates
than any overall past NES rates on which the original assumptions were based.

The number of Post-election interviews obtained, 1,005, was closer to the
target of 1000 interviews projected for the Base Sample alone than the 1,103
projected for the actual 1,886 sample lines released.

For the Panel Component (see Table 13), both the Panel recontact rate and the
response rate exceeded assumptions resulting in 142 more pre-election
interviews than expected. A lower than assumed response rate for the
post-election interview reduced the excess to 92 more post-election interviews
than projected for the release of the Panel base sample plus replicates 4 and
5 (reserve replicates 2 and 3).

The figures for the combined cross-section sample shown in Table 14 show
completed pre-election interviews of 107 over expected.  Due to lower than
assumed response rate for the post-election interview, combined with lower
cross-section and higher panel overall response and occupancy/eligibility
rates, the final total number of post election interviews was 6 fewer than the
projected outcome for the sample lines released.

                       WEIGHTED ANALYSIS OF 1992 NES DATA

The area probability sample design for the 1992 NES results in an equal
probability sample of U.S.  households. However, within sample households a
single adult respondent is chosen at random to be interviewed.  Since the
number of eligible adults may vary from one household to another, the random
selection of a single adult introduces inequality into respondents' selection
probabilities.  In analysis, a respondent selection weight should be used to
compensate for these unequal selection probabilities.  The value of the
respondent selection weight is exactly equal to the number of eligible adults
in the household from which the random respondent was selected.  The use of
the respondent selection weight is strongly encouraged, despite past
evaluations which have shown these weights to have little significant impact
on the values of NES estimates of descriptive statistics.

The Sampling Section has provided two final person level analysis weights
which will incorporate sampling, nonresponse and post-stratification factors. 
One weight variable (#3009) is for use with Panel cases only; the other weight
variable (#3008) is for the 1992 NES Cross-section (which includes both panel
and new cross-section cases.) Analysts interested in developing their own
nonresponse or post-stratification adjustment factors must request access to
the necessary sample control data from the NES Board. 

                        CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYSIS WEIGHTS

Nonresponse adjustment factors were constructed at the household level
separately for Panel and new Cross-Section component cases.  Nonresponse
adjustment cells were formed by crossing PSU type (Self-representing, Nonself-
representing MSA or non-MSA) by the nine Census divisions (New England, Middle
Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East South
Central, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific).  A nonresponse factor
equal to the inverse of the response rate in each cell was applied to the
interview cases.  In order to have a minimum of approximately 25 cases in each
nonresponse adjustment cell, some cells were collapsed across Census divisions
in the same Census region.

An intermediate weight was constructed by multiplying the probability of
selection of the household by the nonresponse adjustment factor by the number
of eligible persons in the household[22].  This intermediate weight was used
to produce a weighted sex by age category by Census Region table.  The age
categories used were: 18-44, 45-64, and 65+. Post-stratification factors were
constructed to match the sample proportions in the 24 sex by age by Region
cells to the July 1991 Census population totals (United States Department of
Commerce News Public Information Office Press Release - CB92-93).

The two final analysis weights were each centered to a mean of 1.0 so that the
sum of the weights equals the number of respondents (1,359 for the 1990-92
Panel and 2,485 for the 1992 Cross-section).

                       COMPARING THE 1992 NES TO PREVIOUS
                           NATIONAL ELECTION STUDIES

Earlier National Election Studies data collections did not include weights to
adjust for nonresponse and the unequal probability of selection at the
household level. Thus, weighting the 1992 NES data by V3009 (for analysis of
the Panel cases) or by V3008 (for combined analysis of the panel and new
cross-section cases) produces estimates that are not strictly comparable to
those obtained from previous National Election Studies that were not weighted
to incorporate sampling, nonresponses and post-stratification factors.

Analysis comparing data from the 1992 NES data to previous NES data
collections should employ V7000.

Because approximately half of the respondents to the 1992 NES were part of a
panel first interviewed in 1990, to be comparable with previous NES
cross-section data collections, the combined 1992 panel and new cross-section
data must be weighted to correct for panel attrition and the aging of the
panel respondents.  Panel attrition is not uniform across demographic groups. 
Some respondents (the mobile and those with the least amount of formal
education) are more susceptible to panel attrition.  By definition, panel
respondents are two years older than the cross-section respondents.  And by
definition, there are almost no 18 or 19 year-olds among the panel respondents
interviewed in 1992 (because an 18 year-old in 1992 would have been 16
years-old in 1990 and ineligible for the 1990 study).  Weighting of the panel
respondents is necessary to ensure comparability with past NES data
collections.

V7000 corrects the combined panel and cross-section cases for the panel
attrition and aging that occurred among the panel respondents.  This weight
should be used when comparing estimates made on the 1992 NES data to estimates
made on previous (unweighted) NES data collections.  V7000 does not appear in
the April 1993 CPS Early Release Version of the 1992 National Election Study.

                   CONSTRUCTION OF V7000

To construct this weight, panel respondents were classified by age (17-24,
25-39, 40- 64, 65-74, 75 and over), education (less than high school, high
school diploma, and more than high school education), and mobility (whether or
not the respondent had moved between 1990 and 1992). Cross-classification of
these three variables produced a 30-celled table (5 x 3 x 2) for each of the
following: (1) 1990 panel respondents who comprised the panel portion of the
sample "universe" for the 1992 study (N=1769); and (2) panel respondents
interviewed in 1992 (N=1359). The weight was constructed by dividing the value
of each cell in the 1990 table (1) by the value of the corresponding cell in
the 1992 table (2).  (For example, 10.9 percent of the 1,769 1990 panel
respondents were age 40-64/had more than high school education/ had not moved.
In 1992, respondents in the cell defined by these same categories comprised
11.8 percent of the 1359 panel respondents interviewed.  The case weight for
this group of respondents is 10.9/11.8 = .9237.)  In order to have a minimum
of approximately 25 cases in each cell, some cells were collapsed.

This procedure centers the weight variable V7000 so that it has a mean of 1.0
and the sum of the weights (2488) is approximately equal to the actual number
of combined panel and cross-section respondents (2,485).  Respondents who are
part of the new cross-section have the value "1.0000" on V7000.

                     SAMPLING ERRORS OF 1992 NES ESTIMATES
                      SAMPLING ERROR CALCULATION PROGRAMS

The probability sample design for the 1992 National Election Study permits the
calculation of estimates of sampling error for survey statistics.  For
calculating sampling errors of statistics from complex sample surveys, the
OSIRIS statistical analysis and data management software system offers the
PSALMS and REPERR programs.  PSALMS is a general purpose sampling error
program which incorporates the Taylor Series approximation approach to the
estimation of variances of ratios (including means, scale variables, indices,
proportions) and their differences.  REPERR is an OSIRIS program which
incorporates algorithms for replicated approaches to variance estimation. 
Both Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) and Jackknife Repeated Replication
(JRR) are available as program options. The current version of REPERR is best
suited for estimating sampling errors and design effects for regression and
correlation statistics.

                   Sampling Error Codes and Calculation Model

Estimation of variances for complex sample survey estimates requires a
computation model.  Individual data records must be assigned sampling error
codes which reflect the complex structure of the sample and are compatible
with the computation algorithms of the various programs.  The sampling error
codes for the 1992 NES are included as variables #3068 and #3069 in the ICPSR
Public Use data set. The assigned sampling error codes are designed to
facilitate sampling error computation according to a paired selection model
for both Taylor Series approximation and Replication method programs.

For the Panel Component segments, two sampling error (SE) codes have been
included for analysis of 1992 data.  For longitudinal analysis of Panel data
alone, the original 1990 SE code should be used since this reflects the
half-sample design of the 1990 NES sample.  For any cross-sectional analysis,
where Panel data is combined with new cross-section data, the 1992 SE code
must be used.  Table 15 provides a description of how individual sampling
error code values for Panel only data are to be paired for sampling error
computations.  Thirty (30) pairs or strata of sampling error computation units
(SECUs) are defined.  Each SECU in a stratum pair includes cases assigned to a
single sampling error code value.  The exceptions are the second SECU in
stratum 27 which is comprised of cases assigned sampling code values 36 AND 55
and the second SECU in stratum 29 which is comprised of cases with SECUs 61
AND 63.

              Table 15: 1992 Pre/Post-Election Survey: Panel-Only
               Analysis Paired Selection Model for Sampling Error
           Computations (1990 Sampling Error Codes - Variable #3069)

                      Pair          (SECU)               (SECU)
                     (Stratum)      1 of 2               2 of 2

                                     Codes               Codes

                       1              103                 104
                       2              105                 106
                       3               99                 100
                       4              101                 102
                       5               95                  96
                       6               97                  98
                       7               93                  94
                       8               91                  92
                       9               89                  90
                      10               83                  84
                      11               81                  82
                      12               77                  78
                      13               75                  76
                      14               73                  74
                      15                2                   6
                      16                7                   8
                      17               14                  16
                      18               17                  18
                      19               19                  21
                      20               24                  28
                      21               11                  29
                      22               30                  33
                      23               37                  43
                      24               40                  48
                      25               42                  45
                      26               50                  51
                      27               52               36 + 55
                      28               57                  64
                      29               60               61 + 63
                      30               67                  68

Table 16 shows the Strata and SECU codes to be used for the paired selection
model for sampling error computations for any 1992 cross-sectional analyses
using the combined cross-section/panel data.  The 42 strata reflect the
expanded 2/3rds National Sample design used in 1992.

            Table 16:  1992 Pre/Post-Election Survey:  Cross-Section
             Analysis[23] Paired Selection Model for Sampling Error
           Computations (1992 Sampling Error Coded - Variable #3068)

                      Pair            (SECU)  (SECU)
                      (SE Stratum)    1 of 2   2 of 2
                       1              1        2
                       2              1        2
                       3              1        2
                       4              1        2
                       5              1        2
                       6              1        2
                       7              1        2
                       8              1        2
                       9              1        2
                      10              1        2
                      11              1        2
                      12              1        2
                      13              1        2
                      14              1        2
                      15              1        2
                      16              1        2
                      17              1        2
                      18              1        2
                      19              1        2
                      20              1        2
                      21              1        2
                      22              1        2
                      23              1        2
                      24              1        2
                      25              1        2
                      26              1        2
                      27              1        2
                      28              1        2
                      29              1        2
                      30              1        2
                      31              1        2
                      32              1        2
                      33              1        2
                      34              1        2
                      35              1        2
                      36              1        2
                      37              1        2
                      38              1        2
                      39              1        2
                      40              1        2
                      41              1        2
                      42              1        2

It can be seen from this table that the three-digit 1992 SE code is comprised
of: first the two-digit SE Stratum code followed by the one-digit SECU code.

              Generalized Sampling Error Results for the 1992 NES

To assist NES analysts, the OSIRIS PSALMS program was used to compute sampling
errors for a wide-ranging example set of means and proportions estimated from
the 1988 NES Pre-election Survey data set[24].  For each estimate, sampling
errors were computed for the total sample and for fifteen demographic and
political affiliation subclasses of the 1988 NES Pre-Election Survey sample. 
The results of these sampling error computations were then summarized and
translated into the general usage sampling error table provided in Table 17.

Incorporating the pattern of "design effects" observed in the extensive set of
example computations, Table 17 provides approximate standard errors for
percentage estimates based on the 1988 NES.  To use the table, examine the
column heading to find the percentage value which best approximates the value
of the estimated percentage that is of interest[25].  Next, locate the
approximate sample size base (denominator for the proportion) in the left-hand
row margin of the table.  To find the approximate standard error of a
percentage estimate, simply cross-reference the appropriate column
(percentage) and row (sample size base).  Note: the tabulated values represent
approximately one standard error for the percentage estimate.  To construct an
approximate confidence interval, the analyst should apply the appropriate
critical point from the "z" distribution (e.g. z=1.96 for a two-sided 95%
confidence interval half-width). Furthermore, the approximate standard errors
in the table apply only to single point estimates of percentages not to the
difference between two percentage estimates.

The generalized variance results presented in Table 17 are a useful tool for
initial, cursory examination of the NES survey results.  For more in depth
analysis and reporting of critical estimates, analysts are encouraged to
compute exact estimates of standard errors using the appropriate choice of a
sampling error program and computation model.
           
                     Table 17:  Generalized Variance Table.
                         1992 NES Pre-Election Survey.

                  APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES

                For percentage estimates near.
           Sample n      50%    40% or    30% or    20% or    10% or
                                 60%       70%       80%       90%

               The approximate standard error of the percentage is:

            100         5.385   5.277     4.933     4.308     3.231
            200         3.912   3.824     3.581     3.128     2.343
            300         3.278   3.210     3.006     2.260     1.962
            400         2.905   2.846     2.661     2.324     1.743
            500         2.663   2.603     2.437     2.128     1.593
            750         2.294   2.244     2.094     1.657     1.250
           1000         2.078   2.039     1.907     1.657     1.250
           1500         1.846   1.803     1.688     1.474     1.102
           2000         1.722   1.691     1.568     1.368     1.030
           2500         1.637   1.604     1.506     1.310     0.982
    

>> SAMPLE DESIGN 1994 NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY

                               STUDY POPULATION

The study population for the 1994 National Post-Election Study (NES) is
defined to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before the
1994 Election Day.  Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units,
other than on military reservations, in the forty-eight coterminous states. 
This definition excludes persons living in Alaska or Hawaii and requires
eligible persons to have been both a United States citizen and eighteen years
of age on or before the 8th of November 1994.

                   MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN

The 1994 NES is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected from
the Survey Research Center's (SRC) National Sample design.  Identification of
the 1994 NES sample respondents was conducted using a four stage sampling
process--a primary stage sampling of U.S.  Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(MSAs) and counties, followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a
third stage sampling of housing units within sampled area segments and
concluding with the random selection of a single respondent from selected
housing units.  A detailed documentation of the SRC National Sample is
provided in the SRC publication titled 1980 SRC National Sample: Design and
Development.

                            Primary Stage Selection

The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs), which depending on the
sample stratum are either MSAs, single counties or groupings of small
counties, is based on the county-level 1980 Census Reports of Population and
Housing.  Primary stage units were assigned to 84 explicit strata based on
MSA/Non-MSA status, PSU size, and geographic location.  Sixteen of the 84
strata contain only a single self-representing PSU, each of which is included
with certainty in the primary stage of sample selection.  The remaining 68
nonself-representing strata contain more than one PSU.  From each of these
nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with probability
proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1980 occupied housing units.

The full SRC National Sample of 84 primary stage selections was designed to be
optimal for surveys roughly two to three times the size of the 1994 NES.  To
permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller survey samples,
the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily partitioned into
smaller subsamples of PSUs such as one-half sample or two-thirds sample
partition.  Each of the partitions represents a stratified subselection from
the full 84 PSU design.  The one-half partition of the 1980 National Sample
(i.e., the "A" primary sampling units or PSUs) includes 11 of the 16
self-representing MSA PSUs and a stratified subsampling of 34 of the 68
nonself-representing PSUs of the SRC National Sample.  The two-thirds
partition includes all of the "A" PSUs plus "B1" PSUs, i.e., 5 additional
self-representing PSUs and 11 additional nonself-representing PSUs.

Since the 1994 NES desired comparison of data over time from 1992 NES
respondents, as well as a representative sample of eligible 1994 respondents,
the 1994 NES sample design includes both a panel and a cross-section
component. The panel component of the 1994 design consists of all [1]
respondents from the cross-section component of the 1992 NES sample.  The 1994
cross-section component is a new selection of respondents from an area
probability sample of households taken from the two-thirds partition of the
SRC National Sample.

Due to sample design decisions in 1992, when the NES sample moved from using
the one-half sample partition to the two-thirds sample partition of the SRC
National Sample, the cross-section portion of the 1992 NES sample included a
disproportionate number of selections from segments in "B1" PSUs (see Table
2).  This same disproportionate distribution is, of course, reflected in the
1994 Panel component of the 1994 NES sample.  While this does lead to some
statistical inefficiency in the form of increased variance of survey estimates
relative to that of an even distribution across the two-thirds partition
primary areas, since the "B1" PSU areas do represent a proper subsample of the
1980 National Sample design, separate longitudinal analysis of the Panel
component of the 1994 NES may be undertaken as well as analysis of combined
Panel and Cross-section data [2].

Table 1 identifies the PSUs for the 1994 National Election Study by MSA status
and Region.  The "B1" PSUs in the Panel portion of the sample design which
received the disproportionate allocation in 1992 to supplement the half-sample
are shown in italic print on this table; all PSUs on this table are
proportionately represented in the 1994 two-thirds Cross- Section Sample.

              Table 1:  PSUs in the 1994 NES Post-Election Survey
                            By MSA Status and Region
                             (B1 PSUs are marked *)

                  REGION               Self-representing MSAs

                  Northeast            New York, NY-NJ
                                       Philadelphia, PA-NJ
                                       Boston, MA
                                       Nassau-Suffolk, NY*
                                       Pittsburgh, PA
                  North                Chicago, IL
                  Central              Detroit, MI
                                       St. Louis, MO
                                       Minneapolis, MN-WI*
                  South                Washington, DC-MD-VA*
                                       Dallas-Ft Worth, TX*
                                       Houston, TX
                                       Baltimore, MD
                                       Atlanta, GA*
                  West                 Los Angeles, CA
                                       San Francisco, CA

                  REGION               Nonself-representing MSAs

                  Northeast            Buffalo, NY
                                       Newark, NJ*
                                       New Haven, CT
                                       Atlantic City, NJ
                                       Manchester, NH
                  North                Milwaukee, WI
                  Central              Dayton, OH
                                       Kansas City, MO-KS*
                                       Des Moines, IA
                                       Grand Rapids, MI
                                       Fort Wayne, IN
                                       Steubenville, OH
                                       Saginaw, MI*
                  South                Birmingham, AL
                                       Columbus, GA-AL
                                       Miami, FL
                                       Jacksonville, FL*
                                       Lakeland, FL
                                       McAllen, TX
                                       Waco, TX*
                                       Wheeling, WV
                                       Knoxville, TN
                                       Richmond, VA
                  West                 Seattle, WA
                                       Denver, CO
                                       Anaheim, CA
                                       Riverside, CA*
                                       Fresno, CA
                                       Eugene, OR
                                       Phoenix, AZ*

                  REGION               Non-MSAs
                  Northeast            Schuyler, NY
                                       Gardner, MA*
                  North                Sanilac, MI
                  Central              Decatur, IN*
                                       Saline, NE
                                       Mower, MN
                  South                Bulloch, GA
                                       Sabine, LA*
                                       Hale, TX
                                       Ashley, AR
                                       Bedford, TN
                                       Montgomery, VA*
                                       Robeson, NC
                  West                 ElDorado-Alpine, CA
                                       Carbon, WY

                    Second Stage Selection of Area Segments

The second stage of the 1994 NES National Sample was selected directly from
computerized files that were prepared from the 1990 [3] Census file (PL94-171
file on CD Rom) which contains the block-level 1990 Census total housing unit
(HU) data.  The designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs), termed "area
segments", are comprised of census blocks in the metropolitan (MSA) primary
areas and either census blocks or enumeration districts (EDs) in the rural
areas of non-MSA primary areas.  Each SSU block, block combination or
enumeration district for non-MSA PSUs was assigned a measure of size equal to
the total 1980 occupied housing unit count for the area; MSA SSU block(s) were
assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 total HUs per SSU.  Second stage
sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities proportionate to
the assigned measures of size (PPS).

A three-step process of ordering the SSUs within the primary areas produced an
implicit stratification of the area segments in the second stage sampling
frame, stratified at the county level by geographic location and population.
Area segments were stratified within county at the Minor Civil Division (MCD)
level by size and income, and at the block and ED level by location within the
MCD or county. (For details, refer to the SRC publication, 1980 National
Sample: Design and Development.)

For the 1994 NES Panel/Cross-section sample the number of area segments used
in each PSU varies.  In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the number of sample
area segments varied in proportion to the size of the primary stage unit, from
a high of 12 Cross-section and 7 Panel area segments in the self-representing
New York MSA, to a low of 4 Cross-section and no Panel area segments in the
smaller self-representing PSUs such as Pittsburgh and Boston MSAs. Most
Nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs were represented by 6 Cross-section and 2
Panel area segments except for "B1" PSUs for which there are either 5 or 6
Panel segments.  A total of 554 area segments were selected, 191 Panel and 363
Cross-Section segments, 157 in the sixteen self-representing PSUs and 397 in
the nonself-representing PSUs as shown in Table 2.

In most cases, both Cross-Section and Panel selections were been made from the
same area segments within each PSU, so in actual fact a total of 376 distinct
National Sample area segments have been used for the 1994 NES Post-Election
Study.

             Table 2:  Number [4] of Cross-Section and Panel Area
               Segments in the 1994 NES Sample Showing PSU Name,
             National-Sample Stratum and Partition, and MSA Status

          N. Samp       National Sample   # of 1994 NES  # of 1994 NES
          PSU #/        PSU Name          Cross-section   Panel Sample
          Partition                        Sample Segs.    Segments

          Six Largest Self-representing PSUs

            501   A       New York, NY-NJ         12         (7)  12
            502   A       Los Angeles, CA         12         (5)  12
            503   A       Chicago, IL              8               8
            504   A       Philadelphia, PA-NJ      6               6
            505   A       Detroit, MI              6               6
            506   A       San Francisco, CA        6         (5)   6

          Ten Remaining Self-representing PSUs

            507   B1      Washington, DC-MD-VA     6               6
            508   B1      Dallas-Ft Worth, TX      6               6
            509   A       Houston, TX              6               0
            510   A       Boston, MA               4               0
            511   B1      Nassau-Suffolk, NY       4               4
            512   A       St Louis, MO-IL          4               0
            513   A       Pittsburgh, PA           4               0
            514   A       Baltimore, MD            4               0
            515   B1      Minneapolis, MN-WI       4               4
            516   B1      Atlanta, GA              4               4

          Nonself-representing MSAs:  Northeast

            517   A       Buffalo, NY              6               2
            518   B1      Newark, NJ               6               6
            521   A       New Haven, CT       (5)  6               2
            523   A       Atlantic City, NJ   (5)  6               2
            524   A       Manchester, NH           6               2

          Nonself-representing MSAs:  North Central

            526   A       Milwaukee, WI            6               2
            527   A       Dayton, OH               6               2
            528   B1      Kansas City, MO-KS       6               6
            529   A       Des Moines, IA           6               2
            531   A       Grand Rapids, MI         6               2
            532   A       Fort Wayne, IN           6               2
            533   A       Steubenville, OH-WV      6               2
            534   B1      Saginaw, MI              6               6

          Nonself-representing MSAs:  South

            536   A       Birmingham, AL           6               2
            539   A       Columbus, GA-AL          6               2
            540   A       Miami, FL                6         (1)   2
            542   B1      Jacksonville, FL         6               6
            543   A       Lakeland, FL             6               2
            544   A       McAllen, TX              6               2
            545   B1      Waco, TX           (5)   6               6
            547   A       Wheeling, WV-OH          6               2
            549   A       Knoxville, TN            6               2
            550   A       Richmond, VA             6               2

          Nonself-representing MSAs:  West

            553   A       Seattle, WA              6               2
            555   A       Denver, CO               6               2
            556   A       Anaheim, CA              6               2
            557   B1      Riverside-San
                          Bernardino, CA           6               6
            558   A       Fresno, CA               6               2
            559   A       Eugene, OR               6               2
            560   B1      Phoenix, AZ              6               6

          Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  Northeast

            463   A       Schuyler, NY             6               2
            464   B1      Gardner, MA              6               6

          Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  North Central

            465   A       Sanilac, MI              6               2
            466   B1      Decatur, IN              6               6
            468   A       Saline, NE               6               2
            470   A       Mower, MN                6               2

          Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  South

            473   A       Bulloch, GA              6               2
            474   B1      Sabine, LA               6               5
            476   A       Hale, TX                 6               2
            477   A       Ashley, AR               6               2
            478   A       Bedford, TN              6               2
            480   B1      Montgomery, VA           6               5
            481   A       Robeson, NC              6               2

          Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  West

            482   A       ElDorado-Alpine, CA      6         (1)   2
            484   A       Carbon, WY               6               2

            Total Number of Segments       (363) 366       (191) 206

                     Third Stage Selection of Housing Units

For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing was
made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the
segment.  For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, all
housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed.  The final
equal probability sample of housing units for the 1994 NES was systematically
selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area segments.

The new Cross-Section component of the 1994 NES sample design was selected
from the SRC National Sample to yield an equal probability sample of
households.  The distribution of the 1994 cross-section sample is that
required by the two-thirds design of the SRC National Sample.  The overall
probability of selection for 1994 NES Cross-Section households was f=.00001885
or .1885 in 10,000.  The equal probability sample of households was achieved
for the Cross-Section design by using the standard multi-stage sampling
technique of setting the sampling rate for selecting housing units within area
segments to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select
the PSU and area segment [5].

The 1994 Panel consists of all respondents for whom a complete interview was
obtained in the 1992 NES Cross-section sample.  1005 1992 cross-section
interview HUs make up the 1994 Panel.

                       Fourth Stage Respondent Selection

Within each sampled new cross-section housing unit, the SRC interviewer
prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members.  Using an
objective procedure described by Kish (1949) [6] a single respondent was then
selected at random to be interviewed.  Regardless of circumstances, no
substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent. This technique had
also been used in 1992 to select the original Panel respondents.  In 1994 the
same Panel respondent (R) was sought for interview as had been interviewed in
1992. 

                          SAMPLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The targeted completed interview sample size for the 1994 NES Post-Election
Survey was n = 1,750 total cases.  In the original sample size computation,
the following assumptions were made for the cross-section component of the
sample: response rate for post-election interview = .74, combined
occupancy/eligibility rate = .83 and change from updating the sample HU
listings = 1.02.  The updating was to include only "Type II" updating, i.e.,
only changes found at selected lines at the time of interviewing; no pre-study
update was felt to be necessary due to the fact that most of the selected
segments had been used and updated recently on other SRC studies (Health and
Retirement Survey and the Asset and Health Dynamics Survey).  The assumption
as to occupancy/eligibility rate was derived from survey experience in the
1986 NES Post Election Survey [7] and that regarding response rate was based
on the 1992 cross-section component outcome for the pre-election interview
[8].  The assumptions made for the panel component were: .915 recontact rate
based on the .923 recontact rate in the 1993 NES Pilot Study for 1992
cross-section respondents (i.e., same respondents as the current 1994 Panel),
.691 response rate for the post-election interview based on NES experience
from 1990-1992 in recontacting respondents three times over a two year period,
and at .975 change from the update assuming some loss of HUs among panel
respondents and inability to track the respondent to a new address.

Table 3 provides a full description of the original sample design
specifications.  Table 4 shows those specifications and assumptions applied to
the actual selected Cross-section component of the 1994 NES Sample and also
indicates the number of HU listings assigned to each replicate.

               Table 3: Original Sample Design Specifications and
                 Assumptions 1994 National Post-Election Survey

                     Cross-Section Component   Panel Component   Total

          Completed Post
          interviews                 1,130             620      1,750
            Response Rate              .74            .691

          Eligible sample
          households                 1,527             897      2,945
            Occupancy/Eligibility
            Rate[9]                    .83              NA
            Panel Recontact
            Rate                        NA            .915

          Sample Units               1,840             980      3,385
            Change from Update        1.02            .975

          Total Sample lines         1,804           1,005      2,809

          [9] Based on field experience in 1986 NES study.


                 Table 4: Original Sample Design Specifications
             and Assumptions Applied to the Selected Cross-Section
            Sample Lines for the 1994 National Post-Election Survey

                         Base    Reserve Sample
                         Sample  Replicates                   Total
                         Rep 1   Rep 2    Rep 3      Rep 4

          Completed
          Interviews     1,097      31       31         31    1,190
           Response Rate   .74     .74      .74        .74      .74

          Designated
          Respondents    1,482      42       42         42    1,608
           Occupancy/
           Elig Rate[10]   .83     .83      .83        .83      .83

          Sample
          Units          1,783      51       51         51    1,939
           Change from
           Update         1.02    1.02     1.02       1.02     1.02

          Total
          Sample lines   1,751      50       50         50    1,901

                             SAMPLE DESIGN OUTCOMES

Table 5 compares the original sample design specifications and assumptions for
the new Cross-Section Component of the 1994 NES (as in Table 3) applied to the
released cross-section sample (Replicate 1) to the outcome for the final
Cross-Section sample.  Table 6 makes a similar comparison for the Panel
Component of the 1994 NES Sample and Table 7 presents a summary of the figures
for the combined Cross-Section/Panel Sample.

                Table 5: Original Sample Design Specifications
               and Assumptions and Actual Sample Design Outcomes
                     for the Cross-Section Component of the
                       1994 National Post-Election Survey

                                    Original        Actual Outcome
                                    Specifications
                                    & Assumptions
                                    Applied to:

                                    Actual Release
                                    (Replicate 1)

           Completed Interviews            1,097            1,036
             Response Rate                   .74             .721

           Designated Respondents          1,482            1,436
             Occupancy/Eligibility Rate      .83             .824
                                                            1,740

           Subsampling for dangerous/
               locked  areas                  --              .99[11]
           Sample HU listings              1,786            1,757
             Sample growth from update[12]  1.02             1.00
           Selected Sample lines           1,751            1,751


Based on the daily monitoring of field results, on November 21, 1994 NES study
staff decided that it would be a better use of study resources to raise the
cross-section response rate rather than to release additional cross-section
sample which might have had the effect of further reducing the response rate. 
Therefore no reserve replicates of the cross-section sample were released.

Table 6 /s shows the panel component sample outcome for the 1994 NES
Post-Election Survey.  Of course, in this component all sample lines were
released; no reserve replicates were designated to be withheld.  Due to
extremely conservative original assumptions, the actual number of interviews
obtained exceeded even the most optimistic projection by nearly 60 interviews. 
This has more than made up for the fewer than anticipated cross-section
interviews which can be seen in Table 7, where entire 1994 NES sample design
projections are compared with the combined sample outcome.


                 Table 6: Original Sample Design Specifications
               and Assumptions and Actual Sample Design Outcomes
                         for the Panel Component of the
                       1994 National Post-Election Survey

                                    Original        Actual Outcome
                                    Specifications
                                    & Assumptions
                                    Applied to Release

           Completed Interviews          620[13]              759
             Response Rate              .691[14]             .770

           HHs with Eligible Resp        897                  986
             Panel Recontact Rate       .917                 .981

           Sample Units                  980                1,005
             Change from update         .975

           Total Panel Cases           1,005                1,005


            Table 7: Figures for Original Sample Design Specifications
               and Assumptions and Actual Sample Design Outcomes
                  for the Combined Cross-Section/Panel Sample.
                       1994 National Post-Election Survey

                                    Original        Actual Outcome
                                    Specifications
                                    & Assumptions

           Completed Interviews          1,750              1,795
             Overall Response Rate        .722               .741

           Eligible Sample HH            2,424              2,422
             Occ/Elig/Recontact Rate      .860               .877

           Total Sample HU listings      2,820              2,762
             Overall Change from update  1.004              1.002

           Selected Sample lines         2,809              2,756


                       WEIGHTED ANALYSIS OF 1994 NES DATA

The area probability sample design for the 1994 NES results in an equal
probability sample of U.S. households.  However, within sample households a
single adult respondent is chosen at random to be interviewed.  Since the
number of eligible adults may vary from one household to another, the random
selection of a single adult introduces inequality into respondents' selection
probabilities.  In analysis, a respondent selection weight should be used to
compensate for these unequal selection probabilities.  The value of the
respondent selection weight is exactly equal to the number of eligible adults
in the household from which the random respondent was selected.  The use of
the respondent selection weight is strongly encouraged, despite past
evaluations which have shown these weights to have little significant impact
on the values of NES estimates of descriptive statistics.

The Sampling Section has provided two final person-level analysis weights
which incorporate sampling, nonresponse and post-stratification factors.  One
weight variable (#5) is for use with Panel cases only; the other weight
variable (#4) is for the 1994 NES Cross-section (which includes both panel and
new cross-section cases.)  In addition, a Time Series Weight (variable #6)
which corrects for panel attrition was constructed.  This weight should be
used in analyses which compare the 1994 NES to earlier unweighted National
Election Study data collections. Analysts interested in developing their own
nonresponse or post-stratification adjustment factors must request access to
the necessary sample control data from the NES Board.

                        CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYSIS WEIGHTS

Nonresponse adjustment factors were constructed at the household level
separately for Panel and new Cross-Section component cases.  Nonresponse
adjustment cells were formed by crossing PSU type (Self-representing,
Nonself-representing MSA or non-MSA) by the nine Census divisions (New
England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South
Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific).  A
nonresponse factor equal to the inverse of the response rate in each cell was
applied to the interview cases.  In order to have a minimum of approximately
25 cases in each nonresponse adjustment cell, some cells were collapsed across
Census Divisions in the same Census Region.  Tables 8 and 9 show the
nonresponse adjustment factors for the Panel and for new cross section
respectively.

An intermediate weight was constructed by multiplying the reciprocal of the
probability of selection of the household by the nonresponse adjustment factor
and by the number of eligible persons in the household [15].  This
intermediate weight was used to produce a weighted sex by age category by
Census Region table.  The age categories used were: 18-44, 45-64, and 65+. 
Post- stratification factors were constructed to match the sample proportions
in the 24 sex by age by Region cells to the July 1993 Census population
projections (Current Population Reports, P25- 1111, Table 4).  Table 10 shows
the post-stratification factors for the 1994 NES Panel. Table 11 shows the
post-stratification factors for the complete cross-section (both panel and new
cross section cases.)  The two final analysis weights were each centered to a
mean of 1.0 so that the sum of the weights equals the number of respondents.


                       CONSTRUCTION OF TIME SERIES WEIGHT

The 1994 NES Panel consists of 759 respondents originally selected for the
1992 Pre- Election Study.  Of 1,126 1992 Pre-Election respondents, 1,005 were
also respondents on the 1992 Post-Election Study.  All 1,005 1992
Post-Election respondents were eligible for the 1994 NES Panel.  In order to
adjust for panel attrition, a Time Series Weight was constructed which adjusts
the proportions for 30 demographic cells: Education (3) by Age Group (5) by
Years of Residence (2) to the 1992 proportions.  New 1994 cross-section cases
have a Time Series weight of 1.0.  In forming the panel attrition weight
cells, the following definitions were used:

               Age Group: 17-24, 25-39, 40-64, 65-74, 75 or more.
               Education:  Less than high school graduate, high school
               graduate, more than high school education.


               Years of Residence:  Less than 3 years at current
               residence, 3 or more years at current residence.

                                    Table 8
             Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- Panel

                                                          Nonresponse
                                                          Adjustment
           PSU Type     Census Region      Response Rate  Weight

           SR-MSA       Middle  Atlantic        74.6            1.340
                        East North Central      84.0            1.190
                        West North Central      92.9            1.077
                        South Atlantic          71.8            1.392
                        West South Central      75.0            1.333
                        Pacific                 66.7            1.500

           NSR-MSA      New England &
                        Middle Atlantic         70.8            1.413
                        East North Central      78.8            1.269
                        West North Central      71.4            1.400
                        South Atlantic          75.0            1.333
                        East South Central &
                        West South Central      77.6            1.289
                        Mountain                92.8            1.078
                        Pacific                 72.2            1.386

           NSR-non MSA  New England &
                        Middle Atlantic         58.7            1.704
                        East North Central &
                        West North Central      81.0            1.234
                        South Atlantic          82.7            1.210
                        East South Central &
                        West South Central      81.8            1.222
                        Mountain & Pacific      66.7             1.50


                                  Table 9
                Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights --
                               New Cross Section

                                                          Nonresponse
                                                          Adjustment
           PSU Type     Census Region      Response Rate  Weight

           SR-MSA       New England &
                        Middle  Atlantic        56.0            1.787
                        East North Central &
                        West North Central      65.1            1.536
                        South Atlantic          72.0            1.389
                        West South Central      52.0            1.923
                        Pacific                 48.4            2.067

           NSR-MSA      New England             44.0            2.273
                        Middle Atlantic         65.6            1.524
                        East North Central      68.6            1.458
                        West North Central      71.1            1.406
                        South Atlantic          82.7            1.209
                        East South Central      80.4            1.243
                        West South Central      82.5            1.212
                        Mountain                85.3            1.172
                        Pacific                 71.3            1.402

           NSR-non MSA  New England &
                        Middle Atlantic         72.5            1.379
                        East North Central &
                        West North Central      87.8            1.139
                        South Atlantic          72.4            1.382
                        East South Central &
                        West South Central      74.7            1.339
                        Mountain & Pacific      94.6            1.057


                                  Table 10
                   1994 NES Panel Post-Stratification Weight

                  Census    Age    Census Est.   94 Nat'l      Post-
           Sex    Region    Group  July 1, 1993  Election      Strat.
                                                 Study         Weight
           Male   Northeast 18-44   10,652,000   8,676,130    1.2277
                            45-64    4,867,000   5,246,960    0.9276
                            65+      2,815,000   2,880,610    0.9772
                  Midwest   18-44   12,679,000  13,912,400    0.9113
                            45-64    5,626,000   6,229,820    0.9031
                            65+      3,211,000   5,109,480    0.6284
                  South     18-44   18,797,000  16,207,280    1.1598
                            45-64    8,177,000   9,324,160    0.8770
                            65+      4,574,000   3,440,280    1.3295
                  West      18-44   12,611,000   8,973,210    1.4054
                            45-64    4,908,000   2,573,920    1.9068
                            65+      2,580,000   2,295,480    1.1239
           Female Northeast 18-44   10,844,000   8,032,420    1.3500
                            45-64    5,338,000   3,233,370    1.6509
                            65+      4,329,000   3,012,940    1.4368
                  Midwest   18-44   12,783,000  11,746,140    1.0883
                            45-64    5,990,000   6,753,230    0.8870
                            65+      4,789,000   4,847,570    0.9879
                  South     18-44   18,950,000  17,179,490    1.1031
                            45-64    8,882,000   9,486,140    0.9363
                            65+      6,753,000   5,970,310    1.1311
                  West      18-44   11,979,000  10,117,500    1.1840
                            45-64    5,077,000   3,416,980    1.4858
                            65+      3,543,000   2,752,280    1.2873
                  Totals           190,754,000 171,418,100


                                  Table 11
               1994 NES Cross-section Post-Stratification Weight

                  Census    Age    Census Est.    94 Nat'l     Post-
           Sex    Region    Group  July 1, 1993   Election     Strat.
                                                  Study        Weight
           Male   Northeast 18-44   10,652,000    7,780,520    1.3691
                            45-64    4,867,000    3,562,080    1.3663
                            65+      2,815,000    2,807,870    1.0025
                  Midwest   18-44   12,679,000   13,282,300    0.9546
                            45-64    5,626,000    6,435,320    0.8742
                            65+      3,211,000    3,968,760    0.8091
                  South     18-44   18,797,000   16,523,490    1.1376
                            45-64    8,177,000    8,230,300    0.9935
                            65+      4,574,000    4,023,460    1.1368
                  West      18-44   12,611,000    9,120,530    1.3827
                            45-64    4,908,000    3,867,010    1.2692
                            65+      2,580,000    2,414,850    1.0684
           Female Northeast 18-44   10,844,000    8,160,800    1.3288
                            45-64    5,338,000    3,776,480    1.4135
                            65+      4,329,000    4,027,800    1.0748
                  Midwest   18-44   12,783,000   11,222,760    1.1390
                            45-64    5,990,000    6,169,130    0.9710
                            65+      4,789,000    4,186,580    1.1439
                  South     18-44   18,950,000   17,375,850    1.0906
                            45-64    8,882,000    7,917,440    1.1218
                            65+      6,753,000    5,942,100    1.1365
                  West      18-44   11,979,000   10,060,750    1.1907
                            45-64    5,077,000    4,359,910    1.1645
                            65+      3,543,000    3,088,300    1.1472
                  Totals           190,754,000  168,304,380

In order to obtain a minimum of approximately 15 cases per cell, some of the
cells were collapsed across age groups. Table 12 shows the panel attrition
factors for the 25 Years in Residence by Education Level by Age Group cells.

                                  Table 12
                  Panel Attrition (Time Series) Weight Factors

           Years of                                   Panel Attrition
           Residence  Education Level    Age Group    Weight Factor
           < 3        < HS Graduate      25-39        1.750
                                         40+          1.818
                      < HS Grad, HS Grad 17-24        1.428
                        HS Graduate      25-39        1.933
                                         40+          1.562
                        HS Graduate      17-24        1.375
                                         25-39        1.376
                                         40+          1.326
             3+       < HS Grad          17-39        1.308
                                         40-64        1.423
                                         65-74        1.583
                                         75+          2.125
                        HS Graduate      17-24        1.571
                                         25-39        1.533
                                         40-64        1.443
                                         65-74        1.417
                                         75+          1.500
                      > HS Graduate      17-24        1.417
                                         25-39        1.354
                                         40-64        1.564
                                         65-74        1.269
                                         75+          1.769

                    PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING ERROR ESTIMATION

The 1994 NES is based on a stratified multi-stage area probability sample of
United States households.  Although smaller in scale, the NES sample design is
very similar in it basic structure to the multi-stage designs used for major
federal survey programs such as the Health Interview Survey (HIS) or the
Current Population Survey (CPS).  The survey literature refers to the NES, HIS
and CPS samples as complex designs, a loosely-used term meant to denote the
fact that the sample incorporates special design features such as
stratification, clustering and differential selection probabilities (i.e.,
weighting) that analysts must consider in computing sampling errors for sample
estimates of descriptive statistics and model parameters.  This section of the
1994 NES sample design description focuses on sampling error estimation and
construction of confidence intervals for survey estimates of descriptive
statistics such as means, proportions, ratios, and coefficients for linear and
logistic linear regression models.

Standard analysis software systems such SAS, SPSS, OSIRIS assume simple random
sampling (SRS) or equivalently independence of observations in computing
standard errors for sample estimates.  In general, the SRS assumption results
in underestimation of variances of survey estimates of descriptive statistics
and model parameters.  Confidence intervals based on computed variances that
assume independence of observations will be biased (generally too narrow) and
design-based inferences will be affected accordingly.

                Sampling Error Computation Methods and Programs

Over the past 50 years, advances in survey sampling theory have guided the
development of a number of methods for correctly estimating variances from
complex sample data sets. A number of sampling error programs which implement
these complex sample variance estimation methods are available to NES data
analysts.  The two most common approaches to the estimation of sampling error
for complex sample data are through the use of a Taylor Series Linearization
of the estimator (and corresponding approximation to its variance) or through
the use of resampling variance estimation procedures such as Balanced Repeated
Replication (BRR) or Jackknife Repeated Replication(JRR).  New Bootstrap
methods for variance estimation can also be included among the resampling
approaches.  See Rao and Wu (1988).

                           1.  Linearization Approach

If data are collected using a complex sample design with unequal size
clusters, most statistics of interest will not be simple linear functions of
the observed data.  The objective of the linearization approach is to apply
Taylor's method to derive an approximate form of the estimator that is linear
in statistics for which variances and covariances can be directly estimated. 
Kish, 1965; Woodruff, 1971). Linearized variance approximations are derived
for estimators of ratio means (Kish and Hess, 1959); finite population
regression coefficients and correlation coefficients (Kish and Frankel, 1974);
and many other non-linear statistics.  Software packages such as SUDAAN and PC
CARP (see below) use the Taylor Series linearization method to estimate
standard errors for the coefficients of logistic regression models.  In these
programs, an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm is used to compute
maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters. At each step of the model
fitting algorithm, a Taylor Series linearization approach is used to compute
the variance/covariance matrix for the current iteration's parameter estimates
(Binder, 1983).

Available sampling error computation software that utilizes the Taylor Series
linearization method includes: SUDAAN and PC SUDAAN, SUPERCARP AND PC
CARP,
CLUSTERS, OSIRIS PSALMS, OSIRIS PSRATIO, and OSIRIS PSTABLES.  PC
SUDAAN and
PC CARP include procedures for estimation of sampling error both for
descriptive statistics such as means, proportion, totals and for parameters of
commonly used multivariate models (least squares regression, logistic
regression).

                           2.  Resampling Approaches

In the mid-1940's, P.C. Mahalanobis (1946) outlined a simple replicated
procedure for selecting probability samples that permits simple, unbiased
estimation of variances.  The practical difficulty with the simple replicated
approach to design and variance estimation is that many replicates are needed
to achieve stability of the variance estimator. Unfortunately, a design with
many independent replicates must utilize a coarser stratification than
alternative designs--to achieve stable variance estimates, sample precision
must be sacrificed. Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR), Jackknife Repeated
Replication (JRR) and the Bootstrap are alternative replication techniques
that may be used for estimating sampling errors for statistics based on
complex sample data.

The BRR method is applicable to stratified designs in which two half-sample
units (i.e., PSUs) are selected from each design stratum.  The conventional
"two PSU-per-stratum" design in the best theoretical example of such a design
although in practice, collapsing of strata (Kalton, 1977) and random
combination of units within strata are employed to restructure a sample design
for BRR variance estimation. The half-sample codes prepared for the 1994 NES
data set require the collapsing of nonself-representing strata and the
randomized combination of selection units within self-representing (SR)
strata.  When full balancing of the half-sample assignments is employed
(Wolter, 1985), BRR is the most computationally efficient of the replicated
variance estimation techniques.  The number of general purpose BRR sampling
error estimation programs in the public domain is limited. The OSIRIS REPERR
program includes the option for BRR estimation of sampling errors for least
squares regression coefficients and correlation statistics. Research
organizations such as Westat, Inc. and the National Center for Health
Statistics have developed general purpose programs for BRR estimation of
standard errors.  Another option is to use SAS or SPSS Macro facilities to
implement the relatively simple BRR algorithm.  The necessary computation
formulas and Hadamard matrices to define the half-sample replicates are
available in Wolter (1985).

With improvements in computational flexibility and speed, jackknife (JRR) and
bootstrap methods for sampling error estimation and inference have become more
common (Rao and Wu, 1988 ).  Few general purpose programs for jackknife
estimation of variances are available to analysts.  OSIRIS REPERR has a JRR
module for estimation of standard errors for regression and correlation
statistics.  Other stand alone programs may also be available in the general
survey research community.  Like BRR, the algorithm for JRR is relatively easy
to program using SAS, SPSS or S-Plus macro facilities.

BRR and JRR are variance estimation techniques, each designed to minimize the
number of "resamplings" needed to compute the variance estimate.  In theory,
the bootstrap is not simply a tool for variance estimation but an approach to
actual inference for statistics.  In practice, the bootstrap is implemented by
resampling (with replacement) from the observed sample units.  To ensure that
the full complexity of the design is reflected , the selection of each
bootstrap reflects the full complexity of the stratification, clustering and
weighting that is present in the original sample design.  A large number of
bootstrap samples are selected and the statistic of interest is computed for
each.  The empirical distribution of the estimate that results from the large
set of bootstrap samples can then be used to a variance estimate and a support
interval for inference about the population statistic of interest.

In most practical survey analysis problems, the JRR and Bootstrap methods
should yield similar results.  Most survey analysts should choose JRR due to
its computational efficiency.  NES data analysts interested in the bootstrap
technique are referred to LePage and Billard (1992) for additional reading and
a bibliography for the general literature on this topic.

One aspect of BRR, JRR and bootstrap variance estimation that is often pushed
aside in practice is the treatment of analysis weights.  In theory, when a
resampling occurs (i.e., a BRR half sample is formed), the analysis weights
should be recomputed based only on the selection probabilities, nonresponse
characteristics and post-stratification outcomes for the units included in the
resample.  This is the correct way of performing resampling variance
estimation; however, in practice acceptable estimates can be obtained through
use of the weights as they are provided on the public use data set.

                       Sampling Error Computation Models

Regardless of whether linearization or a resampling approach is used,
estimation of variances for complex sample survey estimates requires the
specification of a sampling error computation model.  NES data analysts who
are interested in performing sampling error computations should be aware that
the estimation programs identified in the preceding section assume a specific
sampling error computation model and will require special sampling error
codes.  Individual records in the analysis data set must be assigned sampling
error codes which identify to the programs the complex structure of the sample
(stratification, clustering) and are compatible with the computation
algorithms of the various programs.  To facilitate the computation of sampling
error for statistics based on 1994 NES data, design-specific sampling error
codes will be routinely included in all public-use versions of the data set. 
Although minor recoding may be required to conform to the input requirements
of the individual programs, the sampling error codes that are provided should
enable analysts to conduct either Taylor Series or Replicated estimation of
sampling errors for survey statistics.

Table 13 defines the sampling error coding system for 1994 NES sample cases. 
Two sampling error code variables are defined for each case based on the
sample design primary stage unit (PSU) and area segment in which the sample
household is located.

Sampling Error Stratum Code (Variable #63).  The Sampling Error Computation
Stratum Code is the variable which defines the sampling error computation
strata for all sampling error analysis of the NES data.  With the exception of
the New York, Los Angeles and Chicago MSAs, each self-representing (SR) design
stratum is represented by one sampling error computation stratum.  Due to
their population size, two sampling error computation strata are defined for
each of the three largest MSAs.  Pairs of similar nonself-representing (NSR)
primary stage design strata are "collapsed" (Kalton, 1977) to create NSR
sampling error computation strata.

The SRC National Sample design uses Controlled selection and a
"one-per-stratum" PSU allocation are used to select the primary stage of the
1994 NES national sample.  The purpose in using Controlled Selection and the
"one-per-stratum" sample allocation is to reduce the between-PSU component of
sampling variation relative to a"two-per-stratum" primary stage design. 
Despite the expected improvement in sample precision, a drawback of the
"one-per- stratum" design is that two or more sample selection strata must be
collapsed or combined to form a sampling error computation stratum. Variances
are then estimated under the assumption that a multiple PSU per stratum design
was actually used for primary stage selection.  The expected consequence of
collapsing design strata into sampling error computation strata is the
overestimation of the true sampling error; that is, the sampling error
computation model defined by the codes contained in Table 13 will yield
estimates of sampling errors which in expectation will be slightly greater
than the true sampling error of the statistic of interest.

SECU - Stratum-specific Sampling Error Computation Unit code (Variable #64) is
a half sample code for analysis of sampling error using the BRR method or
approximate "two-per-stratum" Taylor Series method (Kish and Hess,1959).
Within the SR sampling error strata, the SECU half sample units are created by
dividing sample cases into random halves, SECU=1 and SECU=2. The assignment of
cases to half-samples is designed to preserve the stratification and second
stage clustering properties of the sample within an SR stratum. Sample cases
are assigned to SECU half samples based on the area segment in which they were
selected.  For this assignment, sample cases were placed in original
stratification order (area segment number order) and beginning with a random
start entire area segment clusters were systematically assigned to either
SECU=1 or SECU=2.

In the general case of nonself-representing (NSR) strata, the half sample
units are defined according to the PSU to which the respondent was assigned at
sample selection.  That is, the half samples for each NSR sampling error
computation stratum bear a one-to-one correspondence to the sample design NSR
PSUs.

The particular sample coding provided on the NES public use data set is
consistent with the "ultimate cluster" approach to complex sample variance
estimation (Kish, 1965; Kalton, 1977).  Individual stratum, PSU and segment
code variables may be needed by NES analysts interested in components of
variance analysis or estimation of hierarchical models in which PSU-level and
neighborhood-level effects are explicitly estimated.

Table 13 shows the sampling error stratum and SECU codes to be used for the
paired selection model for sampling error computations for any 1994 NES
analyses; the same codes can be used when using the combined
cross-section/panel data or when using either panel or cross- section data
separately. The 42 strata reflect the two-thirds National Sample design used
in 1994.  It can be seen from this table that the three-digit 1994 SE code is
comprised of: first the two-digit SE Stratum code followed by the one-digit
SECU code.



                       Table 13.  1994 National Election Study
                              Sampling Error Codes

           Sampling Error SECU Code           Segment      Segment
           Stratum Code  (Half Sample) PSU    Numbers      Numbers
                                       Number Cross-       Panel
                                              Section
           01            1             501    103 119 135  103 103 103
                         2             501    107 123 139  123
           02            1             501    111 127 143  111 127 143
                         2             501    115 131 148  131 148
           03            1             502    110 123 136  136
                         2             502    101 114 126  114
           04            1             502    104 117 129  117 129
                         2             502    107 120 133  120
           05            1             503    112 129      112 129
                         2             503    117 134      117 134
           06            1             503    103 120      103 120
                         2             503    107 125      107 125
           07            1             504    102 110 117  102 110 117
                         2             504    106 113 121  106 113 121
           08            1             505    105 112 119  105 112 119
                         2             505    101 108 115  101 108 115
           09            1             506    104 110 116  104 110 116
                         2             506    101 107 113  107 113
           10            1             507    105 111 115  105 111 115

                         2             507    103 107 113  103 107 113
           11            1             508    101 107 110  101 107 110
                         2             508    103 109 114  103 109 114
           12            1             509    104 109 114
                         2             509    101 107 111
           13            1             510    105 111
                         2             510    101 107
           14            1             511    105 111      105 111
                         2             511    102 108      102 108
           15            1             512    102 108
                         2             512    105 111
           16            1             513    101 107
                         2             513    104 110
           17            1             514    104 110
                         2             514    101 107
           18            1             515    105 111      105 111
                         2             515    102 108      102 108
           19            1             516    102 108      102 108
                         2             516    105 111      105 111
           20            1             517    101 103 105  105 111
                                              107 109 111
                         2             518    101 103 105  101 103 105
                                              107 109 111  107 109 111
           21            1             521    103 105 107  103 109
                                              109 111
                         2             523    103 105 107  105 111
                                              109 111
           22            1             524    102 104 106  102 108
                                              108 110 112
                         2             534    102 104 106  102 104 106
                                              108 110 112  108 110 112
           23            1             526    101 103 105  105 111
                                              107 109 111
                         2             527    101 103 105  103 109
                                              107 109 111
           24            1             528    102 104 106  102 104 106
                                              108 110 112  108 110 112
                         2             529    102 104 106  106 112
                                              108 110 112
           25            1             531    102 104 106  106 112
                                              108 110 112
                         2             532    102 104 106  104 110
                                              108 110 112
           26            1             533    102 104 106  106 112
                                              108 110 112
                         2             547    101 103 105  101 107
                                              107 109 111
           27            1             536    101 103 105  105 111
                                              107 109 111
                         2             539    101 103 105  105 111
                                              107 109 111
           28            1             540    101 103 105  109
                                              107 109 111

                         2             542    102 104 106  102 104 106
                                              108 110 112  108 110 112
           29            1             543    102 104 106  104 106
                                              108 110 112
                         2             545    103 105 107  101 103 105
                                              109 111
           30            1             544    101 103 105  103 109
                                              107 109 111
                         2             476    001 004 006  001 012
                                              007 010 012
           31            1             549    101 103 105  103 109
                                              107 109 111
                         2             550    103 105 105  103 109
                                              107 109 111
           32            1             553    102 104 106  106 112
                                              108 110 112
                         2             555    101 103 105  105 111
                                              107 109 111
           33            1             556    101 105 107  101 107
                                              109 111
                         2             557    102 104 106  102 104 106
                                              108 110 112  108 110 112
           34            1             558    102 104 106  102 108
                                              108 110 112
                         2             559    101 103 105  105 111
                                              107 109 111
           35            1             560    104 108 112  104 108 112
                         2             560    102 106 110  102 106 110
           36            1             463    001 003 005  002 008
                                              007 009 011
                         2             464    002 004 005  001 004 005
                                              009 010 012  009 011 012
           37            1             465    001 003 005  005 011
                                              007 009 011
                         2             466    002 004 005  001 004 008
                                              008 010 012  010 011 012
           38            1             468    001 002 006  006 012
                                              007 008 011
                         2             470    002 003 005  002 012
                                              007 011 012
           39            1             473    001 005 008  006 012
                                              009 011 012  008 011
                         2             474    002 004 007  001 004 007
                                              008 011 012  008 011
           40            1             477    001 003 005  006 012
                                              007 010 012
                         2             478    002 005 006  005 010
                                              008 010 012
           41            1             480    002 006 007  002 005 007
                                              008 010 012  010 011
                         2             481    001 004 005  001 008
                                              007 009 011
           42            1             482    002 004 005  007
                                              007 009 012
                         2             484    001 004 006  004 011
                                              009 011 012

              Generalized Sampling Error Results for the 1994 NES

To assist NES analysts, the OSIRIS PSALMS program was used to compute sampling
errors for a wide-ranging example set of means and proportions estimated from
the 1988 NES Pre-election Survey data set [16].  For each estimate, sampling
errors were computed for the total sample and for twenty demographic and
political affiliation subclasses of the 1988 NES Pre-Election Survey sample. 
The results of these sampling error computations were then summarized and
translated into the general usage sampling error table provided in Table 14.

Incorporating the pattern of "design effects" observed in the extensive set of
example computations, Table 14 provides approximate standard errors for
percentage estimates based on the 1988 NES.  To use the table, examine the
column heading to find the percentage value which best approximates the value
of the estimated percentage that is of interest [17]. Next, locate the
approximate sample size base (denominator for the proportion) in the left-hand
row margin of the table.  To find the approximate standard error of a
percentage estimate, simply cross-reference the appropriate column
(percentage) and row (sample size base).  Note: the tabulated values represent
approximately one standard error for the percentage estimate.  To construct an
approximate confidence interval, the analyst should apply the appropriate
critical point from the "z" distribution (e.g., z=1.96 for a two-sided 95%
confidence interval half-width). Furthermore, the approximate standard errors
in the table apply only to single point estimates of percentages not to the
difference between two percentage estimates.

The generalized variance results presented in Table 14 are a useful tool for
initial, cursory examination of the NES survey results.  For more in depth
analysis and reporting of critical estimates, analysts are encouraged to
compute exact estimates of standard errors using the appropriate choice of a
sampling error program and computation model.

                    Table 14:  Generalized Variance Table.
                         1994 NES Post-Election Survey.

                  APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES

                     For percentage estimates near:

           Sample n  50%       40%       30%       20%       10%
                               or 60%    or 70%    or 80%    or 90%

              The approximate standard error of the percentage is:

           100       5.406     5.297     4.955     4.325     3.244
           200       3.853     3.775     3.531     3.082     2.312
           300       3.170     3.106     2.905     2.536     1.902
           400       2.766     2.710     2.535     2.213     1.660
           500       2.492     2.442     2.284     1.994     1.495
           750       2.072     2.030     1.899     1.658     1.243
           1000      1.826     1.789     1.674     1.461     1.096
           1250      1.661     1.628     1.523     1.329     0.997
           1500      1.542     1.511     1.413     1.233     0.925
           1800      1.434     1.405     1.315     1.147     0.861

                                   References

          Binder, D.A. (1983), "On the variances of asymptotically
           normal estimators from complex surveys," International
           Statistical Review, Vol. 51, pp. 279-292.

          Kalton, G. (1977), "Practical methods for estimating survey
           sampling errors," Bulletin of the International
           Statistical Institute, Vol 47, 3, pp. 495-514.

          Kish, L. (1965),  Survey Sampling.  New York: John Wiley
           & Sons, Inc.

          Kish, L., & Frankel, M.R. (1974), "Inference from complex
           samples," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B,
           Vol. 36, pp. 1-37.

          Kish, L., & Hess, I. (1959), "On variances of ratios and
           their differences in multi-stage samples," Journal of
           the American Statistical Association, 54, pp. 416-446.

          LePage, R., & Billard, L. (1992), Exploring the Limits of
           Bootstrap.  New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

          Mahalanobis, P.C. (1946), "Recent experiments in statistical
           sampling at the Indian Statistical Institute," Journal
           of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol 109, pp. 325-378.

          Rao, J.N.K & Wu, C.F.J. (1988.), "Resampling inference with
           complex sample data," Journal of the American
           Statistical Association, 83, pp. 231-239.

          Wolter, K.M.  (1985 ).  Introduction to Variance Estimation.
           New York: Springer -Verlag.

          Woodruff, R.S. (1971), "A simple method for approximating
           the variance of a complicated estimate," Journal of the
           American Statistical Association, Vol. 66, pp. 411-414.


                                   NOTES
[1] The Panel consists of all 1005 Respondents from the 1992 NES study
Cross-Section sample.  Of these, 925 were recontacted in the 1993 NES Pilot
Study (a follow-up of the 1992 NES survey), of which 750 were re-interviewed,
98 refused to be re-interviewed and 77 could not be re-interviewed at that
time due to some 'permanent' condition.  80 of the 1005 1992 Cross-section
respondents could not be found for re-interview in 1993.

[2] Analysis of pooled data from respondents from both components of the 1994
NES sample requires a strong assumption about the nature of the attrition of
the 1992 cross-section sample.  It must be assumed that panel attrition is not
correlated with variables under consideration in the analysis.

[3] Non-MSA segments were selected from the 1980 Census summary tape file
series STF1B file, with minimum SSU size of 50 occupied H.U.s.

[4] The number of segments shown for the 1994 Panel is the expected count; it
is based on the number of 1992 Cross-Section segments.  It is possible that
some of these 1992 segments yielded no 1992 interviews and so do not actually
show up in the 1994 Panel.  The total number of segments shown for the 1994
Cross-section sample also includes three segments from which no listed HU was
selected for the 1994 cross-section, due to few or no HU listings for that
segment.  Where different, the actual number of segments having selections in
1994 is shown in parentheses to the left.

[5] Kish, L. (1965).  Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

[6] Kish, L. (1949).  "A procedure for objective respondent selection
within the household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol
44, pp. 380-387.

[7] The 1986 NES was the most recent NES sample using the two-thirds National
Sample without alteration (e.g., increasing number of segments in the B1 areas
as in 1992). Occupancy/eligibility rate was .835.

[8] The response rate in 1986 had been unusually low, and it was felt that the
more recent experience in the two-thirds partition PSUs would be the best
estimate--less affected than occupancy/eligibility rate by the increased
number of segments in B1 areas.

[9] Based on field experience in 1986 NES study. To most closely tailor the
field effort to the sample field experience during this study, the
cross-section sample had four replicates designated (see Table 4).  Each
replicate is a proper subsample of the NES sample.  Replicate 1, considered
the "base sample", was to be released for interviewing to begin November 9,
1994, the day following Election Day 1994.  The other three replicates of the
cross-section sample (Replicates 2-4) were designated "Reserve" replicates,
none, one or more to be released for field work no later than November 21,
1994 at the discretion of NES study staff based on daily monitoring of field
results from Release 1.  Reserve replicates 2-4 of the cross-section component
of the NES sample were never, in fact, released for field work.

[10]  A subsampling of one-third of selected addresses was made in certain
cases
when selected lines were determined to be within locked buildings, in gated
subdivisions or in areas which posed a danger to interviewing staff.  This
allowed concentration of greater field effort in these circumstances to obtain
at least some interviews.  In cases where this was done, appropriate weighting
of the results will be used to compensate.  (See Table 5.)

[11] One percent of the released sample was lost due to subsampling in three
locked and dangerous segment areas; 17 of the 20 selected lines excluded from
these six segments were in replicate 1.  These lines were assigned a result
code of '75' and considered 'Non-Sample' lines.

[12] Since only the Type II updating process was applied to the cross-section
component of the 1994 NES Sample, the update inflation factor was set at 1.02
-- slightly lower than the usual factor of 1.03 typical of combined Type I
(pre-study) and Type II updating inflation applied to the National Sample.
      
[13] Actually the projection ranged from 620-700 completed interviews.  See
comments in following footnote.

[14] An overall Panel response rate of 69.1% was assumed, based on previous
recontact experience (response rate of 1990 Pilot Study respondents to the
1992 NES Pre-Election Study follow-up): 750 cases were interviewed twice
previously at 76.6% response rate = 575 cases, and 255 other cases combined
17.6% response rate = 45 cases.  Removing the change from update and recontact
rate (1005 - 25 - 83 = 897), overall response rate: 620/897 = .691.  This was
admittedly a very conservative estimate and actual projection of expected
number of interviews was a range of 620-700.

[15] In constructing the analysis weight, a maximum of three eligible adults
was allowed

[16] The design effects from the 1988 NES are expected to be similar to those
for the 1994 NES.  Sampling errors for the 1994 NES have not been run.

[17] The standard error of a percentage is a systematic function with its
maximum centered at=50%; i.e., the standard error pf p=40% and p=60% estimates
are equal.>> SAMPLE DESIGN 1996 ELECTION STUDY 


                          STUDY POPULATION

The study population for the 1996 National Pre/Post-Election Study (NES) is
defined to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before the
1996 Election Day.  Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units in
the forty-eight coterminous states.  This definition excludes persons living
in Alaska or Hawaii and requires eligible persons to have been both a United
States citizen and eighteen years of age on or before the 5th of November
1996.

MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN

The 1996 NES is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected from
the Survey Research Center's (SRC) National Sample design.  Identification of
the 1996 NES sample respondents was conducted using a four stage sampling
process--a primary stage sampling of U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(MSAs) or New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs)[1] and counties,
followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a third stage sampling
of housing units within sampled area segments and concluding with the random
selection of a single respondent from selected housing units.  A detailed
documentation of the 1980 SRC National Sample, from which the 1996 NES Panel
was originally drawn is provided in the SRC publication titled 1980 SRC
National Sample: Design and Development.  A detailed documentation of the 1990
SRC National Sample, from which the 1996 NES  Cross-section supplement was
drawn, is provided in the SRC publication titled 1990 SRC National Sample:
Design and Development. 

The 1996 NES sample design called for a 1996 NES Panel component consisting of
all respondents to the 1994 NES study, originally drawn from the 1980 SRC
National Sample, and a 1996 NES Cross-section component drawn from the 1990
SRC National Sample.  Although both of these SRC National Samples are
multi-stage area probability samples as described above, there are differences
in specific details at the various stages of the two SRC National Samples
which will be described below.

Figure 1 shows in schematic detail the original sources of the components of
the 1996 NES Sample.  On this figure the "n" indicated in the 1992 and 1994
boxes is actually the number of Respondents from that year and component that
became the Panel component two years later.  Of course the "n" shown for the
1996 NES Panel and Cross-section components does not refer to 1996 Respondents
but, for the 1996 Panel, to the total number of sample eligible households
(i.e. the total of the Respondents from both components of 1994) and, for the
Cross-section supplement, to the total selected number of listed housing units
used in the 1996 NES.

Figure 1:  Source of 1996 NES Sample Cases

             1980 SRC                                  1990 SRC
          National Sample                           National Sample

        1992 NES     
     Cross-section   
       (n=1,005)     

        1994 NES           1994 NES
         Panel           Cross-section
        (n=759)            (n=1,036)

        1996 NES                                         1996 NES 
         Panel                                         Cross-section
       (n=1,795)                                        (n=803)[2]


                              Both 1980 & 1990
                              National Samples

                                 1996 NES
                              Combined Sample
                                 (n=2,598)

Selection Stages for the 1996 NES Panel Component: 1980 SRC National Sample[3]

Primary Stage Selection: 1996 NES Panel Component

The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs), which depending on the
sample stratum are either MSAs, single counties or groupings of small
counties, is based on the county-level 1980 Census Reports of Population and
Housing.  Primary stage units were assigned to 84 explicit strata based on
MSA/non-MSA status, PSU size, and geographic location.  Sixteen of the 84
strata contain only a single self-representing PSU, each of which is included
with certainty in the primary stage of sample selection.  The remaining 68
nonself-representing strata contain more than one PSU.  From each of these
nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with probability
proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1980 occupied housing units. 

The full SRC National Sample of 84 primary stage selections was designed to be
optimal for surveys roughly two to three times the size of the 1994 NES. To
permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller survey samples,
the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily partitioned into
smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or two-thirds sample
partition.  Each of the partitions represents a stratified subselection from
the full 84 PSU design.  The one-half partition of the 1980 National Sample
(i.e., the "A" primary sampling units or PSUs) includes 11 of the 16
self-representing MSA PSUs and a stratified subsampling of 34 of the 68
nonself-representing PSUs of the SRC National Sample.  The two-thirds
partition includes all of the "A" PSUs plus "B1" PSUs, i.e., 5 additional
self-representing PSUs and 11 additional nonself-representing PSUs.

Since the 1994 NES desired comparison of data over time from 1992 NES
respondents, as well as a representative sample of eligible 1994 respondents,
the 1994 NES sample design included both a Panel and a Cross-section
component.  The Panel component of the 1994 design consisted of all[4]
respondents from the NES Cross-section component of the 1992 NES sample.  The
1994 NES Cross-section component was a new selection of respondents from an
area probability sample of households taken from the two-thirds partition of
the SRC National Sample.  The Panel component of the 1996 NES sample consists
of all 1994 respondents from both of these 1994 NES components.  See Figure 1. 

Due to sample design decisions in 1992, when the NES sample moved from using
the one-half sample partition to the two-thirds sample partition of the SRC
National Sample, the Cross-section portion of the 1992 NES sample included  a
disproportionate number of selections from segments in "B1" PSUs (see Table
1).  This same disproportionate distribution was, of course, reflected in the 
Panel component of the 1994 NES sample and, thus carried to the 1996 NES
Panel.  While this led to some statistical inefficiency in the form of
increased variance of survey estimates relative to that of an even
distribution across the two-thirds partition primary areas, since the "BI" PSU
areas do represent a proper subsample of the 1980 National Sample design, 
separate longitudinal analysis of the 1996 NES Panel (i.e., analysis of
combined 1994 Panel and 1994 Cross-section data)[5] can be undertaken. 

Table 1 identifies the PSUs for the Panel component of the 1996 National
Election Study by MSA status and Region.  The "B1" PSUs in the Panel portion
of the sample design which received the disproportionate allocation in 1992 to
supplement the half-sample are also indicated on this table as well as the
number of area segments carried over to the 1996 NES Panel component (see next
section); all PSUs on this table are proportionately represented in the 1994
NES two-thirds Cross-section Sample.


Second Stage Selection of Area Segments: 1996 NES Panel Component

The second stage of the 1994 NES National Sample was selected directly from
computerized files that were prepared from the 1990[6] Census file (PL94-171
file on CD Rom) which contains the block-level 1990 Census total housing unit
(HU) data.  The designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs), termed "area
segments", are comprised of census blocks in the metropolitan (MSA) primary
areas and either census blocks or enumeration districts (EDs) in the rural
areas of non-MSA primary areas.  Each SSU block, block combination or
enumeration district for non-MSA PSUs was assigned a measure of size equal to
the total 1980 occupied housing unit count for the area.  MSA SSU block(s)
were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 total HUs per SSU; non-MSA SSU
blocks were assigned a minimum measure of 50 1980 occupied HUs per SSU.  
Second stage sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities
proportionate to the assigned measures of size (PPS).  

A three-step process of ordering the SSUs within the primary areas
produced an implicit stratification of the area segments in the second stage
sampling frame, stratified at the county level by geographic location and
population.  Area segments were stratified within county at the Minor Civil 
Division (MCD) level by size and income, and at the block and ED level by
location within the MCD or county. (For details, refer to the SRC publication,
1980 National Sample: Design and Development.)

For the 1994 NES combined Panel/Cross-section sample the number of area
segments used in each PSU varied.  In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the
number of sample area segments varied in proportion to the size of the primary 
stage unit, from a high of 12 Cross-section and 7 Panel area segments in the
self-representing New York MSA, to a low of 4 Cross-section and no Panel area
segments in the smaller self-representing PSUs such as Pittsburgh and Boston
MSAs.  Most Nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs were represented by 6
Cross-section and 2 Panel area segments except for "B1" PSUs for which there
are either 5 or 6 Panel segments.  A total of 554 area segments were selected
for the 1994 NES, 191 Panel and 363 Cross-section segments, 157 in the sixteen
self-representing PSUs and 397 in the nonself-representing PSUs as shown in
the last column of Table 1.

In most cases, both 1994 NES Cross-section and 1994 NES Panel selections were
made from the same area segments within each PSU, so in actual fact a total of
376 distinct 1980 National Sample area segments were used for the 1994 NES
Post-election Study.  Of these, 364 segments had respondents in 1994 and were
carried over to the Panel component of the 1996 NES Study.


Table 1: PSU Name and Number[7] of Panel Area Segments in the 1996 NES Sample
Showing 1980 SRC National-Sample Stratum, Partition and MSA Status

National Sample    National Sample         # of 1996 NES
PSU Number and        PSU Name             Panel Segments
  Partition

Six Largest Self-representing PSUs

501   A         New York, NY-NJ                 11
502   A         Los Angeles, CA                 10
503   A         Chicago, IL                      8
504   A         Philadelphia, PA-NJ              6
505   A         Detroit, MI                      6
506   A         San Francisco, CA                6

Ten Remaining Self-representing PSUs

507   B1        Washington, DC-MD-VA             6    
508   B1        Dallas-Ft Worth, TX              6
509   A         Houston, TX                      5
510   A         Boston, MA                       3
511   B1        Nassau-Suffolk, NY               4
512   A         St Louis, MO-IL                  3
513   A         Pittsburgh, PA                   4
514   A         Baltimore, MD                    4
515   B1        Minneapolis, MN-WI               4
516   B1        Atlanta, GA                      4

Nonself-representing MSAs:  Northeast

517   A         Buffalo, NY                      5
518   B1        Newark, NJ                       6
521   A         New Haven, CT                    5
523   A         Atlantic City, NJ                5
524   A         Manchester, NH                   6

Nonself-representing MSAs: Midwest (North Central in 1980 Census)

526   A         Milwaukee, WI                    6
527   A         Dayton, OH                       5
528   B1        Kansas City, MO-KS               6
529   A         Des Moines, IA                   6
531   A         Grand Rapids, MI                 6
532   A         Fort Wayne, IN                   6
533   A         Steubenville, OH-WV              6
534   B1        Saginaw, MI                      6

Nonself-representing MSAs:  South

536   A         Birmingham, AL                   6
539   A         Columbus, GA-AL                  6
540   A         Miami, FL                        6
542   B1        Jacksonville, FL                 6
543   A         Lakeland, FL                     6
544   A         McAllen, TX                      6
545   B1        Waco, TX                         6
547   A         Wheeling, WV-OH                  6
549   A         Knoxville, TN                    6
550   A         Richmond, VA                     6

Nonself-representing MSAs:  West

553   A         Seattle, WA                      6
555   A         Denver, CO                       6
556   A         Anaheim, CA                      5
557   B1        Riverside-San Bernardino, CA     6
558   A         Fresno, CA                       6
559   A         Eugene, OR                       6
560   B1        Phoenix, AZ                      6

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  Northeast 

463   A         Schuyler County, NY              8
464   B1        Gardner County, MA               8 

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest (North Central in 1980 Census)

465   A         Sanilac County, MI               5
466   B1        Decatur County, IN               8
468   A         Saline County, NE                7
470   A         Mower County, MN                 6

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  South

473   A         Bulloch County, GA               7
474   B1        Sabine County, LA                6
476   A         Hale County, TX                  5
477   A         Ashley County, AR                7
478   A         Bedford County, TN               6
480   B1        Montgomery County, VA            8
481   A         Robeson County, NC               7

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  West

482   A         El Dorado-Alpine Counties, CA    6
484   A         Carbon County, WY                5

Total Number of Segments                       364

Third Stage Selection of Housing Units: 1996 NES Panel Component 

For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing was
made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the 
segment.  For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, all
housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed.  The final 
equal probability sample of housing units for the 1994 NES was systematically 
selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area segments.  

The Cross-section component of the 1994 NES sample design was selected from
the 1980 SRC National Sample to yield an equal probability sample of 
households.   The distribution  of the 1994 NES Cross-section sample is that 
required by the two-thirds design of the 1980 SRC National Sample.  The
overall probability of selection for 1994 NES Cross-section households was
f=0.00001885 or 0.1885 in 10,000.  The equal probability sample of households
was achieved for the 1994 NES Cross-section design by using the standard
multi-stage sampling technique of setting the sampling rate for selecting
housing units within area segments to be inversely proportional to the PPS
probabilities used to select the PSU and area segment.[8]

The 1994 NES Panel consisted of all 1005 respondents for whom a complete
interview was obtained in the 1992 NES Cross-section sample.  Respondents in 
1994 from both the 1994 Cross-section and the 1994 Panel comprise the 1996 NES 
Panel.   

Fourth Stage Respondent Selection: 1996 NES Panel Component
  
Within each sampled 1994 NES Cross-section housing unit, the SRC interviewer
prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members.    Using an
objective procedure described by Kish (1949)[9] a single respondent was then
selected at random to be interviewed.  Regardless of circumstances, no
substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent.  This technique 
had also been used in 1992 to select the original Panel respondents.  In 1994 
the same Panel respondent (R) was sought for interview as had been interviewed 
in 1992.  The 1996 Panel consists of all 1994 NES respondents for whom a 
complete interview was obtained in the 1994 NES Combined Cross-section and
Panel sample.  1795 interviewed respondents make up the 1996 NES Panel
component.  

Selection Stages for the 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement: 1990 SRC National
Sample

Primary Stage Selection: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement

The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs) for the 1990 SRC National
Sample, which depending on the sample stratum are either MSAs, New  England
County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs), single counties, independent cities,
county equivalents or groupings of small counties, is based on the
county-level 1990 Census Reports of Population and Housing.[10]  Primary stage
units were assigned to 108 explicit strata based on MSA/NECMA or non-MSA/NECMA
status, PSU size, Census Region and geographic location within region. 
Twenty-eight of the 108 strata contain only a single self-representing PSU,
each of which is included with certainty in the primary stage of sample
selection.  The remaining 80 nonself-representing strata contain more than one
PSU.  From each of these nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with
probability proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1990 occupied housing
units. 

The full 1990 SRC National Sample of 108 primary stage selections was designed
to be optimal for surveys roughly three to five  times the size of  the 1996
NES.  To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller  survey
samples, the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily 
partitioned into smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or a 
three-quarter sample partition.  Each of the partitions represents a
stratified subselection from the full 108 (representing the coterminous United
States as does the NES study) PSU design.  The  one-half sample partition of
the 1990 National Sample was designed to be roughly comparable in number of
PSUs to the two-thirds partition of the 1980 National Sample.  The one-half
partition of the 1990 National Sample (i.e., the "A" primary sampling units or
PSUs) includes 18 of the 28 self-representing MSA PSUs and a stratified
subsampling of 40 of the 80 nonself-representing PSUs of the SRC National
Sample.  The remaining PSUs are divided in half and designated as either B1 or
B2.  The three-quarter partition includes all of the "A" PSUs plus "B1" PSUs,
i.e., five additional self-representing PSUs and twenty additional
nonself-representing PSUs.

Since the 1996 NES desired comparison of data over time from 1994 NES
respondents, as well as a supplement of eligible 1996 respondents, the 1996 
NES sample design includes both a Panel and a Cross-section component.  The 
Panel component of the 1996 NES design consists of all respondents from the 
both the Panel and the Cross-section components of the 1994 NES sample.[11]  
The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement component is a new selection of 
respondents from an area probability sample of households taken from the 
one-half partition of the new 1990 SRC National Sample.  Since emphasis in the
1996 NES Study was to be on the Panel component and a rather small number of
1996 NES Cross-section respondents was sought, a subselection was made from
the non-self representing PSUs in the 1990 half-sample partition; seven 
nonself-representing MSA PSUs and seven non-MSA PSUs were randomly eliminated. 

Table 2 identifies the 44 PSUs in the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement
by MSA status and Region and also indicates the number of area segments used 
for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement (see next section on second stage 
selection). 

Second Stage Selection of Area Segments: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement

The second stage of the 1990 SRC National Sample, used for the 1996 NES
Cross-section supplement, was selected directly from computerized files that 
were extracted for the selected PSUs from the 1990 U.S. Census summary file 
series STF1-B.  These files (on CD Rom) contain the 1990 Census total 
population and housing unit (HU) data at the census block level.  The 
designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs), termed "area segments", are 
comprised of census blocks in both the metropolitan (MSA) primary areas and in
the rural areas of non-MSA primary areas.  Each SSU block or block combination
was assigned a measure of size equal to the total 1990 occupied housing unit
count for the area; SSU block(s) were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 
total HUs per MSA SSU and a minimum measure of 48 total HUs per non-MSA SSU.   
Second stage sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities 
proportionate to the assigned measures of size (PPS).  

Prior to the second-stage selection, the SSUs were ordered or implicitly 
stratified within each selected PSU. Block Groups were stratified by household 
income and, within these income groups, by geography (county, tract, and
block).  Counties within MSA PSUs having more than one county were ordered by
size and distance from the central city of the MSA. (For details, refer to the
SRC publication, 1990 National Sample: Design and Development.)

For the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement the number of area segments used in
each PSU varies.  In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the number of  area
segments varies in proportion to the size of the primary stage unit,  from a
high of 13 area segments in the self-representing New York MSA and  12 area
segments in Los Angeles MSA, to a low of 4 area segments in the smaller
self-representing PSUs such as Cleveland, Miami-Hialeah or Nassau-Suffolk
MSAs. All nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs were represented by 4 area segments
each.  A total of 210 NES Cross-section area segments were selected, 106 in
the 18 self-representing PSUs and 104 in the nonself-representing PSUs as
shown in Table 2.



Table 2: PSU Name and Number of  Area Segments in the 1996 NES Cross-section
Supplement


Showing 1990 SRC National-Sample Stratum, Partition, and MSA Status


National Sample            National Sample                  # of 1996 NES
PSU Number and               PSU Name                      Panel Segments
  Partition                                   


Eight Largest Self-representing PSUs


120   A             New York, NY MSA                        13
190   A             Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA          12
130   A             Chicago, IL MSA                          9
121   A             Philadelphia, PA-NJ MSA                  7
131   A             Detroit, MI MSA                          6
150   A             Washington DC-MD-VA MSA                  6
110   A             Boston, MA NECMA                         6
171   A             Dallas and Ft Worth, TX CMSA             6

Ten Remaining Self-representing PSUs

170   A             Houston, TX MSA                          5
191   A             Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA                  4
141   A             St Louis, MO-IL MSA                      4
152   A             Baltimore, MD MSA                        4
122   A             Nassau-Suffolk, NY MSA                   4
194   A             Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA MSA                4
132   A             Cleveland, OH MSA                        4
154   A             Miami-Hialeah, FL MSA                    4
181   A             Denver, CO MSA                           4
196   A             San Francisco, CA MSA                    4

Nonself-representing MSAs:  Northeast

211   A             New Haven-Waterbury-Meriden, CT NECMA   4
213   A             Manchester-Nashua NH NECMA              4
220   A             Buffalo, NY MSA                         4
226   A             Atlantic City, NJ MSA                   4
                                                            
Nonself-representing MSAs:  Midwest

230   A             Milwaukee, WI MSA                       4
236   A             Madison, WI MSA                         4
239   A             Steubenville-Wheeling, OH[12]           4
240   A             Des Moines, IA MSA                      4

Nonself-representing MSAs:  South

250   A             Richmond-Petersburg, VA MSA             4
255   A             Columbus, GA-AL MSA                     4
257   A             Jacksonville, FL MSA                    4
258   A             Lakeland, FL MSA                        4
260   A             Knoxville TN MSA                        4
262   A             Birmingham, AL MSA                      4
273   B1[13]        Waco, TX MSA                            4
274   A             McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA        4

Nonself-representing MSAs:  West

280   A             Salt Lake City-Ogden etc, UT MSA        4
292   A             Fresno, CA MSA                          4
293   A             Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA              4

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  Northeast 

320   A             Elk County, PA                          4

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest

332   A             Switzerland County, IN                  4
342   A             Taney County, MO                        4

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  South

351   A             Harrisonburg IC, VA                     4
354   A             Wheatfield County, GA                   4
370   B1            Jim Wells County, TX                    4

Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  West

381   A             Sandoval County, NM                     4

Total Number of Segments                                  210

Third Stage Selection of Housing Units: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement

For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing was
made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the 
segment.  For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, 
all housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed.  The final 
equal probability sample of housing units for the 1996 NES Cross-section 
supplement was systematically selected from the housing unit listings for the 
sampled area segments.  

The Cross-section supplement of the 1996 NES sample design was selected from
the 1990 SRC National Sample to yield an equal probability sample of 803 
listed housing units.  The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement drawn was ten 
percent larger than the expected required sample size of 730 lines to allow 
for additional "reserve" sample replicates to be released if necessary to meet 
interview goals.   The overall probability of selection for 1996 NES 
Cross-section households was f=0.000007500 or 0.07500 in 10,000.  The equal
probability sample of households was achieved for the 1996 NES  Cross-section
supplement by using the standard multi-stage sampling technique of setting the
sampling rate for selecting housing units within area segments  to be
inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select the PSU  and
area segment.[14]

Fourth Stage Respondent Selection: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement
  
Within each sampled 1996 NES Cross-section housing unit, the SRC  interviewer
prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members.    Using an
objective procedure described by Kish (1949)[15] a single respondent  was then
selected at random to be interviewed.  Regardless of circumstances,  no
substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent.  This technique 
had also been used in 1992 and 1994 to select the original Panel respondents.  
In 1996 the same Panel respondent (R) was sought for interview as had been 
interviewed in 1992 and 1994.

1996 NES SAMPLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The 1996 Pre/Post-election Study sought a total of 1750 interviews in the
Pre-election phase, all of which were to be contacted for reinterview in the 
Post-election phase. 

THE PRE-ELECTION PHASE: 

The 1996 NES sample design included both Panel and  Cross-section components
for the Pre-election phase, but emphasis in the 1996 NES design was  on
obtaining a maximum number of Panel interviews.  To this end, the 1996 NES 
Panel component  included the full set of 1795 1994 NES respondents, 1036 from 
the 1994 NES Cross-section component and 759 from the 1994 NES Panel
component. Given sample design assumptions for the 1996 NES Panel of an
eligibility rate of 0.98 and response rate of 0.75, this component was
expected to yield 1320 interviews in 1996.

The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement was intended to yield 430 interviews. It
was estimated that this would require a NES Cross-section sample draw of 730
housing units.  This assumed an occupancy/growth rate of 0.86, an eligibility
rate of 0.95 and a response rate of 0.72.  The overall 1996 NES Pre-election
sample Design is set out in Table 3, below.

Table 3:  Sample Design Specifications and Assumptions 1996 Pre/Post-election 
          Survey

                         Cross-section     Panel Component  Total
                           Component

Completed Interviews          430           1320           1750
  Response Rate               0.72          0.75
                                           
Eligible Sample Households    597           1760           2357
  Eligibility Rate            0.95           NA
  Panel Recontact Rate         NA           0.98

Occupied Households           628           1795           2423
  Occupancy/growth Rate       0.86          1.0


Total Sample Lines            730           1795           2525

Sample Design, and Assignment of Replicates

The Cross-section supplement of the 1996 NES sample was drawn from the
recently listed "A" or half-sample partition of the 1990 SRC National Sample. 
Because of the small size of this NES sample component, both the number of
PSUs (selected primary areas) and the Secondary Selection Units (area
segments) in the National half-sample were reduced by subselection for the
1996 NES sample design.[16]  The 18 self-representing areas in the 1990 SRC
National half-sample were all retained for the Cross-section supplement (8 of
these remained self-representing in the half-sample and 10 represent not only
their own MSA but their "pair" among the twenty additional self-representing
primary areas of the full 1990 SRC National Sample design).  Nineteen of the
26 non-selfrepresenting MSAs and 7 of the 14 non-MSAs were retained for the
1996 NES Cross-section supplement (or 26 of 40 NSR PSUs).  


The number of second stage units (SSUs or area segments) was also reduced for
the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement.  In self-representing PSUs, the number
of segments was reduced by one-half with a minimum of four segments in  any
PSU.  In the nonself-representing PSUs, the number of segments was reduced  to
two-thirds, from six to four segments per PSU.  This resulted in a total of 
210 segments or SSUs from which the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement was
selected. 

There could be no reduction of the total number of segments or of persons in
the 1996 NES Panel component since all 1994 NES respondents were to be
recontacted for interview in 1996.  The number of area segments represented by
the 1795 respondents to the 1994 study eligible for the 1996 NES Panel was
364. 

Both the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement and the 1996 NES Panel were
divided by segment into two replicate samples.  Replicates 1 and 2 of the 1996 
NES Cross-section supplement each included 105 segments.  The original
replicate assignment of Panel segments also resulted in an even division of
those segments by replicate. 

1996 NES Cross-section Supplement Selection and  Assignment of Releases

The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement drawn was ten percent larger than
the expected required sample size of 730 listed housing units to allow for 
additional "reserve" sample replicates.  Final number of housing units in the 
Cross-section supplement was 803 spread over the 210 area segments as outlined 
below. 

Selected lines in each of the two replicates were divided into two equal
parts to accommodate 4 quarterly releases.  The quarterly releases were
designed to assess effect on voter opinion formation of news events which
occurred at various times over the course of the study.  The first replicate
sample was divided into release 1 and 2; the second replicate sample into
release 3 and 4.  An additional two reserve releases (5 and 6) equal to 73
lines, or 10% of the total 1996 NES Cross-section supplement, were also drawn
from Replicate 2 to be released with releases 3 and 4, if necessary to meet
study interview goals.  Both reserve releases 5 and 6 were, in fact, released. 

Although Replicates 1 and 2 are each made up of different area segments
(except as modified by the request to include Panel Rs needing tracking in 
Releases 1 and 2), all 1996 NES Cross-section and Panel Primary Areas are 
included in each Replicate if they contained more than a single segment.  In 
contrast to the assignment of replicates by area segment, releases were 
originally specified in the 1996 NES sample design to be assigned across the 
HU-level file, rather than by area segment so any segment having more than 
one selection will have the selections distributed across Releases 1 and 2 
(or 3, 4, 5 and 6 for Replicate 2 segments). In order to increase the
efficiency of the field interviewing effort, original releases 3 and 4 were
later revised such that their assignment was based on area segment, rather
than across all Replicate 2 segments.

1996 NES PRE-ELECTION SAMPLE OUTCOME:

Table 4: 1996 NES Pre-Election Sample Design Specifications and Assumptions 
         Compared to Sample Outcome. 1996 Pre/Post-election Survey [17]


                           Cross-section     Panel Component     Total
                            Component
                         Design Outcome Design Outcome Design Outcome


Completed Interviews      430     398    1320   1316    1750  1714
  Response Rate           0.72    0.60   0.75   0.76    

Eligible Sample 
 Households               597      666    1760   1741    2357  2407
  Eligibility Rate        0.95     0.96    NA     NA
  Panel Recontact Rate     NA       NA    0.98   0.98

Occupied Households       628      692    1795   1781    2423  2473
  Occupancy/growth Rate   0.86     0.85   1.00   1.00


Total Sample Lines        730       817    1795   1788    2525  2605


A comparison of the total design figures compared to the Pre-election 
outcome figures in Table 4 indicates the following:  for the 1996 NES Panel 
component, where there was no option for reserve releases, and where primary 
field effort was placed, eligibility and response rates equal to those 
anticipated resulted in a number of completed interviews very close to that 
projected by the sample design.  On the other hand, for the 1996 NES 
Cross-section supplement, even with the release of reserve replicates, a lower
than expected response rate resulted in a seven percent shortfall in number of 
completed interviews.  Since the Cross-section supplement made up less than 
one-quarter of the total sample design, the overall shortfall in number of 
completed interviews was only two percent.

THE POST-ELECTION PHASE:

The study design for the 1996 Post-election component of the NES Study
called for recontact of all respondents to the 1996 NES Pre-election survey 
(both those originally in the Panel component and those in the Cross-section 
supplement.)  The Post-election phase of the 1996 NES included a mode
experiment  which called for the random assignment, by area segment, of the
majority of these respondents, to be recontacted after the election for an 
interview either by phone or in person.  Those to be excluded from this mode
experiment were those respondents either 1) who were interviewed by phone
during the Pre-election study or 2) who were known to not have a phone.  The
assignment to either the phone or the in-person mode was made on the basis of
segment, such that approximately half of the Post-election recontacts made by
phone and the other half in person.  Since the Post-election phase of the
study involved no new respondents--all respondents were considered Panel
respondents for this phase.  A combined recontact and response rate of 85% was
assumed for the Post-election phase of the 1996 NES to yield a total of 1460
interviews.

Of the total of 1714 interviews completed for the 1996 Pre-election
study, the sample released for Post-election recontact was distributed as
shown in Table 5. Post-election interview outcome is also shown on this table. 
The combined recontact and response rate exceeded expectations resulting in a 
total number of Post-election interviews over the 1460 goal. 

Table 5.  Post-election Mode Distribution and Interview Outcome for 
          1996 NES.[18]

Mode             # Released NI NIP Refusal Interviews   Recontact/
                                                       Response Rate

Face-to-Face:       875    35   23   42      774        0.89
  Include in 
   Experiment       742    22   17   34      668        0.90
  Exclude from       
   Experiment       133    13    6    8      106        0.80

Telephone:          839    25   17   37      760        0.90
  Include in 
   Experiment       759    21   16   33      689        0.91
  Exclude from 
   Experiment        80     4    1    4       71        0.89


Total              1714    60   40   79     1534        0.90


WEIGHTED ANALYSIS OF 1996 NES DATA

The 1996 NES data set includes two final person-level analysis weights
which incorporate sampling, nonresponse and post-stratification factors.  One
weight (variable #4) is for longitudinal micro-level analysis using the 1996
NES Panel. The other weight (variable #3) is for analysis of the 1996 NES 
combined sample (Panel component cases plus Cross-section supplement cases).  
In addition, a Time Series Weight (variable #5) which corrects for Panel 
attrition was constructed.  This weight should be used in analyses which 
compare the 1996 NES to earlier unweighted National Election Study data 
collections.  Analysts interested in developing their own nonresponse or 
post-stratification adjustment factors must request access to the necessary
sample control data from the NES Board.

CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYSIS WEIGHTS

Sample Selection Weight

The area probability sample design for the 1996 NES results in an equal
probability sample of U.S. households.  However, within sample households a 
single adult respondent is chosen at random to be interviewed.  Since the
number of eligible adults may vary from one household to another, the random
selection of a single adult introduces inequality into respondents' selection
probabilities.  In analysis, a respondent selection weight should be used to
compensate for these unequal selection probabilities.  The value of the
respondent selection weight is exactly equal to the number of eligible adults
in the household from which the random respondent was selected.  The use of
the respondent selection weight is strongly encouraged, despite past
evaluations which have shown these weights to have little significant impact
on the values of NES estimates of descriptive statistics. 

Household Nonresponse Adjustment Factor

Nonresponse adjustment factors were constructed at the household level 
separately for Panel and Cross-section component cases.  Nonresponse
adjustment cells for the relatively small 1996 NES Cross-section supplement
were formed by crossing PSU type (Self-representing, Nonself-representing MSA
or non-MSA) by the four Census regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). 
A nonresponse factor equal to the inverse of the response rate in each cell
was applied to the interview cases.  

For the larger number of Panel cases, 1996 nonresponse adjustment cells
were initially formed by crossing PSU type by the nine Census divisions 
(New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South 
Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Mountain and Pacific).  
However, in order to have a minimum of approximately 25 cases in each 
nonresponse adjustment cell, some cells were collapsed across Census Divisions
in the same Census Region.  Tables 6 and 7 show the 1996 nonresponse
adjustment factors for the Cross-section supplement and for the Panel
respectively.  The 1996 NES Panel nonresponse prior to 1996 was reflected in
the 1994 full sample weight which was used to construct 1996 NES Panel final
sample weights.

                                      Table 6
                                       
              Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- 1996 NES Cross
                                  Section Supplement


                                                                Nonresponse
           PSU Type           Census Region        Response     Adjustment
                                                   Rate (%)       Weight

           SR-MSA             Northeast             42.31         2.364
                              Midwest               53.33         1.875
                              South                 53.85         1.857
                              West                  50.70         1.972
           NSR-MSA            Northeast             52.63         1.900
                              Midwest               67.80         1.475
                              South                 64.55         1.549
                              West                  62.50         1.600
           NSR-non MSA        Northeast             60.00         1.667
                              Midwest               72.09         1.387
                              South                 68.67         1.456
                              West                  80.95         1.235

                                 Table 7
                                        
Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- 1996 NES Panel Component
                                                               Nonresponse
           PSU Type           Census Division      Response     Adjustment
                                                   Rate (%)       Weight
           SR-MSA             New England & 
                              Middle Atlantic       72.90         1.372
                              East North            72.50         1.379
                              Central
                              West North            86.05         1.162
                              Central
                              South Atlantic        77.91         1.284
                              West South            63.64         1.571
                              Central
                              Pacific               65.85         1.519
           NSR-MSA            New England &
                              Middle Atlantic       71.96         1.390
                              East North            76.03         1.315
                              Central
                              West North            70.77         1.413
                              Central
                              South Atlantic        76.71         1.304
                              East South            64.71         1.545
                              Central 
                              West South            70.59         1.417
                              Central
                              Mountain              76.98         1.299
                              Pacific               76.67         1.304
           NSR-non MSA        New England &         81.82         1.222
                              Middle Atlantic
                              East North            84.62         1.182
                              Central
                              West North            72.73         1.375
                              Central
                              South Atlantic        84.96         1.177
                              East South            76.53         1.307
                              Central &                      
                              West South            
                              Central               
                              Mountain &            70.73         1.414
                              Pacific

1996 Combined NES Post-stratification Factor

As a first step in post-stratifying the sample to 1990 Census 
proportions, an  intermediate weight for the 1996 NES combined sample 
(Cross-section plus Panel cases) was constructed as follows.  First an
intermediate weight for Cross-section supplement cases was constructed by 
multiplying the 1996 Cross-section nonresponse adjustment (Table 6) by the 
number of eligible persons in the sample household[19] by an inflation factor 
which is the 1995 estimated U.S. households divided by the number of eligible 
households (97,061,000/661).  This initial weight was used to produce a 
weighted sex by age group  by Census Region table for the 1996 NES
Cross-section supplement.  The age categories used were:  18-44 years, 45-64
years, and 65+ years.  Post-stratification factors were constructed to match
the sample proportions in the 24 sex by age by Region cells to the July 1995
Census population projections (Current Population Reports, P25-1111, Table 4)
by dividing the Census total by the weighted sample estimate for each post-
stratification cell.  Because of the small number of Cross-section supplement 
cases, it is not intended that Cross-section only analysis be undertaken. 

An intermediate weight factor for the 1996 NES Panel cases was similarly
constructed by multiplying the 1996 nonresponse adjustment (Table 7) by the 
1994 full sample weight times the reciprocal of the constant used to center
the 1994 weights (1993 estimated U.S. population 18 or more years of age /
number of 1994 respondents).[20]  For the 1996 NES Panel respondents, the
number of eligible persons in the household and nonresponse prior to 1996 was
reflected in the 1994 full sample weight.  The last element in this
computation was necessary to restore the Panel intermediate weight to its full
representation of the population.  This intermediate weight was used for Panel
cases to produce a weighted sex by age group by Census Region table as
described above.  Again, post-stratification weights were constructed to match
the sample proportions in the 24 sex by age group by Census Region cells to
the July 1995 Census population projections.

1996 NES Panel Post-Stratification Factor

For 1996 NES combined Panel and Cross-section analysis, the proportion of
respondents contributed to the total sample was adjusted for by multiplying
the Panel case intermediate weight  by the proportion of Panel cases
(1316/1714) and multiplying the Cross-section case intermediate weight by the
proportion of Cross-section cases (398/1714).  Thus a combined Cross-section
and Panel post-stratification weight was produced, by dividing the 1995 Census
estimated totals in the 24 sex by age group by Census Region cells by the
corresponding weighted estimates for the combined sample.  The figures for
this combined post-stratification factor are shown in Table 8.  It is these
figures, centered as explained below, which are used for the final 1996
combined sample weight (V3).  The final analysis weight (V4 ) for longitudinal
analysis of the 1996 NES Panel is the product of the 1994 full sample weight,
the 1996 Panel household nonresponse adjustment factor,  and the Panel
post-stratification factor.  

FINAL ANALYSIS WEIGHTS

The final analysis weights are the product of the household level
non-response adjustment factor, the number of eligible persons, the sample 
selection (inflation) weight and the post-stratification factor.  The final
analysis weight for the Panel-only analysis (V4)  is centered so that the
sum of the weights is equal to the total number of Panel respondents, 1316.  
The final analysis weights for the combined 1996 NES sample (V3) sums to 
1714, the total number of respondents.  These weights were constructed using 
the 1996 NES Pre-election data set.  The nonresponse and attrition between the
Pre and Post-election studies are not incorporated.


              Table 8: 1996 NES Combined (Cross-section and Panel) Sample 
                       Post-Stratification Factor


             Census        Age      Census Est.     1996 NES         Post-
     Sex    Region       Group    July 1, 1995    Weighted[21]  Stratification 
                                                                     Factor

      Male   Northeast    18-44     10,440,000      9,885,067        1.056
                          45-64      5,019,000      5,329,059        0.942
                           65+       2,892,000      3,152,420        0.917
             Midwest      18-44     12,645,000     10,248,770        1.234
                          45-64      5,870,000      7,553,155        0.777 
                           65+       3,310,000      3,215,352        1.029 
             South        18-44     18,919,000     15,799,320        1.197 
                          45-64      8,691,000      8,455,024        1.028 
                           65+       4,789,000      5,216,866        0.918 
             West         18-44     12,778,000      9,478,170        1.348 
                          45-64      5,298,000      5,349,446        0.990 
                           65+       2,708,000      2,347,394        1.154 
     Female  Northeast    18-44     10,630,000      8,990,888        1.182 
                          45-64      5,503,000      5,895,540        0.933 
                           65+       4,378,000      3,556,867        1.231 
             Midwest      18-44     12,749,000     11,606,790        1.098 
                          45-64      6,234,000      6,622,310        0.941 
                           65+       4,871,000      4,952,220        0.984 
             South        18-44     19,077,000     20,443,010        0.933 
                          45-64      9,397,000      9,362,888        1.004 
                           65+       7,016,000      6,738,762        1.041 
             West         18-44     12,169,000     11,691,630        1.041 
                          45-64      5,454,000      5,937,677        0.919 
                           65+       3,686,000      3,664,183        1.006 

             Totals                194,523,000    185,492,800


CONSTRUCTION OF TIME SERIES WEIGHT

The 1996 NES Panel consists of 759 respondents originally selected for
the 1992 NES Pre-election Study (1994 NES Panel) and 1036 respondents
originally selected for the 1994 NES Study (1994 NES Cross-section). All of
the 1005 1992 Post-election respondents were eligible for the 1994 NES Panel
and 759 of these responded in 1994 and remained eligible for the 1996 NES
Panel.  Of these 759 respondents from the 1992 NES (1994 Panel), 597 were
interviewed for the 1996 NES.  Of the 1036 respondents from the 1994
Cross-section, 719 were interviewed in 1996 for an overall 1996 NES Panel
response rate of 1316/1795 or 0.733.[22]  


                                      Table 9:
                             Time Series Weight Factors

                 Years
                 of      Education Level Age Group  Time Series
               Residence                          Weight Factor

                 < 3     < HS Graduate  18-24            1.168
                                        25-39            1.087
                                        40-64            1.284
                                         65 +            1.073
                         HS Graduate    17-24            1.169
                                        25-39            1.060
                                        40-64            0.897
                                         65 +            1.748
                         > HS Graduate  17-24            0.958
                                        25-39            0.978
                                        40-64            0.950
                                         65 +            0.791
                 3+      < HS Grad      17-39            1.205
                                        40-64            0.917
                                        65-74            1.018
                                         75+             1.605
                         HS Graduate    17-24            1.171
                                        25-39            1.172
                                        40-64            0.990
                                        65-74            1.010
                                         75+             0.960
                         > HS Graduate  17-24            1.236
                                        25-39            0.931
                                        40-64            0.908
                                        65-74            0.761
                                         75+             1.057

PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING ERROR ESTIMATION

     The 1996 NES sample design is based on a stratified multi-stage area 
probability sample of United States households.  Although smaller in scale,
the NES sample design is very similar in it basic structure to the multi-stage 
designs used for major federal survey programs such as the Health Interview 
Survey (HIS) or the Current Population Survey (CPS).  The survey literature
refers to the NES, HIS and CPS samples as complex designs, a loosely-used term
meant to denote the fact that the sample incorporates special design features 
such as stratification, clustering and differential selection probabilities 
(i.e., weighting) that analysts must consider in computing sampling errors for
sample estimates of descriptive statistics and model parameters.  This section 
of the 1996 NES sample design description focuses on sampling error estimation 
and construction of confidence intervals for survey estimates of descriptive
statistics such as means, proportions, ratios, and coefficients for linear and
logistic linear regression models.   

     Standard analysis software systems such SAS, SPSS, OSIRIS assume simple 
random sampling (SRS) or equivalently independence of observations in
computing standard errors for sample estimates.  In general, the SRS
assumption results in underestimation of variances of survey estimates of
descriptive statistics and model parameters.  Confidence intervals based on
computed variances that assume independence of observations will be biased
(generally too narrow) and design-based inferences will be affected
accordingly.  

Sampling Error Computation Methods and Programs

Over the past 50 years, advances in survey sampling theory have guided
the development of a number of methods for correctly estimating variances from 
complex sample data sets. A number of sampling error programs which implement 
these complex sample variance estimation methods are available to NES data 
analysts.  The two most common approaches to the estimation of sampling error 
for complex sample data are through the use of a Taylor Series Linearization 
of the estimator (and corresponding approximation to its variance) or through 
the use of resampling variance estimation procedures such as Balanced Repeated
Replication (BRR) or Jackknife Repeated Replication(JRR).  New Bootstrap
methods for variance estimation can also be included among the resampling
approaches. See Rao and Wu (1988).

1.  Linearization Approach

If data are collected using a complex sample design with unequal size 
clusters, most statistics of interest will not be simple linear functions of 
the observed data.  The objective of the linearization approach is to apply 
Taylor's method to derive an approximate form of the estimator that is linear 
in statistics for which variances and covariances can be directly estimated.  
(Kish, 1965; Woodruff, 1971).  Linearized variance approximations are derived
for estimators of ratio means (Kish and Hess, 1959); finite population
regression coefficients and correlation coefficients (Kish and Frankel, 
1974); and many other non-linear statistics.  Software packages such as SUDAAN
and PC CARP (see below) use the Taylor Series linearization method to estimate
standard errors for the coefficients of logistic regression models.  In these
programs, an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm is used to compute
maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters.  At each step of the model
fitting algorithm, a Taylor Series linearization approach is used to compute
the variance/covariance matrix for the current iteration's parameter estimates 
(Binder, 1983).

Available sampling error computation software that utilizes the Taylor 
Series linearization method includes:  STATA, SUDAAN and PC SUDAAN,
SUPERCARP 
AND PC CARP, and CLUSTERS.  PC SUDAAN, PC CARP and STATA include
procedures 
for estimation of sampling error both for descriptive statistics such as
means, proportions, totals and for parameters of commonly used multivariate
models (least squares regression, logistic regression).

2.  Resampling Approaches

In the mid-1940's, P.C. Mahalanobis (1946) outlined a simple replicated
procedure for selecting probability samples that permits simple, unbiased 
estimation of variances.  The practical difficulty with the simple replicated 
approach to design and variance estimation is that many replicates are needed
to achieve stability of the variance estimator.  Unfortunately, a  design with 
many independent replicates must utilize a coarser stratification than 
alternative designs--to achieve stable variance estimates, sample precision
must be sacrificed. Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR), Jackknife Repeated 
Replication (JRR) and the Bootstrap are alternative replication techniques
that may be used for estimating sampling errors for statistics based on
complex sample data.  

The BRR method is applicable to stratified designs in which two
half-sample units (i.e., PSUs) are selected from each design stratum.  The
conventional "two PSU-per-stratum" design in the best theoretical example of
such a design although in practice, collapsing of strata (Kalton, 1977) and
random combination of units within strata are employed to restructure a sample
design  for BRR variance estimation. The half-sample codes prepared for the
1994 NES data set require the collapsing of nonself-representing strata and
the randomized combination of selection units within self-representing (SR)
strata.  When full balancing of the half-sample assignments is employed
(Wolter, 1985), BRR is the most computationally efficient  of the replicated
variance estimation techniques. The number of general purpose BRR sampling
error estimation programs in the public domain is limited. The OSIRIS REPERR
program includes the option for BRR estimation of sampling errors for least
squares  regression coefficients and correlation statistics.  Westat, Inc. has
developed the Westvar PC for BRR estimation of standard errors.  Another
option is to use SAS or SPSS Macro facilities to implement the relatively
simple BRR algorithm.  The necessary computation formulas and Hadamard
matrices to define the half-sample replicates are available in Wolter (1985).

With improvements in computational flexibility and speed, jackknife (JRR)
and bootstrap methods for sampling error estimation and inference have become
more common (Rao and Wu, 1988 ).  Few general purpose programs for jackknife 
estimation of variances are available to analysts.  OSIRIS REPERR has a JRR
module for estimation of standard errors for regression and correlation 
statistics.  Other stand alone programs may also be available in the general
survey research community.  Like BRR, the algorithm for JRR is relatively easy
to program using SAS, SPSS or S-Plus macro facilities.   

BRR and JRR are variance estimation techniques, each designed  to
minimize the number of "resamplings" needed to compute the variance estimate. 
In theory, the bootstrap is not simply a tool for variance estimation but an 
approach to actual inference for statistics.  In practice, the bootstrap is
implemented by resampling (with replacement) from the observed sample units.
To ensure that the full complexity of the design is reflected , the selection
of each bootstrap reflects the full complexity of the stratification,
clustering and weighting that is present in the original sample design.  A
large number of bootstrap samples are selected and the statistic of interest
is computed for each.  The empirical distribution of the estimate that results
from the large set of bootstrap samples can then be used to a variance
estimate and a support interval for inference about the population statistic
of interest.  

In most practical survey analysis problems, the JRR and Bootstrap methods 
should yield similar results.  Most survey analysts should choose JRR due to
its computational efficiency.  NES data analysts interested in the bootstrap 
technique are referred to LePage and Billard (1992) for additional reading and
a bibliography for the general literature on this topic.

One aspect of BRR, JRR and bootstrap variance estimation that is often
pushed aside in practice is the treatment of analysis weights.  In theory,
when a resampling occurs (i.e., a BRR half sample is formed), the analysis
weights should be recomputed based only on the selection probabilities,
nonresponse characteristics and post-stratification outcomes for the units
included in the resample.  This is the correct way of performing resampling
variance estimation; however, in practice acceptable estimates can be obtained
through use of the weights as they are provided on the public use data set.  

          Sampling Error Computation Models

Regardless of whether  linearization or a resampling approach is used, 
estimation of variances for complex sample survey estimates requires the
specification of a sampling error computation model.  NES data analysts who
are interested in performing sampling error computations should be aware that
the estimation programs identified in the preceding section assume a specific
sampling error computation model and will require special sampling error
codes. Individual records in the analysis data set must be assigned sampling
error codes which identify to the programs the complex structure of the sample 
(stratification, clustering) and are compatible with the computation
algorithms of the various programs.  To facilitate the computation of sampling
error for statistics based on 1996 NES data, design-specific sampling error
codes will be routinely included in all public-use versions of the data set. 
Although minor recoding may be required to conform to the input requirements
of the individual programs, the sampling error codes that are provided should
enable analysts to conduct either Taylor Series or Replicated estimation of
sampling errors for survey statistics.

Table 10 defines the sampling error coding system for 1996 NES sample 
cases.  Two sampling error code variables are defined for each case based on
the sample design primary stage unit (PSU) and area segment in which the
sample household is located.

Sampling Error Stratum Code (Variable #2125).  The Sampling Error 
Computation Stratum Code is the variable which defines the sampling error 
computation strata for all sampling error analysis of the NES data.  With the
exception of the New York, Los Angeles and Chicago MSAs, each
self-representing (SR) design stratum is represented by one sampling error
computation stratum.  Due to their population size, two sampling error
computation strata are defined for each of the three largest MSAs.  Pairs of
similar nonself-representing (NSR) primary stage design strata are "collapsed"
(Kalton, 1977) to create NSR sampling error computation strata.

For both the 1980 and 1990 SRC National Sample design controlled
selection and a "one-per-stratum" PSU allocation are used to select the
primary stage of the 1996 NES  national sample.  The purpose in using
controlled selection and the "one-per-stratum" sample allocation is to reduce
the between-PSU component of sampling variation relative to a"two-per-stratum"
primary stage design.  Despite the expected improvement in sample precision, a
drawback of the "one-per-stratum" design is that two or more sample selection
strata must be collapsed or combined to form a sampling error computation
stratum.  Variances are then estimated under the assumption that a multiple
PSU per stratum design was actually used for primary stage selection.  The
expected consequence of collapsing design strata into sampling error
computation strata is the overestimation of the true sampling error; that is,
the sampling error computation model defined by the codes contained in Table
14 will yield estimates of sampling errors which in expectation will be
slightly greater than the true sampling error of the statistic of interest.  

SECU - Stratum-specific Sampling Error Computation Unit code (Variable 
#2126) is a half sample code for analysis of sampling error using the BRR 
method or approximate "two-per-stratum" Taylor Series method (Kish and Hess, 
1959).  Within the SR sampling error strata, the SECU half sample units are 
created by dividing sample cases into random halves, SECU=1 and SECU=2. The 
assignment of cases to half-samples is designed to preserve the stratification
and second stage clustering properties of the sample within an SR stratum. 
Sample cases are assigned to SECU half samples based on the area segment in 
which they were selected.  For this assignment, sample cases were placed in
original stratification order (area segment number order) and beginning with a
random start entire area segment clusters were systematically assigned to
either SECU=1 or SECU=2.

In the general case of nonself-representing (NSR) strata, the half sample
units are defined according to the PSU to which the respondent was assigned at
sample selection.  That is, the half samples for each NSR sampling error 
computation stratum bear a one-to-one correspondence to the sample design NSR
PSUs.  The particular sample coding provided on the NES public use data set is
consistent with the "ultimate cluster" approach to complex sample variance 
estimation (Kish, 1965; Kalton, 1977).  Individual stratum, PSU and segment
code variables may be needed by NES analysts interested in components of
variance analysis or estimation of hierarchical models in which PSU-level and 
neighborhood-level effects are explicitly estimated.

Table 10 shows the sampling error stratum and SECU codes to be used for 
the paired selection model for sampling error computations for any 1996 NES 
analyses; the same codes can be used when using the 1996 NES combined 
Cross-section/Panel data or when using 1996 NES Panel data separately.  The 
first 42 strata reflect the two-thirds 1980 National Sample design used in
1994 and apply to the 1996 NES Panel.  Strata 51 through 89 reflect the half
sample 1990 National Sample design used for the 1996 NES Cross-section 
supplement.

It can be seen from this table that the three-digit 1996 SE code is 
comprised of:  first, the two-digit SE Stratum code followed by the one-digit
SECU code.  


             Table 10: 1996 National Election Study Sampling Error Codes


           SE        SEC  SE  PSU     Segment #s          Total
         Stratum      U  Code          Panel          Respondents
                                     (1992,1994)       (In 1996)

           01         1  011  501   103  119  135         8
                      2  012  501   107  123  139         3
           02         1  021  501   111  127  143        13
                      2  022  501   115  131  148         8
           03         1  031  502   110  123  136         4
                      2  032  502   101  114              4
           04         1  041  502   117  129              4
                      2  042  502   107  120  133         5
           05         1  051  503   112  129              7
                      2  052  503   117  134             12
           06         1  061  503   103  120              8
                      2  062  503   107  125              7
           07         1  071  504   102  110  117        13
                      2  072  504   106  113  121         9
           08         1  081  505   105  112  119        10
                      2  082  505   101  108  115        14
           09         1  091  506   104  110  116         8
                      2  092  506   101  107  113         2
           10         1  101  507   105  111  115        17
                      2  102  507   103  107  113        24
           11         1  111  508   101  107  110        13
                      2  112  508   103  109  114         6
           12         1  121  509   104  114              4  
                      2  122  509   101  107  111         5
           13         1  131  510   101  111              2
                      2  132  510   107                   1


              SE     SEC   SE      PSU     Segment #s          Total
           Stratum    U    Code             Panel           Respondents
                                          (1992,1994)        (In 1996)

           14         1    141     511   105  111               6
                      2    142     511   102  108               8
           15         1    151     512   102                    3
                      2    152     512   105  111               4
           16         1    161     513   101  107               2
                      2    162     513   104  110               5
           17         1    171     514   104  110               4
                      2    172     514   101  107               2
           18         1    181     515   105  111              15
                      2    182     515   102  108              15
           19         1    191     516   102  108              10
                      2    192     516   105  111              10
           20         1    201     517   103  105              13
                                         107  109  111
                      2    202     518   101  103  105         28
                                         107  109  111
           21         1    211     521   103  105  107         12
                                         109  111
                      2    212     523   103  105  107         13
                                         109  111
           22         1    221     524   102  104  106         11
                                         108  110  112
                      2    222     534   102  104  106         18
                                         108  110  112
           23         1    231     526   101  103  105         19
                                         107  109  111
                      2    232     527   101  103  105         13
                                         109  111
           24         1    241     528   102  104  106         30
                                         108  110  112
                      2    242     529   102  104  106         16
                                         108  110  112
           25         1    251     531   102  104  106         29
                                         108  110  112
                      2    252     532   102  104  106         18
                                         108  110  112
           26         1    261     533   102  104  106         14
                                         108  110  112
                      2    262     547   101  103  105         12
                                         107  109  111
           27         1    271     536   101  103  105         14
                                         107  109  111
                      2    272     539   101  103  105         17
                                         107  109  111
           28         1    281     540   101  103  105         11
                                   107   109  111
                      2    282     542   102  104  106         31
                                   108   110  112
           29         1    291     543   102  104  106         29
                                   108   110  112
                      2    292     545   103  105  107         42
                                   109   111
           30         1    301     544   101  103  105         18
                                   107   109  111
                      2    302     476   001  004  006          9
                                   007   012
           31         1    311     549   101  103  105         18
                                   107   109  111
                      2    312     550   101  103  105        24
                                   107   109  111
           32         1    321     553   102  104  106         15
                                   108   110  112
                      2    322     555   101  103  105         30
                                   107   109  111
           33         1    331     556   101  105  107         18
                                   109   111
                      2    332     557   102  104  106         33
                                   108   110  112
           34         1    341     558   102  104  106         24
                                   108   110  112
                      2    342     559   101  103  105         25
                                   107   109  111
           35         1    351     560   104  108  112         44
                      2    352     560   102  106  110         23
           36         1    361     463   001  002  003 005     14
                                   007   008  009  011
                      2    362     464   001  002  004 005     31
                                   008   009  010  012
           37         1    371     465   001  005              22
                                   007   009  011
                      2    372     466   001  002  004 005     44
                                   008   010  011  012
           38         1    381     468   001  002  006         23
                                   007   008  011  012
                      2    382     470   002  003  005         25
                                   007   011  012
           39         1    391     473   001  005  006 008     31
                                   009   011  012
                      2    392     474   001  002  004 007     20
                                   008   011
           40         1    401     477   001  003  005 006     26
                                   007   010  012
                      2    402     478   002  005  006         20
                                   008   010  012
           41         1    411     480   002  005  006 007     44
                                   008   010  011  012
                      2    412     481   001  004  005 007     21
                                   008   009  011
           42         1    421     482   002  004  005         18
                                   007   009  012
                      2    422     484   001  004  009         11
                                   011   012


          1996 NES Cross-section Segments (from 1990 National Sample Frame):


           SE        SEC  SE  PSU     Segment #s     Total Rs (1996)
         Stratum      U  Code        (1996 Cross
                                       Section)

           51         1  511  120   003, 019, 035, 051          4
                                    067, 083, 099
                      2  512  120   011, 027, 043,              4
                                    059, 075, 091          
           53         1  531  190   003, 019, 035,              4
                              196[23] 051, 067, 083
                                    002, 014
                      2  532        011, 027, 043,              3
                              190   059, 075, 091
                              196[24] 010, 022

           SE        SEC  SE      PSU     Segment #s     Total Rs (1996)
         Stratum      U  Code            (1996 Cross
                                          Section)

           55         1    551     130   008, 024, 040,         4
                                         056, 072            
                      2    552     130   016, 032, 048,         3
                                         064
           57         1    571     121   006, 022, 038, 054     4
                      2    572     121   014, 030, 046          3
           58         1    581     131   004, 020, 036          2
                      2    582     131   012, 028, 044          4
           60         1    601     150   003, 019, 035          1
                      2    602     150   011, 027, 043          2
           61         1    611     171   006, 022, 038          1
                      2    612     171   014, 030, 046          3
           62         1    621     170   003, 019, 035          9
                      2    622     170   011, 027               5
           63         1    631     110   008, 024, 040          2
                      2    632     110   016, 032, 048          3
           64         1    641     122   004, 020               1
                      2    642     122   012, 028               1
           65         1    651     141   008, 024               4
                      2    652     141   016, 032               4
           66         1    661     132   001, 013               2
                      2    662     132   009, 021               1
           67         1    671     152   008, 024               1
                      2    672     152   016, 032               4
           68         1    681     154   003, 015               1
                      2    682     154   007, 019               1
           69         1    691     194   004, 020               4
                      2    692     194   012, 028               3
           70         1    701     191   005, 013, 021, 029    14
                      2    702     181   005, 009, 017, 021     8
           71         1    711     220   005, 009, 017, 021    13
                      2    712     226   002, 006, 014, 018     9
           72         1    721     211   003, 011, 015, 023     1
                      2    722     213   004, 008, 016, 020     7
           73         1    731     230   002, 010, 014, 022    12
                      2    732     236   002, 010, 014, 022    12
           76         1    761     239   001, 005, 013, 017     7
                      2    762     240   006, 010, 018, 022     9
           77         1    771     262   002, 010, 014, 022    19
                      2    772     255   008, 012, 020, 024    10
           78         1    781     257   004, 012, 016, 024     5
                      2    782     258   002, 006, 014, 018    12
           79         1    791     273   003, 011, 015, 023     4     
                      2    792     274   002, 006, 014, 018     5
           81         1    811     260   003, 011, 015, 023     9
                      2    812     250   007, 011, 019, 023     7    
           84         1    841     292   001, 009, 013, 021     10
                      2    842     293   007, 011, 019, 023     10
           85         1    851     280   002, 014                6
                      2    852     280   006, 018                4
           86         1    861     320   006, 018                5
                      2    862     320   010, 022                7
           87         1    871     332   004, 008, 016, 020     22
                      2    872     342   008, 012, 020, 024      9
           88         1    881     351   001, 009, 013, 021     32
                      2    882     354   008, 012, 020, 024     13
           89         1    891     370   005, 009, 017, 021     12
                      2    892     381   001, 005, 013, 017     17
  
                Total:                                        1714

Generalized Sampling Error Results for the 1996 NES

To assist NES analysts, the PC SUDAAN program was used to compute
sampling errors for a wide-ranging example set of proportions estimated from
the 1996 NES Pre-election Survey data set.  For each estimate, sampling errors
were computed for the total sample and for twenty demographic and political 
affiliation subclasses of the 1996 NES Pre-election Survey sample.  The
results of these sampling error computations were then summarized and
translated into the general usage sampling error table provided in Table 11. 
The mean value of deft, the square root of the design effect, was found to be
1.346.  The design effect was primarily due to weighting effects (Kish, 1965)
and did not vary significantly by subclass size.  Therefore the generalized
variance table is produced by multiplying the simple random sampling standard
error for each proportion and sample size by the average deft for the set of
sampling error computations.
     
Incorporating the pattern of "design effects" observed in the extensive 
set of example computations, Table 11 provides approximate standard errors for
percentage estimates based on the 1996 NES.  To use the table, examine the 
column heading to find the percentage value which best approximates the value
of the estimated percentage that is of interest.[25]  Next, locate the 
approximate sample size base (denominator for the proportion) in the left-hand
row margin of the table.  To find the approximate standard error of a 
percentage estimate, simply cross-reference the appropriate column
(percentage) and row (sample size base).  Note: the tabulated values represent
approximately one standard error for the percentage estimate.  To construct an
approximate confidence interval, the analyst should apply the appropriate
critical point from the "z" distribution (e.g., z=1.96 for a two-sided 95%
confidence interval half-width).  Furthermore, the approximate standard errors
in the table apply only to single point estimates of percentages not to the
difference between two percentage estimates.

The generalized variance results presented in Table 11 are a useful tool 
for initial, cursory examination of the NES survey results.  For more in depth
analysis and reporting of critical estimates, analysts are encouraged to 
compute exact estimates of standard errors using the appropriate choice of a
sampling error program and computation model.


Table 11:  Generalized Variance Table.  1996 NES Pre/Post-election Survey.

                APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES

                       For percentage estimates near:
                           
    Sample n   50%             40%            30%          20%         10% 
                              or 60%        or 70%        or 80%      or 90%

        The approximate standard error of the percentage is:
     100       6.730          6.594          6.168        5.384        4.038
     200       4.759          4.663          4.362        3.807        2.855
     300       3.886          3.807          3.561        3.108        2.331
     400       3.365          3.297          3.084        2.692        2.019
     500       3.010          2.949          2.758        2.408        1.806
     750       2.475          2.408          2.252        1.966        1.474
     1000      2.128          2.085          1.951        1.703        1.277
     1250      1.904          1.865          1.745        1.523        1.142
     1500      1.738          1.703          1.593        1.390        1.043
     1714      1.626          1.593          1.490        1.300        0.975

                                   References

Binder, D.A. (1983), "On the variances of asymptotically normal estimators
    from complex surveys,"  International Statistical Review, Vol. 51, pp.     
    279-292. 

Kalton, G. (1977), "Practical methods for estimating survey sampling errors," 
    Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, Vol 47, 3, pp.
    495-514.

Kish, L. (1949).  A procedure for objective respondent selection within the
    household, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 44, 
    pp. 380-387.

Kish, L. (1965),  Survey Sampling.  New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Kish, L., & Frankel, M.R. (1974), "Inference from complex samples," Journal of
    the Royal Statistical Society, B, Vol. 36, pp. 1-37.

Kish, L., & Hess, I. (1959), "On variances of ratios and their differences in
    multi-stage samples," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54, 
    pp. 416-446.

LePage, R., & Billard, L. (1992), Exploring the Limits of Bootstrap. New York:
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mahalanobis, P.C. (1946), "Recent experiments in statistical sampling at the 
    Indian Statistical Institute," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 
    Vol 109, pp. 325-378.

Rao, J.N.K & Wu, C.F.J. (1988.), "Resampling inference with complex sample 
     data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, pp. 231-239.

Rosenstone, Steven J., Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren E., & the National 
    Election Studies Sample Design:  Technical Memoranda, 1994 Election Study 
    pp. 882-905 in Rosenstone,  Steven J.,Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren
    E., &  the National Election Studies, AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY,    
    1994: POST-ELECTION SURVEY (ENHANCED WITH 1992 AND 1993 DATA)
(Computer    
    file).  Conducted by University of Michigan Center for Political Studies.  
    2nd ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor MI:  University of Michigan, Center for Political  
    Studies, and Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research 
    (producer), 1995.  Ann Arbor MI:  Inter-university Consortium for      
    Political and Social Research (distributor), 1995.

Wolter, K.M.  (1985 ).  Introduction to Variance Estimation. New York: 
    Springer-Verlag.

Woodruff, R.S. (1971), "A simple method for approximating the variance of a 
    complicated estimate," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 
    Vol. 66, pp. 411-414.

                                                    Footnotes

1 NECMAs are used in the 1996 NES Cross-section component only, which is drawn
  from the 1990 SRC National Sample.  

2 The 730 listed housing units projected to be necessary to produce the 430
  interviews from the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement were increased by 10%
  (73) for reserve releases.  The 803 listed housing units selected for this
  component of the 1996 NES Sample actually yielded 666 eligible households
  within which an interview was attempted.

3 Further description of the 1994 sample design can be found in  "Sample
  Design: Technical Memoranda,  1994 Election Study" pp. 882-905 in Steven J.
  Rosenstone, Donald R. Kinder, Warren E. Miller and the National Election
  Studies.  AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1994: POST-ELECTION
SURVEY.

4 The 1994 NES Panel consisted of all 1005 Respondents from the 1992 NES
  Cross-section sample.  Of these, 925 were recontacted in the 1993 NES Pilot
  Study (a follow-up of the 1992 NES survey), of which 750 were   
  re-interviewed, 98 refused to be re-interviewed and 77 could not be
  re-interviewed at that time due to some 'permanent' condition. 80 of the 
  1005 1992 NES Cross-section respondents could not be found for re-interview
  in 1993.  

5 Analysis of pooled data from respondents from both components of the 1994
  NES sample requires a strong assumption about the nature of the attrition of
  the 1992 NES Cross-section sample.  It must be assumed that Panel attrition
  is not correlated with variables under consideration in the analysis.

6 Non-MSA segments were selected from the 1980 Census summary tape file series
  STF1B file, with minimum SSU size of 50 occupied HUs.

7 The number of segments shown for the 1996 NES Panel is the expected count;
  it is based on the number of 1994 NES Cross-section and Panel segments 
  having selected lines.  It is possible that some of these segments yielded
  no 1994 interviews and so do not actually show up in the 1996 Panel. 

8 Kish, L. (1965).  Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

9 Kish, L.  (1949).  "A procedure for objective respondent selection within 
  the household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol 44,
  pp. 380-387.

10  Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 1990 definitions of MSAs, 
    NECMAs, county, parish, independent city.  These, of course, differ
    in some respects from the primary stage unit (PSU) definitions used 
    in the 1980 SRC National Sample so will not be strictly comparable to
    the 1996 NES Panel PSUs--particularly in New England where MSAs were 
    used as PSUs in the 1980 National Sample and NECMAs were used as PSUs 
    in the 1990 National Sample.

11  For more detailed description of original Panel component selection, 
   see appropriate sections earlier in this document.

12 In the 1990 SRC National Sample, U.S. Census Region boundaries were 
   maintained for purposes of stratification at the Primary Stage of
   selection. Since some MSA definitions cross Region boundaries, such MSAs
   were split and the MSA counties recombined in ways that maintained the
   Region boundary. This PSU actually contains the Ohio counties from both the 
   Steubenville- Wierton, OH-WV MSA (Jefferson County, OH) and the Wheeling, 
   WV-OH MSA (Belmont County, OH) and although it is made up of MSA 
   counties--it is not a cohesive MSA by OMB 1990 definition.

13 For efficiency of field work the substitution of two "B1" PSUs was allowed
   for the "A" areas in the normal 1990 half-sample -- Waco, TX MSA for 
   Oklahoma City, OK MSA and Jim Wells County, TX for Lavaca County, TX.

14  Kish, L. (1965).  Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

15 Kish, L.  (1949).  "A procedure for objective respondent selection within
   the household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol 44, 
   pp. 380-387.

16 See appropriate sections earlier in this report for details of the
   Cross-section supplement of the 1996 NES sample.

17 Outcome figures are from the 1996 National Pre-election Study Field
Progress Report, February 28, 1997.   

18 Figures in this table are from the 1996 National Post-Election Study Field
   Progress Report, April 18, 1997.
  
19 In constructing the analysis weight, a maximum of three eligible adults was
   allowed.

20 See 1994 NES sample weight documentation.

21 Weighted by `Intermediate factor' for Cross-section and Panel cases
weighted proportionately as described above for 1996 NES combined
Cross-section and panel analysis.

22 This 1996 Panel response rate appears lower than the 0.76 reported on Table
4 which was computed based on recontacted households having the eligible R
from the 1994 study and  actual 1996 NES sample release and interview figures 
from the 1996  NES final field report.

23 The four San Francisco (separated from Oakland, CA in the 1990 OMB 
     definition), CA MSA area segments were considered as part of the 
     Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA for purposes of SE Code assignment
     to avoid having empty SE CODE cells since there were very few 1996
     NES Cross-section respondents in this MSA.

  24 See footnote #23.

25 The standard error of a percentage is a symmetric function with its maximum
   centered at p=50%; i.e., the standard error of p=40% and p=60% estimates 
   are equal.
 
>>1997 NES Pilot Technical Note - Randomization Problem 

April 24, 1998

The Surveycraft CATI system's 'Random Number Generation' features and their
Effects on Analysis of the 1997 NES Pilot "Group threat" Experiment.

Steve Heeringa, Division of Survey Technologies, Survey Research Center

Executive Summary: A problem has been identified in the random assignment of
treatments in an experimental question module of the 1997 NES Pilot survey
instrument.  The randomization problem has been linked to unexpected
correlation in sequences of random number calls made within the Surveycraft
computer-assisted interviewing system.  The problem does produce an unbalanced
distribution of sample cases to the cells of the factorial experimental design
but does not lead to a bias in the interpretation of the experimental results. 
Details are provided below.  A report that analyzes  these items is the 1997
pilot study report by J. Bowers.


     A portion of the 1997 NES Pilot questionnaire (section 'J') includes a
"group threat" factorial experimental design to study question order and
'threat level' treatment effects in a series of items that explore respondent
views and prejudices toward  African-Americans and Christian Fundamentalists.  
 The full design involves 2 question sequence orderings - African-Americans
first or Christian Fundamentalists first;  2 levels of intended "threat" -
high and low; and  3 'threat domains': political, social and economic.  The
Survey Craft computer assisted interview (CAI) application used an internal
random number generator to determine each subject's assignment to target group
order and threat level for the questions about each target group.   A
different Surveycraft function was used to randomize the order of the three
threat domains, once the group and threat level were determined.

     The intent of the CAI programming was to randomly assign the group
order, threat level by group and threat domain for each respondent.   Complete
randomization of  choice for each of these three experimental components is
expected to yield equal numbers of cases at each combination of treatment for
the 2 x  2 x 3 factorial design.  In practice, due to sampling variability
inherent in the randomization process, the actual counts in each experimental
cell will be distributed about the expected  sample size for each experimental
cell.  Within the Surveycraft CAI questionnaire for the 1997 NES Pilot,  the
random assignment of group order and threat level was determined by a call to
an internal system random number generator. Examination of the final sample
size distribution across the cells of this experimental question module
suggests significant departures from the equal sample size per cell
assumption.   Specifically, there appears to be a problem in the randomization
assignment for group order and threat level.  Table 1 compares the expected
and actual distributions of 1997 NES Pilot sample to experimental cells: 

Table 1
1997 NES Pilot  Section J Question Experiment.
Expected and Actual Distribution of Respondents to Treatment Categories.

Target Group Order    Threat     Expected       Actual
                      Level      Respondents    Respondents
First Series
  African Americans   High          138         181
                      Low           138         116

  Christian 
  Fundamentalists    High          138       53
                     Low           138         202
Second series
  African Americans   High          138         100
                      Low           138         197

  Christian 
  Fundamentalists     High          138         114
                      Low           138         141



Through analysis of  actual random numbers generated in the course of the 1997
NES Pilot computer-assisted interviews and communication with the authors of
Surveycraft, the randomization problem has been traced to Surveycraft's
handling of random number seeds in sequential calls of the random number
function.   Our review finds that the initial random number draws to determine
the target group for the first question sequence  were performed correctly. 
Observed variation in  numbers of cases assigned at random to the
African-American (n=297) and Christian Fundamentalists (n=255) target group
question order are due to sampling error in the random draws of binomial (0,1)
indicator variables.   Since the random draws to determine threat level in the
first and second question sequences are correlated with this initial random
draw they also are pure random numbers (albeit not independent of the initial
draw).  The randomization of the experiment is therefore not affected by the
problem-the joint probability that a respondent receives a particular
configuration of experimental treatments is independent of respondent
characteristics or the sample design.  Unfortunately, the correlated sequence
of random numbers does affect the balance of the distribution of subjects to
the experimental design cells.  This will have an unspecified, but negative
effect on the power to detect effects of target group ordering and threat
level that are the object of the factorial experimental design.

The third factor in the experimental design,  random ordering of each question
representing a threat domain, was performed by a separate Surveycraft internal
function.  To the best of our ability to test the mechanism, this dimension of
the experiment appears free of the randomization problem identified for the
group order and  threat level experimental conditions. 

     ISR/SRC has corrected the problem which created this situation, working
with Surveycraft authors to identify programming changes and conventions that
now permit independent random number sequence generation directly within the
system.   Random numbers to determine assignments to experimental treatment in
question sequences were drawn in advance, tested for independence and
preloaded for use by the interviewing application.  These simulations
demonstrated that sequences of independent random assignments to treatments
are now functioning within the SRC Surveycraft CATI system.
>> LIST OF TECHNICAL REPORTS AND OTHER OCCASIONAL PAPERS THROUGH
1996

1. Sanchez, Maria. (July 1982) "7-Point Scales."

2. Shanks, J. Merrill, Maria Sanchez, and Betsy Morton. (March 1983).
   "Alternative Approaches to Survey Data Collection for the National
   Election Studies."

3. Lake, Celinda. (September 1983) "Similarity and Representativeness of
   1983 Pilot Samples."

4. Lake, Celinda. (November 1983) "Comparison of 3-point, 5-point, and
   7-point Scales from the CATI Experiment 1982 Election Study."

5. NES Staff. (December 1983) "1980 Precinct Data Returns Project."

6. Lake, Celinda. (February 1984) "Coding of Independent/Independents 
   and Apoliticals in the Party Identification Summary Code and 
   Apoliticals in the Rolling Cross-Section."

7. Morchio, Giovanna and Maria Sanchez. (February 1984) "Creation of a
   Filter Variable to be Used When Analyzing Questions about 
   Congressional Candidates in the 1982 Integrated Personal/ISR
   CATI/Berkeley CATI Dataset: A Report to the Board of Overseers,
   National Election Studies."

8. Morchio, Giovanna and Maria Sanchez. (March 1984) "Comparison of the
   Michigan Method of District Assignment on the Telephone with the
   Personal Interview Simulated Data: A Report to the Board of 
   Overseers, National Election Studies."

9. Traugott, Santa. (June 1984) "Two Versions of the Abortion Question."

10. Sanchez, Maria.(July 1984) "Branching versus 7-point scale
    measurements."

11. NES Staff. (August 1984) "Weekly Field Report for the National
    Election Studies Continuous Monitoring, Jan. 11 - Aug. 3, 1984: A
    Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies."

12. NES Staff. (August 1984) "Questions and Versions in NES Continuous
    Monitoring, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National
    Election Studies."

13. NES Staff. (n.d) "Years of Schooling."

14. NES Staff. (n.d) "Newspaper Code."

15. Traugott, Santa. (n.d.) "The Political Interest Variable on the 1984
    Election Study." Unpublished Staff Memo to NES Planning Committee.

16. Sanchez, Maria and Giovanna Morchio. (n.d.) "Probing Don't Know
    Answers -- Do We Always Want to Do This?"

17. NES Staff. (February 1985) "Progress of the Rolling Cross Section."

18. Bowers, Jake. (February 1995) NES Pilot Study Efforts to Measure
    Values and Predispositions. Full text of paper in WordPerfect 6.0 is
    available via the NES FTP server.

19. Traugott, Santa. (February 1985) "Some Analysis of Hard-to-Reach
    Rolling Thunder Respondents."

20. Traugott, Santa. (April 1985) "Sample Weighting in NES Continuous
    Monitoring, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National
    Election Studies."

21. Traugott, Santa. (April 1985). "Sample Weighting in NES Pre-Post
    Election Survey,1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National
    Election Studies."

22. Brehm, John. (June 1985) "Report on Coding of Economic Conditions
    Series in the 1984 Pre-Post Election Study"

23. Brehm, John. (July 1985). "Question Ordering Effects on Reported Vote
    Choice."

24. Traugott, Santa. (July 1985) "Assessment of Media Measures in RXS."

25. Traugott, Santa. (July 1985) "Assessment of Media Measures in
    Pre-Post"

26. Brehm, John. (August 1985). "Analysis of Result Code Disposition for
    Continuous Monitoring by Time in Field: Report to the Board of
    Overseers, National Election Studies."

27. Morchio, Giovanna, Maria Sanchez and Santa Traugott. (November 1985).
    "Mode Differences: DK Responses in the 1984 Post-Election Survey: A
    Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies."

28. Morchio, Giovanna and Santa Traugott. (February 1986) "Congressional
    District Assignment in an RDD Sample: Results of 1982 CATI
    Experiment."

29. Brehm, John and Santa Traugott. (March 1986) "Similarity and
    Representativeness of the 1985 Pilot Half-samples."

30. Gronke, Paul. (September 1986) "NES Question C2: R's Party
    Registration."

31. Brehm, John. (March 1987) "How Representative is the 1986
    Post-Election Survey?"

32. Morchio, Giovanna. (May 1987) "Trends in NES Response Rates."

33. Brehm, John. (December 1987) "Who's Missing? an Analysis of
    NonResponse in the 1986 Election Study: A Report to the Board of
    Overseers, National Election Studies."

34. Traugott, Santa. (August 1989) "Validating Self-Reported Vote:
    1964-1988."

35. -- open --

36. Traugott, Santa and Giovanna Morchio. (March 1990) "Assessment of Bias
    Due to Attrition and Sample Selection in the NES 1989 Pilot Study."

37. -- open --

38. Gronke, Paul. (May 1990) "Assessing the Sample Quality of the 1988
    Senate Election Study: A response to Wright."

39. Presser, Stanley, Michael W. Traugott and Santa Traugott. (November
    1990). "Vote 'Over' Reporting in Surveys: The Records or the
    Respondents?"

40. Bloom, Joel. (March 1991) "Sources of Pro-incumbent Bias in NES Survey
    Estimates for U.S. House Races since 1978: A Second Look."

41. Mayer, Russell. (November 1991) "Identifying Bias in Voting Models."

42. Traugott, Michael W., Santa Traugott and Stanley Presser. (May 1992)
    "Revalidation of Self-Reported Vote."

43. Rosenstone, Steven J., Margaret Petrella and Donald R. Kinder. (April
    1993) "The Consequences of Substituting Telephone for Face-to-Face
    Interviewing in the 1992 National Election Study."

44. Luevano, Patricia. (March 1994) "Response Rates in the National
    Election Studies, 1948-1992."

45. Traugott, Santa and Steven J. Rosenstone. (Nov. 1994) "Panel Attrition
    Among the 1990-1992 Panel Respondents."

46. Traugott, Santa and Steven J. Rosenstone. (Nov. 1994) "Demographic
    Characteristics of Respondents to the 1980, 1984 and 1988 NES
    Pre-Election Studies by Week of Interview."

47. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Candidate Traits Used in NES Studies,
    1979-1994."

48. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Affects Towards Candidates Used in NES
    Studies, 1979-1994."

49. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Candidate Placements Used in NES
    Studies, 1968-1994."

50. Sheng, Shing-Yuan. (Jan. 1995) "NES Measurements of Values and
    Pre-Dispositions, 1984-1992."

51. Traugott, Santa. (Feb. 1995) "NES Question Batteries: Measuring Values
    and Dispositions, 1983-1994."

52. Tolleson-Rinehart, Sue, et.al. (May 1994) "The Reliability, Validity,
    and Scalability of Indicators of Gender Role Beliefs and Feminism
    the 1992 National Election Study: A Report to the ANES Board of
    Overseers."

>> LIST OF PILOT STUDY REPORTS

1991 Pilot Study Reports

Beebe, Tim.  The Effects of Pre-Notification and Incentive on
     Panel Attrition.  Undated.

Brady, Henry E.  Report on Feeling Thermometer for "Moderates." 
     January 13, 1992.

Citrin, Jack, Donald P. Green, Beth Reingold and David O. Sears. 
     A Report on Measures of American Identity and New "Ethnic"
     Issues in the 1991 NES Pilot Study. Undated.

Conover, Pamela J., and Virginia Sapiro.  Gender Consciousness
     and Gender Politics in the 1991 Pilot Study:  A Report to
     the ANES Board of Overseers.  January, 1992.

Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter.  An Analysis of
     Information Items on the 1990 and 1991 NES Surveys:  A
     Report to the Board of Overseers for the National Election 
     Studies.  January 14, 1992.

Highton, Benjamin, and Raymond E. Wolfinger.  Estimating the Size
     of Minority Groups.    January 13, 1992.

Huddy, Leonie.  Analysis of Old-Age Policy Items in the 1991
     Pilot Study.  Undated.

_____.  Addendum.  February 2, 1992.

Knack, Stephen.  Social Connectedness and Voter Participation: 
     Evidence from the 1991 NES Pilot Study.   January 1992.

_______.  Social Altruism and Voter Turnout:  Evidence from the
     1991 NES Pilot Study.        January, 1992.

_______.  Performance and Recommendations Summary for 1991 NES
     Pilot Variables #2828-2847.   January 24, 1992.

_______. Deterring Voter Registration Through Juror Source
     Practices:  Evidence from the      1991 NES Pilot Study. 
     January, 1992.

Oliver, Eric, and Raymond E. Wolfinger.  Jury Duty as a Deterrent
     to Voter Registration.     January 22, 1992.

Zaller, John.  Report on 1991 Pilot Items on Environment.  
     February 2, 1992. 

1993 Pilot Study Reports

Dennis, Jack.  The Perot Constituency: A Report to the Board of
     Overseers of the National Election Studies.   March 10,
     1994.

Franklin, Charles H. Report on the 1993 NES Pilot Study.  March 16, 1994
 
Jacobson, Gary and Doug Rivers.  Overreport of Vote for House
     Incumbent in NES Surveys.   March 11, 1994.

Strand, Douglas.  Homosexuality, Gay Rights, and the Clinton
     Coalition: Report to the National Election Studies on
     Results from the 1993 NES Pilot Study.  March 16, 1994.

Stoker, Laura.  New Items on the 1993 Pilot Study.  March 9, 1994.

Stoker, Laura.  A Reconsideration of Self-Interest in American
     Public Opinion.  Presented at the annual meeting of the
     Western Political Science Association.  Albuquerque, New
     Mexico. (March 10-12, 1994)

Zaller, John.  Securing the District.   March 11, 1994.

1995 Pilot Study Reports

Alvarez, R. Michael. Survey Measures of Uncertainty: a Report to the National  
   Election Studies Board on the Use of Certainty Questions to Measure     
Uncertainty about Candidate Traits and Issue Positions. 

Bartels, Larry M. Budget Items on 1995 Pilot Study. 

     ________. Entertainment Television Items on 1995 Pilot Study. 

     ________. Humanitarianism Items on 1995 Pilot Study. 

     ________. Issue Scales Versus Effort Items on the 1995 Pilot Study 

     ________. Talk Radio Items on 1995 Pilot Study. 

     ________. Television News Items on 1995 Pilot Study. 

Berinsky, Adam and Steven Rosenstone. Evaluation of Environmental Policy Items 
     on the 1995 NES Pilot Study. 

Buhr, Tami, Ann Crigler and Marion Just. Media Questions on the 1996 election  
     study and related content analysis of media cover of the presidential     
     campaign. 

Hansen, John Mark. Revealed Preference Budget Items on the 1995 National       
     Election Pilot Study: a Report. 

Marcus, George E. And Michael Mackuen. Measuring Mood in the 1995 NES Pilot    
     Study. 

Rabinowitz, George and Stuart Elaine Macdonald. New Issues on the 95 Pilot     
     Study. 

Rahn, Wendy W. And John Transue. The Political Significance of Fear of Crime. 

Richardson, Amy. Questions on Public Attitudes Toward the Environment. 

Steenbergen, Marco R. Compassion and American Public Opinion: An Analysis of   
     the NES Humanitarianism Scale. 

Zaller, John. Analysis of News Exposure Items from the 1995 Pilot 

1997 Pilot Study Reports

Barker, David.  "Measures of Talk Radio Exposure and Attention."

Burden, Barry C. and Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier.  "Vote Likelihood and      
     Institutional Trait Questions in the 1997 NES Pilot Study."

Carman, Christopher and Christopher Wlezien.  "Ideological Evaluations of      
     Government Institutions and Policy."

Cirksena, Kathy.  "Report to the Board of Overseers on Respondent Preferences  
     for Cash Incentive in the 1997 Pilot (from Panel Debriefing" Questions)

Rahn, Wendy and Christina Wessel.  "Perceptions of the Partisan Homogeneity of 
      Social Groups: A Report to the NES Board of Overseers."

Sapiro, Virginia.  "Pro-Life People or Opponents of Abortion?  Pro-Choice      
     People or Supporters of Abortion?  A Report on the NES 1997 Pilot Study."

Wald, Kenneth D., et al.  "Evaluation of the New Religious Items on the NES    
     1997 Pilot Study: A Report to the NES Board."

Wlezien, Christopher.  "Liberal-Conservative Evaluations of Groups."

Wong, Cara.  "Group Closeness: 1997 National Election Study Pilot Report."



>> MASTER CODE
    CAMPAIGN ISSUES 
            001    "Domestic issues"
            006    Child care; DAY CARE; child support
            045    ABORTION; any reference
            010    UNEMPLOYMENT, jobs, retraining -- general or
                   national
            011    Unemployment, lack of jobs in specific
                   area/region/state/industry
            012    More help for the unemployed
            020    EDUCATION -- any mention, including quality of
                   schools, cost of college, students not learning
                   anything
            030    AGED/ELDERLY -- any mention, including Social
                   Security, Medicare, eldercare.
            040    HEALTH PROBLEMS -- quality of medical care,
                   cost of medical care, availability of medical
                   care, catastrophic health insurance (except AIDS,
                   code 048)
            048    AIDS
            050    HOUSING -- providing housing for the poor, the
                   homeless, young people can't buy homes, any
                   mention.
            055    INFRASTRUCTURE -- Build/maintain roads, bridges,
                   railroads, mass transit systems; transportation -
                   NFS "POVERTY" has the general thrust of helping the
                   underprivileged; the 'welfare' code 090 may have
                   connotation of undeserving people on welfare.  Thus,
                   'do more for people on welfare' is a 060 rather than 90.
                   WELFARE --NFS is a 090.
            060    POVERTY; aid to poor, underprivileged people; help
                   for the (truly) needy; general reference to anti-
                   poverty programs; hunger/help for hungry people
            090    SOCIAL WELFARE; "Welfare"; the welfare mess, too
                   many undeserving on welfare
            099    OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF DOMESTIC ISSUES
          .......................................
            100    Problems of the FARMERS; farm bankruptcies, poor
                   prices for crops, effects of the drought
            150    Protecting the ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, the ozone
                   layer, the greenhouse effect.
            151    Controlling/REGULATING GROWTH or land development;
                   banning further growth/development in crowded or
                   ecologically sensitive areas; preserving natural
                   areas
            154    TOXIC WASTE, RADIOACTIVE WASTE
            160    Need to develop ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
            199    Other specific mentions of AGRICULTURE or
                   ENVIRONMENT problems
          .......................................
            300    CIVIL RIGHTS/RACIAL PROBLEMS; affirmative action
                   programs; relations between blacks and whites
            310    WOMEN'S ISSUES -- ERA, equal pay for equal work,
                   maternity leave (except day care, code 006)
            320    DRUGS -- extent of drug use in U.S; "WAR ON
                   DRUGS"; drugs--NFS; ALCOHOLISM, any mention
            321    DRUGS -- stopping drugs from coming into this
                   country
            340    CRIME/VIOLENCE; streets aren't safe; respect for
                   police; releasing criminals early; not enough
                   jails; death penalty
            367    GUN CONTROL - all mentions
            370    EXTREMIST GROUPS/TERRORISTS
            380    General mention of MORALITY/TRADITIONAL VALUES;
                   sex, bad language, pornography, teenage pregnancy
            381    Specific mention of FAMILY VALUES -- latchkey
                   children, divorce; unwed mothers, working mothers
            382    Homosexual/gay rights; gays in the military [code
                   048 for mentions of AIDS)
            384    RELIGION (too mixed up in) and politics; prayer in
                   schools
            399    OTHER MENTION of race, public order, morality
          .......................................
            400    INFLATION, high prices, cost of living
            405    WAGES TOO LOW; minimum wage
            408    Recession/Depression in specific industries,
                   states or regions -- slump in OIL/STEEL/AUTO
                   INDUSTRY, etc. (except farm, code 101); hard times
                   in this REGION or area
            410    RECESSION; DEPRESSION, hard times -- no specific
                   locale or industry
            415    THE DEFICIT; BALANCING THE BUDGET; cutting
                   government spending
            416    TAXES -- any reference; tax reform
            425    TOO MANY IMPORTS -- protectionism, competition,
                   outsourcing, problems of auto industry relating to
                   foreign competition; U.S. makes (too) few exports;
                   (high) tariffs imposed by other nations; free
                   trade; GATT
            427    VALUE OF THE DOLLAR -- strengthening or weakening
            428    STOCK MARKETS; investments; interest rates
            440    CLASS ORIENTED ECONOMIC CONCERNS -- middle class
                   getting squeezed; big business too powerful
            453    Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the
                   nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.  [1990] Savings
                   and Loan scandals
            460    IMMIGRATION
            491    ECONOMICS, THE ECONOMY
            493    BALANCE OF TRADE; balance of payments; foreign oil
                   dependency (except supply of oil, see 524)
            499    OTHER MENTION of economic, business or labor
                   problems
          .......................................
            500    FOREIGN POLICY; FOREIGN AFFAIRS
            514    LATIN AMERICA, Central America, AID TO CONTRAS
                   (reference to IRAN-CONTRA coded 816)
            516    AFRICA -- starving people, overpopulation
            517    SOUTH AFRICA -- Apartheid
            524    MIDDLE EAST -- Iran hostages, Persian Gulf, supply
                   of mid-east oil (except oil dependency, see 493)
            530    RUSSIA -- relations with, arms talks, detente;
                   summit, etc.
            540    FIRMNESS in foreign policy
            550    U.S. military involvement abroad
            560    FOREIGN AID; amount of money given to foreign
                   countries; obligation to take care of our problems
                   at home first
            570    AVOID WAR, establish PEACE -- any reference
            700    DEFENSE (SPENDING);  the military; quality/cost of
                   weapons
            710    NUCLEAR ARMS RACE -- disarmament, SALT, INF,
                   threat of nuclear war; arms control
            712    STAR WARS
            714    SPACE PROGRAM
          .......................................
            810    Honesty, sincerity of government officials;
                   corruption
            811    Honesty, sincerity of candidates in general; e.g.,
                   "just making promises," "saying whatever it takes
                   to get elected"
            812    Candidates are just talking (negatively) about
                   each other, MUD SLINGING.
            813    How well incumbent represents/candidate would
                   REPRESENT THIS DISTRICT
            814    Congressperson's personal life/morality
            815    Candidate's ABILITY/EXPERIENCE
            816    Candidate's (voting) RECORD
            817    PRESIDENT CLINTON
            818    BUSH and the IRAN-CONTRA affair
            819    IRAN-CONTRA affair, mess, scandal, IRAN ARMS DEAL,
                   without reference to Bush
            850    Which party will control the House of
                   Representatives; other partisan mentions
            851    Need for change/new blood/fresh ideas in Congress;
                   term limits for members of Congress
            876    PHILOSOPHICAL DIFFERENCES between the candidates -
                   liberal vs. conservative views; balance of
                   authority between state and federal government;
                   etc.
            900    A local issue or concern --  the college, the dam,
                   the auto-insurance initiative, the leak in our
                   nuclear plant
            991    1992: OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF CAMPAIGN ISSUES
            995    1990: "There were no issues" (except 996); just
                   party politics
            997    1990: OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF CAMPAIGN ISSUES
            996    1992: INAP
                   1990: "There was no campaign in my district"
                   [Missing Data]
            998    DK
          
>> MASTER CODE
    CAMPAIGN POLITICAL ADVERTISEMENTS

     1992 CODES (PART ONE)
          R Pays No Attention To Political Ads

            001    R claims not to remember what the ads s/he saw were
                   about - NFS   says only "nothing", "very
                   little/not much", "can't remember", "don't recall",
                   etc. without further explanation or elaboration).
            002    R deliberately and actively avoids watching
                   political ads (I hit the mute button/change the
                   channel; I go to the refrigerator, etc.).
            003    R does watch the political ads but indicates s/he
                   chooses to pay no attention to them (I don't pay
                   much attention, they don't register on my mind,
                   goes in one ear and out the other, I just laugh at
                   them, I'm immune to them).

          R GIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS (NO CANDIDATE
          SPECIFIED)

            010    AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF ADS - too many of them; they
                   show too many in one evening/time period; see the
                   same ones over and over.
            011    PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE PURPOSE -
                   too vague/general; not specific (enough); not
                   talking about real/important issues; contain only
                   rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point
                   out problems but offer no solutions.
            012    PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk
                   about (important) issues/candidate's stands on
                   issues; try to present solutions to issues; are
                   enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups.
            013    DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; tell
                   lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them;
                   try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only
                   what they think the voter wants to hear.
            014    HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth;
                   presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to
                   clarify/face the issues; they make sense.
            015    NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING - (too negative); (too much)
                   backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents
                   down/make personal attacks on opponent.
            016    POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING - doesn't make personal
                   attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why
                   the candidate should be elected.
            017    HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted;
                   destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R
                   finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them.
            018    HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the
                   candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for.
            028    OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS
                   (NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED)
            029    OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS
                   (NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED)

          R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF BUSH POLITICAL ADS

            030    AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF BUSH ADS - too many of them;
                   they show too many in one evening/time period; see
                   the same ones over and over.
            031    BUSH ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE
                   PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific
                   (enough); not talking about real/important issues;
                   contain only rhetoric/self-serving
                   promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer
                   no solutions.
            032    BUSH ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE
                   PURPOSE - talk about (important)
                   issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to
                   present solutions to issues; are enlightening;
                   treat voters like grown-ups.
            033    BUSH ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful;
                   tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help
                   them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say
                   only what they think the voter wants to hear.
            034    BUSH ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the
                   truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts;
                   tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense.
            035    NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY BUSH - (too negative);
                   (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to
                   tear opponents down/make personal attacks on
                   opponent.
            036    POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY BUSH - doesn't make
                   personal attacks on opponent; talk about the
                   candidate/why the candidate should be elected.
            037    BUSH ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R
                   angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in
                   politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is
                   tired of seeing them.
            038    BUSH ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R
                   understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide
                   who to vote for.
            039    R REFUSES TO LISTEN TO/WATCH BUSH ADS
                   SPECIFICALLY
            048    OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF BUSH
                   POLITICAL ADS
            049    OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF BUSH
                   POLITICAL ADS

          R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON POLITICAL ADS

            050    AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF CLINTON ADS - too many of
                   them; they show too many in one evening/time
                   period; see the same ones over and over.
            051    CLINTON ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO
                   VALUABLE PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific
                   (enough); not talking about real/important issues;
                   contain only rhetoric/self-serving
                   promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer
                   no solutions.
            052    CLINTON ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE
                   PURPOSE - talk about (important)
                   issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to
                   present solutions to issues; are enlightening;
                   treat voters like grown-ups.
            053    CLINTON ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too)
                   deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts
                   that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the
                   issues; say only what they think the voter wants
                   to hear.
            054    CLINTON ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the
                   truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts;
                   tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense.
            055    NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY CLINTON - (too negative);
                   (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to
                   tear opponents down/make personal attacks on
                   opponent.
            056    POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY CLINTON - doesn't make
                   personal attacks on opponent; talk about the
                   candidate/why the candidate should be elected.
            057    CLINTON ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R
                   angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in
                   politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is
                   tired of seeing them.
            058    CLINTON ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R
                   understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide
                   who to vote for.
            059    R REFUSES TO LISTEN TO/WATCH CLINTON ADS
                   SPECIFICALLY
            068    OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON
                   POLITICAL ADS
            069    OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON
                   POLITICAL ADS

          R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF PEROT POLITICAL ADS

            070    AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF PEROT ADS - too many of them;
                   they show too many in one evening/time period; see
                   the same ones over and over.
            071    PEROT ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE
                   PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific
                   (enough); not talking about real/important issues;
                   contain only rhetoric/self-serving
                   promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer
                   no solutions.
            072    PEROT ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE
                   PURPOSE - talk about (important)
                   issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to
                   present solutions to issues; are enlightening;
                   treat voters like grown-ups.
            073    PEROT ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful;
                   tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help
                   them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say
                   only what they think the voter wants to hear.
            074    PEROT ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the
                   truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts;
                   tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense.
            075    NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY PEROT - (too negative);
                   (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to
                   tear opponents down/make personal attacks on
                   opponent.
            076    POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY PEROT - doesn't make
                   personal attacks on opponent; talk about the
                   candidate/why the candidate should be elected.
            077    PEROT ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R
                   angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in
                   politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is
                   tired of seeing them.
            078    PEROT ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R
                   understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide
                   who to vote for.
            079    R refuses to listen to/watch Perot ads
                   specifically
            088    Other positive general assessment of Perot
                   political ads
            089    Other negative general assessment of Perot
                   political ads

          R IDENTIFIES SPECIFIC BUSH POLITICAL ADS

            130    Bush ad - no other details
                   given.
            131    Bush ad - no content given, but production details
                   remembered (e.g., closeup of face, sitting on edge
                   of desk, it was green).
            132    Bush ad - "Two Faces of Clinton"/Time magazine
                   cover highlighting two faces.
            133    Bush ad - computer ad.
            134    Bush ad - on Bush's record in general.
            135    Bush ad - attacking Clinton's record in Arkansas.
            136    Bush ad - on Clinton's draft record/anti-American
                   activities.
            137    Bush ad - about taxes; saying Bush won't raise
                   taxes (again).
            138    Bush ad - about Bush's economic plan/promises for
                   the economy.
            139    Bush ad - Florida relief; giving food to poor
                   countries; Bush portrayed as a caring person.
            140    Bush ad - family values; families coming together;
                   Bush portrayed as a family man.
            141    Bush ad - foreign policy accomplishments of the
                   Bush administration; Bush shown as
                   commander-in-chief.
            142    Bush ad - needs four more years to finish the job.
            143    Bush ad - clips from the Republican convention.
            144    Bush ad - average people questioning Clinton's
                   willingness and ability to keep his promised.
            149    Bush ad - other

          R IDENTIFIES SPECIFIC CLINTON POLITICAL ADS

            150    Clinton ad - no other details given.
            151    Clinton ad - no content given, but production
                   details remembered (e.g., closeup of face, waving
                   to crowd, flag in background).
            152    Clinton ad - attacking Bush's broken promise not
                   to raise taxes; "read my lips -- no new taxes".
            153    Clinton ad - attacking Bush's handling of the
                   economy; "we can't afford four more years".
            154    Clinton ad - about creating jobs/putting people
                   back to work.
            155    Clinton ad - about the need for change; about
                   rebuilding America/putting American on the right
                   course.
            156    Clinton ad - defending Clinton's record in
                   Arkansas/record on taxes as governor.
            157    Clinton ad - reforming welfare.
            158    Clinton ad - showing working people.
            159    Clinton ad - defending Clinton's draft record.
            160    Clinton ad - giving address to write to for
                   Clinton's economic plan; experts endorsing
                   Clinton's economic plan.
            169    Clinton ad - other

          R IDENTIFIES SPECIFIC PEROT POLITICAL ADS

            170    Perot ad - no other details given.
            171    Perot ad - no content given, but production details
                   remembered (e.g., sitting behind a desk, scroll
                   with writing, 30 minutes long).
            172    Perot ad - used a lot of charts and graphs.
            173    Perot ad - describing in general terms problems
                   with the economy/the deficit.
            174    Perot ad - detailed how the deficit would affect
                   future generations.
            175    Perot ad - plans/promises to solve America's
                   problems.
            176    Perot ad - Purple Heart ad
            189    Perot ad - other

          R IDENTIFIES A SPECIFIC EVENT THAT WAS NOT A PRESIDENTIAL
          POLITICAL AD

            190    Other - R describes a new event that clearly was
                   not part of a political ad (e.g., Quayle talking
                   about Murphy Brown; Mary Matalin talking about
                   Hillary Clinton).
            191    Other - R describes a political ad, but one for a
                   congressional, state or local candidate or one
                   concerning a controversial issue (e.g., abortion,
                   gay rights, etc.).

          MISCELLANEOUS

            997    Other, miscellaneous
            998    DK (except 001-003)
            999    NA

     1996 CODES (PART TWO)

      NOTE:  The codes for political ads used in 1996 are different from
      the coding scheme used for political ads in 1992.  As a result of
      experience with and recommendations about the wording of political ad
      questions in 1992, the Board of Overseers approved a different means
      of asking about recall of political advertisements in the 1996 NES. 
      Two important differences set 1996 apart from 1992.  One is that the
      question in 1996 asks the respondent to focus on recall of a single
      specific ad,  the one you ad remember best'.  In 1992 the question
      asked about "what do you remember about any of these ads"-- in the
      plural.  Second, in 1992 the question concerned Presidential ads
      while in 1996 the questions did not restrict respondents to
      Presidential ads,.  Thus the coding scheme for 1996, while developed
      from and similar to that of 1992, is not the same.  Differing coding
      categories exist (specific ads mentioned in 1992 of course have no
      relevance in 1996) and the frequencies for similar or repeated
      categories are also different.  The effort in 1996 was to code
      accurately the open-ended responses received in 1996 while producing
      codes that could be aggregated in ways that facilitate some kinds of
      comparisons between 1992 and 1996.
      
      R Pays No Attention To Political Ads
      
     001  R claims not to remember what the ads s/he saw were about - 
          NFS   says only "nothing", "very little/not much", "can't 
          remember", "don't recall", etc. without further explanation or 
          elaboration).
     002  R deliberately and actively avoids watching political ads (I   
          hit the mute button/change the channel; I go to the         
          refrigerator, etc.)
     003  R does watch the political ads but indicates s/he chooses to   
          pay no attention to them (I don't pay much attention, they     
          don't register on my mind, goes in one ear and out the other,  
          I just laugh at them, I'm immune to them).
     
           
                 R GIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS 
                           (NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED)
          
      010  AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF ADS - too many of them; they show too many in   
           one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over.
      011  PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE PURPOSE -too             

           vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about             
           real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving           
           promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions.
      012  PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk about
           (important)issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present 
           solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups.
      013  DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only
           the facts that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say 
           only what they think the voter wants to hear.
      014  HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the 
           (real)facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they 
           make sense.
      015  NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING - (too negative); (too
           much)backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make 
           personal attacks on opponent.
      016  POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent;
           talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected.
      017  HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's
           interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired 
           of seeing them.
      018  HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the 
           candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for.
      028  OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS (NO
CANDIDATE
           SPECIFIED)
      029  OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS(NO
CANDIDATE
           SPECIFIED)
          
          
                       R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES 
                     GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF DOLE POLITICAL AD(S)
          
      030  AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF DOLE ADS - too many of them; they show too
many
           in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over.
      031  DOLE ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE PURPOSE
- too
           vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about 
           real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving 
           promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions.
      032  DOLE ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk
about
           (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present
           solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups.
      033  DOLE ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; tell
           lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to
           confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter 
           wants to hear.
      034  DOLE ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the
           (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they 
           make sense.
      035  NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY DOLE - (too negative); (too much)
           backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make 
           personal attacks on opponent.
      036  POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY DOLE - doesn't make personal attacks on
           opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be 
           elected.
      037  DOLE ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted; 
           destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them 
           boring; R is tired of seeing them.
      038  DOLE ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the
           candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for.
      039  R REFUSES TO LISTEN TO/WATCH DOLE ADS SPECIFICALLY
      040  DOLE AD NEGATIVE RE: CLINTON NFS ( badmouthing'  downside of'
           Clinton)
      048  OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF DOLE POLITICAL ADS
      049  OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF DOLE POLITICAL ADS
                                          
                   R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES 
                   GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF CLINTON POLITICAL AD(S)
          
      050  AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF CLINTON ADS - too many of them; they show too
           many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over.
      051  CLINTON ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE
PURPOSE - too
           vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about 
           real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving 
           promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions.
      052  CLINTON ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE -
talk about
           (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present
           solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 
      053  CLINTON ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; tell
           lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to
           confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter 
           wants to hear. 
      054  CLINTON ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the
           (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they 
           make sense. 
      055  NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY CLINTON - (too negative); (too much)
           backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make 
           personal attacks on opponent.
      056  POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY CLINTON - doesn't make personal attacks on
           opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be 
           elected.  
      057  CLINTON ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted;
           destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them 
           boring; R is tired of seeing them.  
      058  CLINTON ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the
           candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for.  
      059  R REFUSES TO LISTEN TO/WATCH CLINTON ADS SPECIFICALLY  
      060  NEGATIVE RE: DOLE, NFS  
      068  OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON POLITICAL ADS  
      069  OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON POLITICAL
ADS 
                                          
                       R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES 
                    GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF PEROT POLITICAL AD(S)
          
      070  AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF PEROT ADS - too many of them; they show too 
           many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over.  
      071  PEROT ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE
PURPOSE - too
           vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about 
           real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving 
           promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions.  
      072  PEROT ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk
about
           (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present
           solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 
      073  PEROT ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; tell
           lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to
           confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter 
           wants to hear.  
      074  PEROT ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the
           (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they 
           make sense.
      075  NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY PEROT - (too negative); (too much)
           backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make 
           personal attacks on opponent.  
      076  POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY PEROT - doesn't make personal attacks on
           opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be 
           elected.  
      077  PEROT ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted;
           destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them 
           boring; R is tired of seeing them. 
      078  PEROT ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the
           candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for.  
      079  R refuses to listen to/watch Perot ads specifically  
      088  Other positive general assessment of Perot political ads  
      089  Other negative general assessment of Perot political ads 
          
                     R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC DOLE POLITICAL AD(S)
                                          
      130  Dole ad - no other details given ("I know it was Dole's ad") 
      131  Dole ad - production details described (showed him in black and
           white, he was talking to some women)  
      132  Dole ad - 15% tax cut, would let people keep more of what they earn
           (i.e. would cut taxes) 
      133  Dole ad - war injuries, military service record 
      134  Dole ad - Russell KS values and community, personal history/life
           story (other than military record) 
      135  Dole ad - Dole's position on Medicare cuts 
      136  Dole ad - mention of Kemp  
      140  Dole ad - attacking Clinton for  largest tax hike in history',
           criticizing Clinton for apologizing for raising taxes,          
           general/other negative on Clinton's tax record 
      141  Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: Whitewater 
      142  Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: ethics of White House staff and
           cabinet 
      143  Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: immigration and border patrol 
      144  Dole ad - attacks Clinton as a liar-NFS; Clinton changes what he 
           says from one time to the next; Clinton's inconsistencies; doesn't
           keep/breaks promises 
      145  Dole ad - Attacks Clinton re: drug policies, teen drug use going 
           up, budget cuts for drug enforcement, Clinton on MTV re: pot use 
      146  Dole ad - Attacks Clinton re: family values 
      147  Dole ad - Attacks Clinton as a liberal, closet liberal; shows 
           Clinton saying  I'm not a liberal' 
      148  Dole ad - other negative re: Clinton 
      149  Dole ad - other specifics 
          
                     R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC CLINTON POLITICAL AD(S)    
          
      150  Clinton ad - no other details given 
      151  Clinton ad -  production details described  
      152  Clinton ad - describing his stance on family values. 
      153  Clinton ad - describing the achievements of his first term in  
           office 
      154  Clinton ad - describing his record on employment, jobs 
      155  Clinton ad - reforms  welfare, makes jobs for unemployed/people on
           welfare 
      156  Clinton ad - saying Clinton makes up his own mind, is a leader 
      157  Clinton ad - Clinton's efforts on drugs; Dole criticisms
           wrong/unfair; appt. of drug czar;  policies and funding to combat 
           drugs 
      158  Clinton ad - Clinton's record on [illegal] immigration 
      159  Clinton ad - Clinton doing right on elderly health care, positive
           Record on Medicare 
      160  Clinton ad - supports education, supports student loan pgms, 
           supports reading pgms 
      161  Clinton ad - support of issues affecting children (other than drug
           policy or education) 
      162  Clinton ad - record on gun control, puts more cops on streets,
           endorsed by police, tough on crime (excludes any drug-related--see 
           157) 
      163  Clinton ad - Other positive, not coded elsewhere  
      170  Clinton ad - compares Clinton's record favorably w/Dole's on 
           multiple issues 
      171  Clinton ad - attacking Dole's stance on social security 
      172  Clinton ad - attacking Dole's position on school lunch, other
           children's issues, on education 
      173  Clinton ad - attacking Dole's Medicare voting record 
      174  Clinton ad - attacking Dole re: his comments on cigarettes, support
           of tobacco industry 
      175  Clinton ad - Attacking Dole's tax cut proposal 
      176  Clinton ad - negative attack on Dole/Gingrich 
      177  Clinton ad-neg re: Dole's voting record:  wrong for the past, wrong
           for the future' 
      179  Clinton ad discussing Dole--NFS, other  
      169  Clinton ad - other specifics 
          
                      R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC PEROT POLITICAL AD(S)
          
      180  Perot ad - no other details given. 
      181  Perot ad - production details described 
      182  Perot ad - used a lot of charts and graphs. 
      183  Perot ad - describing problems with the economy/the deficit/the
           budget, Perot will drop our taxes. 
      184  Perot ad - doesn't take  special interest' money; not beholden to
           special interests 
      185  Perot ad - he'll abolish the IRS 
      186  Perot ad - announcing his candidacy ( I'm back'); announcing his VP
           candidate 
      187  Perot ad - re: not being in debates  
      189  Perot ad - other specifics   
        
           R DESCRIBES A SPECIFIC EVENT THAT WAS NOT A POLITICAL AD
          
      190  R describes a news event that clearly was not part of a political 
           ad; mentions watching the convention or seeing a candidate on a 
           news program or during debates.
          
CANDIDATE NAMED IS NOT MAJOR PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE (INCLUDES
STATE AND LOCAL
RACES)
      
      191  R describes a political ad, but one for a congressional, state or
           local candidate
          
R DESCRIBES OTHER ADS: CANDIDATE NOT ASCERTAINED/AD SPONSOR NOT
ELSEWHERE
IDENTIFIED
          
      192  R describes ad concerning a specific issue (e.g.Medicare, abortion,
           gay rights, etc.).
          
R IDENTIFIES AD AS BEING BY  THE DEMOCRATS' (NOT ASSOCIATED W/
SPECIFIC
CANDIDATE)
          
      301-General positive about Democrats/Democratic candidates, NFS 
      302-Negative towards the Republicans 
      397-Other
          
R IDENTIFIES AD AS BEING BY  THE REPUBLICANS' (NOT ASSOCIATED W/
SPECIFIC
CANDIDATE)
          
      401-General positive about republicans/Republican candidates, NFS 
      402-Negative towards the Democrats 
      497-Other 
          
          DON'T RECALL CANDIDATE, NO SPECIFIC CANDIDATE BUT AD
DESCRIPTION
          MENTIONS CLINTON, DOLE or BOTH
          
          Clinton:
      502 positive about Clinton: other and NFS 
      503 Clinton and taxes 
      504 Clinton and pot 
      505 negative about Clinton: other, NFS 
      506 names Clinton
          
          Dole:
      520 negative about Dole's past political stands, Dole's voting record 
      521 Dole and taxes; the budget/finances, will help the little people on
          taxes 
      523 Dole general, other, NFS 
      524 Dole, recalls production details 
      525 Dole in WWII, injuries 
      526 negative towards Dole other, nfs, general
            
          Both Clinton and Dole: 
      598 R mentions both Clinton and Dole, general, other, NFS 
      599 Dole and Clinton contradict each other
          
          MISCELLANEOUS
          
      996    Miscellaneous production details recalled
      997    Other, miscellaneous
      998    DK
      999    NA
          
          
                    
>> MASTER CODE
    CANDIDATE NUMBER
      
     SENATE:
        10    Third party or independent Senate candidate **
        11    Democratic candidate in open Senate race
        12    Republican candidate in open Senate race
        13    Democratic Senate incumbent
        14    Republican Senate incumbent
        15    Democratic Senate challenger
        16    Republican Senate challenger
        17    Democratic Senator, no race in state
        18    Republican Senator, no race in state
        19    Democratic Senator, term not up in state with race
        21    Democratic Senator--retiring (state with open race)
        22    Republican Senator--retiring (state with open race)
        27    Democratic Senator, no race in state
        28    Republican Senator, no race in state
        29    Republican Senator, term not up in state with race
     
      HOUSE:
        30    Third party or independent House candidate **
        31    Democratic candidate in open House race
        32    Republican candidate in open House race
        33    Democratic House incumbent
        34    Republican House incumbent
        35    Democratic House challenger
        36    Republican House challenger
        41    Democratic Representative--retiring (district with open race)
        42    Republican Representative--retiring (district with open race)
      
      GOVERNOR:
        [NOT USED 1992 and 1996]
        50    Third party or independent Gubernatorial candidate **
        51    Democratic candidate in open Gubernatorial race
        52    Republican candidate in open Gubernatorial race
        53    Democratic Gubernatorial incumbent
        54    Republican Gubernatorial incumbent
        55    Democratic Gubernatorial challenger
        56    Republican Gubernatorial challenger
        57    Democratic governor, no race in state
        58    Republican governor, no race in state
        61    Democratic governor--retiring (state with open race)
        62    Republican governor--retiring (state with open race)

      OTHER:
        90    Both Democratic and Republican candidates (used in incumbency 
              var only)
        97    Name given not on Candidate List
      
      MISSING DATA:
        98    DK; refused to name candidate
        99    NA
        00    INAP
      
      ++VOTED OUTSIDE DISTRICT OF IW:
      
      DISTRICT WITH NO RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY)
        81    Democratic candidate
        82    Republican candidate
      
      DISTRICT WITH RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY)
        83    Democratic incumbent
        84    Republican incumbent
        85    Democratic challenger
        86    Republican challenger
      
      ALL DISTRICTS:  (VOTE VAR ONLY)
        80    Third party or independent candidate **
        91    Democrat--no name given
        92    Republican--no name given
      
      **      IF 3RD PARTY/INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE NAMED, THIS CODE
              IS USED ONLY IF NAME APPEARS ON CANDIDATE LIST (IF
              NAME NOT ON CANDIDATE LIST, CODE 97 IS USED).
      
           NOTE:   CODE 97 INCLUDES INSTANCES WHERE R VOTED STRAIGHT
           MAJOR PARTY TICKET BUT NO CANDIDATE FOR R'S PARTY RAN FOR
           GIVEN OFFICE (OR: R INSISTS VOTED FOR A MAJOR PARTY'S
           CANDIDATE BUT NO CANDIDATE RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE
REPRESENTING
           NAMED MAJOR PARTY).
      
                ++ CODES 80-86,91,92 ARE NOT USED IN VARS OTHER THAN
                   VOTE VARS.
      
GENERAL NOTE:   IN THOSE QUESTIONS WHERE R IS NOT READ NAMES OF
CANDIDATES BUT
R SUPPLIES A CANDIDATE NAME OF HIS/HER OWN CONSTRUCTION [I.E., IN
RECALL, 
'MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM IN DISTRICT' HOUSE CANDIDATE],
RESPONDENTS SOMETIMES   
IN ERROR GIVE NAMES OF CANDIDATES FOR OTHER OFFICES OR NAMES OF
NONRUNNING     
OFFICEHOLDERS. IF SUCH A NAME IS DETERMINED TO BE APPROPRIATE FOR
R'S       
STATE/CD AND THE NAME IS CODEABLE FROM THE CANDIDATE LIST USED,
WHEREVER
POSSIBLE THE 'INCORRECT' NAME IS STILL CODED.  (However, see ** for
3rd/party  
and independent candidates).  [NOTE: If R names candidates from districts
other than district corresponding to R's sample location, those candidates'
codes are not coded--97 is used.]
      

>> MASTER CODE
    BALLOT CARDS AND CANDIDATE LISTS


CANDIDATE LISTS AND BALLOT CARDS - 1992
      
           STATE:  Alabama                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 13. Richard C. Shelby          Democratic incumbent
                 16. Richard Sellers            Republican challenger
                 19. Howell T. Heflin           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 33. Glen Browder               Democratic incumbent
                 36. Don Sledge                 Republican challenger
      ============================================================
           STATE:  Alabama                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 13. Richard C. Shelby          Democratic incumbent
                 16. Richard Sellers            Republican challenger
                 19. Howell T. Heflin           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 33. Tom Bevill                 Democratic incumbent
                 36. Mickey Strickland          Republican challenger
      ============================================================
           STATE:  Alabama                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 13. Richard C. Shelby          Democratic incumbent
                 16. Richard Sellers            Republican challenger
                 19. Howell T. Heflin           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 33. Ben Erdreich               Democratic incumbent
                 36. Spencer Bachus             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
           STATE:  Alabama                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 13. Richard C. Shelby          Democratic incumbent
                 16. Richard Sellers            Republican challenger
                 19. Howell T. Heflin           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 31. Earl F. Hilliard           Democratic candidate
                 32. Kervin Jones               Republican candidate
                 41. Claude Harris Jr.          Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
           STATE:  Arizona                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 15. Claire Sargent             Democratic challenger
                 14. John McCain                Republican incumbent
                 19. Dennis DeConcini           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 35. Sam Coppersmith            Democratic challenger
                 34. John "Jay" Rhodes          Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
           STATE:  Arizona                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 15. Claire Sargent             Democratic challenger
                 14. John McCain                Republican incumbent
                 19. Dennis DeConcini           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 31. Ed Pastor                  Democratic candidate
                 32. Don Shooter                Republican candidate
                 41. Morris K. Udall            Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
           STATE:  Arizona                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 15. Claire Sargent             Democratic challenger
                 14. John McCain                Republican incumbent
                 19. Dennis DeConcini           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 35. Roger Hartstone            Democratic challenger
                 34. Bob Stump                  Republican incumbent
         ============================================================
           STATE:  Arizona                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 15. Claire Sargent             Democratic challenger
                 14. John McCain                Republican incumbent
                 19. Dennis DeConcini           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 35. Walter Mybeck              Democratic challenger
                 34. Jon Kyl                    Republican incumbent
        ============================================================
           STATE:  Arizona                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 15. Claire Sargent             Democratic challenger
                 14. John McCain                Republican incumbent
                 19. Dennis DeConcini           Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 31. Karan English              Democratic candidate
                 32. Doug Wead                  Republican candidate
         ============================================================
           STATE:  Arkansas               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 13. Dale Bumpers               Democratic incumbent
                 16. Mike Huckabee              Republican challenger
                 19. David Pryor                Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 31. Blanche Lambert            Democratic candidate
                 32. Terry Hayes                Republican candidate
                 41. Bill Alexander             Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
           STATE:  Arkansas               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 13. Dale Bumpers               Democratic incumbent
                 16. Mike Huckabee              Republican challenger
                 19. David Pryor                Democratic--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 31. Bill McCuen                Democratic candidate
                 32. Jay Dickey                 Republican candidate
                 41. Beryl Anthony              Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
           STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                 12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                 11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                 14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 35. Patricia Malberg           Democratic challenger
                 34. John T. Doolittle          Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
           STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                 12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                 11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                 14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 31. Lynn Woolsey               Democratic candidate
                 32. Bill Filante               Republican candidate
                 41. Barbara Boxer              Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
           STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
           (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                 11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                 12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                 11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                 14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                 33. George Miller              Democratic incumbent
                 36. Dave Scholl                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Nancy Pelosi               Democratic incumbent
                  36. Marc Wolin                 Republican challenger
           ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  09
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Ronald V. Dellums          Democratic incumbent
                  36. Billy Hunter               Republican challenger
           ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  10
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Wendell H. Williams        Democratic candidate
                  32. Bill Baker                 Republican candidate
           ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  12
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Tom Lantos                 Democratic incumbent
                  36. Jim Tomlin                 Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  13
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Pete Stark                 Democratic incumbent
                  36. Verne Teyler               Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  19
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Richard H. Lehman          Democratic incumbent
                  36. Tal L. Cloud               Republican challenger
            ===========================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  24
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Anthony C. Beilenson       Democratic incumbent
                  36. Tom McClintock             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  26
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Howard L. Berman           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Gary Forsch                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  27
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Doug Kahn                  Democratic challenger
                  34. Carlos J. Moorhead         Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  28
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Al Wachtel                 Democratic challenger
                  34. David Dreier               Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  29
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Henry A. Waxman            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Mark A. Robbins            Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  31
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Matthew G. Martinez        Democratic incumbent
                  36. Reuben D. Franco           Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  32
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Julian C. Dixon            Democratic incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  33
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Lucille Roybal-Allard      Democratic candidate
                  32. Robert Guzman              Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  34
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Esteban E. Torres          Democratic incumbent
                  36. J. "Jay" Hernandez         Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  35
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Maxine Waters              Democratic incumbent
                  36. Nate Truman                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  36
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Jane Harman                Democratic candidate
                  32. Joan Milke Flores          Republican candidate
                  41. Mel Levine                 Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  38
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Evan Anderson Braude       Democratic candidate
                  32. Steve Horn                 Republican candidate
                  41. Glenn M. Anderson          Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  39
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Molly McClanahan           Democratic candidate
                  32. Ed Royce                   Republican candidate
                  42. William E. Dannemeyer      Republican--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  40
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Donald M. Rusk             Democratic challenger
                  34. Jerry L. Lewis             Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  41
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Bob Baker                  Democratic candidate
                  32. Jay C. Kim                 Republican candidate
       ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  42
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. George E. Brown Jr.        Democratic incumbent
                  36. Richard B. Rutan           Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  43
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Mark A. Takano             Democratic candidate
                  32. Ken Calvert                Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  44
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Georgia Smith              Democratic challenger
                  34. Al McCandless              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  45
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Patricia McCabe            Democratic challenger
                  34. Dana Rohrabacher           Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  46
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Robert John Banuelos       Democratic challenger
                  34. Robert K. Dornan           Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  47
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. John F. Anwiller           Democratic challenger
                  34. C. Christopher Cox         Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  California             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  48
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Barbara Boxer              Democratic candidate
                  12. Bruce Herschensohn         Republican candidate
                  11a. Dianne Feinstein          Democratic candidate
                  14a. John Seymour              Republican incumbent
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Michael Farber             Democratic challenger
                  34. Ron Packard                Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Colorado               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Ben Nighthorse Campbell    Democratic candidate
                  12. Terry Considine            Republican candidate
                  29. Hank Brown                 Republican--term not up       
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                      33. Patricia Schroeder         Democratic incumbent
                      36. Raymond Diaz Aragon        Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Colorado               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Ben Nighthorse Campbell    Democratic candidate
                  12. Terry Considine            Republican candidate
                  29. Hank Brown                 Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. David E. Skaggs            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Brian Day                  Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Colorado               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Ben Nighthorse Campbell    Democratic candidate
                  12. Terry Considine            Republican candidate
                  29. Hank Brown                 Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Tom Kolbe                  Democratic challenger
                  34. Dan Schaefer               Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Connecticut            CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Christopher J. Dodd        Democratic incumbent
                  16. Brooks Johnson             Republican challenger
                  19. Joseph I. Lieberman        Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Rosa DeLauro               Democratic incumbent
                  36. Tom Scott                  Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Corrine Brown              Democratic candidate
                  32. Don Weidner                Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Mattox Hair                Democratic candidate
                  32. Tillie Fowler              Republican candidate
                  41. Charles E. Bennett         Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Phil Denton                Democratic challenger
                  34. Cliff Stearns              Republican incumbent
           ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  12
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Tom Mims                   Democratic candidate
                  32. Charles T. Canady          Republican candidate
                  42. Andy Ireland               Republican--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  17
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Carrie Meek                Democratic candidate
                  41. William Lehman             Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  18
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Magda Montiel Davis        Democratic challenger
                  34. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen        Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  20
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Peter Deutsch              Democratic candidate
                  32. Beverly Kennedy            Republican candidate
                  41. Dante B. Fascell           Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  21
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
           (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  32. Lincoln Diaz-Balart        Republican candidate
                  41. Larry Smith                Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Florida                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  22
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Bob Graham                 Democratic incumbent
                  16. Bill Grant                 Republican challenger
                  29. Connie Mack III            Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Gwen Margolis              Democratic challenger
                  34. E. Clay Shaw Jr.           Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Georgia                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Wyche Fowler               Democratic incumbent
                  16. Paul Coverdell             Republican challenger
                  19. Sam Nunn                   Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Barbara Christmas          Democratic candidate
                  32. Jack  Kingston             Republican candidate
                  41. Lindsay Thomas             Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Georgia                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Wyche Fowler               Democratic incumbent
                  16. Paul Coverdell             Republican challenger
                  19. Sam Nunn                   Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Sanford Bishop             Democratic candidate
                  32. Jim Dudley                 Republican candidate
                  41. Charles Hatcher            Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Georgia                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Wyche Fowler               Democratic incumbent
                  16. Paul Coverdell             Republican challenger
                  19. Sam Nunn                   Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Richard Ray                Democratic incumbent
                  36. Mac Collins                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Georgia                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Wyche Fowler               Democratic incumbent
                  16. Paul Coverdell             Republican challenger
                  19. Sam Nunn                   Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Cathey Steinberg           Democratic candidate
                  32. John Linder                Republican candidate
                  41. Ben Jones                  Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Georgia                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  05
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Wyche Fowler               Democratic incumbent
                  16. Paul Coverdell             Republican challenger
                  19. Sam Nunn                   Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. John Lewis                 Democratic incumbent
                  36. Paul R. Stabler            Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Georgia                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Wyche Fowler               Democratic incumbent
                  16. Paul Coverdell             Republican challenger
                  19. Sam Nunn                   Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. George "Buddy" Darden      Democratic incumbent
                  36. Al Beverly                 Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Iowa                   CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Jean Lloyd-Jones           Democratic challenger
                  14. Charles E. Grassley        Republican incumbent
                  19. Tom Harkin                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Neal Smith                 Democratic incumbent
                  36. Paul Lunde                 Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Bobby L. Rush              Democratic candidate
                  32. Jay Walker                 Republican candidate
                  41. Charles A. Hayes           Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Mel Reynolds               Democratic candidate
                  32. Ron Blackstone             Republican candidate
                  41. Gus Savage                 Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. William O. Lipinski        Democratic incumbent
                  36. Harry C. Lepinske          Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  05
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Dan Rostenkowski           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Elias R. Zenkich           Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Barry W. Watkins           Democratic challenger
                  34. Henry J. Hyde              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Cardiss Collins            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Norman Boccio              Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  09
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Sidney R. Yates            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Herb Sohn                  Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  10
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Michael Kennedy            Democratic challenger
                  34. John Porter                Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  11
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. George E. Sangmeister      Democratic incumbent
                  36. Robert T. Herbolsheimer    Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  12
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Jerry F. Costello          Democratic incumbent
                  36. Mike Starr                 Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  13
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Dennis Temple              Democratic challenger
                  34. Harris W. Fawell           Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Illinois               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  14
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Carol Moseley Braun        Democratic candidate
                  12. Richard Williamson         Republican candidate
                  19. Paul Simon                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Jonathan Abram Reich       Democratic challenger
                  34. Dennis Hastert             Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Indiana                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Joseph H. Hogsett          Democratic challenger
                  14. Daniel R. Coats            Republican incumbent
                  29. Richard G. Lugar           Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Philip R. Sharp            Democratic incumbent
                  36. William G. Frazier         Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Indiana                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Joseph H. Hogsett          Democratic challenger
                  14. Daniel R. Coats            Republican incumbent
                  29. Richard G. Lugar           Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Jill L. Long               Democratic incumbent
                  36. Charles W. Pierson         Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Iowa                   CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Jean Lloyd-Jones           Democratic challenger
                  14. Charles E. Grassley        Republican incumbent
                  19. Tom Harkin                 Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Elaine Baxter              Democratic challenger
                  34. Jim Ross Lightfoot         Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Kansas                 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Gloria O'Dell              Democratic challenger
                  14. Robert Dole                Republican incumbent
                  29. Nancy Landon Kassebaum     Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Duane West                 Democratic challenger
                  34. Pat Roberts                Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Kansas                 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Gloria O'Dell              Democratic challenger
                  14. Robert Dole                Republican incumbent
                  29. Nancy Landon Kassebaum     Republican--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Tom Love                   Democratic challenger
                  34. Jan Meyers                 Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Louisiana              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. John B. Breaux             Democratic incumbent
                  16. Lyle Stockstill            Republican challenger
                  19. J. Bennett Johnston        Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Richard H. Baker           Republican incumbent
                  32. Clyde C. Holloway          Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Maryland               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Barbara A. Mikulski        Democratic incumbent
                  16. Alan L. Keyes              Republican challenger
                  19. Paul S. Sarbanes           Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Michael C. Hickey Jr.      Democratic challenger
                  34. Helen Delich Bentley       Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Maryland               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Barbara A. Mikulski        Democratic incumbent
                  16. Alan L. Keyes              Republican challenger
                  19. Paul S. Sarbanes           Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Benjamin L. Cardin         Democratic incumbent
                  36. William T.S. Bricker       Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Maryland               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Barbara A. Mikulski        Democratic incumbent
                  16. Alan L. Keyes              Republican challenger
                  19. Paul S. Sarbanes           Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Albert R. Wynn             Democratic candidate
                  32. Michele Dyson              Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Maryland               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  05
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Barbara A. Mikulski        Democratic incumbent
                  16. Alan L. Keyes              Republican challenger
                  19. Paul S. Sarbanes           Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Steny H. Hoyer             Democratic incumbent
                  36. Lawrence J. Hogan Jr.      Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Maryland               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Barbara A. Mikulski        Democratic incumbent
                  16. Alan L. Keyes              Republican challenger
                  19. Paul S. Sarbanes           Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Thomas H. Hattery          Democratic candidate
                  32. Roscoe G. Bartlett         Republican candidate
                  41. Beverly B. Byron           Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Maryland               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Barbara A. Mikulski        Democratic incumbent
                  16. Alan L. Keyes              Republican challenger
                  19. Paul S. Sarbanes           Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Kweisi Mfume               Democratic incumbent
                  36. Kenneth Kondner            Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Maryland               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Barbara A. Mikulski        Democratic incumbent
                  16. Alan L. Keyes              Republican challenger
                  19. Paul S. Sarbanes           Democratic--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Edward J. Heffernan        Democratic challenger
                  34. Constance A. Morella       Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Massachusetts          CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Edward M. Kennedy      Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John F. Kerry          Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. John Olver                 Democratic incumbent
                  36. Patrick Larkin             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Massachusetts          CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Edward M. Kennedy      Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John F. Kerry          Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Richard Neal               Democratic incumbent
                  36. Anthony W. Ravosa Jr.      Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Massachusetts          CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Edward M. Kennedy      Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John F. Kerry          Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Nicholas Mavroules         Democratic incumbent
                  36. Peter Torkildsen           Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Massachusetts          CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Edward M. Kennedy      Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John F. Kerry          Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Edward J. Markey           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Steven Sohn                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Massachusetts          CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Edward M. Kennedy      Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John F. Kerry          Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Joseph P. Kennedy, III     Democratic incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Massachusetts          CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  09
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Edward M. Kennedy      Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John F. Kerry          Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. John Joseph Moakley        Democratic incumbent
                  36. Martin D. Conboy           Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. John H. Miltner            Democratic candidate
                  32. Peter Hoekstra             Republican candidate
                  42. Guy Vander Jagt            Repub.--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Carol S. Kooistra          Democratic challenger
                  34. Paul B. Henry              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Lisa A. Donaldson          Democratic challenger
                  34. Dave Camp                  Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  05
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. James A. Barcia            Democratic candidate
                  32. Keith Muxlow               Republican candidate
                  41. Bob Traxler                Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  09
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Dale E. Kildee             Democratic incumbent
                  36. Megan O'Neill              Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  10
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. David E. Bonior            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Douglas Carl               Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  11
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Walter Briggs              Democratic candidate
                  32. Joseph K. Knollenberg      Republican candidate
                  42. William S. Broomfield      Repub.--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  15
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Barbara-Rose Collins       Democratic incumbent
                  36. Charles C. Vincent         Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Michigan               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  16
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Donald W. Riegle       Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Carl Levin             Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. John D. Dingell            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Frank Beaumont             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Minnesota              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Dave Durenberger       Repub.--term not up  18
                SEN. #2. Paul David Wellstone   Democrat--term not up  17
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Timothy J. Penny           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Timothy R. Droogsma        Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Minnesota              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Dave Durenberger       Repub.--term not up  18
                SEN. #2. Paul David Wellstone   Democrat--term not up  17
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. David Minge                Democratic candidate
                  32. Cal R. Ludeman             Republican candidate
                  42. Vin Weber                  Repub.--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Minnesota              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Dave Durenberger       Repub.--term not up  18
                SEN. #2. Paul David Wellstone   Democrat--term not up  17
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Bruce F. Vento             Democratic incumbent
                  36. Ian Maitland               Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Minnesota              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Dave Durenberger       Repub.--term not up  18
                SEN. #2. Paul David Wellstone   Democrat--term not up  17
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Gerry Sikorski             Democratic incumbent
                  36. Rod Grams                  Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Missouri               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Geri Rothman-Serot         Democratic challenger
                  14. Christopher S. (Kit) Bond  Republican incumbent
                  29. John C. Danforth           Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. William L. Clay            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Arthur S. Montgomery       Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Missouri               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Geri Rothman-Serot         Democratic challenger
                  14. Christopher S. (Kit) Bond  Republican incumbent
                  29. John C. Danforth           Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Joan Kelly Horn            Democratic incumbent
                  36. James M. Talent            Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Missouri               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Geri Rothman-Serot         Democratic challenger
                  14. Christopher S. (Kit) Bond  Republican incumbent
                  29. John C. Danforth           Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Richard A. Gephardt        Democratic incumbent
                  36. Mack Holekamp              Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Missouri               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  05
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Geri Rothman-Serot         Democratic challenger
                  14. Christopher S. (Kit) Bond  Republican incumbent
                  29. John C. Danforth           Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Alan Wheat                 Democratic incumbent
                  36. Edward "Gomer" Moody       Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Missouri               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Geri Rothman-Serot         Democratic challenger
                  14. Christopher S. (Kit) Bond  Republican incumbent
                  29. John C. Danforth           Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Pat Danner                 Democratic challenger
                  34. Tom Coleman                Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Nebraska               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Robert Kerrey          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. J. James Exon          Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Gerry Finnegan             Democratic challenger
                  34. Doug Bereuter              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New Hampshire          CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. John Rauh                  Democratic candidate
                  12. Judd Gregg                 Republican candidate
                  29. Bob Smith                  Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Bob Preston                Democratic challenger
                  34. Bill Zeliff                Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New Jersey             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Frank R. Lautenberg    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Bill Bradley           Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Robert E. Andrews          Democratic incumbent
                  36. Lee A. Solomon             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New Jersey             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Frank R. Lautenberg    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Bill Bradley           Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. William J. Hughes          Democratic incumbent
                  36. Frank A. LoBiondo          Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New Jersey             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  05
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Frank R. Lautenberg    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Bill Bradley           Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Frank R. Lucas             Democratic challenger
                  34. Marge Roukema              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New Jersey             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Frank R. Lautenberg    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Bill Bradley           Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Leonard R. Sendelsky       Democratic candidate
                  32. Bob Franks                 Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New Jersey             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  10
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Frank R. Lautenberg    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Bill Bradley           Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Donald M. Payne            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Alfred D. Palermo          Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New Jersey             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  11
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Frank R. Lautenberg    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Bill Bradley           Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Ona Spiridellis            Democratic challenger
                  34. Dean A. Gallo              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Thomas J. Downey           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Rick A. Lazio              Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Steve A. Orlins            Democratic candidate
                  32. Peter T. King              Republican candidate
                  41. Robert S. Mrazek           Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Philip Schiliro            Democratic candidate
                  32. David Levy                 Republican candidate
                  42. Norman F. Lent             Repub.--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  05
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Gary L. Ackerman           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Allan E. Binder            Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Floyd H. Flake             Democratic incumbent
                  36. Dianand D. Bhagwandin      Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Thomas J. Manton           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Dennis Shea                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Jerrold Nadler             Democratic candidate
                  32. David Askren               Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  09
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Charles E. Schumer         Democratic incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  10
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Edolphus Towns             Democratic incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  11
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Major R. Owens             Democratic incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  14
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Carolyn Maloney            Democratic challenger
                  34. Bill Green                 Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  16
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Jose E. Serrano            Democratic incumbent
                  36. Michael Walters            Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  17
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Eliot L. Engel             Democratic incumbent
                  36. Martin Richman             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  19
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Neil McCarthy              Democratic challenger
                  34. Hamilton Fish, Jr.         Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  20
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Jonathan L. Levine         Democratic challenger
                  34. Benjamin A. Gilman         Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  27
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. W. Douglas Call            Democratic challenger
                  34. Bill Paxon                 Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  29
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. John J. LaFalce            Democratic incumbent
                  36. William E. Miller Jr.      Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  30
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Dennis Gorski              Democratic candidate
                  32. Jack Quinn                 Republican candidate
                  41. Henry J. Nowak             Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  New York               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  31
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Robert Abrams              Democratic challenger
                  14. Alfonse M. D'Amato         Republican incumbent
                  19. Daniel Patrick Moynihan    Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Joseph P. Leahey           Democratic challenger
                  34. Amo Houghton               Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  North Carolina         CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Terry Sanford              Democratic incumbent
                  16. Lauch Faircloth            Republican challenger
                  29. Jesse A. Helms             Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Charlie Rose               Democratic incumbent
                  36. Robert C. Anderson         Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  North Carolina         CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. Terry Sanford              Democratic incumbent
                  16. Lauch Faircloth            Republican challenger
                  29. Jesse A. Helms             Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. W.G. "Bill" Hefner         Democratic incumbent
                  36. Coy C. Privette            Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Ohio                   CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. John H. Glenn              Democratic incumbent
                  16. Mike DeWine                Republican challenger
                  19. Howard M. Metzenbaum       Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Tony P. Hall               Democratic incumbent
                  36. Peter W. Davis             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Ohio                   CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. John H. Glenn              Democratic incumbent
                  16. Mike DeWine                Republican challenger
                  19. Howard M. Metzenbaum       Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Clifford S. Heskett        Democratic challenger
                  34. David L. Hobson            Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Ohio                   CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. John H. Glenn              Democratic incumbent
                  16. Mike DeWine                Republican challenger
                  19. Howard M. Metzenbaum       Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Fred Sennet                Democratic challenger
                  34. John A. Boehner            Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Ohio                   CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  18
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  13. John H. Glenn              Democratic incumbent
                  16. Mike DeWine                Republican challenger
                  19. Howard M. Metzenbaum       Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Douglas Applegate          Democratic incumbent
                  36. Bill Ress                  Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Oregon                 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Les AuCoin                 Democratic challenger
                  14. Bob Packwood               Republican incumbent
                  29. Mark O. Hatfield           Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Peter A. DeFazio           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Richard L. Schultz         Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Pennsylvania           CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Lynn Yeakel                Democratic challenger
                  14. Arlen Specter              Republican incumbent
                  19. Harris Wofford             Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Thomas M. Foglietta        Democratic incumbent
                  36. Craig Snyder               Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Pennsylvania           CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Lynn Yeakel                Democratic challenger
                  14. Arlen Specter              Republican incumbent
                  19. Harris Wofford             Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Lucien E. Blackwell        Democratic incumbent
                  36. Larry Hollin               Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Pennsylvania           CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Lynn Yeakel                Democratic challenger
                  14. Arlen Specter              Republican incumbent
                  19. Harris Wofford             Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Frank Daly                 Democratic challenger
                  34. Curt Weldon                Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Pennsylvania           CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Lynn Yeakel                Democratic challenger
                  14. Arlen Specter              Republican incumbent
                  19. Harris Wofford             Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Peter H. Kostmayer         Democratic incumbent
                  36. James C. Greenwood         Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Pennsylvania           CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  13
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Lynn Yeakel                Democratic challenger
                  14. Arlen Specter              Republican incumbent
                  19. Harris Wofford             Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Marjorie M. Mezvinsky      Democratic candidate
                  32. Jon D. Fox                 Republican candidate
                  42. Lawrence Coughlin          Repub.--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Pennsylvania           CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  14
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Lynn Yeakel                Democratic challenger
                  14. Arlen Specter              Republican incumbent
                  19. Harris Wofford             Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. William J. Coyne           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Byron W. King              Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Pennsylvania           CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  18
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Lynn Yeakel                Democratic challenger
                  14. Arlen Specter              Republican incumbent
                  19. Harris Wofford             Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Frank A. Pecora            Democratic challenger
                  34. Rick Santorum              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Pennsylvania           CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  20
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Lynn Yeakel                Democratic challenger
                  14. Arlen Specter              Republican incumbent
                  19. Harris Wofford             Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Austin J. Murphy           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Bill Townsend              Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Tennessee              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. James R. (Jim) Sass    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Albert Gore            Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Troy Goodale               Democratic challenger
                  34. John J. "Jimmy" Duncan Jr. Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Tennessee              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. James R. (Jim) Sass    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Albert Gore            Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Marilyn Lloyd              Democratic incumbent
                  36. Zach Wamp                  Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Tennessee              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. James R. (Jim) Sass    Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Albert Gore            Democrat--term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Jim Cooper                 Democratic incumbent
                  36. Dale Johnson               Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  34. Sam Johnson                Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  06
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. John E. Dietrich           Democratic challenger
                  34. Joe L. Barton              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  11
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Chet Edwards               Democratic incumbent
                  36. James W. Broyles           Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  13
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Bill Sarpalius             Democratic incumbent
                  36. Beau Bolter                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  15
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. E. "Kika" de la Garza      Democratic incumbent
                  36. Tom Haughey                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  18
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Craig Washington           Democratic incumbent
                  36. Edward Blum                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  25
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Michael A. Andrews         Democratic incumbent
                  36. Dolly Madison McKenna      Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  26
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. John Wayne Caton           Democratic challenger
                  34. Dick Armey                 Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  29
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Gene Green                 Democratic candidate
                  32. Clark Kent Ervin           Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Texas                  CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  30
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Lloyd Bentsen          Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. Phil Gramm             Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Eddie Bernice Johnson      Democratic candidate
                  32. Lucy Cain                  Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Virginia               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  03
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Charles S. Robb        Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John W. Warner         Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Robert C. Scott            Democratic candidate
                  32. Daniel Jenkins             Republican candidate
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Virginia               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Charles S. Robb        Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John W. Warner         Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Norman Sisisky             Democratic incumbent
                  36. A.J. "Tony" Zevgolis       Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Virginia               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Charles S. Robb        Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John W. Warner         Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  34. Thomas J. Bliley           Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Virginia               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Charles S. Robb        Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John W. Warner         Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. James P. Moran Jr.         Democratic incumbent
                  36. Kyle McSlarrow             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Virginia               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  09
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Charles S. Robb        Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John W. Warner         Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Rick Boucher               Democratic incumbent
                  36. Gary Weddle                Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Virginia               CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  10
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Charles S. Robb        Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John W. Warner         Repub.--term not up  18
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Raymond E. Vickery Jr.     Democratic challenger
                  34. Frank R. Wolf              Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Washington             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Patty Murray               Democratic candidate
                  12. Rod Chandler               Republican candidate
                  29. Slade Gorton               Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Maria Cantwell             Democratic candidate
                  32. Gary Nelson                Republican candidate
                  42. John Miller                Repub.--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Washington             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  02
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Patty Murray               Democratic candidate
                  12. Rod Chandler               Republican candidate
                  29. Slade Gorton               Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Al Swift                   Democratic incumbent
                  36. Jack Metcalf               Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Washington             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  07
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Patty Murray               Democratic candidate
                  12. Rod Chandler               Republican candidate
                  29. Slade Gorton               Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Jim McDermott              Democratic incumbent
                  36. Glenn C. Hampson           Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Washington             CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  08
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  11. Patty Murray               Democratic candidate
                  12. Rod Chandler               Republican candidate
                  29. Slade Gorton               Repub.--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. George O. Tamblyn          Democratic candidate
                  32. Jennifer Dunn              Republican candidate
                  42. Rod Chandler               Repub.--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  West Virginia          CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  01
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Robert C. Byrd         Democrat--term not up  17
                SEN. #2. John (Jay) Rockefeller IV  "   --term not up  27
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Alan B. Mollohan           Democratic incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Wisconsin              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  04
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Russell Feingold           Democratic challenger
                  14. Robert W. Kasten           Republican incumbent
                  19. Herb Kohl                  Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  33. Gerald Kleczka             Democratic incumbent
                  36. Joseph L. Cook             Republican challenger
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Wisconsin              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  05
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Russell Feingold           Democratic challenger
                  14. Robert W. Kasten           Republican incumbent
                  19. Herb Kohl                  Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  31. Thomas Barrett             Democratic candidate
                  32. Donalda Ann Hammersmith    Republican candidate
                  41. Jim Moody                  Democrat--retiring
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Wisconsin              CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  09
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:
                  15. Russell Feingold           Democratic challenger
                  14. Robert W. Kasten           Republican incumbent
                  19. Herb Kohl                  Democrat--term not up
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Ingrid K. Buxton           Democratic challenger
                  34. F. James Sensenbrenner Jr. Republican incumbent
      ============================================================
            STATE:  Wyoming                CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:  98
            (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE:      NO SENATE RACE
                SEN. #1. Malcolm Wallop         Repub.--term not up  18
                SEN. #2. Alan K. Simpson        Repub.--term not up  28
            (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
                  35. Jon Herschler              Democratic challenger
                  34. Craig Thomas               Republican incumbent
      
                                  1992 SAMPLE BALLOT CARD
                                        BALLOT CARD
                           For the November 1992 General Election
                           ======================================
                                   State:    New York
                  Congressional District:    14
      
                                         Democratic        Republican
                                           Party             Party
      
                  CANDIDATES FOR THE
                   U.S. HOUSE OF
                   REPRESENTATIVES:   Carolyn Maloney   Bill Green
      
      
                  CANDIDATES FOR THE
                     U.S. SENATE:     Robert Abrams      Alfonse M. D'Amato


      
                                      BALLOT CARD 1994

The 1994 study included an experiment in the layout of the Ballot Card. 
Respondents were presented alternative versions of the ballot identical in
content, but different in design.  For sample ballots please contact the NES
study staff.
      
      
                 CANDIDATE LIST 1994
      
                      Alabama       03
 33     Glen Browder           Democratic incumbent
 36     Ben Hand               Republican challenger
 17     Howell T. Heflin       Democratic -- term not up
 27     Richard C. Shelly      Democratic -- term not up
 53     James E. Folsom, Jr    Democratic incumbent
 56     Fob James, Jr.         Republican challenger
      
                      Alabama       04
 33     Tom Bevill             Democratic incumbent
 17     Howell T. Heflin       Democratic -- term not up
 27     Richard C. Shelly      Democratic -- term not up
 53     James E. Folsom, Jr    Democratic incumbent
 56     Fob James, Jr.         Republican challenger
      
                      Alabama       05
 33     Robert E. "Bud" Cram   Democratic incumbent
 36     Wayne Parker           Republican challenger
 17     Howell T. Heflin       Democratic -- term not up
 27     Richard C. Shelly      Democratic -- term not up
 53     James E. Folsom, Jr    Democratic incumbent
 56     Fob James, Jr.         Republican challenger
      
                      Alabama       06
 35     Larry Fortenberry      Democratic challenger
 34     Spencer Bachus         Republican incumbent
 17     Howell T. Heflin       Democratic -- term not up
 27     Richard C. Shelly      Democratic -- term not up
 53     James E. Folsom, Jr    Democratic incumbent
 56     Fob James, Jr.         Republican challenger
      
                       Alabama       07
 33     Earl F. Hilliard       Democratic incumbent
 36     Alfred J. Middleton,   Republican challenger
 17     Howell T. Heflin       Democratic -- term not up
 27     Richard C. Shelly      Democratic -- term not up
 53     James E. Folsom, Jr    Democratic incumbent
 56     Fob James, Jr.         Republican challenger
      
                       Arkansas      04
 35     Jay Bradford           Democratic challenger
 34     Jay Dickey             Republican incumbent
 17     David Pryor            Democratic -- term not up
 27     Dale Bumpers           Democratic -- term not up
 53     Jim Guy Tucker         Democratic incumbent
 56     Sheffield Nelson       Republican challenger
      
                       Arizona       01
 31     Chuck Blanchard        Democratic candidate
 32     Matt Salmon            Republican candidate
 11     Sam Coppersmith        Democratic candidate
 12     Jon Kyl                Republican candidate
 29     John McCain            Republican -- term not up
 55     Eddie Basha            Democratic challenger
 54     Fife Symington         Republican incumbent
      
                       Arizona       02
 33     Ed Pastor              Democratic incumbent
 36     Robert MacDonald       Republican challenger
 11     Sam Coppersmith        Democratic candidate
 12     Jon Kyl                Republican candidate
 29     John McCain            Republican -- term not up
 55     Eddie Basha            Democratic challenger
 54     Fife Symington         Republican incumbent
      
                      Arizona       03
 35     Howard Lee Sprague     Democratic challenger
 34     Bob Stump              Republican incumbent
 11     Sam Coppersmith        Democratic candidate
 12     Jon Kyl                Republican candidate
 29     John McCain            Republican -- term not up
 55     Eddie Basha            Democratic challenger
 54     Fife Symington         Republican incumbent
      
                      Arizona       04
 31     Carol Cure             Democratic candidate
 32     John Shadegg           Republican candidate
 11     Sam Coppersmith        Democratic candidate
 12     Jon Kyl                Republican candidate
 29     John McCain            Republican -- term not up
 55     Eddie Basha            Democratic challenger
 54     Fife Symington         Republican incumbent
      
                      Arizona       06
 33     Karan English          Democratic incumbent
 36     J.D. Hayworth          Republican challenger
 11     Sam Coppersmith        Democratic candidate
 12     Jon Kyl                Republican candidate
 29     John McCain            Republican -- term not up
 55     Eddie Basha            Democratic challenger
 54     Fife Symington         Republican incumbent
      
                      California    04
 35     Katie Hirning          Democratic challenger
 34     John Doolittle         Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    06
 33     Lynn Woolsey           Democratic incumbent
 36     Michael J. Nugent      Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    08
 33     Nancy Pelosi           Democratic incumbent
 36     Elsa C. Cheung         Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    09
 33     Ronald V. Dellums      Democratic incumbent
 36     Deborah Wright         Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    10
      
 35     Ellen Schwartz         Democratic challenger
 34     Bill Baker             Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer         Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    12
 33     Tom Lantos             Democratic incumbent
 36     Deborah Wilder         Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    13
 33     Pete Stark             Democratic incumbent
 36     Larry Molton           Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    19
 33     Richard H. Lehman      Democratic incumbent
 36     George P. Radanovich   Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    20
 33     Cal Dooley             Democratic incumbent
 36     Paul Young             Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    24
 33     Anthony C. Beilenson   Democratic incumbent
 36     Rich Sybert            Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    26
 33     Howard L. Berman       Democratic incumbent
 36     Gary E. Forsch         Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    27
 35     Doug Kahn              Democratic challenger
 34     Carlos J. Moorhead     Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    28
 35     Tommy Randle           Democratic challenger
 34     David Dreier           Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    29
 33     Henry A. Waxman        Democratic incumbent
 36     Paul Stepanek          Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    30
 33     Xavier Becerra         Democratic incumbent
 36     David A. Ramirez       Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    32
 33     Julian C. Dixon        Democratic incumbent
 36     Ernie A. Farhat        Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    33
 33     Lucille Roybal-Allar   Democratic incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    35
 33     Maxine Waters          Democratic incumbent
 36     Nate Truman            Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    38
 35     Peter Mathews          Democratic challenger
 34     Steve B. Horn          Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    39
 35     R.O. "Bob" Davis       Democratic challenger
 34     Ed Royce               Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    40
 35     Donald "Don" Rusk      Democratic challenger
 34     Jerry Lewis            Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    42
 33     George E. Brown, Jr.   Democratic incumbent
 36     Rob Guzman             Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    43
 35     Mark A. Takano         Democratic challenger
 34     Ken Calvert            Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    44
 31     Steve Clute            Democratic candidate
 32     Sonny Bono             Republican candidate
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    45
 35     Brett Williamson       Democratic challenger
 34     Dana Rohrabacher       Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    46
 35     Michael Farber         Democratic challenger
 34     Robert K. Dornan       Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    47
 35     Gary Kingsbury         Democratic challenger
 34     Christopher Cox        Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    48
 35     Andrei Leschick        Democratic challenger
 34     Ron Packard            Republican incumbent
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    49
 33     Lynn Schenk            Democratic incumbent
 36     Brian P. Bilbray       Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      California    50
 33     Bob Filner             Democratic incumbent
 36     Mary Alice Acevedo     Republican challenger
 13     Dianne Feinstein       Democratic incumbent
 16     Michael Huffington     Republican challenger
 19     Barbara Boxer          Democratic -- term not up
 55     Kathleen Brown         Democratic challenger
 54     Pete Wilson            Republican incumbent
      
                      Colorado      01
 33     Patricia Schroeder     Democratic incumbent
 36     William Eggert         Republican challenger
 18     Hank Brown             Republican -- term not up
 17   Ben Nighthorse Campbell  Democratic -- term not up
 53     Roy Romer              Democratic incumbent
 56     Bruce Benson           Republican challenger
      
                      Colorado      02
 33     David E. Skaggs        Democratic incumbent
 36     Patricia Miller        Republican challenger
 18     Hank Brown             Republican -- term not up
 17   Ben Nighthorse Campbell  Democratic -- term not up
 53     Roy Romer              Democratic incumbent
 56     Bruce Benson           Republican challenger
      
                      Colorado      04
 35     Cathy Kipp             Democratic challenger
 34     Wayne Allard           Republican incumbent
 18     Hank Brown             Republican -- term not up
 17   Ben Nighthorse Campbell  Democratic -- term not up
 53     Roy Romer              Democratic incumbent
 56     Bruce Benson           Republican challenger
      
                      Colorado      06
 35     John Hallen            Democratic challenger
 34     Dan Schaefer           Republican incumbent
 18     Hank Brown             Republican -- term not up
 17    Ben Nighthorse Campbell Democratic -- term not up
 53     Roy Romer              Democratic incumbent
 56     Bruce Benson           Republican challenger
      
                      Connecticut   03
 33     Rosa L. DeLauro        Democratic incumbent
 36     Susan E. Johnson       Republican challenger
 13     Joe Lieberman          Democratic incumbent
 16     Jerry Labriola         Republican challenger
 19     Christopher Dodd       Democratic -- term not up
 51     Bill Curry             Democratic candidate
 52     John G. Rowland        Republican candidate
      
                       Florida       02
 33     Pete Peterson          Democratic incumbent
 36     Carole Griffin         Republican challenger
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                       Florida       03
 33     Corrine Brown          Democratic incumbent
 36     Marc Little            Republican challenger
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                      Florida       04
 34     Tillie  Fowler         Republican incumbent
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                      Florida       06
 34     Clifford B. Stearns    Republican incumbent
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Florida       12
 35     Robert Connors         Democratic challenger
 34     Charles T. Canady      Republican incumbent
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Florida       13
 34     Dan Miller             Republican incumbent
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Florida       15
 31     Sue Munsey             Democratic candidate
 32     Dave Weldon            Republican candidate
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Florida       16
 31     John P. Comerford      Democratic candidate
 32     Mark Foley             Republican candidate
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Florida       17
 33     Carrie P. Meek         Democratic incumbent
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Florida       18
 34     Ileana Ros-Lehtinen    Republican incumbent
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Florida       21
 34     Lincoln Diaz-Balart    Republican incumbent
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Florida       22
 35     Hermine L. Wiener      Democratic challenger
 34     E. Clay Shaw, Jr.      Republican incumbent
 15     Hugh E. Rodham         Democratic challenger
 14     Connie Mack            Republican incumbent
 19     Bob Graham             Democratic -- term not up
 53     Lawton Chiles          Democratic incumbent
 56     Jeb Bush               Republican challenger
      
                     Georgia       01
 35     Raymond Beckworth      Democratic challenger
 34     Jack Kingston          Republican incumbent
 17     Sam Nunn               Democratic -- term not up
 18     Paul Coverdell         Republican -- term not up
 53     Zell Miller            Democratic incumbent
 56     Guy Millner            Republican challenger
      
                      Georgia       02
 33     Sanford D. Bishop, J   Democratic incumbent
 36     John Clayton           Republican challenger
 17     Sam Nunn               Democratic -- term not up
 18     Paul Coverdell         Republican -- term not up
 53     Zell Miller            Democratic incumbent
 56     Guy Millner            Republican challenger
      
                      Georgia       03
 35     Fred R. Overby         Democratic challenger
 34     Mac Collins            Republican incumbent
 17     Sam Nunn               Democratic -- term not up
 18     Paul Coverdell         Republican -- term not up
 53     Zell Miller            Democratic incumbent
 56     Guy Millner            Republican challenger
      
                      Georgia       04
 35     Comer Yates            Democratic challenger
 34     John Linder            Republican incumbent
 17     Sam Nunn               Democratic -- term not up
 18     Paul Coverdell         Republican -- term not up
 53     Zell Miller            Democratic incumbent
 56     Guy Millner            Republican challenger
      
                      Georgia       05
 33     John Lewis             Democratic incumbent
 36     Dale Dixon             Republican challenger
 17     Sam Nunn               Democratic -- term not up
 18     Paul Coverdell         Republican -- term not up
 53     Zell Miller            Democratic incumbent
 56     Guy Millner            Republican challenger
      
                      Georgia       06
 35     Ben Jones              Democratic challenger
 34     Newt Gingrich          Republican incumbent
 17     Sam Nunn               Democratic -- term not up
 18     Paul Coverdell         Republican -- term not up
 53     Zell Miller            Democratic incumbent
 56     Guy Millner            Republican challenger
      
                      Georgia       07
 33     George Buddy Darden    Democratic incumbent
 36     Bob Barr               Republican challenger
 17     Sam Nunn               Democratic -- term not up
 18     Paul Coverdell         Republican -- term not up
 53     Zell Miller            Democratic incumbent
 56     Guy Millner            Republican challenger
      
                      Georgia       08
 31     Craig Mathis           Democratic candidate
 32     Saxby Chambliss        Republican candidate
 17     Sam Nunn               Democratic -- term not up
 18     Paul Coverdell         Republican -- term not up
 53     Zell Miller            Democratic incumbent
 56     Guy Millner            Republican challenger
      
                      Iowa          03
 35     Elaine Baxter          Democratic challenger
 34     Jim Ross Lightfoot     Republican incumbent
 17     Tom Harkin             Democratic -- term not up
 18     Charles Grassley       Republican -- term not up
 55     Bonnie J. Campbell     Democratic challenger
 54     Terry E. Branstad      Republican incumbent
      
                      Iowa          04
 33     Neal Smith             Democratic incumbent
 36     Greg Ganske            Republican challenger
 17     Tom Harkin             Democratic -- term not up
 18     Charles Grassley       Republican -- term not up
 55     Bonnie J. Campbell     Democratic challenger
 54     Terry E. Branstad      Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      01
 33     Bobby L. Rush          Democratic incumbent
 36     William J. Kelly       Republican challenger
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      02
 33     Mel Reynolds           Democratic incumbent
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      03
 33     William O. Lipinski    Democratic incumbent
 36     Jim Nalepa             Republican challenger
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      04
      
 33     Luis V. Gutierrez      Democratic incumbent
 36     Steven Valtierra       Republican challenger
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      05
 33     Dan Rostenkowski       Democratic incumbent
 36     Michael Patrick Flan   Republican challenger
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      06
 35     Tom Berry              Democratic challenger
 34     Henry J. Hyde          Republican incumbent
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      08
 35     Robert C. Walberg      Democratic challenger
 34     Philip M. Crane        Republican incumbent
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      09
 33     Sidney R. Yates        Democratic incumbent
 36     George Edward Larney   Republican challenger
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      10
 35     Andrew Krupp           Democratic challenger
 34     John Edward Porter     Republican incumbent
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      12
 33     Jerry F. Costello      Democratic incumbent
 36     Jan Morris             Republican challenger
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      13
 35     William A. Riley       Democratic challenger
 34     Harris W. Fawell       Republican incumbent
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Illinois      19
 33     Glenn Poshard          Democratic incumbent
 36     Brent Winters          Republican challenger
 17     Paul Simon             Democratic -- term not up
 27     Carol Mosely-Braun     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Dawn Clark Netsch      Democratic challenger
 54     Jim Edgar              Republican incumbent
      
                      Indiana       02
 31     Joseph H. Hogsett      Democratic candidate
 32     David M. McIntosh      Republican candidate
 15     Jim Jontz              Democratic challenger
 14     Richard G. Lugar       Republican incumbent
 29     Daniel Coats           Republican -- term not up
 57     Evan Bayh              Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Indiana       04
 33     Jill L. Long           Democratic incumbent
 36     Mark Edward Souder     Republican challenger
 15     Jim Jontz              Democratic challenger
 14     Richard G. Lugar       Republican incumbent
 29     Daniel Coats           Republican -- term not up
 57     Evan Bayh              Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Indiana       06
 35     Natalie M. Bruner      Democratic challenger
 34     Dan Burton             Republican incumbent
 15     Jim Jontz              Democratic challenger
 14     Richard G. Lugar       Republican incumbent
 29     Daniel Coats           Republican -- term not up
 57     Evan Bayh              Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Indiana       09
 33     Lee H. Hamilton        Democratic incumbent
 36     Jean Leising           Republican challenger
 15     Jim Jontz              Democratic challenger
 14     Richard G. Lugar       Republican incumbent
 29     Daniel Coats           Republican -- term not up
 57     Evan Bayh              Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Kansas        02
 31     John Carlin            Democratic candidate
 32     Sam Brownback          Republican candidate
 18     Nancy Landon Kassebaum   Republican -- term not up
 28     Robert Dole            Republican -- term not up
 51     Jim Slattery           Democratic candidate
 52     Bill Graves            Republican candidate
      
                      Kansas        03
 35     Judy Hancock           Democratic challenger
 34     Jan Meyers             Republican incumbent
 18     Nancy Landon Kassebaum   Republican -- term not up
 28     Robert Dole            Republican -- term not up
 51     Jim Slattery           Democratic candidate
 52     Bill Graves            Republican candidate
      
                      Kansas        04
 33     Dan Glickman           Democratic incumbent
 36     Todd Tiahrt            Republican challenger
 18     Nancy Landon Kassebaum   Republican -- term not up
 28     Robert Dole            Republican -- term not up
 51     Jim Slattery           Democratic candidate
 52     Bill Graves            Republican candidate
      
                      Kansas        04
 33     Dan Glickman           Democratic incumbent
 36     Todd Tiahrt            Republican challenger
 18     Nancy Landon Kassebaum   Republican -- term not up
 28     Robert Dole            Republican -- term not up
 51     Jim Slattery           Democratic candidate
 52     Bill Graves            Republican candidate
      
                      Kentucky      06
 33     Scotty Baesler         Democratic incumbent
 36     Matthew Eric Wills     Republican challenger
 18     Mitch McConnell        Republican -- term not up
 17     Wendell H. Ford        Democratic -- term not up
 57     Brereton C. Jones      Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Louisiana     04
 35     Darryl Baker           Democratic challenger
 34     Richard H. Baker       Republican incumbent
 17     J. Bennett Johnston    Democratic -- term not up
 27     John B. Breaux         Democratic -- term not up
 57     Edwin W. Edwards       Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Massachusetts  01
 33     John W. Olver          Democratic incumbent
 13     Edward Kennedy         Democratic incumbent
 16     W. Mitt Romney         Republican challenger
 19     John Kerry             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Mark Roosevelt         Democratic challenger
 54     William F. Weld        Republican incumbent
      
                      Massachusetts  02
 33     Richard E. Neal        Democratic incumbent
 36     John W. Briare         Republican challenger
 13     Edward Kennedy         Democratic incumbent
 16     W. Mitt Romney         Republican challenger
 19     John Kerry             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Mark Roosevelt         Democratic challenger
 54     William F. Weld        Republican incumbent
      
                      Massachusetts  06
 35     John F. Tierney        Democratic challenger
 34     Peter G. Torkildsen    Republican incumbent
 13     Edward Kennedy         Democratic incumbent
 16     W. Mitt Romney         Republican challenger
 19     John Kerry             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Mark Roosevelt         Democratic challenger
 54     William F. Weld        Republican incumbent
      
                      Massachusetts  08
 33     Joseph P. Kennedy II   Democratic incumbent
 13     Edward Kennedy         Democratic incumbent
 16     W. Mitt Romney         Republican challenger
 19     John Kerry             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Mark Roosevelt         Democratic challenger
 54     William F. Weld        Republican incumbent
      
                      Massachusetts  10
 33     Gerry E. Studds        Democratic incumbent
 36     Keith Jason Hemeon     Republican challenger
 13     Edward Kennedy         Democratic incumbent
 16     W. Mitt Romney         Republican challenger
 19     John Kerry             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Mark Roosevelt         Democratic challenger
 54     William F. Weld        Republican incumbent
      
                     Maryland      02
 31     Gerry L. Brewster      Democratic candidate
 32     Robert L. Ehrlich, J   Republican candidate
 13     Paul Sarbanes          Democratic incumbent
 16     William Brock          Republican challenger
 19     Barbara A. Mikulski    Democratic -- term not up
 51     Parris N. Glendenin    Democratic candidate
 52     Ellen R. Sauerbrey     Republican candidate
      
                     Maryland      03
 33     Benjamin L. Cardin     Democratic incumbent
 36     Robert Ryan Tousey     Republican challenger
 13     Paul Sarbanes          Democratic incumbent
 16     William Brock          Republican challenger
 19     Barbara A. Mikulski    Democratic -- term not up
 51     Parris N. Glendenin    Democratic candidate
 52     Ellen R. Sauerbrey     Republican candidate
      
                     Maryland      04
 33     Albert R. Wynn         Democratic incumbent
 36     Michele Dyson          Republican challenger
 13     Paul Sarbanes          Democratic incumbent
 16     William Brock          Republican challenger
 19     Barbara A. Mikulski    Democratic -- term not up
 51     Parris N. Glendenin    Democratic candidate
 52     Ellen R. Sauerbrey     Republican candidate
      
                      Maryland      05
 33     Steny H. Hoyer         Democratic incumbent
 36     Donald Devine          Republican challenger
 13     Paul Sarbanes          Democratic incumbent
 16     William Brock          Republican challenger
 19     Barbara A. Mikulski    Democratic -- term not up
 51     Parris N. Glendenin    Democratic candidate
 52     Ellen R. Sauerbrey     Republican candidate
      
                      Maryland      06
 35     Paul Muldowney         Democratic challenger
 34     Roscoe G. Bartlett     Republican incumbent
 13     Paul Sarbanes          Democratic incumbent
 16     William Brock          Republican challenger
 19     Barbara A. Mikulski    Democratic -- term not up
 51     Parris N. Glendenin    Democratic candidate
 52     Ellen R. Sauerbrey     Republican candidate
      
                      Maryland      08
 35     Steven Van Grack       Democratic challenger
 34     Constance A. Morella   Republican incumbent
 13     Paul Sarbanes          Democratic incumbent
 16     William Brock          Republican challenger
 19     Barbara A. Mikulski    Democratic -- term not up
 51     Parris N. Glendenin    Democratic candidate
 52     Ellen R. Sauerbrey     Republican candidate
      
                      Michigan      02
 35     Marcus Pete Hoover     Democratic challenger
 34     Peter Hoekstra         Republican incumbent
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      03
 35     Betsy J. Flory         Democratic challenger
 34     Vernon J. Ehlers       Republican incumbent
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      04
 35     Damion Frasier         Democratic challenger
 34     Dave Camp              Republican incumbent
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      05
 33     James A. Barcia        Democratic incumbent
 36     William T. Anderson    Republican challenger
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      09
 33     Dale E. Kildee         Democratic incumbent
 36     Megan O'Neill          Republican challenger
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      10
 33     David E. Bonior        Democratic incumbent
 36     David J. Lobsinger     Republican challenger
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      11
 35     Mike Breshgold         Democratic challenger
 34     Joe Knollenberg        Republican incumbent
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      12
 33     Sander M. Levin        Democratic incumbent
 36     John Pappageorge       Republican challenger
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      13
 31     Lynn Rivers            Democratic candidate
 32     John A. Schall         Republican candidate
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      15
 33     Barbara-Rose Collins   Democratic incumbent
 36     John W. Savage II      Republican challenger
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Michigan      16
 33     John D. Dingell        Democratic incumbent
 36     Ken Larkin             Republican challenger
 11     Bob Carr               Democratic candidate
 12     Spencer Abraham        Republican candidate
 19     Carl Levin             Democratic -- term not up
 55     Howard Wolpe           Democratic challenger
 54     John Engler            Republican incumbent
      
                      Minnesota     01
 31     John C. Hottinger      Democratic candidate
 32     Gil Gutknecht          Republican candidate
 11     Ann Wynia              Democratic candidate
 12     Rod Grams              Republican candidate
 19     Paul Wellstone         Democratic -- term not up
 55     John Marty             Democratic challenger
 54     Arne H. Carlson        Republican incumbent
      
                      Minnesota     02
 33     David Minge            Democratic incumbent
 36     Gary B. Revier         Republican challenger
 11     Ann Wynia              Democratic candidate
 12     Rod Grams              Republican candidate
 19     Paul Wellstone         Democratic -- term not up
 55     John Marty             Democratic challenger
 54     Arne H. Carlson        Republican incumbent
      
                      Minnesota     04
 33     Bruce F. Vento         Democratic incumbent
 36     Dennis Newinski        Republican challenger
 11     Ann Wynia              Democratic candidate
 12     Rod Grams              Republican candidate
 19     Paul Wellstone         Democratic -- term not up
 55     John Marty             Democratic challenger
 54     Arne H. Carlson        Republican incumbent
      
                      Minnesota     05
 33     Martin Olav Sabo       Democratic incumbent
 36     Dorothy Legrand        Republican challenger
 11     Ann Wynia              Democratic candidate
 12     Rod Grams              Republican candidate
 19     Paul Wellstone         Democratic -- term not up
 55     John Marty             Democratic challenger
 54     Arne H. Carlson        Republican incumbent
      
                      Minnesota     06
 31     William P. "Bill" Lu   Democratic candidate
 32     Tad Jude               Republican candidate
 11     Ann Wynia              Democratic candidate
 12     Rod Grams              Republican candidate
 19     Paul Wellstone         Democratic -- term not up
 55     John Marty             Democratic challenger
 54     Arne H. Carlson        Republican incumbent
      
                      Minnesota     08
 33     James L. Oberstar      Democratic incumbent
 36     Phil Herwig            Republican challenger
 11     Ann Wynia              Democratic candidate
 12     Rod Grams              Republican candidate
 19     Paul Wellstone         Democratic -- term not up
 55     John Marty             Democratic challenger
 54     Arne H. Carlson        Republican incumbent
      
                      Missouri      02
 35     Pat Kelly              Democratic challenger
 34     James M. Talent        Republican incumbent
 11     Alan Wheat             Democratic candidate
 12     John Ashcroft          Republican candidate
 29     Christopher Bond       Republican -- term not up
 57     Mel Carnahan           Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Missouri      03
 33     Richard A. Gephardt    Democratic incumbent
 36     Gary Gill              Republican challenger
 11     Alan Wheat             Democratic candidate
 12     John Ashcroft          Republican candidate
 29     Christopher Bond       Republican -- term not up
 57     Mel Carnahan           Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Missouri      04
 33     Ike Skelton            Democratic incumbent
 36     James A. Noland, Jr.   Republican challenger
 11     Alan Wheat             Democratic candidate
 12     John Ashcroft          Republican candidate
 29     Christopher Bond       Republican -- term not up
 57     Mel Carnahan           Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Missouri      05
 31     Karen McCarthy         Democratic candidate
 32     Ron Freeman            Republican candidate
 11     Alan Wheat             Democratic candidate
 12     John Ashcroft          Republican candidate
 29     Christopher Bond       Republican -- term not up
 57     Mel Carnahan           Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Missouri      06
 33     Pat Danner             Democratic incumbent
 36     Tina Tucker            Republican challenger
 11     Alan Wheat             Democratic candidate
 12     John Ashcroft          Republican candidate
 29     Christopher Bond       Republican -- term not up
 57     Mel Carnahan           Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Missouri      09
 33     Harold L. Volkmer      Democratic incumbent
 36     Rick Hardy             Republican challenger
 11     Alan Wheat             Democratic candidate
 12     John Ashcroft          Republican candidate
 29     Christopher Bond       Republican -- term not up
 57     Mel Carnahan           Democratic -- term not up
      
                      North Carolina  01
 33     Eva Clayton            Democratic incumbent
 36     Ted Tyler              Republican challenger
 18     Jesse Helms            Republican -- term not up
 28     Lauch Faircloth        Republican -- term not up
 57     James B. Hunt, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
      
                      North Carolina  05
 31     A.P. "Sandy" Sands     Democratic candidate
 32     Richard Burr           Republican candidate
 18     Jesse Helms            Republican -- term not up
 28     Lauch Faircloth        Republican -- term not up
 57     James B. Hunt, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
      
                      North Carolina  07
 33     Charlie Rose           Democratic incumbent
 36     Robert C. Anderson     Republican challenger
 18     Jesse Helms            Republican -- term not up
 28     Lauch Faircloth        Republican -- term not up
 57     James B. Hunt, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
      
                      North Carolina  08
 33     W.G. "Bill" Hefner     Democratic incumbent
 36     Sherrill Morgan        Republican challenger
 18     Jesse Helms            Republican -- term not up
 28     Lauch Faircloth        Republican -- term not up
 57     James B. Hunt, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
      
                      North Carolina  09
 31     Rory Blake             Democratic candidate
 32     Sue Myrick             Republican candidate
 18     Jesse Helms            Republican -- term not up
 28     Lauch Faircloth        Republican -- term not up
 57     James B. Hunt, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Nebraska      01
 35     Patrick Combs          Democratic challenger
 34     Doug Bereuter          Republican incumbent
 13     Bob Kerrey             Democratic incumbent
 16     Jan Stoney             Republican challenger
 19     J. James Exon          Democratic -- term not up
 53     Ben Nelson             Democratic incumbent
 56     Gene Spence            Republican challenger
      
                      New Hampshire  01
 35     Bill Verge             Democratic challenger
 34     Bill Zeliff            Republican incumbent
 18     Bob Smith              Republican -- term not up
 28     Judd Gregg             Republican -- term not up
 55     Wayne D. King          Democratic challenger
 54     Stephen Merrill        Republican incumbent
      
                      New Hampshire  02
 33     Dick Swett             Democratic incumbent
 36     Charles Bass           Republican challenger
 18     Bob Smith              Republican -- term not up
 28     Judd Gregg             Republican -- term not up
 55     Wayne D. King          Democratic challenger
 54     Stephen Merrill        Republican incumbent
      
                      New Jersey    01
 33     Robert E. Andrews      Democratic incumbent
 36     James N. Hogan         Republican challenger
 13     Frank R. Lautenberg    Democratic incumbent
 16     Garabed "Chuck" Hayt   Republican challenger
 19     Bill Bradley           Democratic -- term not up
 58     Christine Todd Whitman   Republican --term not up
      
                      New Jersey    02
 31     Louis N. Magazzu       Democratic candidate
 32     Frank A. LoBiondo      Republican candidate
 13     Frank R. Lautenberg    Democratic incumbent
 16     Garabed "Chuck" Hayt   Republican challenger
 19     Bill Bradley           Democratic -- term not up
 58     Christine Todd Whitman   Republican --term not up
      
                      New Jersey    05
 35     Bill Auer              Democratic challenger
 34     Marge Roukema          Republican incumbent
 13     Frank R. Lautenberg    Democratic incumbent
 16     Garabed "Chuck" Hayt   Republican challenger
 19     Bill Bradley           Democratic -- term not up
 58     Christine Todd Whitman   Republican --term not up
      
                      New Jersey    07
 35     Karen Carroll          Democratic challenger
 34     Bob Franks             Republican incumbent
 13     Frank R. Lautenberg    Democratic incumbent
 16     Garabed "Chuck" Hayt   Republican challenger
 19     Bill Bradley           Democratic -- term not up
 58   Christine Todd Whitman   Republican --term not up
      
                      New Jersey    09
 33     Robert G. Torricelli   Democratic incumbent
 36     Peter J. Russo         Republican challenger
 13     Frank R. Lautenberg    Democratic incumbent
 16     Garabed "Chuck" Hayt   Republican challenger
 19     Bill Bradley           Democratic -- term not up
 58     Christine Todd Whitman   Republican --term not up
      
                      New Jersey    10
 33     Donald M. Payne        Democratic incumbent
 36     Jim Ford               Republican challenger
 13     Frank R. Lautenberg    Democratic incumbent
 16     Garabed "Chuck" Hayt   Republican challenger
 19     Bill Bradley           Democratic -- term not up
 58     Christine Todd Whitman   Republican --term not up
      
                      New Jersey    11
 31     Frank Herbert          Democratic candidate
 32     Rodney P. Frelinghuy   Republican candidate
 13     Frank R. Lautenberg    Democratic incumbent
 16     Garabed "Chuck" Hayt   Republican challenger
 19     Bill Bradley           Democratic -- term not up
 58     Christine Todd Whitman   Republican --term not up
      
                      New Jersey    13
 33     Robert Menendez        Democratic incumbent
 36     Fernando A. Alonso     Republican challenger
 13     Frank R. Lautenberg    Democratic incumbent
 16     Garabed "Chuck" Hayt   Republican challenger
 19     Bill Bradley           Democratic -- term not up
 58     Christine Todd Whitman   Republican --term not up
      
                      New York      01
 33     George J. Hochbrueck   Democratic incumbent
 36     Michael Forbes         Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      02
 35     James Manfre           Democratic challenger
 34     Rick A. Lazio          Republican incumbent
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      03
 35     Norma Grill            Democratic challenger
 34     Peter T. King          Republican incumbent
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      04
 31     Ferne Steckler         Democratic candidate
 32     Daniel Frisa           Republican candidate
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      05
 33     Gary Ackerman          Democratic incumbent
 36     Grant M. Lally         Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      06
 33     Floyd H. Flake         Democratic incumbent
 36     Denny D. Bhagwandin    Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      07
 33     Thomas J. Manton       Democratic incumbent
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      08
 33     Jerrold Nadler         Democratic incumbent
 36     David Askren           Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      10
 33     Edolphus Towns         Democratic incumbent
 36     Amelia Smith Parker    Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      11
 33     Major R. Owens         Democratic incumbent
 36     Gary S. Popkin         Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      14
 33     Carolyn B. Maloney     Democratic incumbent
 36     Charles Millard        Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      16
 33     Jose E. Serrano        Democratic incumbent
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      17
 33     Eliot L. Engel         Democratic incumbent
 36     Edward T. Marshall     Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      18
 33     Nita M. Lowey          Democratic incumbent
 36     Andrew  C. Hartzell,   Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      19
 31     Sue W. Kelly           Democratic candidate
 32     Hamilton Fish, Jr.     Republican candidate
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      27
 35     William A. Long Jr.    Democratic challenger
 34     Bill Paxon             Republican incumbent
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      29
 33     John J. LaFalce        Democratic incumbent
 36     William E. Miller      Republican challenger
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      30
 35     David Franczyk         Democratic challenger
 34     Jack Quinn             Republican incumbent
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      New York      31
 34     Amo Houghton           Republican incumbent
 13     Daniel Patrick Moynihan   Democratic incumbent
 16     Bernadette Castro      Republican challenger
 29     Alfonse M. D'Amato     Republican -- term not up
 53     Mario M. Cuomo         Democratic incumbent
 56     George E. Pataki       Republican challenger
      
                      Ohio          03
 33     Tony P. Hall           Democratic incumbent
 36     David A. Westbrock     Republican challenger
 11     Joel Hyatt             Democratic candidate
 12     Mike DeWine            Republican candidate
 19     John H. Glenn, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Robert L. Burch, Jr    Democratic challenger
 54     George V. Voinovich    Republican incumbent
      
                      Ohio          07
 34     David L. Hobson        Republican incumbent
 11     Joel Hyatt             Democratic candidate
 12     Mike DeWine            Republican candidate
 19     John H. Glenn, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Robert L. Burch, Jr    Democratic challenger
 54     George V. Voinovich    Republican incumbent
      
                      Ohio          08
 34     John Andrew Boehner    Republican incumbent
 11     Joel Hyatt             Democratic candidate
 12     Mike DeWine            Republican candidate
 19     John H. Glenn, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Robert L. Burch, Jr    Democratic challenger
 54     George V. Voinovich    Republican incumbent
      
                      Ohio          18
 31     Greg L. DiDonato       Democratic candidate
 32     Bob NeyRepublican candidate
 11     Joel Hyatt             Democratic candidate
 12     Mike DeWine            Republican candidate
 19     John H. Glenn, Jr.     Democratic -- term not up
 55     Robert L. Burch, Jr    Democratic challenger
 54     George V. Voinovich    Republican incumbent
      
                      Oklahoma      01
 31     Stuart Price           Democratic candidate
 32     Steve Largent          Republican candidate
 11     Dave McCurdy           Democratic candidate
 12     James Inhofe           Republican candidate
 29     Don Nickles            Republican -- term not up
 51     Jack Mildren           Democratic candidate
 52     Frank Keating          Republican candidate
      
                      Oklahoma      02
 31     Virgil R. Cooper       Democratic candidate
 32     Tom Coburn             Republican candidate
 11     Dave McCurdy           Democratic candidate
 12     James Inhofe           Republican candidate
 29     Don Nickles            Republican -- term not up
 51     Jack Mildren           Democratic candidate
 52     Frank Keating          Republican candidate
      
                      Oklahoma      02
 31     Virgil R. Cooper       Democratic candidate
 32     Tom Coburn             Republican candidate
 11     Dave McCurdy           Democratic candidate
 12     James Inhofe           Republican candidate
 29     Don Nickles            Republican -- term not up
 51     Jack Mildren           Democratic candidate
 52     Frank Keating          Republican candidate
      
                      Oregon        01
 33     Elizabeth Furse        Democratic incumbent
 36     Bill Witt              Republican challenger
 18     Mark O. Hatfield       Republican -- term not up
 28     Bob Packwood           Republican -- term not up
 51     John Kitzhaber         Democratic candidate
 52     Denny Smith            Republican candidate
      
                      Oregon        03
 33     Ron Wyden              Democratic incumbent
 36     Everett Hall           Republican challenger
 18     Mark O. Hatfield       Republican -- term not up
 28     Bob Packwood           Republican -- term not up
 51     John Kitzhaber         Democratic candidate
 52     Denny Smith            Republican candidate
      
                      Oregon        04
 33     Peter A. DeFazio       Democratic incumbent
 36     John D. Newkirk        Republican challenger
 18     Mark O. Hatfield       Republican -- term not up
 28     Bob Packwood           Republican -- term not up
 51     John Kitzhaber         Democratic candidate
 52     Denny Smith            Republican candidate
      
                      Pennsylvania  01
 33     Thomas M. Foglietta    Democratic incumbent
 36     Roger Gordon           Republican challenger
 13     Harris Wofford         Democratic incumbent
 16     Rick Santorum          Republican challenger
 29     Arlen Specter          Republican -- term not up
 51     Mark Singel            Democratic candidate
 52     Tom Ridge              Republican candidate
      
                      Pennsylvania  02
 31     Chaka Fattah           Democratic candidate
 32     Lawrence R. Watson     Republican candidate
 13     Harris Wofford         Democratic incumbent
 16     Rick Santorum          Republican challenger
 29     Arlen Specter          Republican -- term not up
 51     Mark Singel            Democratic candidate
 52     Tom Ridge              Republican candidate
      
                      Pennsylvania  08
 35     John P. Murray         Democratic challenger
 34     James C. Greenwood     Republican incumbent
 13     Harris Wofford         Democratic incumbent
 16     Rick Santorum          Republican challenger
 29     Arlen Specter          Republican -- term not up
 51     Mark Singel            Democratic candidate
 52     Tom Ridge              Republican candidate
      
                      Pennsylvania  12
 33     John P. Murtha         Democratic incumbent
 36     Bill Choby             Republican challenger
 13     Harris Wofford         Democratic incumbent
 16     Rick Santorum          Republican challenger
 29     Arlen Specter          Republican -- term not up
 51     Mark Singel            Democratic candidate
 52     Tom Ridge              Republican candidate
      
                      Pennsylvania  13
 33     Marjorie Margolies-M   Democratic incumbent
 36     Jon D. Fox             Republican challenger
 13     Harris Wofford         Democratic incumbent
 16     Rick Santorum          Republican challenger
 29     Arlen Specter          Republican -- term not up
/s(1). 51     Mark Singel            Democratic candidate
 52     Tom Ridge              Republican candidate
      
                      Pennsylvania  14
 33     William J. Coyne       Democratic incumbent
 36     John Robert Clark      Republican challenger
 13     Harris Wofford         Democratic incumbent
 16     Rick Santorum          Republican challenger
 29     Arlen Specter          Republican -- term not up
 51     Mark Singel            Democratic candidate
 52     Tom Ridge              Republican candidate
      
                      Pennsylvania  17
 34     George W. Gekas        Republican incumbent
 13     Harris Wofford         Democratic incumbent
 16     Rick Santorum          Republican challenger
 29     Arlen Specter          Republican -- term not up
 51     Mark Singel            Democratic candidate
 52     Tom Ridge              Republican candidate
      
                      Pennsylvania  18
 31     Mike Doyle             Democratic candidate
 32     John McCarty           Republican candidate
 13     Harris Wofford         Democratic incumbent
 16     Rick Santorum          Republican challenger
 29     Arlen Specter          Republican -- term not up
 51     Mark Singel            Democratic candidate
 52     Tom Ridge              Republican candidate
      
                      South Dakota  01
 33     Tim Johnson            Democratic incumbent
 36     Jan Berkhout           Republican challenger
 17     Thomas Daschle         Democratic -- term not up
 18     Larry Pressler         Republican -- term not up
 51     Jim Beddow             Democratic candidate
 52     William J. Janklow     Republican candidate
      
                      Tennessee     02
 34     John J. "Jimmy" Duncan   Republican incumbent
 13     Jim Sasser             Democratic incumbent
 16     Bill Frist             Republican challenger
 11a    Jim Cooper             Democratic candidate
 12a    Fred Thompson          Republican candidate
 51     Phil Bredesen          Democratic candidate
 52     Don Sundquist          Republican candidate
      
                      Tennessee     03
 31     Randy Button           Democratic candidate
 32     Zach Wamp              Republican candidate
 13     Jim Sasser             Democratic incumbent
 16     Bill Frist             Republican challenger
 11a    Jim Cooper             Democratic candidate
 12a    Fred Thompson          Republican candidate
 51     Phil Bredesen          Democratic candidate
 52     Don Sundquist          Republican candidate
      
                      Tennessee     04
 31     Jeff Whorley           Democratic candidate
 32     Van Hilleary           Republican candidate
 13     Jim Sasser             Democratic incumbent
 16     Bill Frist             Republican challenger
 11a    Jim Cooper             Democratic candidate
 12a    Fred Thompson          Republican candidate
 51     Phil Bredesen          Democratic candidate
 52     Don Sundquist          Republican candidate
      
                      Tennessee     05
 33     Bob Clement            Democratic incumbent
 36     John Osborne           Republican challenger
 13     Jim Sasser             Democratic incumbent
 16     Bill Frist             Republican challenger
 11a    Jim Cooper             Democratic candidate
 12a    Fred Thompson          Republican candidate
 51     Phil Bredesen          Democratic candidate
 52     Don Sundquist          Republican candidate
      
                      Texas         01
 33     Jim Chapman            Democratic incumbent
 36     Mike Blankenship       Republican challenger
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         03
 34     Sam Johnson            Republican incumbent
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         06
 35     Terry Jesmore          Democratic challenger
 34     Joe L. Barton          Republican incumbent
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         07
 34     Bill Archer            Republican incumbent
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         08
 34     Jack Fields            Republican incumbent
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         09
 33     Jack Brooks            Democratic incumbent
 36     Steve Stockman         Republican challenger
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         11
 33     Chet Edwards           Democratic incumbent
 36     Jim Broyles            Republican challenger
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         12
 33     Pete Geren             Democratic incumbent
 36     Ernest J. Anderson    Republican challenger
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         13
 33     Bill Sarpalius         Democratic incumbent
 36     William M. "Mac"       Republican challenger
        Thornberry
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         14
 33     Greg Laughlin          Democratic incumbent
 36     Jim Deats              Republican challenger
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         15
 33     E. "Kika" de la Garza  Democratic incumbent
 36     Tom Haughey            Republican challenger
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                     Texas         18
 31     Sheila Jackson Lee     Democratic candidate
 32     Jerry Burley           Republican candidate
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                     Texas         21
 34     Lamar Smith            Republican incumbent
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                     Texas         25
 31     Ken Bentsen            Democratic candidate
 32     Gene Fontenot          Republican candidate
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         26
 35     LeEarl Ann Bryant      Democratic challenger
 34     Dick Armey             Republican incumbent
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         29
 33     Gene Green             Democratic incumbent
 36     Harold "Oilman" Eide   Republican challenger
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Texas         30
 33     Eddie Bernice Johnson  Democratic incumbent
 36     Lucy Cain              Republican challenger
 15     Richard Fisher         Democratic challenger
 14     Kay Bailey Hutchinson   Republican incumbent
 29     Phil Gramm             Republican -- term not up
 53     Ann W. Richards        Democratic incumbent
 56     George W. Bush         Republican challenger
      
                      Utah          02
 33     Karen Shepherd         Democratic incumbent
 36     Enid Greene Waldholt   Republican challenger
 15     Patrick A. Shea        Democratic challenger
 14     Orrin G. Hatch         Republican incumbent
 29     Robert F. Bennett      Republican -- term not up
 58     Micheal O. Leavitt     Republican --term not up
      
                      Virginia      01
 35     Mary Sinclair          Democratic challenger
 34     Herb Bateman           Republican incumbent
 13     Charles S. Robb        Democratic incumbent
 16     Oliver North           Republican challenger
 29     John W. Warner         Republican -- term not up
 26     J. Marshall Coleman    Independent challenger
 58     George F. Allen        Republican --term not up
      
                      Virginia      03
 33     Robert C. (Bobby) Sc   Democratic incumbent
 36     Tom Ward               Republican challenger
 13     Charles S. Robb        Democratic incumbent
 16     Oliver North           Republican challenger
 29     John W. Warner         Republican -- term not up
 26     J. Marshall Coleman    Independent challenger
 58     George F. Allen        Republican --term not up
      
                      Virginia      04
 33     Norman Sisisky         Democratic incumbent
 36     George Sweet           Republican challenger
 13     Charles S. Robb        Democratic incumbent
 16     Oliver North           Republican challenger
 29     John W. Warner         Republican -- term not up
 26     J. Marshall Coleman    Independent challenger
 58     George F. Allen        Republican --term not up
      
                      Virginia      07
 35     Gerald Berg            Democratic challenger
 34     Thomas J. Bliley, Jr   Republican incumbent
 13     Charles S. Robb        Democratic incumbent
 16     Oliver North           Republican challenger
 29     John W. Warner         Republican -- term not up
 26     J. Marshall Coleman    Independent challenger
 58     George F. Allen        Republican --term not up
      
                      Virginia      08
 33     James P. Moran, Jr.    Demcratic incumbent
 34     Kyle McSlarrow         Republican challenger
 13     Charles S. Robb        Democratic incumbent
 16     Oliver North           Republican challenger
 29     John W. Warner         Republican -- term not up
 26     J. Marshall Coleman    Independent challenger
 58     George F. Allen        Republican --term not up
      
                      Virginia      09
 33     Rick Boucher           Democratic incumbent
 34     Steve Fast             Republican challenger
 13     Charles S. Robb        Democratic incumbent
 16     Oliver North           Republican challenger
 29     John W. Warner         Republican -- term not up
 26     J. Marshall Coleman    Independent challenger
 58     George F. Allen        Republican --term not up
      
                      Virginia      10
 30     Alan Ogden             Independent challenger
 34     Frank R. Wolf          Republican incumbent
 13     Charles S. Robb        Democratic incumbent
 16     Oliver North           Republican challenger
 29     John W. Warner         Republican -- term not up
 26     J. Marshall Coleman    Independent challenger
 58     George F. Allen        Republican --term not up
      
                      Washington    01
 33     Maria Cantwell         Democratic incumbent
 36     Rick White             Republican challenger
 15     Ron Sims               Democratic challenger
 14     Slade Gorton           Republican incumbent
 19     Patty Murray           Democratic -- term not up
 57     Michael Lowry          Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Washington    02
 31     Harriet A. Spanel      Democratic candidate
 32     Jack Metcalf           Republican candidate
 15     Ron Sims               Democratic challenger
 14     Slade Gorton           Republican incumbent
 19     Patty Murray           Democratic -- term not up
 57     Michael Lowry          Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Washington    07
 33     Jim McDermott          Democratic incumbent
 36     Keith Harris           Republican challenger
 15     Ron Sims               Democratic challenger
 14     Slade Gorton           Republican incumbent
 19     Patty Murray           Democratic -- term not up
 57     Michael Lowry          Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Washington    08
 35     Jim Wyrick             Democratic challenger
 34     Jennifer Dunn          Republican incumbent
 15     Ron Sims               Democratic challenger
 14     Slade Gorton           Republican incumbent
 19     Patty Murray           Democratic -- term not up
 57     Michael Lowry          Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Washington    09
 33     Mike Kriedler          Democratic incumbent
 36     Randy Tate             Republican challenger
 15     Ron Sims               Democratic challenger
 14     Slade Gorton           Republican incumbent
 19     Patty Murray           Democratic -- term not up
 57     Michael Lowry          Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Wisconsin     01
 33     Peter W. Barca         Democratic incumbent
 36     Mark W. Neumann        Republican challenger
 13     Herb Kohl              Democratic incumbent
 16     Robert T. Welch        Republican challenger
 19     Russell Feingold       Democratic -- term not up
 55     Chuck Chvala           Democratic challenger
 54     Tommy G. Thompson      Republican incumbent
      
                      Wisconsin     04
 33     Gerald D. Kleczka      Democratic incumbent
 36     Tom Reynolds           Republican challenger
 13     Herb Kohl              Democratic incumbent
 16     Robert T. Welch        Republican challenger
 19     Russell Feingold       Democratic -- term not up
 55     Chuck Chvala           Democratic challenger
 54     Tommy G. Thompson      Republican incumbent
      
                      Wisconsin     05
 33     Thomas M. Barrett      Democratic incumbent
 36     Stephen B. Hollingsh   Republican challenger
 13     Herb Kohl              Democratic incumbent
 16     Robert T. Welch        Republican challenger
 19     Russell Feingold       Democratic -- term not up
 55     Chuck Chvala           Democratic challenger
 54     Tommy G. Thompson      Republican incumbent
      
                      Wisconsin     09
 34     F. James Sensenbrenner Republican incumbent
 13     Herb Kohl              Democratic incumbent
 16     Robert T. Welch        Republican challenger
 19     Russell Feingold       Democratic -- term not up
 55     Chuck Chvala           Democratic challenger
 54     Tommy G. Thompson      Republican incumbent
      
                      West Virginia  01
 33     Alan B. Mollohan       Democratic incumbent
 36     Sally Rossy Riley      Republican challenger
 13     Robert C. Byrd         Democratic incumbent
 16     Stan Klos              Republican challenger
 19     John D. Rockefeller    Democratic -- term not up
 57     Gaston Caperton        Democratic -- term not up
      
                      Wyoming       01
 31     Bob Schuster           Democratic candidate
 32     Barbara  Cubin         Republican candidate
 11     Mike Sullivan          Democratic candidate
 12     Craig Thomas           Republican candidate
 29     Alan Simpson           Republican -- term not up
 51     Kathy Karpan           Democratic candidate
 52     Jim Geringer           Republican candidate
      
            
1996 CANDIDATE LISTS AND SAMPLE BALLOT CARDS
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      T.D. (Ted) Little       Democratic candidate
32      Bob Riley               Republican candidate
41      Glen Browder            Democrat -- retiring
----------------------------------------------------- 
State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Robert T. Wilson Jr.    Democratic candidate
32      Robert Aderholt         Republican candidate
41      Tom Bevill              Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 5
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bud Cramer              Democratic incumbent
36      Wayne Parker            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 6
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mary Lynn Bates         Democratic challenger
34      Spencer Bachus          Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Alabama         Congressional District: 7
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Roger Bedford           Democratic candidate
12      Jeff Sessions           Republican candidate
21      Howell Heflin           Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Earl E. Hilliard        Democratic incumbent
36      Joe Powell              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Matt Salmon             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Ed Pastor               Democratic incumbent
36      Jim Buster              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 3
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Alexander Schneider     Democratic challenger
34      Bob Stump               Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 4
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Maria Elena Milton      Democratic challenger
34      John Shadegg            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Arizona         Congressional District: 6
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Steve Owens             Democratic challenger
34      J.D. Hayworth           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Arkansas        Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Winston Bryant          Democratic candidate
12      Tim Hutchinson          Republican candidate
21      David Pryor             Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Vincent Tolliver        Democratic challenger
34      Jay Dickey              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------        
State:  California      Congressional District: 3
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Vic Fazio               Democratic incumbent
36      Tim LeFever             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 4
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Katie Hirning           Democratic challenger
34      John T. Doolittle       Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 6
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Lynn Woolsey            Democratic incumbent
36      Duane C. Hughes         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 8
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Nancy Pelosi            Democratic incumbent
36      Justin Raimondo         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 9
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Ronald V. Dellums       Democratic incumbent
36      Deborah Wright          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 10
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Ellen O. Tauscher       Democratic challenger
34      Bill Baker              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 12
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Tom Lantos              Democratic incumbent
36      Storm Jenkins           Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 13
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Pete Stark              Democratic incumbent
36      James S. Fay            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 17
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sam Farr                Democratic incumbent
36      Jess Brown              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 19
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Paul Barile             Democratic challenger
34      George P. Radanovich    Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 20
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Cal Dooley              Democratic incumbent
36      Trice Harvey            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 25
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Diane Trautman          Democratic challenger
34      Howard P. 'Buck' McKeon Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 26
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Howard L. Berman        Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Glass              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 27
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Doug Kahn               Democratic candidate
32      James E. Rogan          Republican candidate
42      Carlos J. Moorhead      Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 28
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      David Levering          Democratic challenger
34      David Dreier            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 29
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Henry A. Waxman         Democratic incumbent
36      Paul Stepanek           Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 32
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Julian C. Dixon         Democratic incumbent
36      Larry Ardito            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 33
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Lucille Roybal-Allard   Democratic incumbent
36      John P. Leonard         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 35
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Maxine Waters           Democratic incumbent
36      Eric Carlson            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 36
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jane Harman             Democratic incumbent
36      Susan Brooks            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 38
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Rick Zbur               Democratic challenger
34      Steve Horn              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 39
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      R.O. (Bob) Davis        Democratic challenger
34      Ed Royce                Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 40
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Robert (Bob) Conaway    Democratic challenger
34      Jerry Lewis             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 42
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      George E. Brown Jr.     Democratic incumbent
36      Linda M. Wilde          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 44
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Anita Rufus             Democratic challenger
34      Sonny Bono              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 45
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Sally J. Alexander      Democratic challenger
34      Dana Rohrabacher        Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 46
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Loretta Sanchez         Democratic challenger
34      Robert K. Dornan        Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 47
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Tina Louise Laine       Democratic challenger
34      Christopher Cox         Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------        
State:  California      Congressional District: 48
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Dan Farrell             Democratic challenger
34      Ron Packard             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  California      Congressional District: 51
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Rita Tamerius           Democratic challenger
34      Randy (Duke) Cunningham Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Diana Degette           Democratic candidate
32      Joe Rogers              Republican candidate
41      Pat Schroeder           Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      David E. Skaggs         Democratic incumbent
36      Pat Miller              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Guy Kelley              Democratic candidate
32      Bob Schaffer            Republican candidate
42      Wayne Allard            Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 5
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mike Robinson           Democratic challenger
34      Joel Hefley             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Colorado        Congressional District: 6
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Strickland          Democratic candidate
12      Wayne Allard            Republican candidate
22      Hank Brown              Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Joan Fitz-Gerald        Democratic challenger
34      Dan Schaefer            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Connecticut     Congressional District: 3
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Rosa DeLauro            Democratic incumbent
36      John Coppola            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Connecticut     Congressional District: 5
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      James H. Maloney        Democratic challenger
34      Gary A. Franks          Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Allen Boyd              Democratic candidate
32      Bill Sutton             Republican candidate
41      Pete Peterson           Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 12
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mike Canady             Democratic challenger
34      Charles T. Canady       Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 13
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Sanford Gordon          Democratic challenger
34      Dan Miller              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 15
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      John L. Byron           Democratic challenger
34      David Weldon            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 17
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Carrie P. Meek          Democratic incumbent
36      Wellington Rolle        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 18
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Ileana Ros-Lehtinen     Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 21
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Lincoln Diaz-Balart     Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 23
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Alcee L. Hastings       Democratic incumbent
36      Robert Paul Brown       Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 3
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Corrine Brown           Democratic incumbent
36      Preston James Fields    Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 4
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Tillie Fowler           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 6
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Newell O'Brien          Democratic challenger
34      Cliff Stearns           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Florida         Congressional District: 8
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Al Krulick              Democratic challenger
34      Bill McCollum           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Rosemary Kaszans        Democratic challenger
34      Jack Kingston           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sanford Bishop          Democratic incumbent
36      Darrel Ealum            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
                                
35      Jim Chafin              Democratic challenger
34      Mac Collins             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Cynthia McKinney        Democratic incumbent
36      John Mitnick            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 5
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John Lewis              Democratic incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 6
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Michael Coles           Democratic challenger
34      Newt Gingrich           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 7
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Charlie Watts           Democratic challenger
34      Bob Barr                Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Georgia         Congressional District: 9
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Max Cleland             Democratic candidate
12      Guy Millner             Republican candidate
21      Sam Nunn                Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      McCracken (Ken) Poston  Democratic challenger
34      Nathan Deal             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Hawaii          Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Patsy T. Mink           Democratic incumbent
36      Tom Pico Jr.            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------        
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bobby L. Rush           Democratic incumbent
36      Noel Naughton           Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jesse Jackson Jr.       Democratic incumbent
36      Thomas Joseph Somer     Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------  
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      William O. Lipinski     Democratic incumbent
36      Jim Nalepa              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Luis V. Gutierrez       Democratic incumbent
36      Thomas Mendoza Jr.      Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 5
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Rod R. Blagojevich      Democratic challenger
34      Michael Patrick FlanaganRepublican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 6
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Stephen de la Rosa      Democratic challenger
34      Henry J. Hyde           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 7
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Danny K. Davis          Democratic candidate
32      Randy Borow             Republican candidate
41      Cardiss Collins         Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 9
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sidney R. Yates         Democratic incumbent
36      Joseph Walsh            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 10
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Philip R. Torf          Democratic challenger
34      John Edward Porter      Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 11
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Clem Balanoff           Democratic challenger
34      Jerry Weller            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 12
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jerry F. Costello       Democratic incumbent
36      Shapley R. Hunter       Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 19
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Glenn Poshard           Democratic incumbent
36      Brent Winters           Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Illinois        Congressional District: 20
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Richard J. Durbin       Democratic candidate
12      Albert Salvi            Republican candidate
21      Paul Simon              Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Jay C. Hoffman          Democratic candidate
32      John M. Shimkus         Republican candidate
41      Richard J. Durbin       Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Peter J. Visclosky      Democratic incumbent
36      Michael Edward Petyo    Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      R. Marc Carmichael      Democratic challenger
34      David M. McIntosh       Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 4
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Gerald L. Houseman      Democratic challenger
34      Marc Edward Souder      Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 6
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Carrie Dillard Trammell Democratic challenger
34      Dan Burton              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 7
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Robert F. Hellmann      Democratic candidate
32      Edward A. Pease         Republican candidate
42      John T. Myers           Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Indiana         Congressional District: 9
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Lee H. Hamilton         Democratic incumbent
36      Jean Leising            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Iowa            Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Tom Harkin      Democratic incumbent
16      Jim Ross Lightfoot      Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Leonard L. Boswell      Democratic candidate
32      Mike Mahaffey           Republican candidate
42      Jim Lightfoot           Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Iowa            Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Tom Harkin              Democratic incumbent
16      Jim Ross Lightfoot      Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Connie McBurney         Democratic challenger
34      Greg Ganske             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Kansas          Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Sally Thompson          Democratic candidate
12      Pat Roberts             Republican candidate
22      Nancy Kassebaum         Republican -- retiring
93      Jill Docking            Democratic candidate
94      Sam Brownback           Republican candidate
96      Bob Dole                Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Judy Hancock            Democratic candidate
32      Vince K. Snowbarger     Republican candidate
42      Jan Meyers              Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Louisiana       Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Mary L. Landrieu        Democratic candidate
12      Louis (Woody) Jenkins   Republican candidate
21      Bennett Johnston.       Democrat -- retriing
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Paul M. Chachere        Democratic challenger
34      Jim McCrery             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Steven R. Eastaugh      Democratic challenger
34      Wayne T. Gilchrest      Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Connie DeJuliis         Democratic challenger
34      Robert L. Ehrlich Jr.   Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 3
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Benjamin L. Cardin      Democratic incumbent
36      Patrick L. McDonough    Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 4
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Albert R. Wynn          Democratic incumbent
36      John B. Kimble          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 5
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Steny H. Hoyer          Democratic incumbent
36      John S. Morgan          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 6
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Stephen Crawford        Democratic challenger
34      Roscoe G. Bartlett      Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 7
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Elijah E. Cummings      Democratic candidate
32      Kenneth Kondner         Republican candidate
41      Kweisi Mfume            Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Maryland        Congressional District: 8
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Donald Mooers           Democratic challenger
34      Constance A. Morella    Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John W. Olver           Democratic incumbent
36      Jane Swift              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Richard E. Neal         Democratic incumbent
36      Mark Steele             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jim McGovern            Democratic challenger
34      Peter I. Blute          Republican incumbent
----------------------------------------------------
State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 6
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      John Tierney            Democratic challenger
34      Peter G. Torkildsen     Republican incumbent
---------------------------------------------------
State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 8
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Joseph P. Kennedy II    Democratic incumbent
36      R. Philip Hyde          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 9
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Joe Moakley             Democratic incumbent
36      Paul Gryska             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Massachusetts   Congressional District: 10
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      John Kerry              Democratic incumbent
16      William F. Weld         Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Phil Johnston           Democratic candidate
32      Edward Teague           Republican candidate
41      Gerry E. Studds         Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Dan Kruszynski          Democratic challenger
34      Peter Hoekstra          Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Betsy J. Flory          Democratic challenger
34      Vernon J. Ehlers        Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Lisa A. Donaldson       Democratic challenger
34      Dave Camp               Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------        
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 5
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      James A. Barcia         Democratic incumbent
36      Lawrence H. Sims        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 7
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Kim H. Tunnicliff       Democratic challenger
34      Nick Smith              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 9
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Dale E. Kildee          Democratic incumbent
36      Patrick M. Nowak        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 10
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      David E. Bonior         Democratic incumbent
36      Susy Heintz             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 11
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Morris Frumin           Democratic challenger
34      Joe Knollenberg         Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 12
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sander Levin            Democratic incumbent
36      John Pappageorge        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 14
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John Conyers Jr.        Democratic incumbent
36      William A. Ashe         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------        
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 15
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Carolyn Kilpatrick      Democratic candidate
32      Stephen Hume            Republican candidate
41      Barbara-Rose Collins    Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Michigan        Congressional District: 16
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Carl Levin              Democratic incumbent
16      Ronna Romney            Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John D. Dingell         Democratic incumbent
36      James R. Desana         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mary Rieder             Democratic challenger
34      Gil Gutknecht           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      David Minge             Democratic incumbent
36      Gary B. Revier          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bruce F. Vento          Democratic incumbent
36      Dennis Newinski         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 5
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Martin Olav Sabo        Democratic incumbent
36      Jack Uldrich            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Minnesota       Congressional District: 6
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Paul Wellstone          Democratic incumbent
16      Rudy Boschwitz          Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      William P. Luther       Democratic incumbent
36      Tad Jude                Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Mississippi     Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      James W. (Bootie) Hunt  Democratic challenger
14      Thad Cochran            Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      John Arthur Eaves Jr.   Democratic candidate
32      Charles W. Pickering Jr Republican candidate
41      G.V. Sonny Montgomery   Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------        
State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      William L. Clay         Democratic incumbent
36      Daniel O'Sullivan Jr.   Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Joan Kelly Horn         Democratic challenger
34      James M. Talent         Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 3
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Richard A. Gephardt     Democratic incumbent
36      Deborah Lynn Wheelehan  Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 4
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Ike Skelton             Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Phelps             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 5
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Karen McCarthy          Democratic incumbent
36      Allen Hutchinson        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 6
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Pat Danner              Democratic incumbent
36      Jeff Bailey             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 7
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Ruth Bamberger          Democratic candidate
32      Roy Blunt               Republican candidate
42      Mel Hancock             Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Missouri        Congressional District: 9
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Harold L. Volkmer       Democratic incumbent
36      Kenny Hulshof           Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Nebraska        Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Ben Nelson              Democratic candidate
12      Chuck Hagel             Republican candidate
21      James Exon              Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Patrick J. Combs        Democratic challenger
34      Doug Bereuter           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Nebraska        Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Ben Nelson              Democratic candidate
12      Chuck Hagel             Republican candidate
21      James Exon              Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      James Martin Davis      Democratic challenger
34      Jon Christensen         Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Nevada  Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Bob Coffin              Democratic challenger
34      John Eric Ensign        Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Hampshire   Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Dick Swett              Democratic challenger
14      Robert C. Smith         Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Joe Keefe               Democratic candidate
32      John E. Sununu          Republican candidate
42      Bill Zeliff             Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Hampshire   Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Dick Swett              Democratic challenger
14      Robert C. Smith         Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Deborah (Arnie) Arensen Democratic challenger
34      Charles Bass            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Robert E. Andrews       Democratic incumbent
36      Sophia A. Nelson        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Ruth Katz               Democratic challenger
34      Frank A. LoBiondo       Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 7
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Larry Lerner            Democratic challenger
34      Bob Franks              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 9
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Steven R. Rothman       Democratic candidate
32      Kathleen A. Donovan     Republican candidate
41      Robert G. Torricelli    Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 10
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Donald M. Payne         Democratic incumbent
36      Vanessa Williams        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 11
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Chris Evangel           Democratic challenger
34      Rodney Frelinghuysen    Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 12
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      David N. Del Vecchio    Democratic candidate
32      Mike Pappas             Republican candidate
42      Dick Zimmer             Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Jersey      Congressional District: 13
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Robert G. Torricelli    Democratic candidate
12      Dick Zimmer             Republican candidate
21      Bill Bradley            Democrat -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Robert Menendez         Democratic incumbent
36      Carlos E. Munoz         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New Mexico      Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Art Trujillo            Democratic challenger
14      Pete V. Domenici        Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bill Richardson         Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Redmond            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Nora Bredes             Democratic challenger
34      Michael P. Forbes       Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Kenneth J. Herman       Democratic challenger
34      Rick A. Lazio           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 4
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Carolyn McCarthy        Democratic challenger
34      Daniel Frisa            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 6
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Floyd H. Flake          Democratic incumbent
36      Jorawar Misir           Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 7
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Thomas J. Manton        Democratic incumbent
36      Rose Birtley            Republican challenger
----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 8
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jerrold Nadler          Democratic incumbent
36      Michael Benjamin        Republican challenger
----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 10
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Edolphus Towns          Democratic incumbent
36      Ameila Smith Parker     Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 11
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Major R. Owens          Democratic incumbent
36      Claudette Hayle         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 12
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Nydia M. Velazquez      Democratic incumbent
36      Miguel I. Prado         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 13
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Tyrone G. Butler        Democratic challenger
34      Susan Molinari          Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 14
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Carolyn B. Maloney      Democratic incumbent
36      Jeffrey E. Livingston   Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 16
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jose E. Serrano         Democratic incumbent
36      Rodney Torres           Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 17
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Eliot L. Engel          Democratic incumbent
36      Denis McCarthy          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 18
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Nita M. Lowey           Democratic incumbent
36      Kerry J. Katsorhis      Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 19
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Richard S. Klein        Democratic challenger
34      Sue W. Kelly            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 25
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Marty Mack              Democratic challenger
34      James T. Walsh          Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 27
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Thomas M. Fricano       Democratic challenger
34      Bill Paxon              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 29
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John J. LaFalce         Democratic incumbent
36      David B. Callard        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 30
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Francis Pordum          Democratic challenger
34      Jack Quinn              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  New York        Congressional District: 31
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Bruce D. MacBain        Democratic challenger
34      Amo Houghton            Republican incumbent
----------------------------------------------------- 
State:  North Carolina  Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Harvey B. Gantt         Democratic challenger
14      Jesse Helms             Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Bob Etheridge           Democratic challenger
34      David Funderburk        Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  North Carolina  Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Harvey B. Gantt         Democratic challenger
14      Jesse Helms             Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      David E. Price          Democratic challenger
34      Fred Heineman           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  North Carolina  Congressional District: 7
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Harvey B. Gantt         Democratic challenger
14      Jesse Helms             Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Mike McIntyre           Democratic candidate
32      Bill Caster             Republican candidate
41      Charile Rose            Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  North Carolina  Congressional District: 8
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Harvey B. Gantt         Democratic challenger
14      Jesse Helms             Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      W.G. (Bill) Hefner      Democratic incumbent
36      Curtis Blackwood        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Thomas R. Chandler      Democratic challenger
34      Rob Portman             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 3
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Tony P. Hall            Democratic incumbent
36      David A. Westbrock      Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 7
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Richard K. Blain        Democratic challenger
34      David L. Hobson         Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 8
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jeffrey D. Kitchen      Democratic challenger
34      John A. Boehner         Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 10
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Dennis J. Kucinich      Democratic challenger
34      Martin R. Hoke          Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 17
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      James A. Traficant      Democratic incumbent
36      Thomas P. McCabe        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 18
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Robert L. Burch         Democratic challenger
34      Bob Ney                 Republican incumbent
                        
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Ohio            Congressional District: 19
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Thomas J. Coyne Jr.     Democratic challenger
34      Steven C. LaTourette    Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Oklahoma        Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Jim Boren               Democratic challenger
14      James M. Inhofe         Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Randolph Amen           Democratic challenger
34      Steve Largent           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Oklahoma        Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Jim Boren               Democratic challenger
14      James M. Inhofe         Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Glen D. Johnson         Democratic incumbent
36      Tom Coburn              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Oklahoma        Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Jim Boren               Democratic challenger
14      James M. Inhofe         Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Ed Crocker              Democratic challenger
34      J.C. Watts              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Oregon          Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Bruggere            Democratic candidate
12      Gordon Smith            Republican candidate
22      Mark Hatfield           Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mike Dugan              Democratic challenger
34      Wes Cooley              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Oregon          Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Tom Bruggere            Democratic candidate
12      Gordon Smith            Republican candidate
22      Mark Hatfield           Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Peter A. DeFazio        Democratic incumbent
36      John D. Newkirk         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Thomas M. Foglietta     Democratic incumbent
36      James D. Cella          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Chaka Fattah            Democratic incumbent
36      Larry G. Murphy         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 5
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Ruth C. Rudy            Democratic candidate
32      John E. Peterson        Republican candidate
42      William F. Clinger Jr.  Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 7
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      John Innelli            Democratic challenger
34      Curt Weldon             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 8
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      John P. Murray          Democratic challenger
34      James C. Greenwood      Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 11
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Paul E. Kanjorski       Democratic incumbent
36      Stephen A. Urban        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 12
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      John P. Murtha          Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Choby              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 13
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Joseph M. Hoeffel       Democratic challenger
34      Jon D. Fox              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 14
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      William J. Coyne        Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Ravotti            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 17
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Paul Kettl              Democratic challenger
34      George W. Gekas         Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Pennsylvania    Congressional District: 18
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Mike Doyle              Democratic incumbent
36      David B. Fawcett        Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  South Carolina  Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Elliot Springs Close    Democratic challenger
14      Strom Thurmond          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
34      Floyd D. Spence         Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  South Dakota        Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Tim Johnson             Democratic challenger
14      Larry Pressler          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Rick Weiland            Democratic candidate
32      John R. Thune           Republican candidate
41      Tim Johnson             Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Tennessee       Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      J. Houston Gordon       Democratic challenger
14      Fred Thompson           Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Stephen Smith           Democratic challenger
34      John J. Duncan Jr.      Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Tennessee       Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      J. Houston Gordon       Democratic challenger
14      Fred Thompson           Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Charles (Chuck) Jolly   Democratic challenger
34      Zach Wamp               Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Tennessee       Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      J. Houston Gordon       Democratic challenger
14      Fred Thompson           Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Mark Stewart            Democratic challenger
34      William Van Hilleary    Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Tennessee       Congressional District: 5
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      J. Houston Gordon       Democratic challenger
14      Fred Thompson           Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bob Clement             Democratic incumbent
36      Steven L. Edmondson     Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Jim Turner              Democratic candidate
32      Brian Babin             Republican candidate
41      Charles Wilson          Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Lee Cole                Democratic challenger
34      Sam Johnson             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 6
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Janet Carroll RichardsonDemocratic challenger
34      Joe L. Barton           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 7
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Al Siegmund             Democratic challenger
34      Bill Archer             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 8
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      C.J. Newman             Democratic candidate
32      Kevin Brady             Republican candidate
42      Jack Fields Jr.         Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 9
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Nick Lampson            Democratic challenger
34      Steve Stockman          Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 11
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Chet Edwards            Democratic incumbent
36      Jay Mathis              Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 12
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Hugh Parmer             Democratic candidate
32      Kay Granger             Republican candidate
41      Pete Green              Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 13
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Samuel Brown Silverman  Democratic challenger
34      William (Mac) ThornberryRepublican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 14
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Charles 'Lefty' Morris  Democratic candidate
32      Ron Paul                Republican candidate
42      Greg Laughlin           Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 15
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Ruben Hinojosa          Democratic candidate
32      Tom Haughey             Republican candidate
41      E (Kika) de la Garza    Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 18
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Sheila Jackson Lee      Democratic incumbent
36      Larry White             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 21
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Gordon H. Wharton       Democratic challenger
34      Lamar Smith             Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 22
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Scott Douglas CunninghamDemocratic challenger
34      Tom DeLay               Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 25
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Ken Bentsen             Democratic incumbent
36      Brent Perry             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 26
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jerry Frankel           Democratic challenger
34      Dick Armey              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 28
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Frank Tejeda            Democratic incumbent
36      Mark Lynn Cude          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Texas           Congressional District: 29
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Victor M. Morales       Democratic challenger
14      Phil Gramm              Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Gene Green              Democratic incumbent
36      Jack Rodriguez          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Utah            Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Gregory J. Sanders      Democratic challenger
34      James V. Hansen Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Utah            Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Ross C. Anderson        Democratic candidate
32      Merrill Cook            Republican candidate
42      Enid Greene             Republican -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Utah            Congressional District: 3
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Bill Orton              Democratic incumbent
36      Christopher B. Cannon   Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Russell Axsom           Democratic challenger
34      Herbert H. Bateman      Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 2
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Owen B. Pickett         Democratic incumbent
36      John Tate               Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Robert C. Scott         Democratic incumbent
36      Elsie Holland           Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 4
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Norman Sisisky          Democratic incumbent
36      A.J. (Tony) Zevgolis    Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 5
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
31      Virgil Goode            Democratic candidate
32      George C. Landrith III  Republican candidate
41      Lewis F. Payne          Democrat -- retiring
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 6
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jeffrey Grey            Democratic challenger
34      Robert W. Goodlatte     Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 7
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Roderic H. Slayton      Democratic challenger
34      Thomas J. Bliley Jr.    Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 8
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      James P. Moran          Democratic incumbent
36      John Otey               Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 9
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Rick Boucher            Democratic incumbent
36      Patrick Muldoon         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 10
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Robert L. Weinberg      Democratic challenger
34      Frank R. Wolf           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Virginia        Congressional District: 11
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
15      Mark Warner             Democratic challenger
14      John W. Warner          Republican incumbent
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Tom Horton              Democratic challenger
34      Thomas M. Davis III     Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Washington      Congressional District: 1
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Jeff Coopersmith        Democratic challenger
34      Rick White              Republican incumbent
 -----------------------------------------------------
State:  Washington      Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Kevin Quigley           Democratic challenger
34      Jack Metcalf            Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Washington      Congressional District: 6
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Norm Dicks              Democratic incumbent
36      Bill Tinsley            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Washington      Congressional District: 7
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Jim McDermott           Democratic incumbent
36      Frank Kleschen          Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Washington      Congressional District: 8
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Dave Little             Democratic challenger
34      Jennifer Dunn           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Washington      Congressional District: 9
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Adam Smith              Democratic challenger
34      Randy Tate              Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  West Virginia   Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Jay Rockefeller         Democratic incumbent
16      Betty A. Burks          Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Alan B. Mollohan        Democratic incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  West Virginia   Congressional District: 3
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
13      Jay Rockefeller         Democratic incumbent
16      Betty A. Burks          Republican challenger
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Nick J. Rahall II       Democratic incumbent
36      Sharon Lord             Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Wisconsin       Congressional District: 2
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Paul R. Soglin          Democratic challenger
34      Scott L. Klug           Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Wisconsin       Congressional District: 4
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Gerald D. Kleczka       Democratic incumbent
36      Tom Reynolds            Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Wisconsin       Congressional District: 5
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
33      Thomas M. Barrett       Democratic incumbent
36      Paul D. Melotik         Republican challenger
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Wisconsin       Congressional District: 9
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Floyd Brenholt          Democratic challenger
34      F. James Sensenbrenner  Republican incumbent
-----------------------------------------------------
State:  Wyoming Congressional District: 1
(A) Names for U.S. Senate:
11      Kathy Karpan            Democratic candidate
12      Michael B. Enzi         Republican candidate
22      Alan Simpson            Republican -- retiring
(B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives:
35      Pete Maxfield           Democratic challenger
34      Barbara L. Cubin        Republican incumbent       
  
 BALLOT CARD

                       For the November 1996 General Election
                       ======================================

                                       State:  New Jersey
                      Congressional District:  01
                         Democratic                  Republican
                           Party                       Party
                         ----------                  ----------
CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES:      Robert E. Andrews             Sophia A. Nelson
CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. SENATE:          Robert G. Torricelli          Dick Zimmer

                                     BALLOT CARD
                       For the November 1996 General Election
                       ======================================
                                       State: Kansas
                      Congressional District: 01
                         Democratic                  Republican
                           Party                       Party
                         ----------                  ----------
CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES:         John Divine                Jerry Moran
CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. SENATE:             Sally Thompson             Pat Roberts

CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. SENATE:             Jill Docking               Sam Brownback

                                      BALLOT CARD
                       For the November 1996 General Election
                       ======================================
                                       State: New York
                      Congressional District: 01
                         Democratic                  Republican
                           Party                       Party
                         ----------                  ----------
CANDIDATES FOR THE
U.S. HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES:         Nora Bredes                Michael P. Forbes


>> MASTER CODE
    CANDIDATE SUPPORT 
      
                REPUBLICAN:
      
                Presidential:
                   01    Incumbent Presidential candidate, Republican
                   03    Nonincumbent Presidential candidate, Republican
      
                Senate:
                   12    US Senate candidate, Republican, in race w/o
                         incumbent
                   14    US Senate incumbent candidate, Republican
                   16    US Senate challenger candidate, Republican
                   18    US Senator, Republican, no race in state +++
                   22    Retiring US Senator, Republican +++
                   28    US Senator, Republican, no race in state +++
                   29    US Senator, Republican, term not up in state
                         w/race +++
      
                House:
                   32    US House candidate, Republican, in race w/o
                         incumbent
                   34    US House incumbent candidate, Republican
                   36    US House challenger candidate, Republican
                   42    Retiring US House Representative, Republican +++
      
                Governor:
                   52    Gubernatorial candidate, Republican, in race w/o
                         incumbent
                   54    Gubernatorial incumbent candidate, Republican
                   56    Gubernatorial challenger candidate, Republican
                   58    Governor, Republican, no race in state +++
                   62    Retiring governor, Republican +++
      
                Miscellaneous:
                   72    NA which candidate(s), Republican
                   74    Other candidate not listed above, Republican
                   76    Republican party
      
                DEMOCRATIC:
      
                Presidential:
                   02    Incumbent Presidential candidate, Democratic
                   04    Nonincumbent Presidential candidate, Democratic
      
                Senate:
                   11    US Senate candidate, Democratic, in race w/o
                         incumbent
                   13    US Senate incumbent candidate, Democratic
                   15    US Senate challenger candidate, Democratic
                   17    US Senator, Democratic, no race in state +++
                   19    US Senator, Democratic, term not up in state
                         w/race +++
                   21    Retiring US Senator, Democratic +++
                   27    US Senator, Democratic, no race in state +++
      
                House:
                   31    US House candidate, Democratic, in race w/o
                         incumbent
                   33    US House incumbent candidate, Democratic
                   35    US House challenger candidate, Democratic
                   41    Retiring US House Representative, Democratic +++
      
                Governor:
                   51    Gubernatorial candidate, Democratic, in race w/o
                         incumbent
                   53    Gubernatorial incumbent candidate, Democratic
                   55    Gubernatorial challenger candidate, Democratic
                   57    Governor, Democratic, no race in state +++
                   61    Retiring Governor, Democratic +++
      
                Miscellaneous:
                   71    NA which candidate(s), Democratic
                   73    Other candidate not listed above, Democratic
                   75    Democratic party
      
                OTHER:
                   05    Presidential candidate, independent
                   10    Independent or 3rd party Senate candidate ***
                   30    Independent or 3rd party House candidate ***
                   50    Independent or 3rd party Gubernatorial
                         candidate ***
                   80    Other minor party or minor independent candidate--
                         any office level
                   85    3rd/other party
                   95    Other candidate(s) for state/local offices (office
                         given but party NA), or non-party candidate
                   96    Other groups/individuals which are neither parties
                         nor organized supporters of specific cands
                   97    Candidate name given but office and party NA
                   98    DK
                   99    NA
      
                 +++ NAMES USED ONLY IN ERROR BY R
      
                 *** TO BE USED ONLY WHEN CANDIDATE APPEARS ON CANDIDATE
      
      
>> MASTER CODE
    1990 CENSUS DEFINITIONS
      
            THIS NOTE CONTAINS DEFINITIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS
            USED BY THE 1990 U.S. CENSUS OF POPULATION:
      
                     Metropolitan Statistical Areas
                     Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas
                     Urbanized Areas
                     Places
                     Incorporated Places
                     Unincorporated Places
      
      
                1. "METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (MSA's):"
      
                The general concept of a metropolitan area is one of a large
                population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that
                have a high degree of economic and social integration with
                that nucleus.
      
                In 1990 the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and
                the U.S. Census have used the term Metropolitan Statistical
                Area (MSA) for what in 1980 was referred to as Standard
                Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).  An attempt has been
                made by the study staff to be consistent in using the newer
                terms in the current documentation and definitions.  The
                definitions of characteristics to be classified as a
                metropolitan area have remained fairly consistent--with only
                minor changes between 1980 and 1990.  However, due to
                changes in population size and density, employment,
                commuting and other behavior which defines metropolitan
                areas, the specific geographical composition of any given
                metropolitan area has, of course, frequently changed.  The
                specific MSA title may also have changed as to which cities
                are named and in what order.
      
                Each MSA has one or more central counties containing the
                area's main population concentration: an urbanized area with
                at least 50,000 inhabitants.  An MSA may also include
                outlying counties that have close economic and social
                relationships with the central counties.  The outlying
                counties must have a specified level of commuting to the
                central counties and must also meet certain standards
                regarding metropolitan character, such as population
                density, urban population and population growth.  In New
                England, MSA's are composed of cities and towns rather than
                whole counties.
      
                The population living in MSA's may also be referred to as
                the metropolitan population.  The population is subdivided
                into "inside central city (or cities)" and "outside central
                city (or cities)."  (The population living outside MSA's
                constitutes the non-metropolitan population.)  Most MSA's
                have one to three CENTRAL CITIES that are named in the
                census title of the MSA.
      
                2. "CONSOLIDATED METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (CMSA's):"
      
                In some parts of the country, metropolitan development has
                progressed to the point that adjoining MSA's are themselves
                socially and economically interrelated.  These areas are
                designated consolidated metropolitan statistical areas
                (CMSA's) by the Office of Management and Budget, and are
                defined using standards included as part of the new MSA
                standards described above.  MSA's that are a part of a CMSA
                are referred to as primary metropolitan statistical areas
                (PMSA's).
      
                Definitions of the six largest CMSA's:
      
                NEW YORK-NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-LONG ISLAND, NY-NJ-CT, CMSA
                                Bergen-Passaic, NJ PMSA
                                Bridgeport-Milford, CT PMSA
                                Danbury, CT PMSA
                                Jersey City, NJ PMSA
                                Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ PMSA
                                Monmouth-Ocean NJ PMSA
                                Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA*
                                New York, NY PMSA*
                                Newark, NJ PMSA*
                                Norwalk, CT PMSA
                                Orange County, NY PMSA
                                Stamford, CT PMSA
      
                LOS ANGELES-ANAHEIM-RIVERSIDE, CA, CMSA
                                Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA*
                                Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA*
                                Oxnard-Ventura, CA PMSA
                                Riverside-San Bernardino, CA PMSA*
      
                CHICAGO-GARY-LAKE COUNTY (IL), IL-IN-WI CMSA
                                Aurora-Elgin, IL PMSA* (Kane Co part only)
                                Chicago, IL PMSA*
                                Gary-Hammond, IN PMSA
                                Joliet, IL PMSA* (Will Co part only)
                                Kenosha, WI PMSA
                                Lake County, IL PMSA*
      
                SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND-SAN JOSE, CA, CMSA
                                Oakland, CA PMSA*
                                San Francisco, CA PMSA*
                                San Jose, CA PMSA
                                Santa Cruz, CA PMSA
                                Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA
                                Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA PMSA
      
                PHILADELPHIA-WILMINGTON-TRENTON, PA-NJ-DE-MD, CMSA
                                Philadelphia, PA-NJ, PMSA*
                                Trenton, NJ PMSA
                                Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ PMSA
                                Wilmington, DE-NJ-MD PMSA
      
                DETROIT-ANN ARBOR, MI, CMSA
                                Ann Arbor, MI PMSA
                                Detroit, MI PMSA*
      
                * In the SRC 1980 National Sample (1992 NES sample).
      
      
                For the purpose of size and distance coding of suburbs and
                non-MSAs, the central cities of the six largest CMSAs are
                listed as:
      
                     1.  New York City (Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan,
                         Queens), NY, Elizabeth, NJ and Newark, NJ
      
                     2.  Los Angeles, Long Beach, Pasadena, Pomona, Burbank,
                         Anaheim, Santa Ana, Riverside, San Bernardino and
                         Palm Springs, CA.
      
                     3.  Chicago, Evanston and Chicago Heights, Aurora,
                         Elgin, Joliet, Waukegan and North Chicago, IL
      
                     4.  San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and Livermore, CA
      
                     5.  Philadelphia and Norristown, PA and Camden, NJ
      
                     6.  Detroit, Dearborn, Pontiac and Port Huron, MI
      
                Both the CMSA definitions and the central city designations
                above are from Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1990, U.S.
                Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC (Jun 1990)
                (PB90-214420)
      
                3. "URBANIZED AREAS:"
      
                The major objective of the Census Bureau in delineating
                urbanized areas is to provide a better separation of urban
                and rural population in the vicinity of large cities.  An
                urbanized area consists of a central city or cities, and
                surrounding closely settled territory ("urban fringe").
      
                4. "PLACES:"
      
                Two types of places are recognized in the census
                reports--incorporated places and unincorporated places,
                defined as follows:
      
                5. "INCORPORATED PLACES:"
      
                These are political units incorporated as cities, boroughs,
                towns and villages with the following exceptions: (a)
                boroughs in Alaska; and (b) towns in New York, Wisconsin and
                the New England states.
      
                6. "UNINCORPORATED PLACES:"
      
                The Census Bureau has delineated boundaries for closely
                settled population centers without corporate limits.  Each
                place so delineated possesses a definite nucleus of
                residences and has its boundaries drawn to include, if
                feasible, all the surrounding closely settled area.  These
                are called Census Designated Places (CDP's).
      
>> MASTER CODE
    CENSUS OCCUPATION CODES
      
      The full 3-digit 1980 Census Occupation Code was used to
      code the occupation of respondents.  In order to minimize
      the amount of highly specific information released about
      respondents, the full occupation code has been recoded to a
      71 category code, which is based on the occupation code
      sub-headings in the Census Code.
      
      Users who need access to the full 3-digit occupation code
      for their research purposes should contact NES project staff
      for details about how this could be arranged.
      
      In the code description that follows, the full 1980 Census
      Code is presented.  At the beginning of each recoded
      section, the statement "(XXX) THROUGH (YYY) ARE RECODED TO
      (ZZ)" indicates the code values to which the specific
      occupations have been recoded.  For example, purchasing
      managers (009), legislators (003), and funeral directors
      (018) have all been recoded to (01).  Numbers in parentheses
      following the occupation categories are the U.S. Department
      of Commerce's 1980 Standard Occupational Classification code
      equivalents.  The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and
      "N.E.C." means "not elsewhere classified".
      
      MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS
      
               Executive, Administrative, and Managerial
      
                 (003) THROUGH (019) ARE RECODED TO: 01
      
        003    LEGISLATORS (111)
        004    CHIEF EXECUTIVES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATORS, PUBLIC
               ADMINISTRATION (112)
        005    ADMINISTRATORS AND OFFICIALS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
               (1132-1139)
        006    ADMINISTRATORS, PROTECTIVE SERVICES (1131)
        007    FINANCIAL MANAGERS (122)
        008    PERSONNEL AND LABOR RELATIONS MANAGERS (123)
        009    PURCHASING MANAGERS (124)
        013    MANAGERS, MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND PUBLIC
               RELATIONS (125)
        014    ADMINISTRATORS, EDUCATION AND RELATED FIELDS (128)
        015    MANAGERS, MEDICINE AND HEALTH (131)
        016    MANAGERS, PROPERTIES AND REAL ESTATE (1353)
        017    POSTMASTERS AND MAIL SUPERINTENDENTS (1344)
        018    FUNERAL DIRECTORS (PT 1359)
        019    MANAGERS AND ADMINISTRATORS, N.E.C.(121, 126, 127,
               132-139, EXCEPT 1344, 1353, PT 1359)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                     Management-Related Occupations
      
                 (023) THROUGH (037) ARE RECODED TO: 02
      
        023    ACCOUNTANTS AND AUDITORS (1412)
        024    UNDERWRITERS (1414)
        025    OTHER FINANCIAL OFFICERS (1415, 1419)
        026    MANAGEMENT ANALYSTS (142)
        027    PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS
               SPECIALISTS (143)
        028    PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, FARM PRODUCTS (1443)
        029    BUYERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, EXCEPT FARM
               PRODUCTS (1442)
        033    PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, N.E.C. (1449)
        034    BUSINESS AND PROMOTION AGENTS (145)
        035    CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS (1472)
        036    INSPECTORS AND COMPLIANCE OFFICERS, EXC.
               CONSTRUCTION (1473)
        037    MANAGEMENT RELATED OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (149)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                   Professional Specialty Occupations
                          ....................
                - engineers, architects and surveyors -
      
                 (043) THROUGH (063) ARE RECODED TO: 03
      
        043    ARCHITECTS (161)
      
               ENGINEERS
      
        044    AEROSPACE ENGINEERS (1622)
        045    METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERS (1623)
        046    MINING ENGINEERS (1624)
        047    PETROLEUM ENGINEERS (1625)
        048    CHEMICAL ENGINEERS (1626)
        049    NUCLEAR ENGINEERS (1627)
        053    CIVIL ENGINEERS (1628)
        054    AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS (1632)
        055    ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (1633, 1636)
        056    INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS (1634)
        057    MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (1635)
        058    MARINE ENGINEERS AND NAVAL ARCHITECTS (1637)
        059    ENGINEERS, N.E.C. (1639)
        063    SURVEYORS AND MAPPING SCIENTISTS (164)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                - mathematical and computer scientists -
      
                 (064) THROUGH (068) ARE RECODED TO: 04
      
        064    COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS AND SCIENTISTS (171)
        065    OPERATIONS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCHERS AND ANALYSTS
               (172)
        066    ACTUARIES (1732)
        067    STATISTICIANS (1733)
        068    MATHEMATICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1739)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                         - natural scientists -
      
                 (069) THROUGH (083) ARE RECODED TO: 05
      
        069    PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS (1842, 1843)
        073    CHEMISTS, EXCEPT BIOCHEMISTS (1845)
        074    ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE SCIENTISTS (1846)
        075    GEOLOGISTS AND GEODESISTS (1847)
        076    PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1849)
        077    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENTISTS (1853)
        078    BIOLOGICAL AND LIFE SCIENTISTS (1854)
        079    FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION SCIENTISTS (1852)
        083    MEDICAL SCIENTISTS (1855)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                   - health diagnosing occupations -
      
                 (084) THROUGH (089) ARE RECODED TO: 06
      
        084    PHYSICIANS (261)
        085    DENTISTS (262)
        086    VETERINARIANS (27)
        087    OPTOMETRISTS (281)
        088    PODIATRISTS (283)
        089    HEALTH DIAGNOSING PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (289)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
             - health assessment and treating occupations -
      
                 (095) THROUGH (106) ARE RECODED TO: 07
      
        095    REGISTERED NURSES (29)
        096    PHARMACISTS (301)
        097    DIETITIANS (302)
      
               THERAPISTS
      
        098    INHALATION THERAPISTS (3031)
        099    OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS (3032)
        103    PHYSICAL THERAPISTS (3033)
        104    SPEECH THERAPISTS (3034)
        105    THERAPISTS, N.E.C. (3039)
        106    PHYSICIANS' ASSISTANTS (304)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                      - teachers, postsecondary -
      
                 (113) THROUGH (154) ARE RECODED TO: 08
      
        113    EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MARINE SCIENCE TEACHERS
               (2212)
        114    BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2213)
        115    CHEMISTRY TEACHERS (2214)
        116    PHYSICS TEACHERS (2215)
        117    NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2216)
        118    PSYCHOLOGY TEACHERS (2217)
        119    ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2218)
        123    HISTORY TEACHERS (2222)
        124    POLITICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2223)
        125    SOCIOLOGY TEACHERS (2224)
        126    SOCIAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2225)
        127    ENGINEERING TEACHERS (2226)
        128    MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2227)
        129    COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHERS (2228)
        133    MEDICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2231)
        134    HEALTH SPECIALTIES TEACHERS (2232)
        135    BUSINESS, COMMERCE, AND MARKETING TEACHERS (2233)
        136    AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TEACHERS (2234)
        137    ART, DRAMA, AND MUSIC TEACHERS (2235)
        138    PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS (2236)
        139    EDUCATION TEACHERS (2237)
        143    ENGLISH TEACHERS (2238)
        144    FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS (2242)
        145    LAW TEACHERS (2243)
        146    SOCIAL WORK TEACHERS (2244)
        147    THEOLOGY TEACHERS (2245)
        148    TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL TEACHERS (2246)
        149    HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2247)
        153    TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY, N.E.C. (2249)
        154    POSTSECONDARY TEACHERS, SUBJECT NOT SPECIFIED
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                   - teachers, except postsecondary -
      
                 (155) THROUGH (165) ARE RECODED TO: 09
      
        155    TEACHERS, PREKINDERGARTEN AND KINDERGARTEN (231)
        156    TEACHERS, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (232)
        157    TEACHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL (233)
        158    TEACHERS, SPECIAL EDUCATION (235)
        159    TEACHERS, N.E.C. (236,239)
        163    COUNSELORS, EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL (24)
               LIBRARIANS, ARC            223    BIOLOGICAL TECHNICIANS
      (382)
        224    CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS (3831)
        225    SCIENCE TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3832, 3833, 384, 389)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
        - technicians, except health, engineering, and science -
      
                 (226) THROUGH (235) ARE RECODED TO: 17
      
        226    AIRPLANE PILOTS AND NAVIGATORS (825)
        227    AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (392)
        228    BROADCAST EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (393)
        229    COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS (3971, 3972)
        233    TOOL PROGRAMMERS, NUMERICAL CONTROL (3974)
        234    LEGAL ASSISTANTS (396)
        235    TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (399)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                           SALES OCCUPATIONS
      
                      Supervisors and Proprietors
      
                        (243) IS RECODED TO: 18
      
        243    SUPERVISORS AND PROPRIETORS, SALES OCCUPATIONS (40)
      
          Sales Representatives, Finance and Business Services
      
                 (253) THROUGH (257) ARE RECODED TO: 18
      
        253    INSURANCE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4122)
        254    REAL ESTATE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4123)
        255    SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL SERVICES SALES OCCUPATIONS
               (4124)
        256    ADVERTISING AND RELATED SALES OCCUPATIONS (4153)
        257    SALES OCCUPATIONS, OTHER BUSINESS SERVICES (4152)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
           Sales Representatives, Commodities except Retail
      
                 (258) THROUGH (259) ARE RECODED TO: 19
      
        258    SALES ENGINEERS (421)
        259    SALES REPRESENTATIVES, MINING, MANUFACTURING, AND
               WHOLESALE (423, 424)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
              Sales Workers, Retail and Personal Services
      
                 (263) THROUGH (278) ARE RECODED TO: 20
      
        263    SALES WORKERS, MOTOR VEHICLES AND BOATS
               (4342, 4344)
        264    SALES WORKERS, APPAREL (4346)
        265    SALES WORKERS, SHOES (4351)
        266    SALES WORKERS, FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS
               (4348)
        267    SALES WORKERS; RADIO, TELEVISION, HI-FI, AND
               APPLIANCES (4343, 4352)
        268    SALES WORKERS, HARDWARE AND BUILDING SUPPLIES
               (4353)
        269    SALES WORKERS, PARTS (4367)
        274    SALES WORKERS, OTHER COMMODITIES (4345, 4347, 4354,
               4356, 4359, 4362, 4369)
        275    SALES COUNTER CLERKS (4363)
        276    CASHIERS (4364)
        277    STREET AND DOOR-TO-DOOR SALES WORKERS (4366)
        278    NEWS VENDORS (4365)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                       Sales Related Occupations
      
                 (283) THROUGH (285) ARE RECODED TO: 21
      
        283    DEMONSTRATORS, PROMOTERS AND MODELS, SALES (445)
        284    AUCTIONEERS(447)
        285    SALES SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (444, 446, 449)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
          ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT, (incl. Clerical supervisors)
      
                          Clerical Supervisors
      
                 (303) THROUGH (307) ARE RECODED TO: 22
      
        303    SUPERVISORS, GENERAL OFFICE (4511, 4513-4519, 4529)
        304    SUPERVISORS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4512)
        305    SUPERVISORS, FINANCIAL RECORDS PROCESSING (4521)
        306    CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS (4523)
        307    SUPERVISORS; DISTRIBUTION, SCHEDULING, AND
               ADJUSTING CLERKS (4522, 4524-4528)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                      Computer Equipment Operators
      
                 (308) THROUGH (309) ARE RECODED TO: 23
      
        308    COMPUTER OPERATORS (4612)
        309    PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4613)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists
      
                 (313) THROUGH (315) ARE RECODED TO: 24
      
        313    SECRETARIES (4622)
        314    STENOGRAPHERS (4623)
        315    TYPISTS (4624)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                           Information Clerks
      
                 (316) THROUGH (323) ARE RECODED TO: 25
      
        316    INTERVIEWERS (4642)
        317    HOTEL CLERKS (4643)
        318    TRANSPORTATION TICKET AND RESERVATION AGENTS (4644)
        319    RECEPTIONISTS (4645)
        323    INFORMATION CLERKS, N.E.C. (4649)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
            Records Processing Occupations, except Financial
      
                 (325) THROUGH (336) ARE RECODED TO: 26
      
        325    CLASSIFIED-AD CLERKS (4662)
        326    CORRESPONDENCE CLERKS (4663)
        327    ORDER CLERKS (4664)
        328    PERSONNEL CLERKS, EXCEPT PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING
               (4692)
        329    LIBRARY CLERKS (4694)
        335    FILE CLERKS (4696)
        336    RECORDS CLERKS (4699)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                Financial Records Processing Occupations
      
                 (337) THROUGH (344) ARE RECODED TO: 27
      
        337    BOOKKEEPERS, ACCOUNTING, AND AUDITING CLERKS (4712)
        338    PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING CLERKS (4713)
        339    BILLING CLERKS (4715)
        343    COST AND RATE CLERKS (4716)
        344    BILLING, POSTING, AND CALCULATING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (4718)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
          Duplicating, Mail and Other Office Machine Operators
      
                 (345) THROUGH (347) ARE RECODED TO: 28
      
        345    DUPLICATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4722)
        346    MAIL PREPARING AND PAPER HANDLING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (4739)
        347    OFFICE MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4729)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                   Communications Equipment Operators
      
                 (348) THROUGH (353) ARE RECODED TO: 29
      
        348    TELEPHONE OPERATORS (4732)
        349    TELEGRAPHERS (4733)
        353    COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4739)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
               Mail and Message Distributing Occupations
      
                 (354) THROUGH (357) ARE RECODED TO: 30
      
        354    POSTAL CLERKS, EXC. MAIL CARRIERS (4742)
        355    MAIL CARRIERS, POSTAL SERVICE (4743)
        356    MAIL CLERKS, EXC. POSTAL SERVICE (4744)
        357    MESSENGERS (4745)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
        Material Recording, Scheduling, and Distribuing Clerks,
                                 N.E.C.
      
                 (359) THROUGH (374) ARE RECODED TO: 31
      
        359    DISPATCHERS (4751)
        363    PRODUCTION COORDINATORS (4752)
        364    TRAFFIC, SHIPPING, AND RECEIVING CLERKS (4753)
        365    STOCK AND INVENTORY CLERKS (4754)
        366    METER READERS (4755)
        368    WEIGHERS, MEASURERS, AND CHECKERS (4756)
        369    SAMPLERS (4757)
        373    EXPEDITERS (4758)
        374    MATERIAL RECORDING, SCHEDULING, AND DISTRIBUTING
               CLERKS, N.E.C. (4759)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                      Adjusters and Investigators
      
                 (375) THROUGH (378) ARE RECODED TO: 32
      
        375    INSURANCE ADJUSTERS, EXAMINERS, AND INVESTIGATORS
               (4782)
        376    INVESTIGATORS AND ADJUSTERS, EXCEPT INSURANCE
               (4783)
        377    ELIGIBILITY CLERKS, SOCIAL WELFARE (4784)
        378    BILL AND ACCOUNT COLLECTORS (4786)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
            Miscellaneous Administrative Support Occupations
      
                 (379) THROUGH (389) ARE RECODED TO: 33
      
        379    GENERAL OFFICE CLERKS (463)
        383    BANK TELLERS (4791)
        384    PROOFREADERS (4792)
        385    DATA-ENTRY KEYERS (4793)
        386    STATISTICAL CLERKS (4794)
        387    TEACHERS' AIDES (4795)
        389    ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (4787,
               4799)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                          SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
      
                     Private Household Occupations
      
                 (403) THROUGH (407) ARE RECODED TO: 34
      
        403    LAUNDERERS AND IRONERS (503)
        404    COOKS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (504)
        405    HOUSEKEEPERS AND BUTLERS (505)
        406    CHILD CARE WORKERS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (506)
        407    PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS AND SERVANTS
               (502, 507, 509)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                     Protective Service Occupations
                          ....................
             -supervisors, protective service occupations-
      
                 (413) THROUGH (415) ARE RECODED TO: 35
      
        413    SUPERVISORS, FIREFIGHTING AND FIRE PREVENTION
               OCCUPATIONS (5111)
        414    SUPERVISORS, POLICE AND DETECTIVES (5112)
        415    SUPERVISORS, GUARDS (5113)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
             -firefighting and fire prevention occupations-
      
                 (416) THROUGH (417) ARE RECODED TO: 35
      
        416    FIRE INSPECTION AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS
               (5122)
        417    FIREFIGHTING OCCUPATIONS (5123)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                        -police and detectives-
      
                 (418) THROUGH (424) ARE RECODED TO: 35
      
        418    POLICE AND DETECTIVES, PUBLIC SERVICE (5132)
        423    SHERIFFS, BAILIFFS, AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT
               OFFICERS (5134)
        424    CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OFFICERS (5133)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                                -guards-
      
                 (425) THROUGH (427) ARE RECODED TO: 35
      
        425    CROSSING GUARDS (5142)
        426    GUARDS AND POLICE, EXCEPT PUBLIC SERVICE (5144)
        427    PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5149)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
          Service Occupations, except Protective and Household
                          ....................
               -food preparation and service occupations-
      
                 (433) THROUGH (444) ARE RECODED TO: 36
      
        433    SUPERVISORS, FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVICE
               OCCUPATIONS (5211)
        434    BARTENDERS (5212)
        435    WAITERS AND WAITRESSES (5213)
        436    COOKS, EXCEPT SHORT ORDER (5214)
        437    SHORT-ORDER COOKS (5215)
        438    FOOD COUNTER, FOUNTAIN AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS
               (5216)
        439    KITCHEN WORKERS, FOOD PREPARATION (5217)
        443    WAITERS'/WAITRESSES' ASSISTANTS (5218)
        444    MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS (5219)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                      -health service occupations-
      
                 (435) THROUGH (447) ARE RECODED TO: 37
      
        445    DENTAL ASSISTANTS (5232)
        446    HEALTH AIDES, EXCEPT NURSING (5233)
        447    NURSING AIDES, ORDERLIES, AND ATTENDANTS (5236)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
       -cleaning and building service occupations, exc. household-
      
      
                 (448) THROUGH (455) ARE RECODED TO: 38
      
        448    SUPERVISORS, CLEANING AND BUILDING SERVICE WORKERS
               (5241)
        449    MAIDS AND HOUSEMEN (5242, 5249)
        453    JANITORS AND CLEANERS (5244)
        454    ELEVATOR OPERATORS (5245)
        455    PEST CONTROL OCCUPATIONS (5246)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                     -personal service occupations-
      
                 (456) THROUGH (469) ARE RECODED TO: 39
      
        456    SUPERVISORS, PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5251)
        457    BARBERS (5252)
        458    HAIRDRESSERS AND COSMETOLOGISTS (5253)
        459    ATTENDANTS, AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION FACILITIES
               (5254)
        463    GUIDES (5255)
        464    USHERS (5256)
        465    PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ATTENDANTS (5257)
        466    BAGGAGE PORTERS AND BELLHOPS (5262)
        467    WELFARE SERVICE AIDES (5263)
        468    CHILD CARE WORKERS, EXCEPT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (5264)
        469    PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5258, 5269)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
               FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS
      
                      Farm Operators and Managers
      
                 (473) THROUGH (476) ARE RECODED TO: 40
      
        473    FARMERS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5512-5514)
        474    HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMERS (5515)
        475    MANAGERS, FARMS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5522-5524)
        476    MANAGERS, HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMS (5525)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
              Other Agricultural and Related Occupations
                          ....................
                 -farm occupations, except managerial-
      
                 (477) THROUGH (484) ARE RECODED TO: 41
      
        477    SUPERVISORS, FARM WORKERS (5611)
        479    FARM WORKERS (5612-5617)
        483    MARINE LIFE CULTIVATION WORKERS (5618)
        484    NURSERY WORKERS (5619)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                  -related agricultural occupations-
      
                 (485) THROUGH (489) ARE RECODED TO: 42
      
        485    SUPERVISORS, RELATED AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS
               (5621)
        486    GROUNDSKEEPERS AND GARDENERS, EXCEPT FARM (5622)
        487    ANIMAL CARETAKERS, EXCEPT FARM (5624)
        488    GRADERS AND SORTERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5625)
        489    INSPECTORS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5627)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                   -forestry and logging occupations-
      
                 (494) THROUGH (496) ARE RECODED TO: 43
      
        494    SUPERVISORS, FORESTRY AND LOGGING WORKERS (571)
        495    FORESTRY WORKERS, EXCEPT LOGGING (572)
        496    TIMBER CUTTING AND LOGGING OCCUPATIONS (573, 579)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                    -fishers, hunters, and trappers-
      
                 (497) THROUGH (499) ARE RECODED TO: 43
      
        497    CAPTAINS AND OTHER OFFICERS, FISHING VESSELS
               (PT 8241)
        498    FISHERS (583)
      
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
        -mechanics and repairers, vehicle and mobile equipment-
      
                 (505) THROUGH (517) ARE RECODED TO: 44
      
        505    AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS (PT 6111)
        506    AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC APPRENTICES (PT 6111)
        507    BUS, TRUCK, AND STATIONARY ENGINE MECHANICS (6112)
        508    AIRCRAFT ENGINE MECHANICS (6113)
        509    SMALL ENGINE REPAIRERS (6114)
        514    AUTOMOBILE BODY AND RELATED REPAIRERS (6115)
        515    AIRCRAFT MECHANICS, EXCEPT ENGINE (6116)
        516    HEAVY EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6117)
        517    FARM EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6118)
      
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                    -mechanics and repairers, except
                     vehicle and mobile equipment-
      
                 (518) THROUGH (534) ARE RECODED TO: 45
      
        518    INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY REPAIRERS (613)
        519    MACHINERY MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS (614) ELECTRICAL
               AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS
        523    ELECTRONIC REPAIRERS, COMMUNICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL
               EQUIPMENT (6151, 6153, 6155)
        525    DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6154)
        526    HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE AND POWER TOOL REPAIRERS (6156)
        527    TELEPHONE LINE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6157)
        529    TELEPHONE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6158)
        533    MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
               EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6152, 6159)
        534    HEATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND REFRIGERATION
               MECHANICS (616)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                 -miscellaneous mechanics and repairers
      
                 (535) THROUGH (549) ARE RECODED TO: 46
      
        535    CAMERA, WATCH, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT REPAIRERS
               (6171, 6172)
        536    LOCKSMITHS AND SAFE REPAIRERS (6173)
        538    OFFICE MACHINE REPAIRERS (6174)
        539    MECHANICAL CONTROLS AND VALVE REPAIRERS (6175)
        543    ELEVATOR INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6176)
        544    MILLWRIGHTS (6178)
        547    SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS, N.E.C.
               (6177, 6179)
        549    NOT SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                          Construction Trades
                          ....................
                -supervisors, construction occupations-
      
                 (553) THROUGH (558) ARE RECODED TO: 47
      
        553    SUPERVISORS; BRICKMASONS, STONEMASONS, AND TILE
               SETTERS (6312)
        554    SUPERVISORS, CARPENTERS AND RELATED WORKERS (6313)
        555    SUPERVISORS, ELECTRICIANS AND POWER TRANSMISSION
               INSTALLERS (6314)
        556    SUPERVISORS; PAINTERS, PAPERHANGERS, AND PLASTERERS
               (6315)
        557    SUPERVISORS; PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND
               STEAMFITTERS (6316)
        558    SUPERVISORS, N.E.C. (6311, 6318)
      
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
               -construction trades, except supervisors-
      
                 (563) THROUGH (599) ARE RECODED TO: 48
      
        563    BRICKMASONS AND STONEMASONS, (PT 6412, PT 6413)
        564    BRICKMASON AND STONEMASON APPRENTICES
               (PT 6412, PT 6413)
        565    TILE SETTERS, HARD AND SOFT (6414, PT 6462)
        566    CARPET INSTALLERS (PT 6462)
        567    CARPENTERS (PT 6422)
        569    CARPENTER APPRENTICES (PT 6422)
        573    DRYWALL INSTALLERS (6424)
        575    ELECTRICIANS (PT 6432)
        576    ELECTRICIAN APPRENTICES (PT 6432)
        577    ELECTRICAL POWER INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6433)
        579    PAINTERS, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE (6442)
        583    PAPERHANGERS (6443)
        584    PLASTERERS (6444)
        585    PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (PT 645)
        587    PLUMBER, PIPEFITTER, AND STEAMFITTER APPRENTICES
               (PT 645)
        588    CONCRETE AND TERRAZZO FINISHERS (6463)
        589    GLAZIERS (6464)
        593    INSULATION WORKERS (6465)
        594    PAVING, SURFACING, AND TAMPING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
               (6466)
        595    ROOFERS (6468)
        596    SHEETMETAL DUCT INSTALLERS (6472)
        597    STRUCTURAL METAL WORKERS (6473)
        598    DRILLERS, EARTH (6474)
        599    CONSTRUCTION TRADES, N.E.C. (6467, 6475, 6476,
               6479)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                         Extractive Occupations
      
                 (613) THROUGH (617) ARE RECODED TO: 49
      
        613    SUPERVISORS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (632)
        614    DRILLERS, OIL WELL (652)
        615    EXPLOSIVES WORKERS (653)
        616    MINING MACHINE OPERATORS (654)
        617    MINING OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (656)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                    Precision Production Occupations
                          ....................
               -production occupation supervisors-
      
                        (633) IS RECODED TO: 50
      
        633    SUPERVISORS, PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS (67, 71)
      
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                  -precision metalworking occupations-
      
                 (634) THROUGH (655) ARE RECODED TO: 50
      
        634    TOOL AND DIE MAKERS (PT 6811)
        635    TOOL AND DIE MAKER APPRENTICES (PT 6811)
        636    PRECISION ASSEMBLERS, METAL (6812)
        637    MACHINISTS (PT 6813)
        639    MACHINIST APPRENTICES (PT 6813)
        643    BOILERMAKERS (6814)
        644    PRECISION GRINDERS, FITTERS, AND TOOL SHARPENERS
               (6816)
        645    PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, METAL (6817)
        646    LAY-OUT WORKERS (6821)
        647    PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS WORKERS (JEWELERS)
               (6822, 6866)
        649    ENGRAVERS, METAL (6823)
        653    SHEET METAL WORKERS (PT 6824)
        654    SHEET METAL WORKER APPRENTICES (PT 6824)
        655    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION METAL WORKERS (6829)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                  -precision woodworking occupations-
      
                 (656) THROUGH (659) ARE RECODED TO: 51
      
        656    PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, WOOD (6831)
        657    CABINET MAKERS AND BENCH CARPENTERS (6832)
        658    FURNITURE AND WOOD FINISHERS (6835)
        659    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WOODWORKERS (6839)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                    -precision textile, apparel, and
                      furnishings machine workers-
      
                 (666) THROUGH (674) ARE RECODED TO: 52
      
        666    DRESSMAKERS (PT 6852, PT 7752)
        667    TAILORS (PT 6852)
        668    UPHOLSTERERS (6853)
        669    SHOE REPAIRERS (6854)
        673    APPAREL AND FABRIC PATTERNMAKERS (6856)
        674    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION APPAREL AND FABRIC WORKERS
               (6859, PT 7752)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                -precision workers, assorted materials-
      
                 (675) THROUGH (684) ARE RECODED TO: 53
      
        675    AND MOLDERS AND SHAPERS, EXCEPT JEWELERS (6861)
        676    PATTERNMAKERS, LAY-OUT WORKERS, AND CUTTERS (6862)
        677    OPTICAL GOODS WORKERS (6864, PT 7477, PT 7677)
        678    DENTAL LABORATORY AND MEDICAL APPLIANCE TECHNICIANS
               (6865)
        679    BOOKBINDERS (6844)
        683    ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLERS
               (6867)
        684    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WORKERS, N.E.C. (6869)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                -precision food production occupations-
      
                 (686) THROUGH (688) ARE RECODED TO: 54
      
        686    BUTCHERS AND MEAT CUTTERS (6871)
        687    BAKERS (6872)
        688    FOOD BATCHMAKERS (6873, 6879)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
          -precision inspectors, testers and related workers-
      
                 (689) THROUGH (693) ARE RECODED TO: 55
      
        689    INSPECTORS, TESTERS, AND GRADERS (6881, 828)
        693    ADJUSTERS AND CALIBRATORS (6882)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                       Plant and System Operators
      
                 (694) THROUGH (699) ARE RECODED TO: 56
      
        694    WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS (691)
        695    POWER PLANT OPERATORS (PT 693)
        696    STATIONARY ENGINEERS (PT 693, 7668)
        699    MISCELLANEOUS PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS (692, 694,
               695, 696)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                  OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS
      
             Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors
                          ....................
           -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
          metalworking and plastic working machine operators-
      
                 (703) THROUGH (717) ARE RECODED TO: 57
      
        703    LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE SET-UP OPERATORS (7312)
        704    LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE OPERATORS (7512)
        705    MILLING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7313, 7513)
        706    PUNCHING AND STAMPING PRESS MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7314, 7317, 7514, 7517)
        707    ROLLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7316, 7516)
        708    DRILLING AND BORING MACHINE OPERATORS (7318, 7518)
        709    GRINDING, ABRADING, BUFFING, AND POLISHING MACHINE
               OPERATORS (7322, 7324, 7522)
        713    FORGING MACHINE OPERATORS (7319, 7519)
        714    NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE OPERATORS (7326)
        715    MISCELLANEOUS METAL, PLASTIC, STONE, AND GLASS
               WORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7329, 7529)
        717    FABRICATING MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (7339, 7539)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
           -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
            metal and plastic processing machine operators-
      
                 (719) THROUGH (725) ARE RECODED TO: 58
      
        719    MOLDING AND CASTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7315, 7342,
               7515, 7542)
        723    METAL PLATING MACHINE OPERATORS (7343, 7543)
        724    HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (7344, 7544)
        725    MISCELLANEOUS METAL AND PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINE
               OPERATORS (7349, 7549)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
           -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
                     woodworking machine operators-
      
                 (726) THROUGH (733) ARE RECODED TO: 59
      
        726    WOOD LATHE, ROUTING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7431, 7432, 7631, 7632)
        727    SAWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7433, 7633)
        728    SHAPING AND JOINING MACHINE OPERATORS (7435, 7635)
        729    NAILING AND TACKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7636)
        733    MISCELLANEOUS WOODWORKING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7434, 7439, 7634, 7639)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
           -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
                      printing machine operators-
      
                 (734) THROUGH (737) ARE RECODED TO: 60
      
        734    PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7443, 7643)
        735    PHOTOENGRAVERS AND LITHOGRAPHERS (6842, 7444, 7644)
        736    TYPESETTERS AND COMPOSITORS (6841, 7642)
        737    MISCELLANEOUS PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (6849, 7449, 7649)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
           -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
          textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators-
      
                 (738) THROUGH (749) ARE RECODED TO: 61
      
        738    WINDING AND TWISTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7451, 7651)
        739    KNITTING, LOOPING, TAPING, AND WEAVING MACHINE
               OPERATORS (7452, 7652)
        743    TEXTILE CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7654)
        744    TEXTILE SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7655)
        745    SHOE MACHINE OPERATORS (7656)
        747    PRESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7657)
        748    LAUNDERING AND DRY CLEANING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (6855, 7658)
        749    MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7459, 7659)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
           -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
                 machine operators, assorted materials-
      
                 (753) THROUGH (779) ARE RECODED TO: 62
      
        753    CEMENTING AND GLUING MACHINE OPERATORS (7661)
        754    PACKAGING AND FILLING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7462, 7662)
        755    EXTRUDING AND FORMING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7463, 7663)
        756    MIXING AND BLENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7664)
        757    SEPARATING, FILTERING, AND CLARIFYING MACHINE
               OPERATORS (7476, 7666, 7676))
        758    COMPRESSING AND COMPACTING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7467, 7667)
        759    PAINTING AND PAINT SPRAYING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7669)
        763    ROASTING AND BAKING MACHINE OPERATORS, FOOD
               (7472, 7672)
        764    WASHING, CLEANING, AND PICKLING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (7673)
        765    FOLDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7474, 7674)
        766    FURNACE, KILN, AND OVEN OPERATORS, EXC. FOOD (7675)
        768    CRUSHING AND GRINDING MACHINE OPERATORS
               (PT 7477, PT 7677)
        769    SLICING AND CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7478, 7678)
        773    MOTION PICTURE PROJECTIONISTS (PT 7479)
        774    PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS MACHINE OPERATORS
               (6863, 6868, 7671)
        777    MISCELLANEOUS MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C.
               (PT 7479,7665, 7679)
        779    MACHINE OPERATORS, NOT SPECIFIED
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
        -fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations-
      
                 (783) THROUGH (795) ARE RECODED TO: 63
      
        783    WELDERS AND CUTTERS (7332, 7532, 7714)
        784    SOLDERERS AND BRAZERS (7333, 7533, 7717)
        785    ASSEMBLERS (772,774)
        786    HAND CUTTING AND TRIMMING OCCUPATIONS (7753)
        787    HAND MOLDING, CASTING, AND FORMING OCCUPATIONS
               (7754, 7755)
        789    HAND PAINTING, COATING, AND DECORATING OCCUPATIONS
               (7756)
        793    HAND ENGRAVING AND PRINTING OCCUPATIONS (7757)
        794    HAND GRINDING AND POLISHING OCCUPATIONS (7758)
        795    MISCELLANEOUS HAND WORKING OCCUPATIONS (7759)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
        -production inspectors, testors, samplers, and weighers-
      
                 (796) THROUGH (799) ARE RECODED TO: 64
      
        796    PRODUCTION INSPECTORS, CHECKERS, AND EXAMINERS
               (782, 787)
        797    PRODUCTION TESTERS (783)
        798    PRODUCTION SAMPLERS AND WEIGHERS (784)
        799    GRADERS AND SORTERS, EXCEPT AGRICULTURAL (785)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
             Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
                          ....................
                       -motor vehicle operators-
      
                 (803) THROUGH (814) ARE RECODED TO: 65
      
        803    SUPERVISORS, MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS (8111)
        804    TRUCK DRIVERS, HEAVY (8212, 8213)
        805    TRUCK DRIVERS, LIGHT (8214)
        806    DRIVER-SALES WORKERS (8218)
        808    BUS DRIVERS (8215)
        809    TAXICAB DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS (8216)
        813    PARKING LOT ATTENDANTS (874)
        814    MOTOR TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (8219)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
           Transportation Occupations, except Motor Vehicles
                          ....................
                   -rail transportation occupations-
      
                 (823) THROUGH (826) ARE RECODED TO: 66
      
        823    RAILROAD CONDUCTORS AND YARDMASTERS (8113)
               809    TAXICAB DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS (8216)
        813    PARKING LOT ATTENDANTS (874)
        814    MOTOR TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (8219)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
           Transportation Occupations, except Motor Vehicles
                          ....................
                   -rail transportation occupations-
      
                 (823) THROUGH (826) ARE RECODED TO: 66
      
        823    RAILROAD CONDUCTORS AND YARDMASTERS (8113)
        824    LOCOMOTIVE OPERATING OCCUPATIONS (8232)
        825    RAILROAD BRAKE, SIGNAL, AND SWITCH OPERATORS (8233)
        826    RAIL VEHICLE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (8239)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                   -water transportation occupations-
      
                 (828) THROUGH (834) ARE RECODED TO: 66
      
        828    SHIP CAPTAINS AND MATES, EXCEPT FISHING BOATS
               (PT 8241, 8242)
        829    SAILORS AND DECKHANDS (8243)
        833    MARINE ENGINEERS (8244)
        834    BRIDGE, LOCK, AND LIGHTHOUSE TENDERS (8245)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                  Material Moving Equipment Operators
      
                 (843) THROUGH (859) ARE RECODED TO: 67
      
        843    SUPERVISORS, MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
               (812)
        844    OPERATING ENGINEERS (8312)
        845    LONGSHORE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8313)
        848    HOIST AND WINCH OPERATORS (8314)
        849    CRANE AND TOWER OPERATORS (8315)
        853    EXCAVATING AND LOADING MACHINE OPERATORS (8316)
        855    GRADER, DOZER, AND SCRAPER OPERATORS (8317)
        856    INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
               (8318)
        859    MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
               (8319)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
          Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers
      
                 (863) THROUGH (873) ARE RECODED TO: 68
      
        863    SUPERVISORS; HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, AND
               LABORERS, N.E.C. (85)
        864    HELPERS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (863)
      
               HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS
      
        865    HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES (8641-8645, 8648)
        866    HELPERS, SURVEYOR (8646)
        867    HELPERS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (865)
        869    CONSTRUCTION LABORERS (871)
        873    PRODUCTION HELPERS (861, 862)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                 Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers
      
                 (875) THROUGH (883) ARE RECODED TO: 69
      
        875    GARBAGE COLLECTORS (8722)
        876    STEVEDORES (8723)
        877    STOCK HANDLERS AND BAGGERS (8724)
        878    MACHINE FEEDERS AND OFFBEARERS (8725)
        883    FREIGHT, STOCK, AND MATERIAL HANDLERS, N.E.C.
               (8726)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                 (885) THROUGH (889) ARE RECODED TO: 70
      
        885    GARAGE AND SERVICE STATION RELATED OCCUPATIONS
               (873)
        887    VEHICLE WASHERS AND EQUIPMENT CLEANERS (875)
        888    HAND PACKERS AND PACKAGERS (8761)
        889    LABORERS, EXCEPT CONSTRUCTION (8769)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                        (900) IS RECODED TO: 71
      
        900    CURRENT MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES
               (NOT A CENSUS CODE)
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      
                        (999) IS RECODED TO: 90
      
        999    OCCUPATION NOT REPORTED (CODE USED WHEN
               NOT-REPORTED CASES ARE NOT ALLOCATED)
      
      
>> MASTER CODE
     CENSUS INDUSTRY CODES
      
      NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES FOLLOWING INDUSTRY CATEGORIES ARE THE
      U.S DEPT. OF COMMERCE 1972 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL
      CLASSIFICATION (SIC) DEFINITIONS.  THE ABBREVIATION "PT"
      MEANS "PART" AND "N.E.C." MEANS "NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED."
      
               AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES
      
        010    AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, CROPS (01)
        011    AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, LIVESTOCK (02)
        020    AGRICULTURAL SERVICES, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL
               (07, EXCEPT 078)
        021    HORTICULTURAL SERVICES (078)
        030    FORESTRY (08)
        031    FISHING, HUNTING, AND TRAPPING (09)
      
      
                                 MINING
      
        040    METAL MINING (10)
        041    COAL MINING (11, 12)
        042    CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION (13)
        050    NONMETALLIC MINING AND QUARRYING, EXCEPT FUEL (14)
        060    CONSTRUCTION (15, 16, 17)
      
      
                             MANUFACTURING
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
      
        100    MEAT PRODUCTS (201)
        101    DAIRY PRODUCTS (202)
        102    CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (203)
        110    GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS (204)
        111    BAKERY PRODUCTS (205)
        112    SUGAR AND CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS (206)
        120    BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES (208)
        121    MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATIONS AND KINDRED
               PRODUCTS (207, 209)
        122    NOT SPECIFIED FOOD INDUSTRIES
        130    TOBACCO MANUFACTURES (21)
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS
      
        132    KNITTING MILLS (225)
        140    DYEING AND FINISHING TEXTILES, EXCEPT WOOL AND
               KNIT GOODS (226)
        141    FLOOR COVERINGS, EXCEPT HARD SURFACE (227)
        142    YARN, THREAD, AND FABRIC MILLS (228, 221-224)
        150    MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS (229)
      
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  APPAREL AND OTHER FINISHED TEXTILE
      PRODUCTS
      
        151    APPAREL AND ACCESSORIES, EXCEPT KNIT (231-238)
        152    MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED TEXTILE PRODUCTS (239)
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
      
        160    PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD MILLS (261-263, 266)
        161    MISCELLANEOUS PAPER AND PULP PRODUCTS (264)
        162    PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS AND BOXES (265)
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND ALLIED
      INDUSTRIES
      
        171    NEWSPAPER PUBLISHING AND PRINTING (271)
        172    PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES,
               EXCEPT NEWSPAPERS (272-279)
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
      
        180    PLASTICS, SYNTHETICS, AND RESINS (282)
        181    DRUGS (283)
        182    SOAPS AND COSMETICS (284)
        190    PAINTS, VARNISHES, AND RELATED PRODUCTS (285)
        191    AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS (287)
        192    INDUSTRIAL AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS
               (281, 286, 289)
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
      
        200    PETROLEUM REFINING (291)
        201    MISCELLANEOUS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
               (295, 299)
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS
      PRODUCTS
      
        210    TIRES AND INNER TUBES (301)
        211    OTHER RUBBER PRODUCTS, AND PLASTICS FOOTWEAR AND
               BELTING (302-304, 306)
        212    MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC PRODUCTS (307)
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS:  LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS
      
        220    LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING  (311)
        221    FOOTWEAR, EXCEPT RUBBER AND PLASTIC (313, 314)
        222    LEATHER PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FOOTWEAR (315-317, 319)
      
      DURABLE GOODS:  LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FURNITURE
      
        230    LOGGING (241)
        231    SAWMILLS, PLANING MILLS, AND MILLWORK (242, 243)
        232    WOOD BUILDINGS AND MOBILE HOMES (245)
        241    MISCELLANEOUS WOOD PRODUCTS (244, 249)
        242    FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (25)
      
      DURABLE GOODS:  STONE, CLAY, GLASS AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS
      
        250    GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS (321-323)
        251    CEMENT, CONCRETE, GYPSUM, AND PLASTER PRODUCTS
               (324, 327)
        252    STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS (325)
        261    POTTERY AND RELATED PRODUCTS (326)
        262    MISCELLANEOUS NONMETALLIC MINERAL AND STONE
               PRODUCTS (328, 329)
      
      DURABLE GOODS:  METAL INDUSTRIES
      
        270    BLAST FURNACES, STEELWORKS, ROLLING AND FINISHING
               MILLS (331)
        271    IRON AND STEEL FOUNDRIES (332)
        272    PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES (3334, PT 334,
               3353-3355, 3361)
        280    OTHER PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES (3331-3333, 3339,
               PT 334, 3351, 3356, 3357, 3362, 3369, 339)
        281    CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, AND OTHER HARDWARE (342)
        282    FABRICATED STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS (344)
        290    SCREW MACHINE PRODUCTS (345)
        291    METAL FORGINGS AND STAMPINGS (346)
        292    ORDNANCE (348)
        300    MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS (341,
               343, 347, 349)
        301    NOT SPECIFIED METAL INDUSTRIES
      
      DURABLE GOODS:  MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL
      
        310    ENGINES AND TURBINES (351)
        311    FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (352)
        312    CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL HANDLING MACHINES (353)
        320    METALWORKING MACHINERY (354)
        321    OFFICE AND ACCOUNTING MACHINES (357, EXCEPT 3573)
        322    ELECTRONIC COMPUTING EQUIPMENT (3573)
        331    MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL, N.E.C. (355,
               356, 358, 359)
        332    NOT SPECIFIED MACHINERY DURABLE GOODS:  ELECTRICAL
               MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES
        340    HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES (363)
        341    RADIO, TV, AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT (365, 366)
        342    ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES,
               N.E.C. (361, 362, 364, 367, 369)
        350    NOT SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND
               SUPPLIES MANUFACTURING  (cont.)
      
      DURABLE GOODS:  TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
      
        351    MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT (371)
        352    AIRCRAFT AND PARTS (372)
        360    SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING (373)
        361    RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES AND EQUIPMENT (374)
        362    GUIDED MISSILES, SPACE VEHICLES, AND OTHER PARTS
               (376)
        370    CYCLES AND MISCELLANEOUS TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
               (375, 379)
      
      DURABLE GOODS:  PROFESSIONAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT, AND
      WATCHES
      
        371    SCIENTIFIC AND CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS (381, 382)
        372    OPTICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES SUPPLIES (383,
               384, 385)
        380    PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES (386)
        381    WATCHES, CLOCKS, AND CLOCKWORK OPERATED DEVICES
               (387)
        382    NOT SPECIFIED PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT
        390    TOYS, AMUSEMENT, AND SPORTING GOODS (394)
        391    MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
               (39 EXC.394)
        392    NOT SPECIFIED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
      
      
       TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES
      
      TRANSPORTATION
      
        400    RAILROADS (40)
        401    BUS SERVICE AND URBAN TRANSIT (41, EXCEPT 412)
        402    TAXICAB SERVICE (412)
        410    TRUCKING SERVICE (421, 423)
        411    WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE (422)
        412    U.S. POSTAL SERVICE (43)
        420    WATER TRANSPORTATION (44)
        421    AIR TRANSPORTATION (45)
        422    PIPE LINES, EXCEPT NATURAL GAS (46)
        432    SERVICES INCIDENTAL TO TRANSPORTATION (47)
      
      COMMUNICATIONS
      
        440    RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING (483)
        441    TELEPHONE (WIRE AND RADIO) (481)
        442    TELEGRAPH AND MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATION SERVICES
               (482, 489)
      
      UTILITIES AND SANITARY SERVICES
      
        460    ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER (491)
        461    GAS AND STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEMS (492, 496)
        462    ELECTRIC AND GAS, AND OTHER COMBINATIONS (493)
        470    WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION (494, 497)
        471    SANITARY SERVICES (495)
        472    NOT SPECIFIED UTILITIES
      
      
                            WHOLESALE TRADE
      
      DURABLE GOODS
      
        500    MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT (501)
        501    FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS (502)
        502    LUMBER AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (503)
        510    SPORTING GOODS, TOYS AND HOBBY GOODS (504)
        511    METALS AND MINERALS, EXCEPT PETROLEUM (505)
        512    ELECTRICAL GOODS (506)
        521    HARDWARE, PLUMBING AND HEATING SUPPLIES (507)
        522    NOT SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL AND HARDWARE PRODUCTS
        530    MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES (508)
        531    SCRAP AND WASTE MATERIALS (5093)
        532    MISCELLANEOUS WHOLESALE, DURABLE GOODS (5094,
               5099)
      
      NONDURABLE GOODS
      
        540    PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS (511)
        541    DRUGS, CHEMICALS, AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (512, 516)
        542    APPAREL, FABRICS, AND NOTIONS (513)
        550    GROCERIES AND RELATED PRODUCTS (514)
        551    FARM PRODUCTS-RAW MATERIALS (515)
        552    PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (517)
        560    ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES (518)
        561    FARM SUPPLIES (5191)
        562    MISCELLANEOUS WHOLESALE, NONDURABLE GOODS (5194,
               5198, 5199)
        571    NOT SPECIFIED WHOLESALE TRADE
      
      
                              RETAIL TRADE
      
        580    LUMBER AND BUILDING MATERIAL RETAILING (521, 523)
        581    HARDWARE STORES (525)
        582    RETAIL NURSERIES AND GARDEN STORES (526)
        590    MOBILE HOME DEALERS (527)
        591    DEPARTMENT STORES (531)
        592    VARIETY STORES (533)
        600    MISCELLANEOUS GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES (539)
        601    GROCERY STORES (541)
        602    DAIRY PRODUCTS STORES (545)
        610    RETAIL BAKERIES (546)
        611    FOOD STORES, N.E.C. (542, 543, 544, 549)
        612    MOTOR VEHICLES DEALERS (551, 552)
        620    AUTO AND HOME SUPPLY STORES (553)
        621    GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS (554)
        622    MISCELLANEOUS VEHICLE DEALERS (555, 556, 557, 559)
        630    APPAREL AND ACCESSORY STORES, EXCEPT SHOE
               (56, EXCEPT 566)
        631    SHOE STORES (566)
        632    FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS STORES (571)
        640    HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES, TV, AND RADIO STORES
               (572, 573)
        641    EATING AND DRINKING PLACES (58)
        642    DRUG STORES (591)
        650    LIQUOR STORES (592)
        651    SPORTING GOODS, BICYCLES, AND HOBBY STORES
               (5941, 5945, 5946)
        652    BOOK AND STATIONERY STORES (5942, 5943)
        660    JEWELRY STORES (5944)
        661    SEWING, NEEDLEWORK, AND PIECE GOODS STORES (5949)
        662    MAIL ORDER HOUSES (5961)
        670    VENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (5962)
        671    DIRECT SELLING ESTABLISHMENTS (5963)
        672    FUEL AND ICE DEALERS (598)
        681    RETAIL FLORISTS (5992)
        682    MISCELLANEOUS RETAIL STORES (593, 5947, 5948,
               5993, 5994, 5999)
        691    NOT SPECIFIED RETAIL TRADE
      
      
                  FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE
      
        700    BANKING (60)
        701    SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS (612)
        702    CREDIT AGENCIES, N.E.C. (61, EXCEPT 612)
        710    SECURITY, COMMODITY BROKERAGE, AND INVESTMENT
               COMPANIES (62, 67)
        711    INSURANCE (63, 64)
        712    REAL ESTATE, INCLUDING REAL ESTATE-INSURANCE-LAW
               OFFICES (65, 66)
      
      
                      BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES
      
        721    ADVERTISING (731)
        722    SERVICES TO DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS (734)
        730    COMMERCIAL RESEARCH,  DEVELOPMENT, AND TESTING
               LABS (7391, 7397)
        731    PERSONNEL SUPPLY SERVICES (736)
        732    BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND CONSULTING SERVICES (7392)
        740    COMPUTER AND DATA PROCESSING SERVICES (737)
        741    DETECTIVE AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES (7393)
        742    BUSINESS SERVICES, N.E.C. (732, 733, 735, 7394,
               7395, 7396, 7399)
        750    AUTOMOTIVE SERVICES, EXCEPT REPAIR (751, 752, 754)
        751    AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR SHOPS (753)
        752    ELECTRICAL REPAIR SHOPS (762, 7694)
        760    MISCELLANEOUS REPAIR SERVICES (763, 764,
               7692, 7699)
      
      
                           PERSONAL SERVICES
      
        761    PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS (88)
        762    HOTELS AND MOTELS (701)
        770    LODGING PLACES, EXCEPT HOTELS AND MOTELS(702,
               703, 704)
        771    LAUNDRY, CLEANING, AND GARMENT SERVICES (721)
        772    BEAUTY SHOPS (723)
        780    BARBER SHOPS (724)
        781    FUNERAL SERVICE AND CREMATORIES (726)
        782    SHOE REPAIR SHOPS (725)
        790    DRESSMAKING SHOPS (PT 729)
        791    MISCELLANEOUS PERSONAL SERVICES (722, PT 729)
      
      
                  ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICE
      
        800    THEATERS AND MOTION PICTURES (78, 792)
        801    BOWLING ALLEYS, BILLIARD AND POOL PARLORS (793)
        802    MISCELLANEOUS ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION
               SERVICES (791, 794, 799)
      
      
                   PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES
      
        812    OFFICES OF PHYSICIANS (801, 803)
        820    OFFICES OF DENTISTS (802)
        821    OFFICES OF CHIROPRACTORS (8041)
        822    OFFICES OF OPTOMETRISTS (8042)
        830    OFFICES OF HEALTH PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (8049)
        831    HOSPITALS (806)
        832    NURSING AND PERSONAL CARE FACILITIES (805)
        840    HEALTH SERVICES, N.E.C. (807, 808, 809)
        841    LEGAL SERVICES (81)
        842    ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS (821)
        850    COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES (822)
        851    BUSINESS, TRADE AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS (824)
        852    LIBRARIES (823)
        860    EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, N.E.C (829)
        861    JOB TRAINING AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
               SERVICES (833)           
        862    CHILD DAY CARE SERVICES (835)
        870    RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITIES, WITHOUT NURSING (836)
        871    SOCIAL SERVICES, N.E.C. (832, 839)
        872    MUSEUMS, ART GALLERIES, AND ZOOS (84)
        880    RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS (866)
        881    MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS (861-865, 869)
        882    ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL, AND SURVEYING SERVICES
               (891)
        890    ACCOUNTING, AUDITING, AND BOOKKEEPING SERVICES
               (893)
        891    NONCOMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
               (892)
        892    MISCELLANEOUS PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES
               (899)
      
      
                         PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
      
      
        900    EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE OFFICES (911-913)
        901    GENERAL GOVERNMENT, N.E.C (919)
        910    JUSTICE, PUBLIC ORDER, AND SAFETY (92)
        921    PUBLIC FINANCE, TAXATION, AND MONETARY POLICY (93)
        922    ADMINISTRATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMS (94)
        930    ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND
               HOUSING PROGRAMS (95)
        931    ADMINISTRATION OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS (96)
        932    NATIONAL SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (97)
      
      
        990    INDUSTRY NOT REPORTED
             
>> MASTER CODE
    ICPSR STATE AND COUNTRY CODES
      
                UNITED STATES:
      
                New England
                  101    Connecticut
                  102    Maine
                  103    Massachusetts
                  104    New Hampshire
                  105    Rhode Island
                  106    Vermont
                  109    General mention of area; two or more states in area
                Middle Atlantic
                  111    Delaware
                  112    New Jersey
                  113    New York
                  114    Pennsylvania
                  118    General mention of area; two or more states in area
                         --------------------
                  119    EAST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH NEW ENGLAND AND
                         MIDDLE ATLANTIC
                East North Central
                  121    Illinois
                  122    Indiana
                  123    Michigan
                  124    Ohio
                  125    Wisconsin
                  129    General mention of area; two or more states in area
                West North Central
                  131    Iowa
                  132    Kansas
                  133    Minnesota
                  134    Missouri
                  135    Nebraska
                  136    North Dakota
                  137    South Dakota
                  138    General mention of area; two or more states in area
                         --------------------
                  139    MIDWEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH EAST NORTH
                         CENTRAL AND WEST North Central
                Solid South
                  141    Alabama
                  142    Arkansas
                  143    Florida
                  144    Georgia
                  145    Louisiana
                  146    Mississippi
                  147    North Carolina
                  148    South Carolina
                  149    Texas
                  140    Virginia
                  157    General mention of area; the South; two or more
                         states in area
                Border States
                  151    Kentucky
                  152    Maryland
                  153    Oklahoma
                  154    Tennessee
                  155    Washington, D.C.
                  156    West Virginia
                  158    General mention of area; two or more states in area
                         --------------------
                  159    SOUTH; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH SOLID SOUTH AND
                         BORDER STATES
                Mountain States
                  161    Arizona
                  162    Colorado
                  163    Idaho
                  164    Montana
                  165    Nevada
                  166    New Mexico
                  167    Utah
                  168    Wyoming
                  169    General mention of area; two or more states in area
                Pacific States
                  171    California
                  172    Oregon
                  173    Washington
                  178    General mention of area; two or more states in area
                         ---------------------
                  179    WEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH MOUNTAIN STATES AND
                         PACIFIC STATES
                External States and Territories
                  180    Alaska
                  181    Hawaii
                  182    Puerto Rico
                  183    American Samoa, Guam
                  184    Panama Canal Zone
                  185    Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
                  186    Virgin Islands
                  187    Other U.S. Dependencies
      
                Reference to Two or More States from Different Regions of
                the United States; or NA Which State
                  191    Northeast and South (New England or Middle Atlantic
                         and Solid South or Border States)
                  192    Northeast and Midwest (New England or Middle
                         Atlantic and East North Central or West North
                         Central)
                  194    West (Mountain States or Pacific States) and
                         Midwest; West and Northeast
                  195    West and South (Solid South or Border States)
                  196    Midwest and South
                         --------------------
                  198    Lived in 3 or more regions (NA whether lived in   one
                         more than the rest)
                  199    United States, NA which state
      
                WESTERN HEMISPHERE   Except U.S.
      
                North America
                  201    North America (except U.S.) comb. Canada, Mexico,
                         and/or Central America
                  207    Canada -- ancestry of Anglo-Saxon origin
                  208    Canada -- ancestry of French origin
                  209    Canada -- NA origin or other origin
                  219    Mexico
                  229    Central America
                West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands)
                  231    Barbados
                  232    Cuba
                  233    Dominican Republic
                  234    Haiti
                  235    Jamaica
                  236    Netherlands Antilles
                  237    Trinidad and Tobago
                  238    Islands of Lesser Antilles--except Virgin Islands
                         and Netherlands Antilles
                  239    West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands)
                         or "Caribbean"--reference to two or more West
                         Indian countries
                South America
                  259    South America; South American country or countries
      
                EUROPE
                British Isles
                  301    England
                  302    Ireland (NA North or South); southern Ireland
                  303    Scotland
                  304    Wales
                  305    Northern Ireland (Ulster)
                  306    Scot-Irish
                  308    United Kingdom; Great Britain
                  309    "BRITISH ISLES"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE
                         TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES
                Western Europe
                  310    Austria
                  311    Belgium
                  312    France
                  313    Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany)
                  314    German Democratic Republic (E. Germany)
                  315    Germany--NA East or West
                  316    Luxembourg
                  317    Netherlands; Holland
                  318    Switzerland
                  319    "WESTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA;
                         REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN
                         EUROPE
                  320    Scandinavia
                  321    Denmark
                  322    Finland
                  323    Norway
                  324    Sweden
                  325    Iceland
                         --------------------
                  328    GENERAL MENTION OF AREA OF WESTERN EUROPE AND/OR
                         SCANDINAVIA AND/OR BRITISH ISLES AND/OR
                         MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND/OR GREECE; REFERENCE
                         TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES IN DIFFERENT AREAS LISTED
                         ABOVE
                         --------------------
                  329    "SCANDINAVIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE
                         TO TWO OR MORE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
                Eastern Europe
                  331    Czechoslovakia (Slavic)
                  332    Estonia
                  333    Hungary
                  334    Latvia
                  335    Lithuania
                  336    Poland
                  337    Russia (or U.S.S.R.)
                  338    Ukraine
                  339    "EASTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA;
                         REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN
                         EUROPE
                Balkan Countries
                  341    Albania
                  342    Bulgaria
                  343    Greece
                  344    Rumania
                  345    Yugoslavia
                  348    General mention of area; reference to two or more
                         Balkan Countries
                         --------------------
                  349    "BALKANS"; GENERAL REFERENCE OF AREA; REFERENCE TO
                         COUNTRIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND BALKAN COUNTRIES
                Mediterranean Countries
                  351    Italy
                  352    Portugal
                  353    Spain
                  354    Malta or Gozo
                         --------------------
                  399    "EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO
                         OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE IN DIFFERENT AREAS
                ASIA  except Near East
                  401    Afghanistan
                  404    India
                  405    1990: Pakistan
                  406    Pakistan
                  428    Southeast Asia:  Indochina, Thailand, Malaya,
                         Burma, Philippines, Indonesia; Hong Kong
                  431    China (mainland)
                  432    1990: Taiwan, Formosa
                  434    Taiwan, Formosa
                  451    Japan
                  452    Korea (North or South)
                  499    "ASIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO
                         OR MORE COUNTRIES OF ASIA
                NEAR EAST
                  501    U.A.R. (Egypt)
                  502    Iran
                  503    Iraq
                  504    Israel (or Palestine)
                  505    Jordan
                  506    Lebanon
                  507    Saudi Arabia
                  508    Syria
                  509    Turkey
                  599    "NEAR EAST"; "MIDDLE EAST"; GENERAL MENTION OF
                         AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF NEAR
                         EAST
                AFRICA
                  655    South Africa
                  699    Africa; any African country or countries, excluding
                         only South Africa and U.A.R. (Egypt)
                OCEANIA
                  704    Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania
                OTHER:
                  997    Other (combinations) not codeable elsewhere
                  998    DK
                  999    NA
      >> MASTER CODE
    IMPORTANT PROBLEMS CODE
      
                SOCIAL WELFARE
                  001    General reference to domestic issues;
                         repairing/maintaining the nation's infrastructure
                         (roads, bridges, dams, etc)
                  005    POPULATION; any mention of population increase;
                         reference to over-population/birth control
                  006    DAY CARE; child care
                  010    UNEMPLOYMENT; the number of people with jobs;
                         unemployment rate/compensation; job retraining
                  013    CREATE JOBS/RECRUIT INDUSTRY in specific
                         area/region/state
                  020    EDUCATION; financial assistance for
                         schools/colleges/students; quality of
                         education/the learning environment/teaching
                  030    AGED/ELDERLY; social security benefits;
                         administration of social security; medical care
                         for the aged; medicare benefits; insuring against
                         catastrophic illness
                  035    Social Security won't be around in the future;
                         paying into a system which won't benefit me/them
                  040    HEALTH PROBLEMS/COST OF MEDICAL CARE; quality of
                         medical care; medical research/training of doctors
                         and other health personnel; hospitals; National
                         Health insurance program
                  045    ** Located after 330
                  046    ** Located after 383
                  048    Other specific references to health problems; AIDS
                  050    HOUSING; providing housing for the poor/homeless;
                         ability of young people to afford to buy
                         homes/find homes to buy
                  060    POVERTY; aid to the poor/underprivileged people;
                         help for the (truly) needy; welfare programs (such
                         as ADC); general reference to anti-poverty
                         programs; hunger/help for hungry people in the
                         U.S.
                  090    SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS; "welfare"--NFS
                  091    For general or other social welfare programs; "we
                         need to help people more"
                  092    Against general or other social welfare programs;
                         "too many give away programs for the people who
                         don't deserve it"
                  099    Other specific mentions of social welfare problems
                AGRICULTURE
                  100    FARM ECONOMICS; payment for crops/price of
                         feed/cost of farming
                  103    SUBSIDIES/crop payments/government aid to farmers
                  120    WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS; food
                         shortages/starvation/famine (not 406 or 407)
      
                NATURAL RESOURCES
                  150    CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; conservation,
                         ecology; protecting the environment/endangered
                         species
                  151    Controlling/REGULATING GROWTH or land development;
                         banning further growth/development in crowded or
                         ecologically sensitive areas; preserving natural
                         areas
                  153    POLLUTION; clean air/water
                  154    Disposal of RADIOACTIVE/TOXIC waste (dumps,
                         landfills)
                  160    DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES /ENERGY SOURCES;
                         harbors, dams, canals, irrigation, flood control,
                         navigation, reclamation; location, mining,
                         stock-piling of minerals; water power, atomic
                         power; development of alternative sources of
                         energy (includes mentions of solar or nuclear
                         power)
                Agriculture OR Natural Resources:
                  199    OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF AGRICULTURE OR NATURAL
                         RESOURCES PROBLEMS
                LABOR:  UNION-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS
                  200    LABOR/UNION PROBLEMS; union practices; job
                         security provided workers; job safety issues;
                         working conditions
                  220    Anti-union; unions too powerful
                  299    Other specific mention of labor or
                         union-management problems
                RACIAL
                  300    CIVIL RIGHTS/RACIAL PROBLEMS; programs to enable
                         Blacks to gain social/economic/educational/
                         political equality; relations between Blacks and
                         whites
                  302    PROTECTION (expansion) OF WHITE MAJORITY;
                         maintenance of segregation; right to choose own
                         neighborhood; right to discriminate in employment
                  304    Discrimination against whites; preferred treatment
                         given to minorities
                PUBLIC ORDER
                  320    NARCOTICS; availability of drugs; extent of
                         drug/alcohol addiction in the U.S.; interdiction
                         of drugs coming to the U.S. from foreign
                         countries; alcohol or drug related crime
                  330    WOMEN'S RIGHTS; ref. to women's issues; economic
                         equality for women; ERA
                  045    PRO-ABORTION; pro-choice; the right of a woman to
                         control her body
                  340    CRIME/VIOLENCE; too much crime; streets aren't
                         safe; mugging, murder, shoplifting; drug related
                         crime
                  360    LAW AND ORDER; respect for the law/police; support
                         for the police; death penalty; tougher sentences
                         for criminals; need for more prisons
                  367    Against unregistered ownership of guns;
                         legislative control of guns; "CONTROL OF GUNS"-NFS
                  368    For gun ownership; right to have guns; against gun
                         control
                  370    EXTREMIST GROUPS/TERRORISTS; terrorist
                         bombings/hostage-taking; political subversives;
                         revolutionary ideas/approaches
                  380    General mention of MORAL/RELIGIOUS DECAY (of
                         nation); sex, bad language, adult themes on TV
                  381    Family problems--divorce; proper treatment of
                         children; decay of family (except 006);
                         child/elder abuse (incl. sexual)
                  046    ANTI-ABORTION; pro-life; "abortion"--NFS
                  383    Problems of/with YOUNG PEOPLE; drug/alcohol abuse
                         among young people; sexual attitudes; lack of
                         values/discipline; mixed-up thinking; lack of
                         goals/ambition/sense of responsibility
                  384    Religion (too) mixed up in politics; prayer in
                         school
                  385    HOMOSEXUALITY; protecting civil rights of gays and
                         lesbians; accepting the lifestyle of homosexuals;
                         granting homosexual couples the same rights and
                         benefits as heterosexual couples
                Racial OR Public Order OR Other Domestic:
                  399    OTHER SPECIFIC MENTION OF RACIAL OR PUBLIC ORDER
                         PROBLEMS; OTHER MENTION OF DOMESTIC ISSUES
                ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS
                               If R mentions both "inflation" (400) and
                               rise in prices of specific items (407-
                               409), code "inflation" (400). [SEE ALSO 496]
                  400    INFLATION; rate of inflation; level of prices;
                         cost of living
                  401    WAGE AND PRICE CONTROLS/GUIDELINES; freezing
                         prices; control of business profits
                  403    High price of food, all mentions (exc. 100)
                  404    High price of other specific items and services
                  405    MINIMUM WAGE, any mention; any mention of wage
                         levels
                  407    Food shortages; economic aspects of food
                         shortages, e.g., price of sugar (other references,
                         code 120)
                  408    Fuel shortages; "energy crisis"; oil companies
                         making excessive profits; depressed condition of
                         the oil industry
                  410    RECESSION, DEPRESSION; prosperity of the nation;
                         economic growth; GNP
                  411    MONETARY RESTRAINTS/CONTROLS; level of interest
                         rates; availability of money/the money supply
                  415    Against (increased) government spending; balancing
                         of the (national) budget; against government
                         stimulation of the economy; the size of the budget
                         deficit
                  416    TAXES; general reference to tax structure; tax
                         surcharge (NA R's direction); tax reform; other
                         specific tax reference
                  417    For tax cuts; against tax surcharge; for tax
                         reform
                  418    Against tax cuts; for tax surcharge; against tax
                         reform
                  424    PRODUCTIVITY of American industry; "giving a day's
                         work for a day's pay"; revitalizing American
                         industry
                  425    STOCK MARKET/GOLD PRICES; all references to gold
                         prices, stock brokers, stock fluctuations, etc.
                  427    VALUE OF THE DOLLAR; strength/weakness of the
                         dollar against other currencies
                  433    Large businesses taking over small businesses
                  440    Class oriented economic concerns--middle class,
                         working class (pro); MIDDLE CLASS GETTING SQUEEZED
                  441    Class oriented economic concerns--big business,
                         monied interests (anti) too powerful
                  442    Concern for inequitable distribution of wealth;
                         gap between the rich and the poor; concentration
                         of wealth in the hands of a few
                  451    For the regulation of interstate commerce,
                         transportation, air travel, railways, government
                         auto safety regulations; in favor of increased
                         government regulation of business; mention of
                         problems caused by deregulation
                  452    Against (increased) regulation of interstate
                         commerce, transportation; AIR TRAVEL, RAILWAYS,
                         etc.
                  453    Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the
                         nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.  [1990] Savings
                         and Loan scandal
                  460    IMMIGRATION POLICY; establishing limits on how
                         many people from any one nation can enter the
                         U.S.; prohibiting specified types of persons from
                         entering the U.S.
                  463    Problems relating to the influx of
                         political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians,
                         Mexicans, etc.)
                  491    Economics--general; "Economics"--NFS
                  492    International economics--general
                  493    U.S. foreign trade, balance of payments position;
                         foreign oil dependency
                  494    Control of FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN U.S.; mention of
                         foreigners buying U.S. assets (businesses, real
                         estate, stocks, etc)
                  495    PROTECTION OF U.S. INDUSTRIES; imposition of
                         tariffs/reciprocal restrictions on foreign
                         imports; limitation of foreign imports; mention of
                         problems in specific industries competing with
                         foreign manufacturers
                  496    The economy--not further specified (code specific
                         mention if R clarifies by saying "inflation",
                         etc.; also see 400)
                  497    International competitiveness; outsourcing; loss
                         of jobs to foreign competition; moving jobs
                         abroad; modernizing plants/equipment/management
                         techniques to meet foreign competition; matching
                         the quality of foreign goods
                  498    Mention of "twin problems" of a large national
                         debt/budget deficit and unfavorable balance of
                         trade/import-export ratio
                  499    Other specific mention economic or business
                         problems
                FOREIGN AFFAIRS
                  500    FOREIGN RELATIONS/FOREIGN AFFAIRS; foreign
                         policy/relations, prestige abroad
                  504    Relations with the Third World (no specific
                         country or region mentioned)
                  505    Relations with WESTERN EUROPE; Great Britain,
                         France, Germany; our allies
                  510    VIETNAM; general reference to "the war,"
                         Indochina, Cambodia; aid
                  514    Latin America, South America--any references;
                         reference to war/situation in Nicaragua; U.S.
                         support of the Contras
                  515    Iran; mention of American hostages in Teheran;
                         arms deal
                  516    African countries; developing areas in Africa (not
                         518)--any mention; U.S. response to apartheid in
                         South Africa
                  519    Other specific countries/areas/trouble spots (exc.
                         520's, 530's)
                  524    MIDDLE EAST-- support or aid to Israel/Arab
                         states; Arab/Israeli conflict; Iran-Iraq war;
                         hostages in Lebanon/Middle East. [1990] Iraqi
                         aggression in the Persian Gulf
                  530    RUSSIA/Eastern Europe; relations with Russia/the
                         Communist bloc; detente/trade/negotiations with
                         Russia -- NA whether 531 or 532
                  531    For PEACEFUL RELATIONS with Russia/Detente/Eastern
                         Europe; for increased TRADE with Russia;
                         talking/resuming negotiations with Russia on arms
                         control/reduction (reaching/concluding a treaty is
                         711)
                  532    Against policy of Detente with Russia; COLD WAR;
                         threat of external Communism; need to oppose/be
                         wary of Russia
                  533    Prevention of Russian (Communist) expansion;
                         mention of Soviet invasion and occupation of
                         Afghanistan-- any reference; references to Soviet
                         activity in Central America/Nicaragua)
                  539    Other specific references to
                         Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe, etc. (including
                         changing site/boycotting 1980 Moscow Olympics);
                         threat of/preventing war with Russia (exc. 714)
                  540    FIRMNESS IN FOREIGN POLICY; maintenance of
                         position of MILITARY/DIPLOMATIC STRENGTH (not
                         710-712)
                  550    U.S. FOREIGN (MILITARY) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENT,
                         extent of U.S. Foreign involvement; military
                         assistance/aid (exc. 524)
                  560    U.S. FOREIGN (ECONOMIC) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENTS;
                         extent of U.S. (foreign) economic aid; "foreign
                         aid"
                  570    Prevention of war; ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE; any
                         reference
                  585    Obligation to TAKE CARE OF PROBLEMS AT HOME before
                         helping foreign countries
                  599    Other specific mention of foreign affairs problems
                NATIONAL DEFENSE
                  700    NATIONAL DEFENSE; defense budget; level of
                         spending on defense
                  710    DISARMAMENT; general reference to ENDING OF THE
                         ARMS RACE; nuclear proliferation; test ban treaty
                         (not 540); SALT; INF treaty
                  711    For DISARMAMENT; for extension of test ban treaty;
                         support toward ending of arms race; against
                         (additional) expenditures on military/arms
                         development; SALT; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty
                  712    Against (increased) policy of DISARMAMENT; against
                         test ban treaty; for additional WEAPONS
                         DEVELOPMENT; missile program; scientific/
                         technological development in weapons/strategy;
                         atomic bomb testing; increased DEFENSE BUDGET,
                         increased arms expenditure (not 540); SALT;
                         increased pay for military personnel; SDI ("Star
                         Wars"); INF treaty
                  713    General or specific references to functioning and
                         performance of defense; waste, inefficiency (not
                         codeable in 710-712)
                  714    Nuclear war; the threat of nuclear war; nuclear
                         proliferation
                  740    The space program; space race (not 711,712)
                  750    MORALE OF NATION; Patriotism; National spirit;
                         national unity; greed, selfishness of people
                  760    BENEFITS FOR VETERANS; general reference
                  765    Allowing/accepting GAYS IN THE MILITARY
                  799    Other specific mention of national defense
                         problems
                ISSUES RELATING TO THE FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT
                  800    POWER OF THE (FEDERAL) GOVERNMENT; power
                         of/control exercised by the federal government
                  810    (LACK OF) HONESTY IN GOVERNMENT; (LACK OF) ETHICS
                         IN GOVERNMENT--general reference (exc. 811)
                  811    LACK OF PERSONAL ETHICS/morality of persons
                         related to or part of government
                  820    CAMPAIGN DONATIONS/PUBLIC FINANCING OF ELECTIONS;
                         any mentions
                  830    CONFIDENCE/TRUST in political leaders/system;
                         wisdom, ability, responsiveness of political
                         leaders; quality of leadership provided by
                         political leaders
                  833    QUALITY/EFFICIENCY of public employees, diplomats,
                         civil service; SIZE OF THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY;
                         COST OF GOVERNMENT
                  836    COMPENSATION; all references to the compensation
                         of government employees, officials, congressmen,
                         judges, local politicians/ bureaucrats
                  837    Waste in government spending; keeping tabs on
                         where money goes
                  838    Government BUDGET PRIORITIES are wrong;
                         Congress/President is spending money in the wrong
                         areas/not spending money on the right things
                  840    SIZE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; the (large) size of
                         government/civil service/bureaucracy; the number
                         of government departments/employees/programs
                  853    POWER OF CONGRESS--general reference
                  856    POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT, all other references
                         to the Supreme Court except 857, 858
                  859    Other specific references to the (federal) balance
                         of power; legislative gridlock in Washington
                  862    FAIR ELECTION PROCEDURES; prevention of vote
                         manipulation; curbing of political "bosses", smear
                         campaigns
                  869    Other specific references to problems of
                         representation; term limitations for members of
                         Congress
                  874    Lack of support for the President; any
                         anti-President comments, negative reference to the
                         PRESIDENT's quality, style, etc.
                  878    Mention of a specific CANDIDATE or relative of a
                         candidate -- NFS
                  881    New president/administration getting started;
                         other references specific to the President
                  885    PUBLIC APATHY/disinterest--all references
                  887    Extending/protecting EQUAL RIGHTS, basic freedoms,
                         human rights of all citizens
                  899    Other specific mention of problems relating to the
                         functioning of government
                OTHER
                  995    1990-91: "There were no issues"; "there were no
                         issues, just party politics"
                  996    1990-91: "There was no campaign in my district"
                  997    Other specific mentions of important problems
                  998    DK
                  999    NA
                  000    INAP; No further mention; no problems
      >> MASTER CODE
    LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE CODE
      
                GENERAL PHILOSOPHY
                  010    ACCEPTANCE OF CHANGE/new ideas; less bound to
                         status quo, more open to new ideas/ways of doing
                         things; flexible, innovative, "modern",
                         progressive
                  110    RESISTANCE TO CHANGE/new ideas; stick to (protect)
                         status quo, resist new ways of doing things;
                         rigid, set in ways, old-fashioned
                         -----
                  020    QUICK (RASH) RESPONSE to problems; tackle problems
                         quickly; impetuous, impulsive, (too) aggressive,
                         take more chances, not cautious (enough)
                  120    Slow (cautious) response to problems, do-nothing,
                         lets things go, avoid risk
                         -----
                  021    IRRESPONSIBLE; does not worry about consequences;
                         "anything goes" attitude
                  121    THOUGHTFUL; worries about consequences
                         -----
                  030    Independence of thought, ideas; think on their
                         own; don't (always) follow party directives;
                         outspoken activist, go-getters; look at both sides
                         of question; more likely to compromise/give and
                         take on an issue
                  130    Don't think independently; compliant, disciplined,
                         follow party directives; look at only one side of
                         issues
                         -----
                  035    Consistent; takes firm stands; decisive;
                         determined; stubborn
                  135    Inconsistent, they switch positions/do not take
                         firm stand on issues; are indecisive
                         -----
                  040    FOR EQUALITY, equal rights for everybody; "no
                         'stuffed shirts"'"; talk on people's level;
                         willing to listen to people, people like me
                  140    ELITIST; favors maintaining special privileges for
                         some
                         -----
                  050    EXTREME, RADICAL, far left (not further
                         specified)
                  150    MODERATE, middle-of-road, less extreme (not
                         further specified)
                  155    REACTIONARY, far right (not further specified)
                         -----
                  060    Cares about giving to, helping others;
                         compassionate; generous; do-gooder
                  160    Self-centered, cares primarily about self
                         -----
                  061    SENSITIVE TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS; concerned with
                         social reform; interested in improving social
                         conditions; for equalizing distribution of income
                  161    UNAWARE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS; not favoring social
                         reform; not interested in improving social
                         conditions; against equalizing/redistribution of
                         income
                         -----
                  070    Future-oriented, plan ahead, look to the future
                  170    Not future-oriented, don't plan ahead, don't worry
                         about the future; short-sighted
                         -----
                  071    Idealist, not realistic about what is possible
                  171    Pragmatic; down to earth, realistic
                         -----
                  080    Socialistic, for welfare state, for social welfare
                         programs, for government intervention in social
                         problems; leaves less to (interferes more with)
                         private enterprise
                  180    FOR FREE ENTERPRISE, capitalism, against socialism
                         (code "help big business" under group references);
                         for development of private enterprise, against
                         government expansion into areas of private
                         enterprise; against government intervention in
                         social problems, leaves individuals to fend off on
                         their own
                         -----
                  081    Depends (too much) on federal government (rather
                         than state or local government); (TOO)
                         CENTRALIZED, paternalism, want Washington to do
                         everything
                  181    For states' rights, local government, less
                         interference from Washington at local level,
                         against powerful federal government
                         -----
                  082    DESTROY PERSONAL INITIATIVE/individual
                         responsibility/individual dignity; recognize
                         individual needs government help
                  182    Initiative/Responsibility/Dignity of individual
                         protected
                         -----
                  083    Humanistic; care (more) about people; for the
                         benefit of the person
                  183    Less/Not humanistic; less/not concerned about
                         people
                         -----
                  084    Patriotic, nationalist; looks out for good of our
                         country; pride in government/country/Constitution;
                         has the country's interest at heart
                  184    Less patriotic, less nationalist; not enough pride
                         in government/ country/Constitution; willing to
                         take care of other people (e.g., refugees) before
                         taking care of people at home
                         -----
                  085    Definite moral standards/stands; concern
                         for/control of public morality
                  185    Freedom to do as one chooses; less interested in
                         strict control of social behavior; not interested
                         in setting moral standards
                         -----
                  086    (Good) Christian; strong religious beliefs
                  186    Not religious
                         -----
                  087    Adhere to/uphold/respect the Constitution; live up
                         to/stick to what the Constitution says
                  187    Deviate from/ignore/don't respect the
                         Constitution; interpret the Constitution to suit
                         their needs; ignore the Constitution when it suits
                         their purposes
                         -----
                  088    Support/uphold/defend the Bill of Rights; protect
                         the right to freedom of speech/press/religion,
                         etc.; support the ACLU
                  188    Seek to curtail/fail to protect/unwilling to
                         observe the Bill of Rights; willing to put limits
                         in freedom of speech/press/ religion, etc.;
                         doesn't support the ACLU
                         General Philosophy (continued)
                  089    (More) Concerned about HUMAN RIGHTS; places
                         (greater) importance on the protection of human
                         rights.
                  189    Less/not concerned about HUMAN RIGHTS; does not
                         place/places less importance on the protection of
                         human rights.
                         -----
                  090    Other general philosophy reference pertaining to
                         liberals
                  190    Other general philosophy reference pertaining to
                         conservatives
                FISCAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY REFERENCES
                 - Fiscal Policy--Easy Spending Responses
                  400    SPEND MORE FREELY/high spenders (NFS); liberal
                         economic policy; favor government spending
                  401    Spend much relative to what is accomplished,
                         WASTEFUL, not careful with spending
                  402    Spend much relative to money available; SPEND US
                         DEEPER IN DEBT
                  403    Spend under special circumstances, such as hard
                         times
                  404    Bring cheap money, MORE MONEY CIRCULATING
                  405    Other easy spending responses
                  406    Want to RAISE TAXES--NFS; want to keep taxes
                         high/increase government revenues
                  407    Will increase INCOME TAXES; will not cut income
                         taxes; will rely on increase in/high income tax to
                         provide government revenues
                 - Fiscal Policy--Cautious Spending Responses
                  500    Spend less freely, economize in government (NFS);
                         tight economic policy; oppose government spending
                  501    Spend little relative to what is accomplished,
                         LESS WASTEFUL/more careful with government
                         (taxpayers') money
                  502    Spend little relative to money available, REDUCE
                         DEBT; keep debt from getting higher, balanced
                         budget
                  503    Spend little even when special circumstances might
                         warrant
                  504    FOR SOUND MONEY, tight money, deflation
                  505    Other cautious spending responses
                  506    Want to CUT TAXES--NFS; want to keep taxes
                         low/decrease government revenues
                  507    Will cut INCOME TAXES; will not increase income
                         taxes; will rely on taxes other than income tax to
                         provide government revenue
                  512    Favor (too much) GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER ECONOMY;
                         doesn't let business get more involved/handle
                         problems of poverty/ unemployment, etc.
                  412    Don't favor (too much) government control over
                         economy; LETS BUSINESS GET MORE INVOLVED/handle
                         problems of poverty/ unemployment, etc.
                  490    Other reference to fiscal and economic policy
                  435    Propose/enact FAIR TAXES; believe everyone should
                         be taxed the same/that taxes should be even-handed
                  535    Propose/enact UNFAIR TAXES; show favoritism/give
                         tax breaks to certain groups or types of people
                  436    Give tax breaks to the poor/working/middle class
                         people; tax policies favor the lower/middle
                         classes
                  536    Give tax breaks to the wealthy/corporations; tax
                         policies favor the rich/powerful/upper classes
                SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES FAVORED BY LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE
                  600    MINIMUM WAGE LEGISLATION; favors raising minimum
                         wage, or favors raising unemployment compensation
                  601    SOCIAL SECURITY, government pension rates
                  603    FULL EMPLOYMENT policies; government commitment
                         to provide a job for everyone who wants to work
                  610    MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE, medical care for the
                         aged, socialized medicine, Medicare
                  620    Government control of UTILITIES, more attention to
                         conservation; public works, mention of ecology,
                         environment
                  630    Federal AID TO EDUCATION/school-building,
                         teachers' pay higher
                  631    Busing; forced integration
                  632    Other federal control of education or schools
                         response
                  633    Prayer in schools
                  640    CIVIL RIGHTS, insist more strongly on civil rights
                  641    Law and order--hard line (or NA line); want a
                         police state; support death penalty (88)
                  642    Law and order--soft line; oppose death penalty (88)
                  643    Property rights, OPEN HOUSING
                  644    Policies which would divide country, have civil
                         war, race war
                  650    Higher TARIFFS, less free trade
                  660    "Wet" legislation, ANTI-PROHIBITION
                  670    General mention of social welfare, "give-away
                         programs"
                  671    POVERTY program
                  672    EMPLOYMENT (job) training programs, job corps, etc.
                  673    Food stamps
                  674    Provides for/support/spend (more) for child care
                         or parental leave policy; license/fund day care
                         facilities
                  680    FARM policy
                  681    ABORTION; birth control
                  682    Women's rights; ERA
                  683    Legalization of pot, lower penalties/lenient drug
                         laws or enforcement
                  684    Gay rights, homosexuals
                  685    Nuclear power, construction of nuclear plants
                  686    Gun control
                  690    Other specific domestic policy favored
                SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES OPPOSED BY LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE
                  700    MINIMUM WAGE or unemployment compensation; won't
                         raise minimum wage, won't improve unemployment
                         compensation
                  701    SOCIAL SECURITY, against raising benefits
                  703    FULL EMPLOYMENT policies; government commitment
                         to provide a job for everyone who wants to work
                  710    MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE, against medical care
                         for the aged, against socialized medicine,
                         Medicare
                  720    Government control of UTILITIES, for private
                         power; less interested in conservation; public
                         works, mention of ecology, environment
                  730    FEDERAL AID TO EDUCATION; against or drag feet on
                         aid to education
                  731    BUSING; forced integration
                  732    Other federal control of education or schools
                         response
                  733    Prayer in schools
                  740    CIVIL RIGHTS, against or drag feet on civil rights
                         legislation, leave it to states
                  741    Following a tough or hard line in maintenance of
                         law and order; POLICE STATE; PREVENTION OF CRIME,
                         etc.; imposing the death penalty (88)
                  742    Following a soft line in maintenance of law and
                         order; POLICE STATE; PREVENTION OF CRIME, etc.;
                         imposing the death penalty (88)
                  743    Property rights, OPEN HOUSING
                  744    Policies which would divide country, have civil
                         war, race war; want to unite the country
                  750    HIGH TARIFFS, want free trade
                  760    Repeal; WANT PROHIBITION; "dry"
                  770    General mention of social welfare, "give-away
                         programs"
                  771    POVERTY program
                  772    EMPLOYMENT (job) training programs, job corps
                  773    Food stamps
                  774    Provide for/support/spend (more) for CHILD CARE or
                         parental leave policy; license/fund day care
                         facilities
                  780    FARM policy
                  781    ABORTION; birth control
                  782    Women's rights; ERA
                  783    Legalization of pot, lower penalties/lenient drug
laws
                  784    Gay rights, homosexuals
                  785    Nuclear power, construction of nuclear plants
                  786    Gun control
                  790    Other domestic policy opposed
                GROUP REFERENCES
                 - Liberal/Conservative Good For/Helps/Gives Special
                   Advantage To:
                  200    EVERYBODY; NOBODY; no catering to special
                         interests, "people" (the majority)
                  210    WORKING OR LITTLE PEOPLE, the common (poor, lowly)
                         people, the working class, "average man"
                  212    People like me, people like us
                  220    Unions, "LABOR", labor leaders
                  230    BIG BUSINESS, industry, "business(men)", Wall
                         Street (except small businessman, code 240)
                  231    Rich people, UPPER CLASSES, wealthy (powerful) people
                  240    SMALL BUSINESSMEN
                  250    MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE, white collar people
                  260    FARMERS
                  270    BLACKS
                  280    Other racial and ethnic groups
                  281    THE SOUTH, some portion of the south
                  282    THE NORTH, some portion of the north
                  283    WHITE PEOPLE, white people only
                  284    MINORITIES, minority groups (NA which)
                  285    OLD PEOPLE
                  286    The educated, INTELLECTUALS, students
                  290    Other groups
                  299    Group reference codeable in 200 or 300 series, NA
                         which
                 - Liberal/Conservative Bad For/Anti/Seeps In Check/Puts
                   In Place:
                  300    Divisive, SETS CLASS AGAINST CLASS, caters to
                         special interests (NA what), plays group politics;
                         not for all the people; (LIBS/CONS) only for
                         themselves
                  310    WORKING OR LITTLE PEOPLE, the common (poor, lowly)
                         people, the working class, "average man"
                  312    PEOPLE LIKE ME, people like us
                  320    Unions, "LABOR", labor leaders
                  330    BIG BUSINESS, industry, "business(men)", Wall
                         Street (except small businessman, code 340)
                  331    Rich people, UPPER CLASSES, wealthy (powerful)
                         people
                  340    SMALL BUSINESSMEN
                  350    MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE, white collar people
                  360    FARMERS
                  370    BLACKS
                  371    Racist, prejudiced, bigoted
                  380    Other racial and ethnic groups; "minority groups,"
                         other or NFS
                  381    THE SOUTH, some portion of the south
                  382    THE NORTH, some portion of the north
                  383    WHITE PEOPLE, white people only
                  384    MINORITIES, minority groups (NA which)
                  385    OLD PEOPLE
                  386    The educated, INTELLECTUALS, students
                  390    Other groups
                FOREIGN POLICY REFERENCES
                  800    WAR; get us into war (faster);
                         liberal/conservative associated with war, military
                  810    PEACE; more likely to keep peace,
                         liberal/conservative associated with peace (no
                         mention of Vietnam specifically)
                  820    Internationalist; MORE FOR FOREIGN AID/trade,
                         government activities abroad; cooperate with
                         allies; U.N. "more for foreign aid/trade"
                  830    ISOLATIONIST; avoid foreign activities, cut
                         foreign aid/trade (military or economic); "cut
                         foreign aid/trade"
                  840    NATIONAL SECURITY; for strong national defense
                         (spending); strong (firm) (too aggressive) posture
                         toward communism (Russia); too much defense
                         spending
                  850    INADEQUATE NATIONAL SECURITY; fail to maintain
                         (spend for) defense; weak posture toward communism
                         (Russia)
                  860    Specific trouble spots
                  870    Control of nuclear weapons
                  880    Strong foreign policy
                  881    Weak foreign policy
                  890    Other foreign policy--other substantive foreign
                         policy mentions (direction of response usually
                         indicated)
                  891    Mention of "foreign policy" difference, but no
                         substance or direction given (e.g., usually
                         response is "they differ on foreign policy or in
                         how they will handle foreign policy")
                MISCELLANEOUS
                  900    Other miscellaneous reference pertaining to
                         liberals
                  901    Other miscellaneous reference pertaining to
                         conservatives
                  902    Liberal defined in terms of specific national
                         figure or Democratic party
                  903    Conservative defined in terms of specific national
                         figure or Republican party
                  998    DK
                  999    NA
                  000    INAP
      
      >> MASTER CODE
    NATIONALITY AND ETHNICITY 
      
               North America
                   01    American Indian, tribal mentions
                   02    Canadian; not specified as French-Canadian (03)
                   03    Canadian, of French origin
                   04    Mexican (excluding explicit mention of "Chicano",
                         "Mexican-American"
                   05    Central American
                West Indies
                   07    Barbados
                   08    Cuban
                   09    Dominican Republic
                   10    Haitian
                   11    Jamaican
                   12    Puerto Rican
                   13    West Indian--not from one of the above countries
                   14    West Indian--NA which country
                South America
                   16    South American--any country
                EUROPE
                British Isles
                   18    English, British
                   19    Irish (not specified as from Northern Ireland,
                         Ulster--22)
                   20    Scottish
                   21    Welsh
                   22    From Northern Ireland (Ulster)
                   23    Scot-Irish
                   24    From British Isles; from two or more countries of
                         the British Isles -EUROPE  (continued)
                Western Europe
                   26    Austrian
                   27    Belgian
                   28    French
                   29    German; also Pennsylvania Dutch
                   30    Luxembourg
                   31    Netherlands, Holland; Dutch
                   32    Swiss
                   33    From Western Europe; two or more countries of
                         Western Europe Scandinavia
                   35    Danish
                   36    Finn, Finnish
                   37    Norwegian
                   38    Swedish
                   39    Icelander
                   40    Scandinavian; reference to two or more Scandinavian
                         countries
                         --------------------
                   41    REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES FROM
COMBINATION
                         OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS:  BRITISH ISLES, WESTERN
                         EUROPE, SCANDINAVIA, MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES,
                         GREECE
                Eastern Europe
                   43    Czechoslovakian, Slavic
                   44    Estonian
                   45    Hungarian
                   46    Latvian
                   47    Lithuanian
                   48    Polish
                   49    Russian; from U.S.S.R.
                   50    Ukrainian
                   51    Eastern Europe; reference to two or more countries
                         of Eastern Europe
                Balkan Countries
                   53    Albanian
                   54    Bulgarian
                   55    Greek
                   56    Rumanian
                   57    Yugoslavian
                   58    Mention of two or more Balkan Countries
                Mediterranean Countries
                   60    Italian
                   61    Portugese
                   62    Spanish
                   63    Maltese
                         --------------------
                   64    EUROPEAN; GENERAL MENTION OF EUROPE; REFERENCE TO
                         TWO OR MORE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES OF EUROPE NOT
                         CODEABLE ABOVE
                ASIA  (except Near East)
                   65    Pakistani
                   66    Afghan
                   67    Indian (not American Indian, code 01)
                   68    Southeast Asia--from Indochina, Thailand, Malaya,
                         Burma, Philippines, Indonesia
                   69    Chinese
                   70    Japanese; Japanese American
                   71    Korean
                NEAR EAST
                   73    Egyptian
                   74    Iranian, Persian
                   75    Iraqi
                   76    Israeli
                   77    Jordanian
                   78    Lebanese
                   79    Arab, Arabian, Saudi Arabian
                   80    Syrian
                   81    Turk, Turkish
                   82    Armenian
                AFRICA
                   83    African; from any African country excluding only
                         Egypt (U.A.R.); South African (formerly 90)
                OCEANIA
                   85    Australian, New Zealander, Tasmanian
                ETHNIC GROUPS
                   86    White, Caucasian
                   87    Black; Negro; American Black; African American
                   88    Chicano; Mexican-American; Hispanic; Latin American
                OTHER, MISCELLANEOUS
                   90    NEITHER
                   91    Catholic
                   92    Protestant
                   93    Jewish
                   94    Mormon
                   95    Other religious groups
                   97    Other group; combinations not codeable above
                   98    DK
                   99    NA
      >> MASTER CODE
    PARTY-CANDIDATE

                PARTY ONLY -- PEOPLE WITHIN PARTY
                 0001    Johnson
                 0002    Kennedy, John; JFK
                 0003    Kennedy, Robert; RFK
                 0004    Kennedy, Edward; "Ted"
                 0005    Kennedy, NA which
                 0006    Truman
                 0007    Roosevelt; "FDR"
                 0008    McGovern
                 0009    Carter
                 0010    Mondale
                 0011    McCarthy, Eugene
                 0012    Humphrey
                 0013    Muskie
                 0014    Dukakis, Michael
                 0015    Wallace
                 0016    Jackson, Jesse
                 0017    Clinton, Bill
                 0018    Clinton, Hillary
                 0031    Eisenhower; Ike
                 0032    Nixon
                 0034    Rockefeller
                 0035    Reagan
                 0036    Ford
                 0037    Bush
                 0038    Connally
                 0039    Kissinger
                 0040    McCarthy, Joseph
                 0041    Buchanan, Pat
                 0051    Other national party figures (Senators,
                         Congressman, etc.)
                 0052    Local party figures (city, state, etc.)
                 0053    Good/Young/Experienced leaders; like whole ticket
                 0054    Bad/Old/Inexperienced leaders; dislike whole ticket
                 0055    Reference to vice-presidential candidate
                 0097    Other people within party reasons
      
                PARTY ONLY -- PARTY CHARACTERISTICS
                 0101    Traditional Democratic voter: always been a
                         Democrat; just a Democrat; never been a
                         Republican; just couldn't vote Republican
                 0102    Traditional Republican voter: always been a
                         Republican; just a Republican; never been a
                         Democrat; just couldn't vote Democratic
                 0111    Positive, personal, affective terms applied to
                         party--good/nice people; patriotic; etc.
                 0112    Negative, personal, affective terms applied to
                         party--bad/lazy people; lack of patriotism; etc.
                 0121    Can trust them; they keep their promises; you know
                         where they stand
                 0122    Can't trust them; they break their promises; you
                         don't know where they stand
                 0131    Party is well-organized, sticks together, is
                         united; members are disciplined; votes party line
                 0132    Party is poorly-organized/really two
                         parties/divided/ factionalized; members not
                         disciplined; doesn't vote party line
                 0133    Party is (more) representative/good cross-section
                         of the country; encompasses a wider variety of
                         views/people; is more at the center of the
                         country's views
                 0134    Party is less/not representative; bad cross-section
                         of the country; encompasses more restricted views;
                         is less at the center of the country's views
                 0135    Reference to participation of minority/women 
                         candidate(s)
                 0141    Reference to party's most recent National
                         Convention; party's process/method of selecting
                         presidential/vice-presidential candidates
                 0151    Performance of local branch of party; how they've
                         done in this state/county/town
                 0161    Reference to the predominant faction that R sees as
                         being in control of the party (NA which faction);
                         "I don't like the people running it"
                 0162    Reference to Northerners/Liberals (as in control)
                         of Democratic Party
                 0163    Reference to Southerners/Conservatives (as in
                         control) of Democratic Party
                 0164    Reference to Easterners/Liberals/Moderates (as in
                         control) of Republican Party
                 0165    Reference to Midwesterners/Westerners/Southerners/
                         Conservatives (as in control) of Republican Party
                 0167    Can't win; doesn't have a chance
                 0168    Can win; party can't be beat
                 0169    Too big a party; there are too many of them; party
                         is too powerful
                 0170    Too small a party; there are not enough of them;
                         party is too weak
                 0171    Listens (more) to people; takes (more) into
                         consideration the needs and wants of people;
                         understands (better) the people/the majority of
                         the people
                 0172    Doesn't listen to/understand the needs and wants of
                         the people/the majority of the people
                 0173    Campaign tactics, uses too much money in campaigns,
                         slings mud
                 0174    Party has been in office/controlled Congress/held
                         the White House too long/long enough; we need a
                         change (of party) [code 430 for mentions of
                         candidate]
                 0197    Other party-characteristic reasons
      
                CANDIDATE ONLY -- EXPERIENCE, ABILITY
                 0201    General reference to him as "a good/bad man or a
                         good/bad guy"; R has heard good/bad things about
                         him; qualifications; general ability; reference to
                         his "personality"
                 0203    Not qualified for the office; the job is too big
                         for him to handle
                 0211    Experienced (NA what kind) (see 0217, 0218, 0220
                         for specific kinds of experience; if in foreign
                         policy see 1100's)
                 0212    Inexperienced
                 0213    Dependable/Trustworthy/Reliable; a man you can
                         trust with the responsibilities of government
                         ("trust" in the capability sense, rather than the
                         honesty sense)
                 0214    Undependable/Untrustworthy/Unreliable; a man you
                         can't trust with the responsibilities of
                         government
                 0215    A military man; a good military/war record
                 0216    Not a military man; bad military/war record; no
                         military/war record
                 0217    His record in public service; how well he's
                         performed in previous offices; voting record in
                         Congress
                 0218    Has government experience/political
                         experience/seniority/ incumbency
                 0219    Lacks government experience/political experience
                 0220    A statesman; has experience in foreign affairs
                 0221    Not a statesman; lacks experience in foreign
                         affairs
                 0222    "He has done a good job so far"; he has brought us
                         through hard times"; has gotten things done has
                         some good ideas; trying to do right things
                 0223    Hasn't done anything; hasn't produced any results
                         (general); has not been able to get programs off
                         the ground
                 0224    Has fulfilled/Sept (campaign) promises
                 0225    Has not fulfilled/Sept (campaign) promises
                 0297    Other candidate experience/ability reasons
      
                CANDIDATE ONLY -- CANDIDATE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES
                 0301    Dignified/has dignity
                 0302    Undignified/lacks dignity
                 0303    Strong/decisive/self-confident/aggressive; will end
                         all this indecision
                 0304    Weak/indecisive/lacks self-confidence/vacillating
                 0305    Inspiring; a man you can follow; "a leader"
                 0306    Uninspiring; not a man you can follow; not a leader
                *0335    Makes people feel good about America/being
                         Americans; is patriotic/loves the country
                 0307    People have confidence in him
                 0308    People don't have confidence in him
                 0309    Good at communicating with blacks, young people,
                         other "problem" groups
                 0310    Bad at communicating with blacks, young people,
                         other "problem" groups (if communicate in general,
                         see 0441, 0442)
                 0311    Knows how to handle people (at personal level)
                 0312    Doesn't know how to handle people (at personal
                         level)
                 0313    A politician/political person; (too) much in
                         politics; a good politician; part of Washington
                         crowd; politically motivated; just wants to be
                         re-elected
                 0314    Not a politician; not in politics; above politics;
                         a bad politician
                 0315    Independent; no one runs him; his own boss
                 0316    Not independent; run by others; not his own
                         man/boss
                 0317    Humble; knows his limitations; doesn't pretend to
                         know all the answers
                 0318    Not humble enough; too cocky/self-confident; can't
                         admit shortcomings; blames others for his/her
                         mistakes
                 0319    (Too) Careful/Cautious/Good judgment
                 0320    (Too) Impulsive/Careless/Bad/Poor judgment
                *0334    Poor at explaining himself/his positions; doesn't
                         answer questions clearly; speaks off the top of
                         his head/doesn't stop to think before he speaks
                 0321    Helps people in the district on a personal level;
                         has helped R personally with a problem (specific
                         mention); tries to do things for the people
                 0322    Doesn't help people in the district on a personal
                         level; was not helpful to R with a personal
                         problem (specific mention)
                 0323    Represents (well) the views of the district; close
                         to people in the district; comes home regularly to
                         chat and mix with people
                 0324    Does not represent (well) the views of the
                         district; not close to the people in the district;
                         doesn't interact enough with the people
                 0325    Keeps people well informed about governmental
                         matters; communicates with constituents; any
                         mention of R receiving newsletters or
                         communications from him/her; explains matters well
                         so people can understand
                 0326    Does not inform people enough about governmental
                         matters; does not send enough newsletters or
                         communications; doesn't explain matters well
                 0327    Listens to the people/solicits public opinion; any
                         mention of polls or questionnaires; is accessible
                         to constituents (NFS)
                 0328    Doesn't listen to the people/does not solicit
                         public opinion; isn't accessible to constituents
                         (NFS)
                 0329    Has helped local (district) economy; brought money,
                         projects, jobs to district
                 0330    Has not helped local (district) economy; not
                         brought money, projects, jobs to district
                 0331    Candidate helps the district; watches out for the
                         interests of the district or region in general
                 0332    Candidate has not protected/watched out for the
                         interests of the district (specific mentions)
                *0334    Located after 0320
                *0335    Located after 0306
                 0397    Other candidate leadership reason
      
                CANDIDATE ONLY -- PERSONAL QUALITIES
                 0401    Honest/Sincere; keeps promises; man of integrity;
                         means what he says; fair; not tricky; open and
                         candid; straightforward; positive Playboy
                         references (1976)
                 0402    Dishonest/Insincere; breaks promises; no integrity;
                         doesn't mean what he says; tricky; not open and
                         candid; not straightforward
                 0403    Man of high principles/ideals; high moral purpose;
                         idealistic (if too idealistic, code 0416)
                 0404    Lacks principles/ideals
                 0405    Racist/Bigoted/Prejudiced
                 0406    Not a racist/bigoted/prejudiced
                 0407    Public servant; man of duty; conscientious;
                         hard-working; would be a full-time President; good
                         attendance record in Congress; dedicated; really
                         interested in serving people
                 0408    Doesn't take public service seriously; lazy; would
                         be a part-time President; poor attendance record
                         in office; not dedicated; not really interested in
                         serving people
                 0409    Doesn't use office for personal benefit; not in
                         office to maximize personal benefit
                 0410    Uses/in office (mostly) for personal benefits
                         (junket trips, big salary, other perks)
                 0411    Patriotic; (88) like Bush's stand on Pledge of
                         Allegiance issue
                 0412    Unpatriotic; (88) dislike Dukakis' stand on Pledge
                         of Allegiance issue
                 0413    Understands the nation's/district's problems;
                         well-informed; studies up on issues
                 0414    Doesn't understand the nation's/district's
                         problems; poorly informed; doesn't study up on
                         issues
                 0415    Realistic
                 0416    Unrealistic; too idealistic; (if "idealistic" in
                         positive sense, code 0403)
                 0417    Uses common sense; makes a lot of sense; pragmatic/
                         practical/down-to-earth
                 0418    Not sensible; impractical
                 0419    (Too) well educated; scholarly
                 0420    Poorly educated; unschooled
                 0421    Intelligent/Smart
                 0422    Unintelligent/Stupid/Dumb
                *0464    Uninformed; doesn't (seem to) know anything about
                         the issues/what is going on in the country/
                         government
                 0423    Religious; "moral" (in religious sense);
                         God-fearing; "too" religious
                 0424    "Irreligious"; "immoral" (in religious sense);
                         Playboy interview (reflects on Carter--1976)
                 0425    Self-made; not well off; started out as poor;
                         worked his way up; (started out)
                         unpolished/unrefined/rough
                 0426    Wealthy; rich; born with silver spoon in mouth;
                         polished/refined/well-mannered
                 0427    Old hat; has run before; a die-hard; "a loser" (in
                         the past)
                 0428    Someone new; a fresh face
                 0429    Don't change horses in midstream
                 0430    Time for a change; incumbent has been in office too
                         long/long enough [code 174 for mentions of party]
                 0431    Unsafe/Unstable; dictatorial; craves power;
                         ruthless
                 0432    Safe/Stable
                 0433    Sense of humor; jokes a lot (too much)
                 0434    No sense of humor; humorless (too serious)
                 0435    Kind/Warm/Gentle
                 0436    Cold/Aloof
                 0437    Likeable; gets along with people; friendly;
                         outgoing
                 0438    Not likeable; can't get along with people
                 0439    Democratic (in non-partisan sense)
                 0440    Undemocratic (in non-partisan sense)
                 0441    High-fallutin'/High-brow; talks in circles; can't
                         talk to common man; can't communicate ideas well
                 0442    Not high-fallutin'/is low-brow; talks straight; can
                         talk to common man; can communicate ideas well
                 0443    Well-known; "I know him/her"
                 0444    Unknown; not well known
                 0445    Reference to his family (not 0457)
                 0446    Reference to his wife/spouse
                 0447    Speaking ability
                 0448    Health
                 0449    Appearance/Looks/Face/Appearance on TV; his smile
                 0450    Age (NA how perceived)
                 0451    (Too) Old
                 0452    (Too) Young
                 0453    Mature
                 0454    Immature
                 0455    Regional reference; "he's a Southerner"; "he's a
                         Midwesterner"; he comes from the country/a rural
                         area; area reference
                 0456    Previous occupation
                 0457    He's a family man
                 0459    Energetic; too energetic
                 0460    Not energetic
                 0461    Gender, e.g., "She's a woman"
                 0462    Racial/Ethnic attribute; "He is a black man"
                *0464    Located after 0422
                 0495    Other negative personal qualities
                 0496    Other positive personal qualities
                 0497    Other candidate personal qualities
                 0498    References to Playboy interview--NA direction or
                         neutral; "it's OK," "that is what the Bible says",
                         (not 0401)--1976
      
                CANDIDATE ONLY--PARTY CONNECTIONS
                 0500    A Democrat; good Democrat; typical Democrat
                 0501    A Republican; good Republican; typical Republican
                 0502    Controlled by party regulars/bosses/machine
                 0503    Not controlled by party regulars/bosses
                 0504    Reference to men around him/staff/followers
                 0505    Reference to his speeches (exc. 0447), campaign
                         tactics; mud-slinging; (88) dislike Bush's stand
                         on Pledge of Allegiance issue
                 0506    Can win; best choice for party victory
                 0507    Cannot win; not good choice for party victory
                 0508    Reference to linkage with other party figures (he's
                         close to the Kennedy's; he was close to
                         Eisenhower; etc.)
                 0509    Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic policies
                         (unspecified)
                 0510    Would change/get rid of    "    "
                 0511    Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic domestic
                         policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's)
                 0512    Would change/get rid of    "    "    "
                 0513    Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic foreign
                         policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's)
                 0514    Would change/get rid of    "    "    "
                 0515    Would continue/Seep/follow Republican policies
                         (unspecified)
                 0516    Would change/get rid of    "    "
                 0517    Would continue/Seep/follow Republican domestic
                         policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's)
                 0518    Would change/get rid of    "    "    "
                 0519    Would continue/Seep/follow Republican foreign
                         policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's)
                 0520    Would change/get rid of    "    "    "
                 0531    More liberal than most Democrats; a Northern
                         Democrat
                 0532    More conservative    "    "    ; a Southern
                         Democrat
                 0533    More liberal than most Republicans; an Eastern
                         Republican
                 0534    More conservative    "    "      ; a
                         Midwestern/Western/ Southern Republican
                 0535    Will bring in/listen to the (party) liberals
                 0536    Will bring in/listen to the (party) conservatives
                 0541    References to the physical or mental health of
                         vice-presidential incumbent/candidate; emotional
                         state/stability of vice-presidential
                         incumbent/candidate; [1972] References to the
                         Eagleton affair
                 0542    Reference to vice-presidential incumbent/candidate,
                         running mate - NEC
                 0543    References to age/gender/race/ethnic background of
                         vice-presidential incumbent/candidate; [1984]
                         Mondale's selection of a woman for vice-president
                 0544    Mention of issue(s) that vice-presidential
                         incumbent/candidate is identified with or has
                         taken a leading role in promoting; [1992] Gore's
                         position on the environment
                 0551    References to link with "Watergate"--positive
                         reference to Watergate
                 0552    Not associated with "Watergate"--negative reference
                         to Watergate; making too much out of Watergate
                 0553    Ford's pardon of Nixon--NA direction or against
                         pardon
                 0554    "    "    "   --pro; brave/right thing to do
                 0555    Positive references about independent candidacy;
                         maybe the country needs a third party; third
                         parties should have more recognition; the two
                         party system needs buckling
                 0556    Negative references/liabilities related to
                         independent candidacy; "he's an independent"
                         (NFS); "we don't need a third party"; "he lacks
                         backing from a party"
                 0597    Other candidate party connection reasons
      
                PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT
                 0601    Good/Efficient/Businesslike administration;
                         balanced budget; lower/wouldn't increase national
                         debt; cautious spending
                 0602    Bad/Inefficient/Unbusinesslike administration;
                         wasteful; "bureaucratic"; deficit budget;
                         higher/increased national debt; overspend
                 0603    Honest government; not corrupt; no "mess in
                         Washington"
                 0604    Dishonest/Corrupt government; "mess in Washington";
                         immorality in government; reference to Hayes,
                         Mills, Lance; [1992] writing bad checks on the
                         House of Representatives bank
                 0605    (Would) Spend less (than other side); (would) spend
                         too little
                 0606    (Would) Spend more (than other side); (would) spend
                         too much
                 0607    Has brought/will bring about bureaucratic reform
                 0608    Has not brought/will not bring about bureaucratic
                         reform
                 0609    General assessment of job he/they would do/are
                         doing; is good/bad President; are providing
                         good/bad administration
                *0622    Doesn't work (hard) at job; not involved (enough)
                         in the work of his office/delegates too much
                         authority to others; has chosen poor/incompetent
                         aides; his aides have not performed well
                 0610    Reference to management/performance in
                         Congress/Supreme Court/other government agency;
                         references to the quality of appointments made to
                         public posts (courts, cabinet, commissions)
                 0611    He has/has not worked well with (Democratic)
                         Congress; would/could have done better with
                         (Republican) Congress; he kept/would keep Congress
                         in check
                 0612    He will work well/better with (Democratic) Congress
                 0613    Gets more done/accomplishes as much/more productive
                 0614    Gets less done/doesn't accomplish as much/less
                         productive
                *0625    Mostly approve of/happy with job done so far, but
                         doesn't approve of everything that has been done
                 0615    Sympathy/understanding expressed for the
                         complexity/ magnitude of the job (e.g.,
                         President): tough job
                 0616    Sympathy/understanding expressed for the difficult
                         situation ("a mess") inherited by the incumbent
                *0623    Doing the best he can (under the circumstances);
                         doing as good a job as anyone else could do;
                         everyone makes some mistakes
                 0617    Will face (difficult) issues; faces problems
                         directly; faces up to political reality
                 0618    Will not face (difficult) issues; will not face
                         problems directly; ignores political reality
                 0619    Supports the president/works well with the
                         president/would work well with the president
                 0620    Does not support the president/does not (would not)
                         work well with the president
                 0621    Response to/handling of domestic crisis or natural
                         disaster - riot, hurricane, tornado, earthquake,
                         flood, etc.
                *0622    Located after 0609
                *0623    Located after 0616
                *0625    Located after 0614
                 0624    Opposes term limitations for Congress
                 0626    Favors term limitations for Congress
                 0627    The economy is bad, but that is not (necessarily)
                         his fault
                 0697    Other government management reasons
                 0628    [1994] Contract with America that was proposed by
                         Republicans; support/commitment/opposition to
Contract
                         with America
      
                PARTY OR CANDIDATE--MISCELLANEOUS
                 0701    Just like him/them (NA why); like everything about
                         him/them; "I was hoping he would win the
                         (nomination/primaries)"
                 0702    Just dislike/Don't like him/them (NA why); don't
                         like anything about him/them
                *0732    Used to like him but don't now; have lost respect
                         for him
                 0703    Will save America; America needs him/them
                 0704    Will ruin America; last thing America needs
                 0705    Will unite Americans/bring people together
                 0706    Will divide Americans/drive people apart
                 0707    Speaks of party/candidate as good protector(s);
                         will know what to do; more intelligent
                 0708    Speaks of party/candidate as bad protector(s);
                         won't know what to do
                 0709    Good for country (unspecified); trying to do good
                         job; trying; not just out for self/own best
                         interest; has/have country's interest at heart
                 0710    Bad for country (unspecified); don't have country's
                         interests at heart; only looking out for their own
                         interests
                 0711    Lesser of two evils
                 0718    Treatment of Jesse Jackson; didn't offer him
                         the vice-presidential nomination; didn't use him
                         (effectively) to get out the Black vote; weren't
                         courteous/respectful toward him; didn't keep
                         promises made to him
                 0719    References to damaging incidents in candidate's
                         personal life (sexual escapades, financial
                         problems, substance abuse, etc); [1980] Reference
                         to Chappaquidic; Kennedy's personal problems
                 0720    Reference to Watergate affair (exc. 0551-0554)
                 0721    The way the incumbent came to office; the people
                         should select President
                 0722    The incumbent should have a chance (on his
                         own)/another chance/second chance
                 0723    (I believe in/Necessary for) a two-party system;
                         choice between candidates; opposition; balances
                         power of other party
                 0724    Vote for the man rather than party; look for more
                         qualified man; don't pay attention to parties
                 0725    The opponent who the candidate ran against; the
                         candidate was the better/worse of the two in
                         general; the candidate ran against someone I
                         really like/dislike
                 0726    Splits votes; will elect wrong candidate; "spoiler"
                 0727    Expression of sympathy/admiration for the
                         candidate's underdog position; trying hard against
                         terrible odds; courageous uphill battle; "I like
                         underdogs"; "they are bucking the guy" (keeping
                         him off ballot, not taking him seriously, not
                         giving him enough publicity)
                 0728    Negative comments about the candidate's switching
                         parties, being a turncoat, disloyal to his
                         original party
                 0729    Party selection of a woman for vice-president
                 0730    Mention of debates; candidate's performance in the
                         debates
                 0731    Position (vote) on increasing congressional
                         salary; position (vote) on accepting
                         honoraria/outside pay/royalties while in office
                *0732    Located after 0702
                 0733    References to candidate's children or extended
                         family [code 446 for references to spouse]
                 0796    References to unfair/undeserved/excessive criticism
                         by media or public
                 0797    Other miscellaneous reasons: Other miscellaneous
                         reasons relating to image and candidate/party
                         effect on nation
      
                PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY/PHILOSOPHY
                 0801    General assessment of ideas/policies/stands
                         (unspecified)
                 0802    Different from other party/candidate
                 0803    Same as other party/candidate; not different enough
                 0804    (Too) negative; always tearing down other side; no
                         solutions of his/their own
                 0805    For government activity; believe government should
                         take care of things; for big government; supports
                         social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907)
                 0806    Against government activity; believe government
                         involved in too many things; favors reduction in
                         social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907)
                 0807    Humanistic; favor human beings over property rights
                 0808    Not humanistic; favor property rights over human
                         beings
                 0809    Favor social change/reform/progress/improvement of
                         social conditions
                 0810    Against social change/reform/progress/improvement
                         of social conditions
                 0811    Socialistic
                 0812    Anti-socialistic
                 0813    Communistic/soft/hard-liner on Communism/apologist
                         for Communists/dupe
                 0814    (Too) anti-communistic/hard-liner on Communism
                 0815    (Too) liberal (except 0531 or 0533)
                 0816    (Too) conservative (except 0532 or 0534)
                 0817    Moderate/middle of the road/for slow change; not an
                         extremist/fanatic
                 0818    Extremist/fanatic/too far out; not too moderate/not
                         a fence-sitter
                 0819    Pro-Far Right/Birchers/reactionaries; encouraging
                         fascist/ police state
                 0820    Anti-Far Right/  "    "       ; discouraging    "
                 0821    Pro-Far Left/radicals/Yippies/SDS; encouraging
                         anarchy/ guerilla state
                 0822    Anti-Far Left/    "    "    " ; discouraging    "
                 0823    Pro-Extremists (NA direction)/nuts/bomb-throwers
                 0824    Anti-Extremists    "    "    "
                 0827    Pro-States'/local/community rights; better local
                         government
                 0828    Anti-  "    "    "    "  ; worse/weaker local
                         government
                 0829    For equality; believe everyone should have things
                         equally/ be treated equally
                 0830    Anti-equality; believe some people should have more
                         than others/people should not be treated equally
                 0831    Generous, compassionate, believe in helping others
                 0832    Selfish, only help themselves
                 0833    Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to
                         status quo; more open to new ideas/ways of doing
                         things; flexible, innovative
                 0834    Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect)
                         status quo; resist new ways of doing things; rigid
                 0835    Has a well-defined set of beliefs/definite
                         philosophy; does not compromise on principles; has
                         (clear) understanding of goals they stand for
                 0836    Has poorly defined set of beliefs; lacks a definite
                         philosophy; compromise on principles; has no
                         (clear) understanding of goals they stand for
                 0837    Favor work ethic; believes in self-reliance/in
                         people working hard to get ahead
                 0838    Doesn't favor work ethic; believes in people being
                         handed things/in government handouts (if specific
                         policy mentioned, code in 0900's)
                 0841    Keep track of/control over administration heads,
                         cabinet members, etc.; follow through on policies;
                         determine if programs are working
                 0842    Don't (as in 0841)
                 0843    Conditional evaluation:  R suggests candidate/party
                         cannot solve problems because not under his/their
                         control (no negative connotations); will he/they
                         be able to do what they say (determining factor
                         outside his/their control); "I like what he says
                         but wonder if he can do it" (if clearly negative,
                         code in 0122 or 0402)
                 0845    Will involve/wants to involve
                         people/Congress/Cabinet/ advisors/other government
                         officials in government/ decision making
                 0846    Will not involve
                         people/Congress/Cabinet/advisors/other government
                         officials in government/decision making
                 0847    Separation of church and state/religion and
                         politics--pro
                 0848    Separation of church and state/religion and
                         politics--anti
                 0849    Stand/views on religion (church/state relationship
NA)
                 0897    Other Government Activity/Philosophy reasons
      
                PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES
                 0900    General assessment of domestic
                         ideas/policies/stands (unspecified)
                 0901    General assessment of economic policy (unspecified)
                 0902    Government economic controls--NA direction
                 0903    "    "    "   --Pro; we need planned economy;
                                         control of private enterprise
                 0904    "    "    "   --Anti; we have too much interference
                                         in private enterprise
                 0905    Welfare/Poverty problems--NA direction; give-away
                 0906    "    "    "    --Pro government aid/activity; pro
                                          give-aways
                 0907    "    "    "    --Anti government aid/activity; anti
                                          give-aways; pro self-help
                 0908    Social Security/Pensions--NA direction
                 0909    "    "    "    --Pro expansion in coverage and/or
                                          increase in benefits
                 0910    "    "    "    --Anti expansion in coverage and/or
                                          increase in benefits; favoring
                                          contraction and/or decrease
                 0911    Unemployment compensation--NA direction
                 0912    "    "      --Pro expansion in coverage and/or
                                       increase in benefits
                 0913    "    "      --Anti expansion in coverage and/or
                                       increase in benefits; favoring
                                       contraction and/or decrease
                 0914    Aid to education--NA direction
                 0915    "    "    --Pro
                 0916    "    "    --Anti
                 0917    Aid to parochial schools--NA direction
                 0918    "    "    "   --Pro
                 0919    "    "    "   --Anti
                *1052    School choice plans; vouchers -- pro
                *1053    "    "    "       -- anti
                *1047    Establish/enforce standards for schools (test
                         teachers, require minimum curricula, regulate
                         class size, etc) -- NA direction
                *1048    "    "    "   -- Pro
                *1049    "    "    "   --Anti
                 0920    Housing--NA direction
                 0921    "    --Pro more public housing
                 0922    "    --Anti more public housing
                 0923    Aid/Programs for older people/the aged, Medicare,
                         Medicaid, direction -- NA
                 0924    "    "    "         -- Pro
                 0925    "    "    "         -- Anti
                 0926    Monetary policy--NA direction
                 0927    "    "   --Pro loose(r) money; more availability of
                                    loans for housing, cars, etc.; lower
                                    interest rates
                 0928    "    "   --Anti loose(r) money; for tighter money;
                                    less availability of loans; higher
                                    interest rates
                *1054    Value of the dollar relative to gold/other
                         currencies; any mentions of gold/currencies
                *1046    Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the
                         nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.  [1990]
                         Involvement in the Savings and Loan scandals
                 0929    Tax policy--NA direction
                 0930    "    "   --Pro lower taxes
                 0931    "    "   --Anti lower taxes; for higher taxes
                 0932    "    "   --Pro reform/fairer system/end of
                                    loopholes/ write-offs/dodges
                 0933    "    "   --Anti reform/fairer system/end of
                                    loopholes/ write-offs/dodges
                *1055    Line item veto -- pro
                *1056    Line item veto -- anti
                 0942    [1990] Candidate voted for the budget agreement
                         which resulted in increased taxes/fees
                 0934    "The Times"/General conditions/Prosperity/The
                         Economy --better under him/them
                 0935    "    "     --worse under him/them
                 0936    Inflation/Cost of living--lower/better under
                         him/them
                 0937    "    "    "  --higher/worse under him/them
                 0938    Wages/Salaries/Income/Employment--higher/better
                         under him/ them
                 0939    "    "    "    "     --lower/worse under him/them
                 0940    Prices for producers--higher/better under him/them
                 0941    "    "  --lower/worse (if farm, see 0943-0945)
                 0942    Located after 0933
                 0943    Programs to help farmers -- NA direction
                 0944    "    "    "   --Pro (greater) help/fairer
                                         system, reform in system; higher
                                         price supports
                 0945    "    "    "   --Anti (greater) help/fairer
                                         system, reform in system; higher
                                         price supports
                 0946    Civil rights/Racial
                         justice/Integration/Desegregation/Voting Rights --
                         NA direction
                 0947    "    "     -- Pro
                 0948    "    "     -- Anti
                *1043    Affirmative Action programs -- NA direction
                *1044    "    "    "    -- Pro; favors quotas based on race
                                           or gender
                *1045    "    "    "    -- Anti; opposes quotas based on
                                           race or gender
      
                 0949    Civil liberties/Freedom of expression/First
                         amendment/ Privacy -- NA direction
                 0950    "     -- Pro; against snooping; political trials,
                         etc; (88) like Dukakis' stand on Pledge of
                         Allegiance issue
                 0951    "     -- Anti; for snooping; political trials;
                         McCarthyite; (88) dislike Republican party stand
                         on Pledge of Allegiance issue
                 0952    General assessment of Labor policy (unspecified)
                 0953    Right to work laws--NA direction
                 0954    "    "    "  --Pro (i.e., opposes unions
                                        [anti-labor, code 1208])
                 0955    "    "    "  --Anti (i.e., supports unions
                                        [pro-labor, code 1207])
                 0956    Strikes--NA direction
                 0957    "    --will have fewer/will handle better
                 0958    "    --will have more/will handle worse
                 0959    Public power/Utilities/TVA/Atomic reactors/Nuclear
                         power plants/Etc.  -- NA direction
                 0960    "    "    " -- Pro
                 0961    "    "    " -- Anti
                *1059    Regulation of companies engaged in public
                         communication or transportation -- pro
                *1060    "    "    "    "           -- anti
      
                 0962    Ecology/Environment; Air and Water Pollution--NA
                         direction
                 0963    Will crack down on polluters, will be activist;
                         will protect the environment
                 0964    Won't crack down on polluters, doesn't care; in
                         league with polluters; not willing to protect the
                         environment
                 0965    Veterans' Benefits--NA direction
                 0966    "    "   --Pro expansion of coverage and/or
                                    increase in benefits
                 0967    "    "   --Anti expansion of coverage and/or
                                    increase in benefits; favoring
                                    contraction and/or decrease
                 0968    Law and order--NA direction
                 0969    "    "  --soft line--unspecified
                 0970    "    "    "    " --blacks
                 0971    "    "    "    " --campus demonstrators
                 0972    "    "    "    " --criminals/organized crime/
                                            hoodlums/street crime
                 0973    "    "    "    " --anti power of police; court
                                            interference
                *1041    "    "    "    " --opposes death penalty
                 0974    "    "  --hard line--unspecified
                 0975    "    "    "    " --blacks
                 0976    "    "    "    " --campus demonstrators
                 0977    "    "    "    " --criminals/organized crime/
                                            hoodlums/street crime
                 0978    "    "    "    " --pro power of police; reduced
                                            court interference
                *1042    "    "    "    " --favors death penalty
                 0979    Public morality--NA direction
                 0980    "    "    --Strict/older/traditionalistic outlook;
                                     improve/renew morality of country;
                                     pro-family; defends family values
                 0981    "    "    --Permissive/newer/modernistic outlook;
                                     not (strongly enough) pro-family;
                                     doesn't defend (strongly enough) family
                                     values
                 0982    Drugs--NA direction
                 0983    "    --Pro legalization/decriminalization;
                                soft-liner; (88) doesn't support (strongly
                                enough) the war on drugs; not willing to do
                                more to combat drug use/pushers; involvement
                                with Noreiga
                 0984    "    --Anti legalization/decriminalization;
                                hard-liner; (88) supports the war on drugs;
                                willing to do more to combat drug use/
                                pushers
                 0985    Abortion and birth control--NA direction
                 0986    "    "    "  --Pro reform/legalization;
                                        new outlook
                 0987    "    "    "  --Anti reform/legalization;
                                        traditional outlook
                 0988    Gun control--NA direction
                 0989    "    "   --Pro; controls
                 0990    "    "   --Anti; "everyone has the right to own a
gun"
                 0991    Busing--NA direction
                 0992    "   --Pro; against neighborhood school
                 0993    "   --Anti; for neighborhood school
                 0994    Urban problem/Cities--NA direction
                 0995    "    "    "   --Pro government aid/activity
                 0996    "    "    "   --Anti government aid/activity
                 0997    Other domestic policy reasons
                 1001    National Health Insurance--NA direction
                 1002    "    "    "    --Pro
                 1003    "    "    "    --Anti
                 1004    Energy/Gas shortage--Development of alternative
                         energy source, NA direction
                 1005    "    "    "   --Pro development of alternative
                                         source, better/handled better;
                                         more fuel
                 1006    "    "    "   --Anti development of alternative
                                         energy source, worse/handled worse;
                                         less fuel
                  *******************************************************
                   References to nuclear energy should be coded in 0959.
                  *******************************************************
                 1007    Government plans to make more jobs--NA direction;
                         make-work programs; CETA; WPAL; CCA
                 1008    "    "    "    " --Pro
                 1009    "    "    "    " --Anti
                 1010    Confidence/Trust in government--NA direction
                 1011    "    "    "     --would handle better; restore
                                           confidence
                 1012    "    "    "     --would handle worse; cause
                                           loss of confidence
                 1013    ERA; Women's rights--NA direction
                 1014    "    "    "   --Pro
                 1015    "    "    "   --Anti
                 1016    Influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans,
                         Haitians, Mexicans, etc.)  --NA direction
                 1017    "    "    "       --Pro
                 1018    "    "    "       --Anti
                 1019    School prayer--NA direction
                 1020    "    "   --Pro
                 1021    "    "   --Anti
                 1022    Gay rights--NA direction
                 1023    "    "   --Pro
                 1024    "    "   --Anti
                 1025    Health--NA direction: [1994](Clinton's) National 
                         health care plan/program
                 1026    "   --Pro government programs/aid for mentally ill,
                         disabled, handicapped: [1994] (Clinton's) National
                         health care plan/program
                 1027    "   --Anti    "    "    "    "    "
                         (except 0923, 0924, 0925): [1994](Clinton's) National
                         health care plan/program
                 1028    Space program--NA direction
                 1029    "    "    --Pro
                 1030    "    "    --Anti
                 1031    Help to/improvement in a specific industry or
                         occupation--NA direction
                 1032    "    "    "    "    "  -- Pro help/improvement
                 1033    "    "    "    "    "  -- Anti help/improvement
                *1057    Spending on infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc)     
                         -- Pro
                *1058    "    "    "    "       -- Anti
                 1035    Polarization of classes/increasing gap between
                         rich and poor--NA direction
                 1036    "    "    "    "    " --will stop trend/
                                                 handle better
                 1037    "    "    "    "    " --will accelerate trend/
                                                 handle better
                 1038    Day care--NA direction
                 1039    "    "  --favors/will expand or extend day care
                                   programs
                 1040    "    "  --opposes/will not expand or extend (will
                                   cut or eliminate) day care programs
                *1050    Family/maternity leave laws -- Pro
                *1051    "    "    "    "    "       -- Anti
                 1041    Located after 0973
                *1042    Located after 0978
                *1043    Located after 0948
                *1044    Located after 0948
                *1045    Located after 0948
                *1046    Located after 0928
                *1047    Located after 0919
                *1048    Located after 0919
                *1049    Located after 0919
                *1050    Located after 1040
                *1051    Located after 1040
                *1052    Located after 0919
                *1053    Located after 0919
                *1054    Located after 0928
                *1055    Located after 0933
                *1056    Located after 0933
                *1057    Located after 1033
                *1058    Located after 1033
                *1059    Located after 0961
                *1060    Located after 0961
      
                PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES
                 1101    General assessment of foreign ideas/policies/stands
                         (unspecified)
                 1102    Foreign policies more clear-cut/decisive; less
                         bungling
                 1103    Foreign policies less clear-cut/decisive; more
                         bungling
                 1104    Internationalist/Interested in other countries'
                         problems/Interested in world role/Pro-UN and
                         allies; Meddling in other people's problems
                 1105    Isolationist/America First/Fortress America/Would
                         meddle less in other people's problems
                *1184    Military/Defense position/spending--NA direction or
                         neutral (not 1106, 1107)
                 1106    Strong military position/Preparedness/Weapons
                         systems/ Pentagon spending/Overkill; SDI ("Star
                         Wars")
                 1107    Weak military position/Pentagon spending
                         cutbacks/No overkill/Reduce armed forces; SDI
                         ("Star Wars")
                 1108    Cold-war oriented; opposed detente; international
                         Communist-fighter
                 1109    Against cold war/Wants thaw/Detente/Understanding
                         with international communists (if NA whether
                         international, code in 0813-0814)
                 1110    Military aid to allies--NA direction
                 1111    "    "    "   --Pro
                 1112    "    "    "   --Anti
                 1113    Economic aid/Foreign aid/AID/Non-military aid--NA
                         direction
                 1114    "    "    "    "    "    "    "     --Pro
                 1115    "    "    "    "    "    "    "     --Anti
                 1116    Located after 1163
                 1117    "    "    "
                 1118    Mideast--NA direction; any references to oil
                         embargo; boycott of companies dealing with Israel;
                         [1992] References to involvement in
                         Iraqgate/arming of Saddam Hussein
                 1119    "   --handle better/more experience; positive
                         comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty
                 1120    "   --handle worse/less experience; negative
                         comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty
                 1121    "   --Pro-Israel/anti-Arabs
                 1122    "   --Anti-Israel/pro-Arabs; wishy-washy on Israel
                 1123    Red China--NA direction
                 1124    "    "  --handle better/more experience/doing well,
                         better
                 1125    "    "  --handle worse/less experience/doing poorly
                 1126    "    "  --pro understanding/thaw/detente/new
                         relationships/ recognition/admission to UN
                 1127    "    " --anti understanding/thaw/detente/new
                         relationships/ recognition/admission to UN;
                         defender of Formosa/ Chaing/Nationalists
                 1128    Russia--NA direction
                 1129    "   --handle better/more experience
                 1130    "   --handle worse/less experience
                 1131    "   --pro understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of
                         relations; SALT II
                 1132    "   --anti understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of
                         relations; SALT II
                 1133    Eastern Europe--NA direction
                 1134    "    "   --handle better/more experience
                 1135    "    "   --handle worse/less experience
                 1136    "    "   --pro defense of Iron-Curtain countries
                 1137    "    "   --anti    "    "    "
                *1301    Western Europe -- NA direction
                *1302    "    "     -- handling relations with European
                         Community/specific countries well (better)
                *1303    "    "    "    "  badly (worse)
                 1138    Latin America--NA direction
                 1139    "    "   --handle better/more experience
                 1140    "    "   --handle worse/less experience
                 1141    "    "   --pro-third world posture; reach
                         understanding with Castro/Chile/neutrals;
                         anti-colonialism /European powers; against Contra
                         aid/pro- Sandinista
                 1142    "    "   --anti-third world posture; hard
                         anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy;
                         pro-colonialism/ European powers; pro Contra
                         aid/anti-Sandinista
                *1198    (Involvement in) Diversion of money to the Contras
                         (in violation of the law)
                 1143    Africa--NA direction
                 1144    "   --handle better/more experience
                 1145    "   --handle worse/less experience
                 1146    "   --pro-third world posture; reach understanding
                         with leftists/neutrals; anti-colonialism/ European
                         powers
                 1147    "   --anti-third world posture; hard
                         anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy; pro-
                         colonialism/European powers
                 1148    Asia/India--NA direction
                 1149    "    "  --handle better/more experience
                 1150    "    "  --handle worse/less experience
                 1151    "    "  --pro India/Bangladesh
                 1152    "    "  --pro Pakistan
                 1153    Located after 1163
                 1154    "    "    "
                 1155    "    "    "
                 1156    "    "    "
                 1157    Vietnam/Indochina/Southeast Asia--NA direction
                 1158    "    "    "    "  --better chance for peace
                 1159    "    "    "    "  --poorer chance for peace;
                         failed to end war
                 1160    "    "    "    "  --pro military victory/
                         preservation of Saigon regime
                 1161    "    "    "    "  --anti military victory/
                         willing to sacrifice Thieu/Sy; favoring withdrawal
                 1163    "    "       --will bring policy change
                         (unspecified)
                *1116    Trouble spots (not specifically coded)--would
                         handle better (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf)
                *1117    "    "    "    "    "    --would handle worse
                         (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf)
                *1162    (88) The invasion of Grenada
                *1300    (91) The Persian Gulf war/ Desert Storm
                *1153    Would raise American prestige
                *1154    Would lower American prestige; not maintain
                         American prestige
                *1155    Would have better chance for peace (unspecified);
                         not get us into trouble abroad
                *1156    Would have poorer chance for peace (unspecified);
                         get us into war/trouble abroad
                 1164    Tariffs--NA direction
                 1165    "   --Pro free trade/reduce tariffs; would not
                         protect US labor from foreign competition
                 1166    "   --Anti free trade; for high tariffs; would
                         protect US labor from foreign competition
                *1196    Foreign trade/balance of payments deficit--any
                         mention
                 1167    Trade with communists--NA direction
                 1168    "    "     --Pro
                 1169    "    "     --Anti
                 1170    Draft--NA direction
                 1171    "  --Pro volunteer army/abolition of peacetime draft
                 1172    "  --Anti volunteer army; for peacetime draft
                 1173    "  --Pro amnesty/pardon
                 1174    "  --Anti amnesty/draft dodgers/pardon
                *1178    Amnesty--NA direction
                 1175    POW-MIA--Will get prisoners back, will not abandon
                         them
                 1176    POW-MIA--Will not get prisoners back, will abandon
                         them
                 1177    POW-MIA--NA direction
                *1178    Located after 1174
                 1179    Did a good job of getting the boys/country out of
                         Vietnam war; got us out of Vietnam
                 1180    Should have won Vietnam war; gave too much away and
                         then pulled out
                 1181    Secrecy/deception in U.S. foreign policy; shuttle
                         diplomacy; Kissinger's foreign policy (1976) --NA
                         direction
                 1182    "    "    "    "     --Pro
                 1183    "    "    "    "     --Anti
                 1184    Located after 1105
                 1185    Priorities in military/defense spending (not
                         reduction or increase but allocation of existing
                         defense budget--Pro
                 1186    Priorities in military/defense spending (not
                         reduction or increase but allocation of existing
                         defense budget--Anti
                 1187    Iranian crisis; American hostages (1980)/Arms sale
                         (1986) -- NA direction
                 1188    "    "    "    "    --has handled well/would
                         handle better
                 1189    "    "    "    "    --has handled poorly/would
                         handle worse
                 1190    Nuclear freeze/Disarmament--NA direction
                 1191    "    "    "      --Pro
                 1192    "    "    "      --Anti
                 1193    Terrorism; dealings with terrorists; hostages
                         (except 1187-1189) -- NA direction; (88)
                         Bombing of Libya
                 1194    "    "    "    -- has handled/would handle
                         better; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy
                 1195    "    "    "    -- has handled/would handle
                         worse; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy
                *1196    Located after 1166
                 1197    Other foreign policy reasons
                *1198    Located after 1142
                 1199    Iran-Contra affair--NFS (NA whether 1187 or 1198)
      
                PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GROUP CONNECTIONS
                 1201    Special interests/Privileged
                         people/Influential--Pro
                 1202    "    "    "    "   --Anti
                 1203    "People like me"--pro, NA whether 1205, 1206
                 1204    "    "  "  --anti, "    "    "    "
                 1205    Common man/People/Little people/Working people--Pro
                 1206    "    "    "    "    --Anti
                 1207    Labor/Unions/Labor bosses/Racketeers--Pro
                 1208    "    "    "    "    --Anti
                 1209    Big Business/Corporate rich/The rich
                         individuals/People with power/Wall
                         Street/Industry/Upper classes--Pro
                 1210    (Same as 1209)   --Anti
                 1211    Small businessman--Pro
                 1212    "    "      --Anti
                 1213    White collar workers/Salaried people/Middle
                         class--Pro
                 1214    "    "      --Anti
                 1215    Farmers/Country people--Pro
                 1216    "    "        --Anti
                 1217    Blacks/Black people/Negroes--Pro
                 1218    "    "        --Anti
                 1219    People on welfare/ADC mothers/"Chiselers"--Pro
                 1220    "    "    "       --Anti
                 1221    Old people/Senior citizens--Pro
                 1222    "    "    "       --Anti
                 1223    Young people/Sids/"Freaks"/Hippies--Pro
                 1224    "    "    "    "    "    --Anti
                 1225    Women/Feminists/Womens Liberationists,
                         "sexists"--Pro
                 1226    "    "    "    "    "    --Anti
                 1227    Veterans/Servicemen--Pro
                 1228    "    "     --Anti
                 1229    Ethnic or racial group (exc. 1217-1218); Minority
                         groups (NA composition--Pro
                 1230    "    "     --Anti
                 1231    Section of the country--Pro
                 1232    "    "     --Anti
                 1233    Poor people/needy people/the unemployed -- Pro
                 1234    "    "     --Anti
                 1235    Civil servants--Pro
                 1236    "    "     --Anti
                 1297    Other group connection reasons
                *1300    Located after 1162
                *1301    Located after 1137
                *1302    Located after 1137
                *1303    Located after 1137
      
                EVENTS UNIQUE TO ONE CAMPAIGN
                 5001    [1992] Perot quit the race/is a quitter - NFS
                 5002    [1992] Because Perot quit the race he is not
                         trustworthy/dependable/steadfast (enough); he let
                         down his supporters
                 5003    [1992] Because Perot quit the race and then
                         re-entered it he is indecisive/inconsistent/not
                         stable (enough); mentions of re-entering the race
                         after have left it - NFS
                 5004    [1992] Perot is not a serious candidate
      
                MISSING DATA CODES
                 9001    R has been influenced by spouse
                 9002    R has been influenced by someone else
                 9996    Refused to say
                 9997    Other miscellaneous
                 9998    DK
                 9999    NA
                 0000    INAP
                         * Indicates code descriptions that are listed
                           out-of-order.
      
               >> MASTER CODE
    PARTY DIFFERENCES 
      
                     RESPONSES THAT REFER SPECIFICALLY TO THE CANDIDATES
                     RATHER THAN PARTIES SHOULD BE CODED 910.  However, if
                     the candidates are referred to as leaders or
                     representatives of the parties, the response should be
                     coded with the appropriate code category.
      
                BROAD PHILOSOPHY
                     - LIBERAL RESPONSES
                  001    More LIBERAL, progressive--too far left
                  010    ACCEPTANCE OF CHANGE/new ideas; less bound to
                         status quo; more open to new ideas; new ways of
                         doing things
                  020    QUICK (RASH) RESPONSE TO PROBLEMS; tackle problems
                         quickly; impetuous; impulsive; too aggressive;
                         take more chances; not cautious enough
                  030    More extreme, RADICAL (NFS)
                  040    SOCIALISTIC; for welfare state; for social welfare
                         programs; sensitive to social problems; leaves
                         less to (interferes more with) private enterprise
                  050    DEPENDS (TOO MUCH) ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (rather
                         than state or local government); (too)
                         centralized, paternalism; want Washington to do
                         everything
                  060    DESTROY PERSONAL INITIATIVE/individual
                         responsibility/individual dignity; recognize
                         individual needs government help
                  070    FUTURE-ORIENTED; plan ahead; look to the future
                  085    FREEDOM TO DO AS ONE CHOOSES; less interested in
                         strict control of social behavior; not interested
                         in moral standards
                  086    Not religious; against prayer in school
                  090    Other broad philosophy--liberal
      
                     - CONSERVATIVE RESPONSES
                  100    More CONSERVATIVE/reactionary; too far right
                  110    RESISTANCE TO CHANGE/NEW IDEAS; stick to (protect)
                         status quo; traditionalists; resist new ways of
                         doing things; rigid
                  120    SLOW (CAUTIOUS) RESPONSE TO PROBLEMS; DO-NOTHING;
                         lets things go
                  130    Moderate; middle of road (NFS); less extreme
                  140    For FREE ENTERPRISE capitalism; against socialism
                         (code "help big business" under group references);
                         unaware of social problems; for development of
                         private enterprise; against expansion of
                         government activities into areas of private
                         enterprise
                  150    FOR STATES' RIGHTS, local government; less
                         interference from Washington at local level;
                         against powerful federal government
                  160    INITIATIVE/responsibility/dignity of individual
                         protected
                  170    NOT FUTURE-ORIENTED; don't plan ahead; don't worry
                         about the future
                  185    DEFINITE MORAL STANDARDS/stands; concern
                         for/control of public morality; upholds/fosters
                         family values
                  186    (Good) Christian; strong religious beliefs; for
prayer
                         in school
                  190    Other broad philosophy--conservative
      
                GROUP REFERENCES
                     - PARTY SEEN AS GOOD FOR, HELPING, GIVING SPECIAL
                       ADVANTAGE TO:
                  200    Everybody; nobody; no catering to special
                         interests, "people" (the majority)
                  210    WORKING OR LITTLE PEOPLE; the common (poor, lowly)
                         people, the working class; "average man"
                  212    People LIKE ME; people like us
                  220    Unions, "LABOR", labor leaders
                  230    BIG BUSINESS; industry, "business(men)", Wall
                         Street (except small businessman, code 240);
                         agribusiness/large farming businesses
                  231    RICH PEOPLE; upper classes; wealthy (powerful)
                         people
                  240    SMALL BUSINESSMEN
                  250    MIDDLE CLASS people; white collar people
                  260    FARMERS
                  270    BLACKS
                  280    OTHER RACIAL AND ETHNIC groups
                  281    The SOUTH, some portion of the south
                  282    The NORTH, some portion of the north
                  283    White PEOPLE, white people only
                  284    MINORITIES, minority groups (NA which)
                  285    OLD people
                  286    THE educated, intellectuals, students
                  290    Other groups
                     - GENERAL PARTY DIFFERENCES FOR GROUPS:
                  299    Group differences codeable in 200 or 300
                         series--NA which
                     - PARTY SEEN AS BAD FOR, ANTI, KEEPING IN CHECK,
                       PUTTING IN PLACE:
                  300    Divisive (sets class against class, caters to
                         special interests (NA what), plays group politics,
                         not for all the people; (Dems/Reps) ONLY FOR
                         THEMSELVES
                  310    WORKING OR LITTLE PEOPLE; the common (poor, lowly)
                         people, the working class; "average man"
                  312    People LIKE ME; people like us
                  320    Unions, "LABOR", labor leaders
                  330    BIG BUSINESS; industry, "business(men)", Wall
                         Street (except small businessman, code 340)
                  331    RICH PEOPLE; upper classes; wealthy (powerful)
                         people)
                  340    SMALL BUSINESSMEN
                  350    MIDDLE CLASS people; white collar people
                  360    FARMERS
                  370    BLACKS
                  371    Racist, prejudiced, bigoted
                  380    Other racial and ethnic groups; "MINORITY GROUPS"
                         other or not specified
                  381    The SOUTH, some portion of the south
                  382    The NORTH, some portion of the north
                  383    WHITE people, white people only
                  384    MINORITIES, minority groups (NA which)
                  385    OLD people
                  386    The EDUCATED, intellectuals, students
                  390    Other groups
      
                DOMESTIC POLICY REFERENCES
                     - FISCAL POLICY--EASY SPENDING RESPONSES
                  400    SPEND MORE FREELY/high spenders (NFS)
                  401    Spend much relative to what is accomplished;
                         WASTEFUL, not careful with spending
                  402    Spend much relative to money available; spend us
                         DEEPER IN DEBT; DEFICIT SPENDING
                  403    Spend under special circumstances, such as hard
                         times
                  404    Bring cheap money; more money circulating
                  405    Other easy spending response
                  406    RAISE TAXES--NFS; keep taxes high; seek to
                         increase government revenues
                  407    Increase INCOME TAXES; will not cut income taxes;
                         rely on increase in/high income tax to provide
                         government revenues
                     - FISCAL POLICY--CAUTIOUS SPENDING RESPONSES
                  500    SPEND LESS FREELY; economy in government (NFS)
                  501    Spend little relative to what is accomplished;
                         less wasteful/more careful with government
                         (taxpayers') money
                  502    Spend little relative to money available; REDUCE
                         DEBT, keep debt from getting higher, BALANCED
                         BUDGET
                  503    Spend little even when special circumstances might
                         warrant
                  504    For sound money/tight money, deflation
                  505    Other cautious spending response
                  506    CUT TAXES--NFS; keep taxes low; seek to decrease
                         government revenues
                  507    Cut INCOME TAXES; will not increase income taxes;
                         rely on taxes other than income tax to provide
                         government revenue
                     - FISCAL POLICY--GENERAL SPENDING RESPONSES
                  591    General mention of taxes--neutral or NA direction
                  599    General mention of spending--neutral or NA
                         direction
                     - ASSOCIATION OF PARTY WITH GOOD/POSITIVE DOMESTIC
                       SITUATIONS
                  411    Responsible promised (NA what); restraint on
                         promises, realistic, doesn't promise too much
                  412    Don't have (too much) government control over the
                         economy; or lets BUSINESS GET MORE INVOLVED/handle
                         problems of poverty/unemployment, etc.
                  413    (GOOD) GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY, business
                  415    Good for the nation's economy--general positive
                         reference
                  420    PROSPERITY in nation; good times for all, high
                         national production, avoidance of depression, HIGH
                         EMPLOYMENT
                  431    Price INFLATION HELD IN CHECK; lower cost of
                         living
                  435    Propose/enact FAIR TAXES; believe everyone should
                         be taxed the same/ that taxes should be even-
                         handed.
                  436    Give tax breaks to the poor/working/middle class
                         people; tax policies favor the lower/middle classes
                  440    LOCAL PERSONAL GOOD TIMES economically; head of
                         family gets (keeps) better job (wages) when party
                         is in power, family better off economically under
                         this party (no direct government benefits like
                         social security mentioned)
                  450    HONESTY AND INTEGRITY--characteristics of the
                         party or administration (local or national), other
                         similar characteristics of the party
                  451    One party has MORE EXPERIENCE, is better, smarter,
                         more united
                  480    (Only) party has a philosophy/program/platform;
                         stands for something
                  490    Other positive domestic associations
                  491    General mention of unemployment--neutral or NA
                         direction
                  492    General mention of inflation--neutral or NA
                         direction
                  493    General mention of economic policy/handling of the
                         economy
                     - GENERAL DOMESTIC POLICY RESPONSES
                  499    A domestic issue difference is cited which could
                         be coded in the 400 or 500 series, but NA which
                     - ASSOCIATION OF PARTY WITH BAD/NEGATIVE DOMESTIC
                       SITUATIONS
                  511    IRRESPONSIBLE PROMISES (NA what); promises too
                         much; unrealistic, pie-in-the sky; can't fulfill
                         promises
                  512    Have (too much) govt control over the economy; or
                         does not let business get more involved/handle
                         problems of poverty/unemployment, etc.
                  513    (POOR) GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY
                  515    Bad for the nation's economy, general negative
                         reference
                  520    Hard times, depression in nation, much
                         unemployment, low (over) production
                  531    Create/does not control price INFLATION; high cost
                         of living in nation
                  535    Propose/enact UNFAIR TAXES; show favoritism/give
                         tax breaks to certain groups or types of people
                  536    Give tax breaks to the wealth/corporations; tax
                         policies favor the rich/powerful/upper classes
                  540    LOCAL/PERSONAL HARD TIMES economically; head of
                         family gets laid off (poorer wages) when party is
                         in power; family worse off economically under this
                         party
                  550    Dishonesty/corruption (nepotism, graft, patronage)
                         of party or administration (local or national);
                         other similar characteristics of the party;
                         Watergate
                  551    One party has LESS EXPERIENCE/is worse/not as
                         smart; party is not (is less) unified
                  580    Party has no philosophy/programs/platform; doesn't
                         stand for anything
                  590    Other negative domestic association with party
                     - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES FAVORED BY PARTY
                  600    MINIMUM WAGE legislation; favors raising minimum
                         wage, or favors raising UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION
                  601    Social Security; government pension raises
                  610    MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; medical card for aged;
                         socialized medicine; medicare
                  612    HOUSING; aid to the homeless
                  620    Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; more attention to
                         conservation; public works; mention of ecology,
                         environment
                  630    Federal AID TO EDUCATION/school-building;
                         teachers' pay higher
                  631    BUSING; forced integration
                  632    OTHER FED. CONTROL OF EDUCATION/schools response;
                         school choice plans
                  634    Gun control
                  640    CIVIL RIGHTS; insist more strongly on civil rights
                  641    LAW AND ORDER--HARD LINE (or NA line); wants a
                         police state; support death penalty (88)
                  642    LAW AND ORDER--SOFT LINE; oppose death penalty (88)
                  643    PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing
                  644    Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil
                         war; race war
                  650    Higher TARIFFS; less free trade
                  660    "Wet" legislation; ANTI-PROHIBITION
                  670    General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "GIVE AWAY 
                         PROGRAMS"
                  671    POVERTY program
                  672    EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING PROGRAMS, Job Corps, etc.
                  680    FARM policy
                  681    Abortion
                  682    Women's rights; ERA
                  683    Legalization of marijuana; (more) lenient drug laws
                  684    Homosexual/gay rights
                  690    Other specific domestic policy favored
                     - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES--NEUTRAL OR NA DIRECTION
                  605    Minimum WAGE or unemployment compensation
                  606    SOCIAL SECURITY; government pension
                  615    MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; medical card for aged;
                         socialized medicine; medicare
                  617    HOUSING; aid to the homeless
                  625    Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; CONSERVATION;
                         public works; ecology, environment
                  635    Federal AID TO EDUCATION; school choice plans
                  636    BUSSING; forced integration
                  637    Other federal control of education or schools
                         response
                  639    Gun control
                  645    CIVIL RIGHTS (legislation)
                  646    LAW AND ORDER--HARD LINE (or NA line); death
                         penalty (88)
                  647    LAW AND ORDER--SOFT LINE; death penalty (88)
                  648    PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing
                  649    Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil
                         war; race war
                  655    Higher TARIFFS; free trade
                  665    Prohibition; "dry"/"wet" legislation
                  675    General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "give away
                         programs"
                  676    POVERTY program
                  677    EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING programs, Job Corps, etc.
                  685    FARM policy
                  686    ABORTION
                  687    Women's rights; ERA
                  688    Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws
                  689    Homosexual/GAY RIGHTS
                  695    Domestic issues difference, but NA which
                     - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES OPPOSED BY PARTY
                  700    MINIMUM WAGE or UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION; won't
                         raise minimum wage, won't improve unemployment
                         compensation
                  701    SOCIAL SECURITY; against raising benefits
                  710    MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; against medical card
                         for aged; against socialized medicine, medicare
                  712    HOUSING; aid to the homeless
                  720    Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; for private
                         power; less interested in conservation; public
                         works; mention of ecology, environment
                  730    Federal AID TO EDUCATION; against or drag feet on
                         aid to education
                  731    BUSSING; forced integration
                  732    OTHER FEDERAL CONTROL OF EDUCATION or schools
                         response; school choice plans
                  734    Gun control
                  740    CIVIL RIGHTS; against or drag feet on civil rights
                         legislation; leave it to states
                  741    Following a tough or HARD LINE IN MAINTENANCE OF
                         LAW AND ORDER/prevention of crime, etc.; police
                         state; imposing the death penalty (88)
                  742    Following a SOFT LINE IN MAINTENANCE OF LAW AND
                         ORDER/prevention of crime, etc.; imposing the
                         death penalty (88)
                  743    PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing
                  744    Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil
                         war; race war; want to unite the country
                  750    High TARIFFS; want free trade
                  760    Repeal; WANT PROHIBITION; "dry"
                  770    General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "GIVE AWAY
                         PROGRAMS"
                  771    POVERTY program
                  772    EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING programs, Job Corps, etc.
                  780    FARM policy
                  781    Abortion
                  782    Women's rights; ERA
                  783    Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws
                  784    Homosexual/gay rights
                  790    Other specific domestic policy opposed
                FOREIGN POLICY REFERENCES
                  800    WAR; get us into war (faster); party associated
                         with war; militarist
                  810    PEACE; more likely to keep peace; party associated
                         with peace
                  820    INTERNATIONALIST; more for foreign aid, government
                         activities abroad; cooperate with allies, U.N.;
                         "more for foreign aid/trade"
                  825    Foreign aid/trade, NA direction
                  830    ISOLATIONIST; avoid foreign activities; cut
                         foreign aid (military or economic); "cut foreign
                         aid/trade"
                  840    NATIONAL SECURITY; for strong national defense
                         (spending); strong (firm) (too aggressive) posture
                         toward communism (Russia); too much defense
                         spending
                  845    National defense--general, NA or neutral direction
                  850    INADEQUATE NATIONAL SECURITY; fail to maintain
                         (spend for) defense; weak posture toward communism
                         (Russia)
                  860    Specific TROUBLE SPOTS
                  870    CONTROL OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
                  880    Strong FOREIGN POLICY
                  881    Weak foreign policy
                  884    SPACE; space policy
                  890    Other foreign policy--other substantive foreign
                         policy mentions (direction of response usually
                         indicated)
                  891    Mention of "foreign policy" difference but no
                         substance or direction given (e.g., usual response
                         is "the two parties or candidates differ on
                         foreign policy, on how they will handle foreign
                         policy")
                MISCELLANEOUS AND NO PARTY DIFFERENCES RESPONSES
                  900    Miscellaneous other party differences
                  901    (Only) one party is more successful than the
                         others; wins elections; is (is not) majority
                         party, etc.
                  902    (Only) one party is less successful than the
                         others; doesn't win elections much; is the
                         minority party
                  910    PERSONALITY/CANDIDATE ONLY MENTIONS--candidate is
                         dangerous, fanatic, aggressive, courageous,
                         honest, untrustworthy, impulsive, outspoken, firm,
                         dishonest, negative, lack of integrity, bad
                         politician, etc.  (but code 371 racist,
                         prejudiced, bigoted)
                  920    Reference to probable inability to get things
                         done, e.g., gain congressional support
                  930    LEADERSHIP MENTIONS--a good (bad) leader, is head
                         of the party   must specifically mention the
                         candidate as leader or head of the party), or one
                         party has better leadership than another
                  980    The parties are different; EVERYTHING ABOUT THEM
                         IS DIFFERENT (NA what the differences are)
                NO DIFFERENCE ("NO" OR "DK")
                  991    There used to be differences, but not now
                  992    Indicate dissatisfaction with the lack of
                         differences
                  993    Favorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are
                         seeking to serve the people
                  994    Indicates that individual candidates are more
                         important than parties anyhow
                  995    Unfavorable to both parties, e.g., both parties
                         are just after money
                  996    On variation within parties
                  997    Other comments
                  998    DK (Code in 1st var only)
                  999    NA (Code in 1st var only)
                  000    No party differences ("No" or "DK" and no further
                         comment); no further second or third differences
      
      >> MASTER CODE
    PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY BALLOT CARDS BY STATE (1992)
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR ALABAMA
                            Candidates for the June 2nd Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)      H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Other                         Uncommitted
                Uncommitted
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR ARIZONA
                            Candidates for the March 7th Caucus
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   No Caucus or Primary
                Bill Clinton
                Tom Harkin
                Paul Tsongas
                Uncommitted
      
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR ARKANSAS
                            Candidates for the May 26th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Lyndon H. LaRouche            H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Uncommitted
      
                               BALLOT CARD FOR CALIFORNIA
                            Candidates for the June 2nd Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown       Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Unc/Other
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR COLORADO
                            Candidates for the March 3rd Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Tom Harkin                    Other
                Bob Kerry
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Others/Unc
      
                                BALLOT CARD FOR CONNECTICUT
                           Candidates for the March 24th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               David Duke
                Other                         Uncommitted
                Uncommitted
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR FLORIDA
                           Candidates for the March 10th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   George Bush
                Bill Clinton                  Patrick J. Buchanan
                Tom Harkin
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Other
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR GEORGIA
                            Candidates for the March 3rd Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Tom Harkin
                Bob Kerry
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Uncommitted
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR ILLINOIS
                           Candidates for the March 17th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               Others
                Uncommitted
                Others
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR INDIANA
                             Candidates for the May 5th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Bob Kerrey
                Paul E. Tsongas
      
                                    BALLOT CARD FOR IOWA
                          Candidates for the February 10th Caucus
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. Brown Jr.           George Bush
                Bill Clinton                  Uncommitted
                Tom Harkin
                Bob Kerrey
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Others
                Uncommitted
      
                                   BALLOT CARD FOR KANSAS
                            Candidates for the April 7th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               David Duke
                Others                        Others
                Uncommitted                   Uncommitted
      
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR KENTUCKY
                            Candidates for the May 26th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   George Bush
                Bill Clinton                  Uncommitted
                Paul E. Tsongas               H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Others
                Uncommitted
      
                                 BALLOT CARD FOR LOUISIANA
                           Candidates for the March 10th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Pat Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Tom Harkin                    David Duke
                Paul E. Tsongas               Other
                Other
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR MARYLAND
                            Candidates for the March 3rd Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Tom Harkin
                Bob Kerry
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Others
      
                               BALLOT CARD FOR MASSACHUSETTS
                           Candidates for the March 10th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                --------                      -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Pat Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Tom Harkin                    David Duke
                Paul E. Tsongas               Other
                Other                         Uncommitted
                Uncommitted
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR MICHIGAN
                           Candidates for the March 17th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Tom Harkin                    David Duke
                Bob Kerry                     Uncommitted
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Uncommitted
      
                                 BALLOT CARD FOR MINNESOTA
                            Candidates for the April 7th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               Harold E. Stassen
                Uncommitted/Others            Uncommitted/Others
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR MISSOURI
                March 10th Caucus             April 14th Caucus
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   George Bush
                Bill Clinton                  Pat Buchanan
                Paul E. Tsongas               Uncommitted
                Uncommitted
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR NEBRASKA
                            Candidates for the May 12th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown, Jr.  Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               David Duke
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)      H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Other                         Other
                Uncommitted
      
                               BALLOT CARD FOR NEW HAMPSHIRE
                          Candidates for the February 18th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. Brown Jr.           George Bush
                Bill Clinton                  Patrick J. Buchanan
                Tom Harkin                    Jim Lennane
                Bob Kerrey                    Bill Clinton (Write-in)
                Tom Laughlin                  Ralph Nader (Write-in)
                Paul E. Tsongas               Paul E. Tsongas (Write-in)
                Charles Woods                 (Others)
                Mario M. Cuomo (Write-in)
                Ralph Nader (Write-in)
                Others
      
                                 BALLOT CARD FOR NEW JERSEY
                            Candidates for the June 2nd Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Unc/Other
      
                                 BALLOT CARD FOR NEW MEXICO
                            Candidates for the June 2nd Primary
                Democrats                     Republican
                ---------                     ----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)      Uncommitted
                Unc/other
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR NEW YORK
                            Candidates for the April 7th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown       No Primary
                Bill Clinton
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Others
      
                               BALLOT CARD FOR NORTH CAROLINA
                             Candidates for the May 5th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               No Preference
                Others
                No Preference
      
                                    BALLOT CARD FOR OHIO
                            Candidates for the June 2nd Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Unc/Other
      
                                   BALLOT CARD FOR OREGON
                            Candidates for the May 19th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               David Duke
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)      H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Others
      
                                BALLOT CARD FOR PENNSYLVANIA
                Democrats: April 28th Primary   Reps: April 28th Caucus
                -----------------------------   -----------------------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.     Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                    George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Others              
      
                                BALLOT CARD FOR TENNESSEE
                           Candidates for the March 10th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Pat Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Tom Harkin                    David Duke
                Paul E. Tsongas               Uncommitted
                Other
                Uncommitted
      
                                   BALLOT CARD FOR TEXAS
                           Candidates for the March 10th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Pat Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Tom Harkin                    David Duke
                Paul E. Tsongas               Other
                Other
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR VIRGINIA
                Democrats: Apr. 11, 13 Caucuses   Republicans: No Caucus
                ------------------------------    ----------------------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.
                Bill Clinton
                Uncommitted
      
                                 BALLOT CARD FOR WASHINGTON
                            Candidates for the May 19th Primary
               Democrats                     Republicans
                ----------                    -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               David Duke
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)      Steven Michael
                Others                        H. Ross Perot (write-in)
      
                               BALLOT CARD FOR WEST VIRGINIA
                            Candidates for the May 12th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Angus McDonald                Jack Fellure
                Paul E. Tsongas               H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                H. Ross Perot (write-in)
                Others
      
                                 BALLOT CARD FOR WISCONSIN
                            Candidates for the April 7th Primary
                Democrats                     Republicans
                ---------                     -----------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.   Patrick J. Buchanan
                Bill Clinton                  George Bush
                Paul E. Tsongas               David Duke
                Other                         Uncommitted
                Uncommited
      
                                  BALLOT CARD FOR WYOMING
                Democrats: March 7 Caucus
                -------------------------
                Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr.
                Bill Clinton
                Tom Harkin
                Paul E. Tsongas
                Uncommitted
                Republicans: March 7-31 Caucuses
                --------------------------------
                George Bush
                Uncommitted
      
      >> MASTER CODE
    TYPE OF RACE
      
                                           HOUSE
      DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING
         12    Democratic incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN
               CHALLENGER
         13    Democratic incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
         14    Democratic incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
         19    Democratic incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND
               OTHER CHALLENGERS
      REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING
         21    Republican incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC
               CHALLENGER
         23    Republican incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
         24    Republican incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
         29    Republican incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               OTHER CHALLENGERS
      OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING
         31    Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER
         32    Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER
         34    Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
      
      NO INCUMBENT RUNNING
         51    Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         52    Democratic incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         53    Democratic incumbent not running -- OTHER
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         55    Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES
         56    Democratic incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         57    Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         59    Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES
         61    Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         62    Republican incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         63    Republican incumbent not running -- OTHER
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         65    Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES
         66    Republican incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         67    Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         69    Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES
         71    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         72    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         73    Other incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE
               UNOPPOSED
         75    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES
         76    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         77    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         79    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES
      
                                 SENATE
      
      DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING
         12    Democratic incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN
               CHALLENGER
         13    Democratic incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
         14    Democratic incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
         19    Democratic incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND
               OTHER CHALLENGERS
      
      REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING
         21    Republican incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC
               CHALLENGER
         23    Republican incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
         24    Republican incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
         29    Republican incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               OTHER CHALLENGERS
      OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING
         31    Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER
         32    Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER
         34    Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
      NO INCUMBENT RUNNING
         51    Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         52    Democratic incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         53    Democratic incumbent not running -- OTHER
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         55    Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES
         56    Democratic incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         57    Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         59    Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES
         61    Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         62    Republican incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         63    Republican incumbent not running -- OTHER
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         65    Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES
         66    Republican incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         67    Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         69    Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES
         71    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         72    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN
               CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
         73    Other incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE
               UNOPPOSED
         75    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES
         76    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         77    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               OTHER CANDIDATES
         79    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND
               REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES
      NO RACE IN STATE
         81    DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENTS, no race in state
         82    REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state
         85    DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in
               state
      
      >> MASTER CODE
    CITY CODE
      
                This list was developed from the 1973 WORLD ALMANAC AND BOOK
                OF FACTS, pp. 152-188 (1970 population figures).
                  -  The first four digits are a unique code number for
                      each city.
                  -  The fifth digit is the urbanicity code for each city,
                     as used in the 1971 Quality of Life study:
                        1 = City of over 1,000,000
                        2 = City of over 25,000 and up to 250,000 in an SMSA
                            of 1,000,000 or more[1]
                        3 = City of under 25,000 in an SMSA of 1,000,000 or
                            more
                        4 = City of over 250,000 and up to 1,000,000
                        5 = City of over 50,000 and up to 250,000 not in
                            SMSA of 1,000,000 or more
                        6 = City of 50,000 or less not in SMSA of 1,000,000
                            or more
                        9 = NA
                [1] The two 1970 STANDARD CONSOLIDATED AREAS (New
                York-Northeastern  New Jersey, and Chicago,
                Ill.-Northwestern Indiana), the remaining 1970 SMCA's of one
                millian or more, plus the Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove, CA
                SMSA (which was attached to the Los Angeles SMSA).
      
                Asterisk (*) indicates place added in 1982 (having
                population of 25,000+ in 1980 census) coded on basis of 1970
                status in area.  (See example Chandler, Arizona -- it's SMSA
                was not over one million in 1970, so coded 6 here.  This was
                done to avoid glaring inconsistencies in adjacent areas. The   

                areas affected by this decision are the four places where
                the population of the SMSA topped the one million mark
                between 1970 and 1980 (Phoenix, Arizona; San Antonio, Texas;
                Ft. Lauderdale/Hollywood, Florida; Sacramento, California).
      
                ALABAMA  (141)
                 0001 6   Anniston
                 0015 6   Auburn *
                 0002 6   Bessemer
                 0003 4   Birmingham
                 0004 6   Decatur
                 0005 6   Dothan
                 0006 6   Florence
                 0007 5   Gadsden
                 0008 5   Huntsville
                 0009 5   Mobile
                 0010 5   Montgomery
                 0011 6   Phoenix City
                 0012 6   Prichard
                 0013 6   Selma
                 0014 5   Tuscaloosa
      
                ALASKA  (180)
                 0100 6   Anchorage
      
                ARIZONA  (161)
                 0208 6   Chandler *
                 0200 6   Flagstaff
                 0201 6   Glendale
                 0202 5   Mesa
                 0203 4   Phoenix
                 0204 5   Scottsdale
                 0209 6   Sun City *
                 0205 5   Tempe
                 0206 4   Tuscon
                 0207 6   Yuma
      
                ARKANSAS  (142)
                 0300 6   Blytheville
                 0301 6   El Dorado
                 0302 6   Fayetteville
                 0303 5   Fort Smith
                 0304 6   Hot Springs
                 0310 6   Jacksonville *
                 0305 6   Jonesboro
                 0306 5   Little Rock
                 0307 5   North Little Rock
                 0308 5   Pine Bluff
                 0309 5   West Memphis
      
                CALIFORNIA  (171)
                 0400 2   Alameda
                 0401 2   Alhambra
                 0402 2   Altadena
                 0403 2   Anaheim
                 0404 2   Antioch
                 0405 2   Arcadia
                 0406 5   Arden-Arcade
                 0407 2   Azusa
                 0408 5   Bakersfield
                 0409 2   Baldwin Park
                 0557 2   Bell *
                 0410 2   Bellflower
                 0411 2   Bell Gardens
                 0412 2   Belmont
                 0413 2   Berkeley
                 0414 2   Beverly Hills
                 0558 2   Brea *
                 0415 2   Buena Park
                 0416 2   Burbank
                 0417 2   Burlingame
                 0559 6   Camarillo *
                 0418 2   Campbell
                 0560 2   Carlsbad *
                 0419 6   Carmichael
                 0420 2   Carson
                 0421 2   Castro Valley
                 0561 2   Cerritos *
                 0562 6   Chico *
                 0563 2   Chino *
                 0422 2   Chula Vista
                 0564 6   Citrus Heights *
                 0423 2   Claremont
                 0565 6   Clovis *
                 0424 2   Compton
                 0425 2   Concord
                 0426 2   Corona
                 0427 2   Costa Messa
                 0428 2   Covina
                 0429 2   Culver City
                 0566 2   Cupertino *
                 0430 2   Cypress
                 0431 2   Daly City
                 0567 2   Danville *
                 0432 6   Davis
                 0568 2   Diamond Bar *
                 0433 2   Downey
                 0434 2   East Los Angeles
                 0435 2   El Cajon
                 0436 2   El Cerrito
                 0437 2   El Monte
                 0569 2   El Toro *
                 0438 2   Escondido
                 0439 6   Eureka
                 0440 6   Fairfield
                 0441 2   Florence-Graham
                 0570 2   Fontana *
                 0442 2   Fountain Valley
                 0443 2   Fremont
                 0444 5   Fresno
                 0445 2   Fullerton
                 0446 2   Gardena
                 0447 2   Garden Grove
                 0448 2   Glendale
                 0449 2   Glendora
                 0450 2   Hacienda Heights
                 0451 2   Hawthorne
                 0452 2   Hayward
                 0453 2   Huntington Beach
                 0454 2   Huntington Park
                 0455 2   Inglewood
                 0571 2   Irvine *
                 0572 2   Laguna Hills *
                 0456 2   La Habra
                 0457 2   Lakewood
                 0458 2   La Mesa
                 0459 2   La Mirada
                 0460 2   Lancaster
                 0461 2   La Puenta
                 0462 2   Lawndale
                 0463 2   Livermore
                 0464 6   Lodi
                 0465 6   Lompoc
                 0466 4   Long Beach
                 0467 2   Los Altos
                 0468 1   Los Angeles
                 0469 2   Los Gatos
                 0470 2   Lynwood
                 0471 2   Manhatten Beach
                 0573 6   Manteca *
                 0573 6   1992: Manteca *
                 0472 2   Menlo Park
                 0574 6   Merced *
                 0473 2   Milpitas
                 0575 2   Mission Viejo *
                 0474 5   Modesto
                 0475 2   Monrovia
                 0476 2   Montebello
                 0477 6   Monterey
                 0478 2   Monterey Park
                 0479 2   Mountain View
                 0480 6   Napa
                 0481 2   National City
                 0482 2   Newark
                 0483 2   Newport Beach
                 0484 6   North Highlands
                 0485 2   Norwalk
                 0486 2   Novato
                 0487 4   Oakland
                 0488 2   Oceanside
                 0489 2   Ontario
                 0490 2   Orange
                 0491 5   Oxnard
                 0492 2   Pacifica
                 0576 2   Palm Springs *
                 0493 2   Palo Alto
                 0494 2   Palos Verdes Peninsula
                 0495 2   Paramount
                 0496 6   Parkway-Sacramento South
                 0497 2   Pasadena
                 0498 6   Petaluma
                 0499 2   Pico Rivera
                 0577 2   Pittsburg *
                 0578 2   Placentia *
                 0500 2   Pleasant Hill
                 0579 2   Pleasanton *
                 0501 2   Pomona
                 0580 2   Poway *
                 0502 6   Rancho Cordova
                 0581 2   Rancho Cucamonga *
                 0582 2   Rancho Palos Verdes *
                 0583 6   Redding *
                 0503 2   Redlands
                 0504 2   Redondo Beach
                 0505 2   Redwood City
                 0506 2   Rialto
                 0507 2   Richmond
                 0508 2   Riverside
                 0509 2   Rosemead
                 0584 2   Rowland Heights *
                 0510 4   Sacramento
                 0511 5   Salinas
                 0512 2   San Bernardino
                 0513 2   San Bruno
                 0514 2   San Carlos
                 0585 2   San Clemente *
                 0515 4   San Diego
                 0516 4   San Francisco
                 0517 2   San Gabriel
                 0518 4   San Jose
                 0519 2   San Leandro
                 0520 2   San Lorenzo
                 0521 6   San Luis Obispo
                 0522 2   San Mateo
                 0523 2   San Rafael
                 0524 2   Santa Ana
                 0525 5   Santa Barbara
                 0526 2   Santa Clara
                 0527 6   Santa Cruz
                 0528 6   Santa Maria
                 0529 2   Santa Monica
                 0530 5   Santa Rosa
                 0586 2   Santee *
                 0531 2   Saratoga
                 0532 2   Seal Beach
                 0533 6   Seaside
                 0534 5   Simi Valley
                 0535 2   South Gate
                 0536 2   South San Francisco
                 0537 2   South Whittier
                 0538 2   Spring Valley
                 0539 5   Stockton
                 0540 2   Sunnyvale
                 0541 2   Temple City
                 0542 6   Thousand Oaks
                 0543 2   Torrance
                 0587 6   Turlock *
                 0588 2   Tustin *
                 0544 2   Tustin-Foothills
                 0589 2   Union City *
                 0545 2   Upland
                 0590 6   Vacaville *
                 0546 5   Vallejo
                 0547 5   Ventura
                 0548 6   Visalia
                 0549 2   Vista
                 0550 2   Walnut Creek
                 0551 2   West Covina
                 0552 2   West Hollywood
                 0553 2   Westminster
                 0554 9   Westmont
                 0555 2   Whittier
                 0556 2   Willowbrook
                 0591 6   Woodland *
                 0592 2   Yorba Linda *
      
                COLORADO  (162)
                 0600 2   Arvada
                 0601 2   Aurora
                 0602 2   Boulder
                 0603 5   Colorado Springs
                 0604 4   Denver
                 0605 2   Englewood
                 0606 6   Fort Collins
                 0613 6   Grand Junction *
                 0607 6   Greeley
                 0608 2   Lakewood
                 0609 2   Littleton
                 0614 2   Longmont *
                 0615 6   Loveland *
                 0610 9   North Glenn
                 0611 5   Pueblo
                 0616 2   Southglen *
                 0617 2   Thornton *
                 0618 2   Westminster *
                 0612 2   Wheat Ridge
      
                CONNECTICUT  (101)
                 0700 5   Bridgeport
                 0701 5   Bristol
                 0702 5   Danbury
                 0703 5   East Hartford
                 0704 6   East Haven
                 0705 6   Enfield
                 0706 5   Fairfield
                 0707 5   Greenwich
                 0708 6   Groton
                 0709 6   Hamden
                 0710 5   Hartford
                 0711 6   Manchester
                 0712 5   Meriden
                 0713 6   Middletown
                 0714 5   Milford
                 0734 6   Naugatuck *
                 0715 5   New Britain
                 0716 5   New Haven
                 0717 6   Newington
                 0718 6   New London
                 0719 5   Norwalk
                 0720 6   Norwich
                 0721 6   Shelton
                 0722 6   Southington
                 0723 5   Stamford
                 0724 6   Stratford
                 0725 6   Torrington
                 0726 6   Trumball
                 0727 6   Vernon
                 0728 6   Wallingford
                 0729 5   Waterbury
                 0730 5   West Hartford
                 0731 5   West Haven
                 0732 6   Westport
                 0733 6   Wethersfield
                 0735 6   Windsor *
      
                DELAWARE  (111)
                 0801 6   Newark *
                 0800 5   Wilmington
      
                DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA  (155)
                 0900 4   Washington
      
                FLORIDA  (143)
                 1000 6   Boca Raton
                 1032 6   Boynton Beach *
                 1033 6   Bradenton *
                 1034 6   Cape Coral *
                 1001 2   Carol City
                 1002 2   Clearwater
                 1003 2   Coral Gables
                 1035 6   Coral Springs *
                 1004 6   Daytona Beach
                 1036 6   Deerfield Beach *
                 1037 6   Delray Beach *
                 1038 2   Dunedin *
                 1005 5   Fort Lauderdale
                 1007 6   Fort Myers
                 1008 6   Fort Pierce
                 1009 5   Gainsville
                 1039 6   Hallandale *
                 1010 2   Hialeah
                 1011 5   Hollywood
                 1012 4   Jacksonville
                 1040 2   Kendale Lakes *
                 1013 2   Kendall
                 1014 6   Key West
                 1015 6   Lakeland
                 1041 6   Lake Worth *
                 1042 2   Largo *
                 1043 6   Lauderdale Lakes *
                 1044 6   Lauderhill
                 1045 6   Margate *
                 1016 6   Melbourne
                 1017 6   Merritt Island
                 1018 4   Miami
                 1019 2   Miami Beach
                 1046 6   Miramar *
                 1020 2   North Miami
                 1021 2   North Miami Beach
                 1047 6   Ocala *
                 1048 2   Olympia Heights *
                 1022 5   Orlando
                 1023 6   Panama City
                 1049 6   Pembroke Pines *
                 1024 5   Pensacola
                 1050 6   Pine Hills *
                 1051 2   Pinellas Park *
                 1052 6   Plantation *
                 1025 6   Pompano Beach
                 1053 6   Port Charlotte *
                 1054 6   Riviera Beach *
                 1026 2   St. Petersburg
                 1027 6   Sarasota
                 1055 6   Sunrise *
                 1028 5   Tallahassee
                 1056 2   Tamarac *
                 1029 4   Tampa
                 1030 6   Titusville
                 1057 2   Town 'N' country *
                 1058 2   Westchester *
                 1059 2   West Little River *
                 1031 5   West Palm Beach
      
                GEORGIA  (144)
                 1100 5   Albany
                 1101 6   Athens
                 1102 4   Atlanta
                 1103 5   Augusta
                 1113 2   Candler-Mcafee *
                 1104 5   Columbus
                 1105 2   East Point
                 1106 6   Fort Benning
                 1114 2   Mableton *
                 1107 5   Macon
                 1108 2   Marietta
                 1115 2   North Atlanta *
                 1109 6   Rome
                 1116 2   Sandy Springs *
                 1110 5   Savannah
                 1117 6   South Augusta *
                 1118 2   Tucker *
                 1111 6   Valdosta
                 1112 6   Warner Robins
      
                HAWAII  (181)
                 1205 6   Aiea *
                 1200 6   Hilo
                 1201 4   Honolulu
                 1202 6   Kailua
                 1203 6   Kanoehe
                 1206 6   Pearl City *
                 1204 6   Waipahu
      
                IDAHO  (163)
                 1300 5   Boise City
                 1301 6   Idaho Falls
                 1302 6   Lewiston
                 1304 6   Nampa *
                 1303 6   Pocatello
                 1305 6   Twin Falls *
      
                ILLINOIS  (121)
                 1400 2   Addison
                 1401 2   Alton
                 1402 2   Arlington Heights
                 1403 2   Aurora
                 1404 2   Belleville
                 1405 2   Berwyn
                 1406 6   Bloomington
                 1461 2   Bolingbrook *
                 1407 2   Burbank
                 1408 2   Calumet City
                 1462 6   Carbondale *
                 1409 2   Carpentersville
                 1410 5   Champaign
                 1411 1   Chicago
                 1412 2   Chicago Heights
                 1413 2   Cicero
                 1414 6   Danville
                 1415 5   Decatur
                 1463 6   Dekalb *
                 1416 2   Des Plaines
                 1417 2   Dolton
                 1418 2   Downers Grove
                 1419 2   East St. Louis
                 1420 2   Elgin
                 1464 2   Elk Grove *
                 1421 2   Elmhurst
                 1422 2   Elmwood Park
                 1423 2   Evanston
                 1424 2   Evergreen Park
                 1425 6   Freeport
                 1426 6   Galesburg
                 1427 2   Glenview
                 1428 2   Granite City
                 1465 2   Hanover Park *
                 1429 2   Harvey
                 1430 2   Highland Park
                 1466 2   Hoffman Estates *
                 1431 2   Joliet
                 1432 6   Kankakee
                 1433 2   Lansing
                 1434 2   Lombard
                 1435 2   Maywood
                 1436 6   Moline
                 1437 2   Morton Grove
                 1438 2   Mount Prospect
                 1467 2   Naperville *
                 1439 2   Niles
                 1440 6   Normal
                 1441 2   Northbrook
                 1442 2   North Chicago
                 1468 2   Oak Forest *
                 1443 2   Oak Lawn
                 1444 2   Oak Park
                 1445 2   Palatine
                 1446 2   Park Forest
                 1447 2   Park Ridge
                 1448 6   Pekin
                 1449 5   Peoria
                 1450 6   Quincy
                 1451 6   Rantoul
                 1452 5   Rockford
                 1453 5   Rock Island
                 1469 2   Shaumburg *
                 1454 2   Skokie
                 1470 2   South Holland *
                 1455 5   Springfield
                 1471 2   Tinley Park *
                 1456 6   Urbana
                 1457 2   Villa Park
                 1458 2   Waukegan
                 1459 2   Wheaton
                 1460 2   Wilmette
      
                INDIANA  (122)
                 1500 5   Anderson
                 1501 6   Bloomington
                 1502 6   Columbus
                 1503 2   East Chicago
                 1504 6   Elkhart
                 1505 5   Evansville
                 1506 5   Fort Wayne
                 1507 2   Gary
                 1508 2   Hammond
                 1509 2   Highland
                 1510 4   Indianapolis
                 1511 6   Kokomo
                 1512 6   Lafayette
                 1521 2   Lawrence *
                 1513 6   Marion
                 1522 2   Merrillville *
                 1514 6   Michigan City
                 1515 6   Mishawaka
                 1516 5   Muncie
                 1517 6   New Albany
                 1523 2   Portage *
                 1518 6   Richmond
                 1519 5   South Bend
                 1520 5   Terre Haute
      
                IOWA  (131)
                 1600 6   Ames
                 1616 6   Bettendorf *
                 1601 6   Burlington
                 1602 6   Cedar Falls
                 1603 5   Cedar Rapids
                 1604 6   Clinton
                 1605 5   Council Bluffs
                 1606 5   Davenport
                 1607 5   Des Moines
                 1608 5   Dubuque
                 1609 6   Fort Dodge
                 1610 6   Iowa City
                 1611 6   Marshalltown
                 1612 6   Mason City
                 1613 6   Ottumwa
                 1614 5   Sioux City
                 1615 5   Waterloo
      
                KANSAS  (132)
                 1710 6   Emporia *
                 1700 6   Hutchinson
                 1701 2   Kansas City
                 1702 6   Lawrence
                 1703 6   Leavenworth
                 1704 6   Manhattan
                 1711 2   Olathe *
                 1705 2   Overland Park
                 1706 2   Prairie Village
                 1707 6   Salina
                 1712 2   Shawnee *
                 1708 5   Topeka
                 1709 4   Witchita
      
                KENTUCKY  (151)
                 1800 6   Ashland
                 1801 6   Bowling Green
                 1802 2   Covington
                 1803 6   Fort Knox
                 1811 6   Frankfort *
                 1812 6   Henderson *
                 1813 6   Hopkinsville *
                 1804 5   Lexington-Fayette
                 1805 4   Louisville
                 1806 2   Newport
                 1807 5   Owensboro
                 1808 6   Paducah
                 1809 6   Pleasure Ridge Park
                 1810 6   Valley Station
      
                LOUISIANA  (145)
                 1900 6   Alexandria
                 1901 5   Baton Rouge
                 1902 6   Bossier City
                 1914 2   Chalmette *
                 1903 2   Gretna
                 1904 6   Houma
                 1905 2   Kenner
                 1906 5   Lafayette
                 1907 5   Lake Charles
                 1908 2   Marrero
                 1909 2   Metairie
                 1910 5   Monroe
                 1911 6   New Iberia
                 1912 4   New Orleans
                 1913 5   Shreveport
                 1915 2   Slidell *
      
                MAINE  (102)
                 2000 6   Auburn
                 2001 6   Bangor
                 2002 6   Lewiston
                 2003 5   Portland
      
                MARYLAND  (152)
                 2100 2   Annapolis
                 2123 2   Aspen Hill *
                 2101 4   Baltimore
                 2102 2   Bethesda
                 2103 2   Bowie
                 2104 2   Catonsville
                 2105 2   Chillum
                 2106 2   College Park
                 2124 2   Columbia *
                 2107 6   Cumberland
                 2108 2   Dundalk
                 2109 2   Essex
                 2125 6   Frederick *
                 2126 2   Gaithersburg
                 2110 2   Glen Burnie
                 2111 6   Hagerstown
                 2112 9   Hillcrest Heights
                 2127 2   Lochearn *
                 2113 2   Lutherville-Timonium
                 2128 2   Middle River *
                 2129 2   Oxen Hill *
                 2114 2   Parkville
                 2115 2   Pikesville
                 2130 2   Potomac *
                 2116 2   Randallstown
                 2117 2   Rockville
                 2131 2   Security *
                 2118 2   Silver Spring
                 2119 2   Suitland-Silver Hills
                 2120 2   Towson
                 2121 2   Wheaton-Glenmont
      
                MASSACHUSETTS  (103)
                 2260 6   Agawam *
                 2200 6   Amherst
                 2201 6   Andover
                 2202 2   Arlington
                 2203 6   Attleboro
                 2261 6   Barnstable *
                 2204 2   Belmont
                 2205 2   Beverly
                 2206 6   Bilerica
                 2207 4   Boston
                 2208 2   Braintree
                 2209 5   Brockton
                 2210 2   Brookline
                 2211 2   Cambridge
                 2212 6   Chelmsford
                 2213 2   Chelsea
                 2214 5   Chicopee
                 2215 2   Danvers
                 2216 2   Dedham
                 2217 2   Everett
                 2218 5   Fall River
                 2219 6   Fitchburg
                 2220 2   Framingham
                 2221 6   Gloucester
                 2222 6   Havershill
                 2223 5   Holyoke
                 2224 5   Lawrence
                 2225 6   Leominster
                 2226 2   Lexington
                 2227 5   Lowell
                 2228 5   Lynn
                 2229 2   Malden
                 2230 6   Marlborough
                 2231 2   Medford
                 2232 2   Melrose
                 2233 6   Methuen
                 2234 2   Milton
                 2235 2   Natick
                 2236 2   Needham
                 2237 5   New Bedford
                 2238 2   Newton
                 2239 6   Northampton
                 2240 2   Norwood
                 2241 2   Peabody
                 2242 5   Pittsfield
                 2262 6   Plymouth *
                 2243 2   Quincy
                 2244 2   Randolph
                 2245 2   Revere
                 2246 2   Salem
                 2247 2   Saugus
                 2248 2   Somerville
                 2249 5   Springfield
                 2263 2   Stoughton *
                 2250 2   Tauton
                 2251 2   Wakefield
                 2252 2   Waltham
                 2253 2   Watertown
                 2254 2   Wellesley
                 2255 6   Westfield
                 2256 6   West Springfield
                 2257 2   Weymouth
                 2258 2   Woburn
                 2259 5   Worcester
      
                MICHIGAN (123)
                 2300 2   Allen Park
                 2301 5   Ann Arbor
                 2345 2   Avon Twp. *
                 2302 6   Battle Creek
                 2303 6   Bay City
                 2304 2   Birmingham
                 2346 2   Bloomfield Twp. *
                 2347 6   Burton *
                 2348 2   Clinton Twp *
                 2305 2   Dearborn
                 2306 2   Dearborn Heights
                 2307 1   Detroit
                 2308 2   East Detroit
                 2309 6   East Lansing
                 2349 2   Farmington Hills *
                 2310 2   Ferndale
                 2311 5   Flint
                 2312 2   Garden City
                 2313 5   Grand Rapids
                 2314 2   Hamtramck
                 2315 2   Highland Park
                 2316 6   Holland
                 2317 2   Inkster
                 2318 6   Jackson
                 2319 5   Kalamazoo
                 2350 6   Kentwood *
                 2320 5   Lansing
                 2321 2   Lincoln Park
                 2322 2   Livonia
                 2323 2   Madison Heights
                 2324 6   Midland
                 2325 6   Muskegon
                 2326 2   Oak Park
                 2327 2   Pontiac
                 2328 6   Portage
                 2329 6   Port Huron
                 2351 2   Redford Twp. *
                 2352 2   Romulus *
                 2330 2   Roseville
                 2331 2   Royal Oak
                 2332 5   Saginaw
                 2333 2   St. Clair Shores
                 2334 2   Southfield
                 2335 2   Southgate
                 2336 2   Sterling Heights
                 2337 2   Taylor
                 2338 2   Trenton
                 2339 2   Troy
                 2340 2   Warren
                 2353 2   Waterford *
                 2354 2   West Bloomfield Twp. *
                 2341 2   Westland
                 2342 2   Wyandotte
                 2343 5   Wyoming
                 2344 6   Ypsilanti
      
                MINNESOTA (133)
                 2400 6   Austin
                 2423 2   Blaine *
                 2401 2   Bloomington
                 2402 2   Brooklyn Center
                 2403 6   Brooklyn Park
                 2424 2   Burnsville *
                 2404 2   Coon Rapids
                 2405 2   Crystal
                 2406 5   Duluth
                 2407 2   Edina
                 2408 2   Fridley
                 2409 2   Golden Valley
                 2410 6   Mankato
                 2411 9   Maplewood
                 2412 4   Minneapolis
                 2413 2   Minnetonka
                 2414 6   Moorhead
                 2425 2   Plymouth *
                 2415 2   Richfield
                 2416 5   Rochester
                 2417 2   Roseville
                 2418 6   St. Cloud
                 2419 2   St. Louis Park
                 2420 4   St. Paul
                 2421 2   South St. Paul
                 2422 6   Winona
      
                MISSISSIPPI (146)
                 2500 6   Biloxi
                 2501 6   Columbus
                 2502 6   Greenville
                 2503 6   Gulfport
                 2504 6   Hattiesburg
                 2505 5   Jackson
                 2506 6   Laurel
                 2507 6   Meridian
                 2508 6   Pascagoula
                 2509 6   Vicksburg
      
                MISSOURI (134)
                 2600 2   Affton
                 2620 2   Blue Springs *
                 2601 6   Cape Girardeau
                 2602 5   Columbia
                 2603 2   Ferguson
                 2604 2   Florissant
                 2605 6   Fort Leonard Wood
                 2621 2   Gladstone *
                 2606 2   Independence
                 2607 6   Jefferson City
                 2608 4   Joplin
                 2609 4   Kansas City
                 2610 2   Kirkwood
                 2622 2   Lee's Summit *
                 2611 2   Lemay
                 2612 2   Overland
                 2613 2   Raytown
                 2614 2   St. Charles
                 2615 5   St. Joseph
                 2616 4   St. Louis
                 2617 5   Springfield
                 2618 2   University City
                 2619 2   Webster Groves
      
                MONTANA  (164)
                 2700 5   Billings
                 2703 6   Butte-Silver Bow *
                 2701 5   Great Falls
                 2702 6   Missoula
      
                NEBRASKA  (135)
                 2800 6   Grand Island
                 2801 5   Lincoln
                 2802 4   Omaha
      
                NEVADA  (165)
                 2905 6   Carson City *
                 2900 5   Las Vegas
                 2901 6   North Las Vegas
                 2902 6   Paradise
                 2903 5   Reno
                 2904 6   Sparks
                 2906 6   Sunrise Manor *
      
                NEW HAMPSHIRE  (104)
                 3000 6   Concord
                 3001 5   Manchester
                 3002 5   Nashua
                 3003 6   Portsmouth
      
                NEW JERSEY  (112)
                 3100 6   Atlantic City
                 3101 2   Bayonne
                 3102 2   Belleville
                 3103 2   Bergenfield
                 3104 2   Bloomfield
                 3105 6   Brick Twp.
                 3106 2   Camden
                 3107 2   Cherry Hill Twp.
                 3108 2   Clifton
                 3109 2   Cranford Twp.
                 3110 2   Deptford Twp.
                 3111 2   East Brunswick Twp.
                 3112 2   East Orange
                 3113 2   Edison Twp.
                 3114 2   Elizabeth
                 3115 2   Englewood
                 3116 9   Ewing Twp.
                 3117 2   Fair Lawn
                 3118 6   Fort Dix
                 3119 2   Fort Lee
                 3120 2   Garfield
                 3121 2   Hackensack
                 3122 2   Hoboken
                 3123 2   Irvington
                 3124 4   Jersey City
                 3125 2   Kearny
                 3126 2   Linden
                 3127 2   Livingston Twp.
                 3128 2   Lodi
                 3129 6   Long Branch
                 3130 2   Maplewood Twp.
                 3131 2   Mercerville-Hamilton Sq.
                 3132 5   Middletown Twp.
                 3133 2   Montclair
                 3134 5   Neptune Twp.
                 3135 4   Newark
                 3136 2   New Brunswick
                 3137 9   New Hanover
                 3138 2   North Bergen Twp.
                 3139 2   Nutley
                 3140 2   Old Bridge
                 3141 2   Orange
                 3142 2   Paramus
                 3163 2   Parsippany--Troy Hills *
                 3143 2   Passaic
                 3144 2   Paterson
                 3145 2   Pennsauken Twp.
                 3146 2   Perth Amboy
                 3147 2   Piscataway Twp.
                 3148 2   Plainfield
                 3149 2   Rahway
                 3150 2   Ridgewood
                 3151 2   Sayreville
                 3152 2   Teaneck Twp.
                 3153 5   Trenton
                 3154 2   Union Twp.
                 3155 2   Union City
                 3156 6   Vineland
                 3157 2   Wayne Twp.
                 3158 2   Westfield
                 3159 2   West New York
                 3160 5   West Orange
                 3161 2   Willingboro Twp.
                 3162 2   Woodbridge Twp.
      
                NEW MEXICO  (166)
                 3200 5   Albuquerque
                 3207 6   Carlsbad *
                 3201 6   Clovis
                 3208 6   Farmington *
                 3202 6   Hobbs
                 3203 6   Las Cruces
                 3204 6   Roswell
                 3205 6   Santa Fe
                 3206 6   South Valley
      
                NEW YORK  (113)
                 3300 5   Albany
                 3301 6   Amsterdam
                 3302 6   Auburn
                 3303 2   Baldwin
                 3304 5   Binghampton
                 3305 2   Brentwood
                 3354 6   Brighton *
                 3306 4   Buffalo
                 3355 2   Centereach *
                 3307 2   Central Islip
                 3356 2   Cheektowaga *
                 3308 2   Commack
                 3309 2   Deer Park
                 3357 2   Dix Hills *
                 3310 2   East Meadow
                 3311 6   Elmira
                 3312 2   Elmont
                 3313 2   Franklin Square
                 3314 2   Freeport
                 3315 2   Garden City
                 3316 2   Glen Cove
                 3317 2   Hempstead
                 3318 2   Hicksville
                 3319 2   Huntington Station
                 3358 6   Irondeqoit *
                 3320 6   Ithaca
                 3321 6   Jamestown
                 3322 6   Kingston
                 3323 2   Lackawanna
                 3359 2   Lake Ronkonkoma *
                 3324 2   Levittown
                 3325 2   Lindenhurst
                 3326 2   Lockport
                 3327 2   Long Beach
                 3328 2   Massapequa
                 3329 2   Merrick
                 3330 2   Mount Vernon
                 3331 6   Newburgh
                 3332 2   New City
                 3333 2   New Rochelle
                 3334 1   New York
                 3335 2   Niagara Falls
                 3336 2   North Babylon
                 3360 2   North Bay Shore *
                 3337 2   North Tonawanda
                 3338 2   Oceanside
                 3339 2   Plainview
                 3340 2   Port Chester
                 3341 6   Poughkeepsie
                 3342 4   Rochester
                 3343 2   Rockville Centre
                 3344 5   Rome
                 3345 6   Rotterdam
                 3346 5   Schenectady
                 3361 2   Smithtown *
                 3347 5   Syracuse
                 3362 2   Tonawanda *
                 3348 5   Troy
                 3349 5   Utica
                 3350 2   Valley Stream
                 3351 6   Watertown
                 3363 2   West Babylon *
                 3364 2   West Islip *
                 3365 2   West Senaca *
                 3352 2   White Plains
                 3353 2   Yonkers
      
                NORTH CAROLINA  (147)
                 3400 5   Asheville
                 3401 6   Burlington
                 3402 6   Camp Lejeune
                 3403 6   Chapel Hill
                 3404 5   Charlotte
                 3405 5   Durham
                 3406 5   Fayetteville
                 3407 6   Fort Bragg
                 3408 6   Gastonia
                 3409 6   Goldsboro
                 3410 5   Greensboro
                 3411 6   Greenville
                 3412 5   High Point
                 3413 6   Kannapolis
                 3419 6   Kinston *
                 3414 5   Raleigh
                 3415 6   Rocky Mount
                 3416 6   Wilmington
                 3417 6   Wilson
                 3418 5   Winston-Salem
      
                NORTH DAKOTA  (136)
                 3500 6   Bismarck
                 3501 5   Fargo
                 3502 6   Grand Forks
                 3503 6   Minot
      
                OHIO  (124)
                 3600 4   Akron
                 3601 6   Alliance
                 3602 6   Athens
                 3603 6   Austintown
                 3604 6   Barberton
                 3651 6   Beavercreek *
                 3605 6   Boardman
                 3652 6   Bowling Green *
                 3606 2   Brook Park
                 3653 2   Brunswick *
                 3607 5   Canton
                 3608 4   Cincinnati
                 3609 4   Cleveland
                 3610 2   Cleveland Heights
                 3611 4   Columbus
                 3612 6   Cuyahoga Falls
                 3613 5   Dayton
                 3654 2   Delhi Hills
                 3614 2   East Cleveland
                 3615 5   Elyria
                 3616 2   Euclid
                 3617 6   Fairborn
                 3655 6   Fairfield *
                 3618 6   Findlay
                 3619 2   Garfield Heights
                 3620 5   Hamilton
                 3656 6   Huber Heights *
                 3621 6   Kent
                 3622 5   Kettering
                 3623 2   Lakewood
                 3624 6   Lancaster
                 3625 5   Lima
                 3626 5   Lorain
                 3627 5   Mansfield
                 3628 2   Maple Heights
                 3629 6   Marion
                 3630 6   Massillon
                 3631 2   Mentor
                 3632 6   Middletown
                 3633 6   Newark
                 3634 2   North Olmsted
                 3635 2   Norwood
                 3636 2   Parma
                 3637 9   Parma Heights
                 3638 6   Portsmouth
                 3639 6   Sandusky
                 3640 2   Shaker Heights
                 3641 2   South Euclid
                 3642 5   Springfield
                 3643 6   Steubenville
                 3657 6   Stow *
                 3658 2   Strongsville *
                 3644 4   Toledo
                 3645 2   Upper Arlington
                 3646 5   Warren
                 3647 2   Whitehall
                 3648 2   Xenia
                 3649 5   Youngstown
                 3650 6   Zanesville
      
                OKLAHOMA  (153)
                 3700 6   Bartlesville
                 3712 6   Broken Arrow *
                 3701 6   Del City
                 3713 6   Edmond *
                 3702 6   Enid
                 3703 5   Lawton
                 3704 6   Midwest City
                 3714 6   Moore *
                 3705 6   Muskogee
                 3706 5   Norman
                 3707 4   Oklahoma City
                 3708 6   Ponca City
                 3709 6   Shawnee
                 3710 6   Stilwater
                 3711 4   Tulsa
      
                OREGON  (172)
                 3806 6   Albany *
                 3807 2   Beaverton *
                 3800 6   Corvallis
                 3801 5   Eugene
                 3808 2   Gresham *
                 3809 2   Hazelwood *
                 3810 2   Hillsboro *
                 3802 6   Medford
                 3803 4   Portland
                 3804 5   Salem
                 3805 6   Springfield
      
                PENNSYLVANIA  (114)
                 3928 2    Abington Twp. *
                 3900 5    Allentown
                 3901 5    Altoona
                 3902 9    Baldwin
                 3929 2    Bensalem Twp. *
                 3903 2    Bethel Park
                 3904 5    Bethlehem
                 3930 2    Bristol Twp. *
                 3931 2    Cheltenham *
                 3905 2    Chester
                 3906 6    Easton
                 3907 5    Erie
                 3932 2    Falls Twp. *
                 3908 5    Harrisburg
                 3933 2    Haverford  Twp. *
                 3909 6    Hazleton
                 3910 6    Johnstown
                 3911 5    Lancaster
                 3912 6    Lebanon
                 3934 2    Lower Merion Twp. *
                 3935 2    Mccandless Twp. *
                 3913 2    Mckeesport
                 3914 2    Monroeville
                 3936 2    Mount Lebanon *
                 3915 6    New Castle
                 3916 2    Norristown
                 3937 2    Penn Hills *
                 3917 1    Philadelphia
                 3918 4    Pittsburgh
                 3938 2    Plum *
                 3919 2    Pottstown
                 3939 2    Radnor Twp. *
                 3920 5    Reading
                 3940 2    Ridley Twp. *
                 3941 2    Ross Twp. *
                 3921 5    Scranton
                 3942 2    Shaler Twp. *
                 3943 2    Springfield *
                 3922 6    State College
                 3944 2    Upper Darby *
                 3945 2    Upper Merion *
                 3946 2    Upper Moreland Twp. *
                 3947 2    Warminster *
                 3923 2    West Mifflin
                 3924 5    Wilkes-Barre
                 3925 2    Wilkinsburg
                 3926 6    Williamsport
                 3927 5    York
      
                RHODE ISLAND  (105)
                 4012 6    Coventry *
                 4000 5    Cranston
                 4001 6    Cumberland
                 4002 6    East Providence
                 4003 6    Middletown
                 4004 6    Newport
                 4005 6    North Kingstown
                 4006 6    North Providence
                 4007 5    Pawtucket
                 4008 5    Providence
                 4009 5    Warwick
                 4010 6    West Warwick
                 4011 6    Woonsocket
      
                SOUTH CAROLINA  (148)
                 4100 6    Anderson
                 4101 5    Charleston
                 4102 5    Columbia
                 4103 6    Florence
                 4104 5    Greenville
                 4108 6    North Charleston *
                 4105 6    Rock Hill
                 4106 6    Spartanburg
                 4107 6    Sumter
      
                SOUTH DAKOTA  (137)
                 4200 6    Aberdeen
                 4201 6    Rapid City
                 4202 5    Sioux Falls
      
                TENNESSEE  (154)
                 4300 5    Chattanooga
                 4301 6    Clarksville
                 4310 6    Cleveland *
                 4311 6    Columbia *
                 4312 6    Hendersonville *
                 4302 6    Jackson
                 4303 6    Johnson City
                 4304 6    Kingsport
                 4305 5    Knoxville
                 4306 4    Memphis
                 4307 6    Murfeesboro
                 4308 4    Nashville-Davidson
                 4309 6    Oak Ridge
      
                TEXAS  (149)
                 4400 5    Abilene
                 4401 5    Amarillo
                 4402 5    Arlington
                 4403 4    Austin
                 4404 2    Baytown
                 4405 5    Beaumont
                 4406 6    Big Spring
                 4407 5    Brownsville
                 4408 6    Bryan
                 4447 2    Carrollton *
                 4448 6    College Station *
                 4409 5    Corpus Christi
                 4410 4    Dallas
                 4449 6    Del Rio *
                 4411 6    Denison
                 4412 2    Denton
                 4450 2    Duncanville *
                 4413 4    El Paso
                 4414 2    Farmers Branch
                 4415 9    Fort Hood
                 4416 4    Fort Worth
                 4417 5    Galveston
                 4418 2    Garland
                 4419 2    Grand Prairie
                 4420 6    Haltom City
                 4421 6    Harlingen
                 4422 1    Houston
                 4423 6    Hurst
                 4424 2    Irving
                 4425 6    Killeen
                 4426 6    Kingsville
                 4427 5    Laredo
                 4428 6    Longview
                 4429 5    Lubbock
                 4451 6    Lufkin *
                 4430 6    Mcallen
                 4431 2    Mesquite
                 4432 5    Midland
                 4452 6    Nocogdoches *
                 4453 2    North Richland Hills *
                 4433 5    Odessa
                 4454 6    Paris *
                 4434 2    Pasadena
                 4455 2    Plano *
                 4435 5    Port Arthur
                 4436 2    Richardson
                 4437 5    San Angelo
                 4438 4    San Antonio
                 4439 6    Sherman
                 4440 6    Temple
                 4441 6    Texarkana
                 4442 6    Texas City
                 4443 5    Tyler
                 4444 6    Victoria
                 4445 5    Waco
                 4446 5    Wichita Falls
      
                UTAH  (167)
                 4500 6    Bountiful
                 4501 6    East Millcreek
                 4506 6    Logan *
                 4507 6    Murray *
                 4502 5    Ogden
                 4503 6    Orem
                 4504 5    Provo
                 4505 5    Salt Lake City
                 4508 6    Sandy City *
                 4509 6    West Jordan *
                 4510 6    West Valley *
      
                VERMONT  (106)
                 4600 6   Burlington
      
                VIRGINIA  (140)
                 4700 2    Alexandria
                 4701 2    Annandale
                 4702 2    Arlington
                 4718 2    Blacksburg *
                 4719 2    Burke *
                 4703 6    Charlottesville
                 4704 5    Chesapeake
                 4720 2    Dale City *
                 4705 6    Danville
                 4706 5    Hampton
                 4707 9    Jefferson
                 4708 5    Lynchburg
                 4721 2    Mclean *
                 4709 5    Newport News
                 4710 4    Norfolk
                 4711 6    Petersburg
                 4712 5    Portsmouth
                 4722 2    Reston *
                 4713 4    Richmond
                 4714 5    Roanoke
                 4715 6    Staunton
                 4723 6    Suffolk *
                 4724 6    Tuckahoe *
                 4716 5    Virginia Beach
                 4725 2    West Springfield *
                 4717 2    Woodbridge-Marumsco
      
                WASHINGTON  (173)
                 4815 2    Auburn *
                 4800 2    Bellevue
                 4801 6    Bellingham
                 4802 6    Bremerton
                 4803 2    Edmonds
                 4804 2    Everett
                 4805 6    Fort Lewis
                 4816 6    Kennewick *
                 4806 9    Lakes District
                 4807 6    Longview
                 4817 6    Olympia *
                 4808 2    Renton
                 4809 6    Richland
                 4810 4    Seattle
                 4811 5    Spokane
                 4812 2    Tacoma
                 4813 5    Vancouver
                 4818 6    Walla Walla *
                 4814 6    Yakima
      
                WEST VIRGINIA  (156)
                 4900 5    Charleston
                 4901 6    Fairmont
                 4902 5    Huntington
                 4903 6    Morgantown
                 4904 6    Parkersburg
                 4905 6    Weirton
                 4906 6    Wheeling
      
                WISCONSIN  (125)
                 5000 5    Appleton
                 5001 6    Beloit
                 5002 2    Brookfield
                 5003 6    Eau Claire
                 5004 6    Fond Du Lac
                 5005 5    Green Bay
                 5006 2    Greenfield
                 5007 6    Janesville
                 5008 5    Kenosha
                 5009 5    La Crosse
                 5010 5    Madison
                 5011 6    Manitowoc
                 5012 2    Menomonee Falls
                 5013 4    Milwaukee
                 5014 2    New Berlin
                 5015 5    Oshkosh
                 5016 5    Racine
                 5017 6    Sheboygan
                 5018 6    Superior
                 5019 2    Waukesha
                 5020 6    Wausau
                 5021 2    Wauwatosa
                 5022 2    West Allis
      
                WYOMING  (168)
                 5100 6    Casper
                 5101 6    Cheyenne
      
>> MASTER CODE
    CPS 2-DIGIT OCCUPATION CODE (1996)

                         1980 Census Book
                          Reference Code

                                   
PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS                 (023-024,
026-027, 
                                                            034, 035-036, 
                                                            038-234)

10. Physicians -- medical, psychiatric and                  (084, 085) 
    osteopathic; dentists                                  

11. Other medical and paramedical (except health            (086-089, 095-
    technicians -- see 16:) chiropractors, optometrists     106)
    chiropractors, optometrists, pharmacists,                
    veterinarians, dieticians, registered nurses, etc.

12.  Accountants; Auditors                                  (023)

13.  Teachers, except college                               (155-159)

14.  Teachers, college; social scientists; librarians       (113-154, 164-173)

15.  Architects; chemists; engineers; physical and          (043-059, 069-078)
     biological scientists                                 

16.  Technicians: computer programmers and analysts;        (063-068, 083,185,
     health, engineering, science, and other technicians;    189, 203-208)
     designers; radio and television announcers; dental 
     hygienists, practical nurses, etc.

17.  Public advisors: personnel and labor relations workers (026, 027, 034,
       clergy and other religious workers, social and        174-177, 195,
       recreation workers, editors and reporters, public     197)
       relations persons, etc.

18.  Judges; lawyers                                        (178, 179)

19.  Other professional, technical, and kindred workers     (024, 183, 184, 
                                                             186-188, 193,
                                                             193, 194, 198
                                                             199)


MANAGERS, OFFICIALS, AND PROPRIETORS (EXCEPT FARM)          (003-019,
025,
                                                             028-033, 037,243)

20.  Not self-employed; employee of own corporation         (003-019, 025,
                                                             028-033, 037,243)

31.  Self-employed -- unincorporated businesses             (003-019, 025
                                                             028-033, 037,243)

CLERICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS                                (303-389)

40.  Secretaries, stenographers, typists                    (313-315)

41.  Other clerical workers: bank tellers, bookkeepers,     (303-309, 316-
     estimators and investigators, mail carriers, payroll     389)
     and postal clerks, shipping and receiving clerks, 
     stock clerks, etc.                  

SALES WORKERS                                                (253-285)

45.  Demonstrators, hucksters and peddlers, insurance and    (253-285)
     real estate agents and brokers, sales representatives
     and sales clerks, cashiers, etc.

CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN AND KINDRED WORKERS                       (413-424,485,
                                                              494, 503-699,
                                                              803, 843,863)

50.  Foremen, not elsewhere classifiable, except craft       (485, 494, 803,
                                                              843, 863)

51.  Craftsmen, craft foremen and supervisors                (503-699)

52.  Government protective service workers: firemen, guards, (413-424)
     policemen, etc. 

OPERATIVES AND KINDRED WORKERS                               (703-859)

61.  Transport equipment operatives: bus drivers,            (804-859)
     conductors, deliverymen and routemen, fork lift and 
     tow motor operatives, taxicab drivers, truck drivers, 
     etc. 

62.  Operatives, except transport                            (703-799)

LABORERS AND FARM FOREMEN                                    (477-499,864-
                                                              889)

70.  Unskilled laborers -- non-farm                          (864-889)

71.  Farm laborers and foremen                               (477-499)

SERVICE WORKERS                                              (403-407, 425-
                                                              427, 433-469)

73.  Private household workers                               (403-407)

75.  Other service workers: maids, cleaners, janitors,       (425-427, 433-
     bartenders, cooks, waiters, nursing aides, barbers,      469)
     babysitters, (except 73), beauticians, etc.   

FARMERS AND FARM MANAGERS                                    (473-476)

80.  Farmers (owners and tenants) and farm managers          (473-476)

MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS

55.  Members of armed forces                                 (900)      


MASTER CODE RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION
      
      Codes followed by [1996] have been newly added in 1996.  Codes
      followed by [1994] were added in 1994.
      
      GENERAL PROTESTANT                                              
      
          010.  Protestant, no denomination given
          020.  Non-denominational Protestant
          040.  Inter-denominational Protestant
          099.  Christian (NFS); "just Christian"
      
      ADVENTIST                                                       
      
          100.  7th Day Adventist
          109.  Adventist (NFS)
      
      ANGLICAN                                                        
      
           110.  Episcopalian; Anglican
           111.  Independent Anglican, Episcopalian  [1994]
      
      BAPTIST                                                         
      
           120.  American Baptist Association
           121.  American Baptist Churches U.S.A. (inaccurately
                 known as "Northern Baptist")                          
           122.  Baptist Bible Fellowship
           123.  Baptist General Conference
           124.  Baptist Missionary Association of America
           125.  Conservative Baptist Association of America
           126.  General Association of Regular Baptist Churches
                 (G.A.R.B.)                                            
           127.  National Association of Free Will Baptists (United
                 Free Will Baptist Church)                             
           128.  Primitive Baptists
           129.  National Baptist Convention in the U.S.A.
           130.  National Baptist Convention of America
           131.  National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.
           132.  Progressive National Baptist Convention
           134.  Reformed Baptist (Calvinist)
           135.  Southern Baptist Convention
           147.  Fundamental Baptist (no denom. ties)
           148.  Local (independent) Baptist churches with no
                 denominational ties or links to a national            
                 fellowship                                            
           149.  Baptist (NFS)
      
      CONGREGATIONAL                                                  
      
           150.  United Church of Christ (includes Congregational,
                 Evangelical and Reformed)                             
           155.  Congregational Christian
      
      EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS)                              
      
           160.  Church of the Brethren
           161.  Brethren (NFS)
           162.  Mennonite Church
           163.  Moravian Church
           164.  Old Order Amish
           165.  Quakers (Friends)
           166.  Evangelical Covenant Church (not Anabaptist in
                 tradition)                                            
           167.  Evangelical Free Church (not Anabaptist in
                 tradition)                                            
           168.  Brethren in Christ
           170.  Mennonite Brethren
      
      HOLINESS                                                        
      
           180.  Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA)
           181.  Church of God (Anderson, IN)
           182.  Church of the Nazarene
           183.  Free Methodist Church
           184.  Salvation Army
           185.  Wesleyan Church
           186.  Church of God of Findlay, OH   [1994]
           199.  Holiness (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA
                 whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic                  
      
      INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST                                      
      
           200.  Plymouth Brethren
           201.  Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America
           219.  Independent-Fundamentalist (NFS)
      
      LUTHERAN                                                        
      
           220.  Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly
                 Lutheran Church in America and The American           
                 Lutheran Church); ELCA                                
           221.  Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod; LC-MS
           222.  Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; WELS
           223.  Other Conservative Lutheran
           229.  Lutheran (NFS)
      
      METHODIST                                                       
      
           230.  United Methodist Church; Evangelical United
                 Brethren                                              
           231.  African Methodist Episcopal Church
           232.  African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
           233.  Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
           234.  Primitive Methodist [1994]
           240.  Congregational Methodist (fundamentalist)*
           249.  Methodist (NFS)
      
      PENTECOSTAL                                                     
      
           250.  Assemblies of God
           251.  Church of God (Cleveland, TN)
           252.  Church of God (Huntsville, AL)
           253.  International Church of the Four Square Gospel
           124.  Baptist Missionary Association of America
           125.  Conservative Baptist Association of America
           126.  General Association of Regular Baptist Churches
                 (G.A.R.B.)                                            
           127.  National Association of Free Will Baptists (United
                 Free Will Baptist Church)                             
           128.  Primitive Baptists
           129.  National Baptist Convention in the U.S.A.
           130.  National Baptist Convention of America
           131.  National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.
           132.  Progressive National Baptist Convention
           134.  Reformed Baptist (Calvinist)
           135.  Southern Baptist Convention
           147.  Fundamental Baptist (no denom. ties)
           148.  Local (independent) Baptist churches with no
                 denominational ties or links to a national            
                 fellowship                                            
           149.  Baptist (NFS)
      
      CONGREGATIONAL                                                  
      
           150.  United Church of Christ (includes Congregational,
                 Evangelical and Reformed)                             
           155.  Congregational Christian
      
      EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS)                              
      
           160.  Church of the Brethren
           161.  Brethren (NFS)
           162.  Mennonite Church
           163.  Moravian Church
           164.  Old Order Amish
           165.  Quakers (Friends)
           166.  Evangelical Covenant Church (not Anabaptist in
                 tradition)                                            
           167.  Evangelical Free Church (not Anabaptist in
                 tradition)                                            
           168.  Brethren in Christ
           170.  Mennonite Brethren
      
      HOLINESS                                                        
      
           180.  Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA)
           181.  Church of God (Anderson, IN)
           182.  Church of the Nazarene
           183.  Free Methodist Church
           184.  Salvation Army
           185.  Wesleyan Church
           186.  Church of God of Findlay, OH 
           199.  Holiness (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA
                 whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic                  
      
      INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST                                      
      
           200.  Plymouth Brethren
           201.  Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America
           219.  Independent-Fundamentalist (NFS)
      
      LUTHERAN                                                        
      
           220.  Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly
                 Lutheran Church in America and The American           
                 Lutheran Church); ELCA                                
           221.  Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod; LC-MS
           222.  Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; WELS
           223.  Other Conservative Lutheran
           229.  Lutheran (NFS)
      
      METHODIST                                                       
      
           230.  United Methodist Church; Evangelical United
                 Brethren                                              
           231.  African Methodist Episcopal Church
           232.  African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
           233.  Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
           234.  Primitive Methodist 
           240.  Congregational Methodist (fundamentalist)*  [1996]
           249.  Methodist (NFS)
      
      PENTECOSTAL                                                     
      
           250.  Assemblies of God
           251.  Church of God (Cleveland, TN)
           252.  Church of God (Huntsville, AL)
           253.  International Church of the Four Square Gospel
           254.  Pentecostal Church of God
           255.  Pentecostal Holiness Church
           256.  United Pentecostal Church International
           257.  Church of God in Christ (incl. NA whether 258)
           258.  Church of God in Christ (International)
           260.  Church of God of the Apostolic Faith
           261.  Church of God of Prophecy
           262.  Vineyard Fellowship [1994]
           267.  Apostolic Pentecostal
           268.  Spanish Pentecostal
           269.  Pentecostal (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or
                 NA whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic                
      
      PRESBYTERIAN                                                    
      
           270.  Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
           271.  Cumberland Presbyterian Church
           272.  Presbyterian Church in American (PCA)
           275.  Evangelical Presbyterian
           276.  Reformed Presbyterian [1994]
           279.  Presbyterian (NFS)
      
      REFORMED                                                        
      
           280.  Christian Reformed Church (inaccurately known as
                 "Dutch Reformed")                                     
           281.  Reformed Church in America
           282.  Free Hungarian Reformed Church
           289.  Reformed (NFS)
      
      RESTORATIONIST                                                  
      
           290.  Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
           291.  Christian Churches and Churches of Christ
           292.  Churches of Christ; "Church of Christ" (NFS)
           293.  Christian Congregation
      
      NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANTS                                     
      
           300.  Christian Scientists
           301.  Mormons; Latter Day Saints
           302.  Spiritualists
           303.  Unitarian; Universalist
           304.  Jehovah's Witnesses
           305.  Unity; Unity Church; Christ Church Unity
           306.  Fundamentalist Adventist (Worldwide Church of God)
           309.  Non-traditional Protestant (NFS)
      
      ROMAN CATHOLIC                                                  
      
           400.  Roman Catholic
      
      JEWISH                                                          
      
           500.  Jewish, no preference
           501.  Orthodox
           502.  Conservative
           503.  Reformed
      
      EASTERN ORTHODOX (GREEK RITE CATHOLIC)                          
      
           700.  Greek Rite Catholic
           701.  Greek Orthodox
           702.  Russian Orthodox
           703.  Rumanian Orthodox
           704.  Serbian Orthodox
           705.  Syrian Orthodox
           706.  Armenian Orthodox
           707.  Georgian Orthodox
           708.  Ukranian Orthodox
           719.  Eastern Orthodox (NFS)
      
      NON-CHRISTIAN/NON-JEWISH                                        
      
           720.  Muslim; Mohammedan; Islam
           721.  Buddhist
           722.  Hindu
           723.  Bahai
           724.  American Indian Religions (Native American
                 Religions)                                            
           729.  Other non-Christian/non-Jewish
           790.  Religious/ethical cults
      
      OTHER          
      
           800.  Agnostics
           801.  Atheists
           997.  Other

>> MASTER CODE
    Contact issue (1997 Pilot)


Codes below were used for "what was the issue involved" follow-ups to contact
with six categories of public officials and two questions on mobilization via
direct mail and mass media advertising. 
Codes were applied for up to 3 mentions each:

     Health and Social Welfare 

01.  Social Security, saving Social Security. Help to get benefits.  (All
     mentions of aid to the elderly except Medicaid.); Aged/Elderly mentions;
     retirement.

02.  Medicaid/Medicare issues; saving the Medicare system.

03.  Veterans Administration;  benefits/issues. Getting help from the VA.

04.  Welfare; getting public assistance; food stamps.

05.  Availability of Medical Care; need for national health insurance; health
     issues.

06.  Drugs; efforts against the spread of drugs; war on drugs.

07.  Smoking/tobacco issues. Regulation of the industry; taxes on    
     cigarettes. Support for the tobacco industry. 

08.  Pro-life issues; anti-abortion; anti partial-birth abortions. Right to
     life.; abortion, partial-birth abortions.

09.  Abortion rights; pro partial-birth abortions; from Planned Parenthood.

10.  Womens rights; ERA; equal pay in the workplace.

11.  Gay/Lesbian rights.

12.  Religious issues; religious rights or freedom.

13.  Minority issues; affirmative action; minority rights.
                                        
14.  Childrens issues; childrens welfare; child abuse; programs for at risk
     youth.

15.  Rights of the disabled/handicapped.                      

     Economic/Employment Issues

20.  Budget deficit; government spending; the Balanced Budget Amendment.
     
21.  Taxes; taxes are too high; Tax credit for children/family.  Tuition tax
     credits.
        
22.  Deregulation of business/industry; airline, banking, telephone. Keeping
     prices low through competition. Anti-trust mentions;  taxes on a 
     specific industry (non-tobacco).

23.  Unions; power and stature of unions (all mentions); labor issues;
     strikes.

24.  Employment; how hard it is to find a job.

25.  Work related; having to do with ones own job/business/industry.
                                        
26.  Housing affordability; ability to get a mortgage.
                   
     Other Specific Issues

40.  Environmental; ecology; pollution.

41.  Rapid transit.

42.  Immigration; against foreigners taking jobs or being on welfare, etc.

43.  English as national/state language.

44.  Gun control. Brady Bill mentions; from the NRA.

45.  Burning Flags; desecrating the flag.

46.  Farm issues (all mentions).

47.  Natural disaster relief. Help/aid from floods, hurricanes, etc.

48.  Television content; what's on TV; harmful to young minds; children having
     access to the Internet.

49.  Foreign Policy (all mentions). Foreign aid; international. All nations or
     hotspots; NAFTA; foreign trade; being in the UN. 

50.  Military/defense matters. Weapons; military budget (too much or too
     little).

51.  Term limits.

52.  Fine art funding.

53.  Prayer in school.

54.  Animal rights.

55.  Police protection/Public Safety.

56.  Fishing rights (between US and Canada). Boundary problem.

57.  Casinos/gambling. The Indian casino.

58.  Funding of money to city/state from federal government (NA what for).

59.  Mandates to cities/states without funding (NA what for).

     Primarily Local Issues

70.  Budgets; spending concerns (local only).

71.  Education; need for better schools. (All mentions except sex    
     education).

72.  Sex education.

73.  Local ordinances; signs, zoning, drainage, land use; growth     
     management; Beautification laws; residency laws for employment. 

74.  Taxes (local level only). School or property taxes.

75.  Better roads/ local infrastructure.

76.  Community problems or issues- NA what. Community affairs.

77.  Car insurance rates.

78.  Tolls on freeways.

79.  Local legislation; bill being passed (NA what).

80.  Structure/function of local government. E.g. Village being  annexed.

     Miscellaneous

90.  Voting Record; what politician has done in the past (NA what).

91.  For a flag; one that has flown over the Capitol. 

92.  Tour tickets; information on tourism.

93.  Just to talk; touch base with representative or politician (NA on    
     what).

94.  Issues/topics (NA what). Unspecified. Current events.; or   invitation to
     contact elected official; giving input (NA what);  all mentions of 
     surveys and questionnaires.

95.  Elections/voting/campaigns; getting out the vote, (no issues mentioned).

96.  Appointments made; (comments on individuals appointed.)

97.  OTHER

>> MASTER CODE
    GOVERNMENT WASTE (1997)


     General

01.  Pork barrel legislation. Spending in one state to get votes for something
     else. Deal making. Trade-offs.

02.  Building projects ( without mention of political deal making).  Roads,
     infrastructure.

03.  Overspending in general. Waste in general. (If say government or similar
     term code as government operations.)

     Social Welfare Programs; Education

10.  Medicare or Medicaid. Medical assistance to the needy.

11.  Welfare, Public assistance. Food stamps. Welfare to work program. All
     mentions of receiving assistance from the government.

12.  Education (all mentions). Student loans; aid to education.

13.  Housing/Urban Development. Housing assistance or subsidies.

14.  Social programs, NFS. Liberal programs. Social concerns.

15.  Affirmative Action/Minority rights programs.

16.  Social Security.

17.  Programs for Children.

     Other Specific Programs

20.  Environmental programs, ecology, protecting nature, fighting    
     pollution.

21.  Space Projects. NASA. Putting things in space.

22.  Funding for the Arts, PBS, NEA funding. 

23.  Research, studies, experiments (all mentions).

24.  Farm subsidies; including the tobacco industry.

25.  Prisoners (paying them); cost of incarceration.

26.  Illegal immigrants; supporting them, giving them assistance.

27.  Policies/Programs (NA what, but not social programs); subsidies (NA
     what).

28.  War on drugs.

29.  Law enforcement. War on crime, (all mentions non-drug related).


30. Taxes (all mentions).

     Government Operations

50.  Government operations in general. The bureaucracy. Duplication of effort.
     Overspending for toilet seats, hammers.

51.  Salaries; they get paid too much; giving themselves a raise.

52.  Travel/junkets/perks (too many/too expensive). Eating out, limousines,
     luxuries, etc;
     pensions.

53.  Cost of elections.

54.  Government investigations. Investigating itself. Whitewater
     investigation.

55.  Land management (with regard to mining, timber, cattle or other interests
     taking Advantage of the government).

     Defense; Foreign Affairs

60.  Foreign aid, give away too much, take care of problems at home first.

61.  Defense spending;spending on weapons; military budget is too     high.

     Miscellaneous 
                      
70.  Too much partying; socializing; celebrating.

71.  Tax breaks to corporations. Government letting big business off.

72.  What lobbyists/special interests want. (All mentions of waste    because
     of lobbying or outside political pressure.)

73.  Entitlements (no further explanations).

74.  Corruption/Kickbacks/Patronage jobs. (All mentions of a criminal nature.)

75.  Political Party fundraising. Fundraising.

97.  Other>> MASTER CODE
    GROUP REFERENCES (1997 Pilot)

                  1997 C1/C1a GROUPS ('GROUPS THAT ARE LIKE R')
--------
RELIGION
--------
   -CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIANS
     10   Christian Coalition
     11   Conservative Christian
     12   Evangelicals; Evangelical Presbyterian church groups; Evangelical
          ministers
     13   Born Again Christians
   -CHRISTIANS (NO FURTHER SPECIFICATION)
     14   Christians; Christian people; Judeo-Christian beliefs;
          Christian families; Groups that believe in Christian value;
          Christian groups that believe the second coming is coming soon;
          Non-evangelical Christian
          See Also:      15   American Christians
                         16   Liberal Christian
                         17   Christian Friends 
                         18   Christian Women
   -OTHER CHRISTIANS
     19   (Other Protestants); Lutherans; Unitarian church; Protestant;
          Quakers
          See Also:      20   White Protestants
     21   Catholics
   -OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS
     22   Jews
     23   Pagans
   -OTHER REFERENCES TO RELIGION OR CHURCH
     25   (People in R's Church); Church friends; People that are in my
          church; People that go to my parish
     26   Church Group; Church groups; Church 
               (Note: This category differs from 25 in that R does not
          specifically state that the church group or church is R's own.)
     27   (Other References to Religion or Church, no further
          specification); Religion groups; Church people; People
               of faith; People that go to church; The Church
--------------
CLASS / INCOME
--------------
   -UPPER MIDDLE CLASS
     30   Upper Middle Class; Affluent; Medium to upper income
   -MIDDLE CLASS
     31   Middle Class; Financial the middle; Medium class; Middle income
          type of people; Middle class citizens; Middle class society
          See Also: 32   Middle Class America
                    33   Middle Class Whites
                    34   Middle Class White Americans
   -WORKING MIDDLE CLASS
     36   Working Middle Class people; Middle class working
          See Also: 37   Middle Class Working Americans
                    38   Middle-Class Blue Collar Group; Upper blue collar
                         middle class
   -LOWER MIDDLE CLASS
     39   Lower Middle Class; Lower middle income.
   -WORKING CLASS / WORKING PEOPLE 
     40   Working Class; Working public; The working people; People that
          work everyday; Wage earners; The common worker; Normal everyday
          working group
               See Also: 41   Working Class Females
                         42   Working American
                         43   Middle Age Working Class America
                         126  Working parents
                         127  Working couples where both work outside of the
                                home
                         130  Working mother
                         161  Blue Collar Workers
   -POOR PEOPLE
     44   Poor People; People with low incomes; People with modest income;
          Underclass; Lower income; People without a whole lot of money
     45   (People on welfare)
   -OTHER REFERENCES TO ECONOMIC STATUS
     46   (Same income as R)
     47   People Well paid
     48   Homeowners
     49   Taxpayers; Frustrated taxpayers; Taxpayers' association
---------------------------------
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY / PARTISANSHIP
---------------------------------
   -PARTY IDENTIFICATION
     50   Conservative Republicans; Right wing Republican
     51   Republicans; The Republican Party
     52   Moderate Republicans; Weak Republicans; Republican, but I don't
          agree with everything they say so I'm not strictly Republican
     53   Conservative Democrat
     54   Moderate Democrats
     55   Democrats; Clinton supporters
     56   Other Party References; The responsibility party; Independent
          party; Independents
   -IDEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
     57   Conservatives; Anyone who would have conservative ideas
               See Also: 58   White Conservative
     59   Moderate Conservatives.
     60   Moderates; I'm in the middle of the road; Not people with strong
          ideology
     61   Less Conservative   
     62   Moderate Liberal; Somewhat liberal
     63   Liberal
   -OTHER POLITICAL IDENTIFICATIONS
     64   Angry White Male
     65   The KKK, Christian Militia
     66   Pro gun rights; NRA
     67   Pro-life
     68   Pro-choice
     69   Feminist
     70   Environmentalist; People interested in saving the different
          species of animals in rain forests...; Green party; conservation;
          Not polluting the air or environment; People that try to clean up
          the environment
     71   Labor Unions; Trade unionist; Organized labor
     73   (Political Participant); Activist; Trying to get involved; People
          who are trying to make a difference in their own small way;
          Volunteers; Supporters of causes 
     74   (General Reference to Political Groups, no further specification);
          Sometimes in social activities we speak about politics; Political
     75   (Apolitical); People who don't care much about politics; Not
          political involved; People who are somewhat jaded by the way things
          are right now
     76   (Patriot); People who care about the country 
---
AGE
---
   -YOUNG
     80   Young People; Generation X; The 19-25 age group; People who are
          25-30
               See Also: 116  Caucasian Young Females
                         121  Young Marrieds
                         124  Young Parents
   -MIDDLE AGE
     81   Middle Age; Baby Boomers; The yuppie-type age people between
          35-45; The hippy generation; People in the forties, like my daughter
               See Also: 43   Middle age Working Class America
                         102  Middle Aged Caucasians
                         112  Middle Aged White Males     
   -OLDER
     82   (Pre-Boomers); 50 Something; Over age 55
               See Also: 115  50-Something Women
     83   Senior Citizens; Seniors; Older people; Elderly; Anyone who
          graduated from high schools in the 1930s
               See Also: 84   White Elderly Population
                         85   Older White Americans
                         86   Senior Community Complex
     87   Retired people; AARP; People concerned with pensions
   -OTHER REFERENCE TO AGE
     88   (Same age as R)
---------
EDUCATION
---------
     91   Less educated people; Not highly educated but not dumb
     92   College groups; College students
     93   Recent college graduates; Recent grads; Younger college educated
          people
     94   Well-educated people; Educated; College educated; College grads;
          highly educated
     95   (General reference to school and education); Students; Working
          to get education; School; Education
     96   (Education-related issues); Education is very important; People
          interested in Education; Friends of education; PTA's; People
          interested in the schools
----------------   
RACE / ETHNICITY
----------------
     100  Whites. 
               See Also: 20   White Protestants
                         33   Middle Class Whites
                         34   Middle Class White Americans
                         58   White Conservative
                         64   Angry White Male
                         84   White Elderly Population
                         85   Older White Americans
                         101  Anglo Saxon White Americans
                         102  Middle aged Caucasians
                         103  Anglo Saxon
                         104  Irish
                         111  Caucasian Males
                         112  Middle Aged White Males
                         116  Caucasian Young Females
     105  African Americans; Afro-Americans; Black
     106  Hispanics; Latinos
     107  (Asian Americans); The Asian Community
     108  Native Americans
     109  (Other References to Race); Multiracial
---------------------------
GENDER / SEXUAL ORIENTATION
---------------------------
   -GENDER / SEXUAL ORIENTATION
     110  Men
               See Also: 64   Angry White Male
                         111  Caucasian Males
                         112  Middle Aged White Males
     113  Women
               See Also: 18   Christian Women
                         41   Working class females
                         114  Working Women; Professional working women;
                              Career women
                         115  50-Something Women; Women 45-50; Older women;
                              Women in menopause in their 50s
                         116  Caucasian Young Females            
                         132  Single women             
                         151  Business Women
     117  Gay
------   
FAMILY
------
   -FAMILY
     120  Married
               See Also: 121  Young Marrieds
                         122  Married Families              
                         163  Housewife
     123  Parents; People with families; Family groups;  Couples who have
          children and families
               See Also: 122  Married Families              
                         124  Young Parents; Young couples with children;
                              Parents of school age
                              children
                         125  Parents that take time off work to work with
                              their kids
                         126  Working parents
                         128  Single Parents
                         129  Mothers
                         130  Working mother
                         131  Single mothers
     127  Working couples where both work outside of the home; Couples
          where both people work
     132  Single women
     
   -OTHER REFERENCES TO FAMILY
     133  R's Family; Family members; My children
     134  People who are family-oriented; Focus on the families
----------     
OCCUPATION
----------
   -PROFESSIONALS / MEDIA / TECHNOLOGY / BUSINESS
     140  Professionals; Professional people with college education
     141  White Collar Worker     
     142  Doctors
     143  Engineers
     144  Teachers; Professors; Educators
     145  Entertainers and artists
     146  News Commentators
     147  Politicians     
     148  Technology Groups
     149  Technical People; Professional technical people; Technical people
          with advanced degrees
     150  Business People; People in the business world; Businessmen;
          Business groups; Chamber of Commerce; Business owners; Investors;
          Entrepreneurs
               See also: 151  Business Women
     152  Small Businessperson; Small independent businessman
     153  People in Real Estate
     154  Salespeople
   -LAW ENFORCEMENT / FARMERS / CONSTRUCTION / BLUE COLLAR
     155  Criminal Justice People
     156  Farmers
     157  Construction Workers
     158  Truck Driver; People that make their living on the highway
     159  Railroad
     160  Military Personnel
     161  Blue Collar Workers; High paid blue collar worker
               See Also: 38   Middle-Class Blue Collar Group
   -OTHER OCCUPATION REFERENCE
     162  Self-employed
     163  Housewife
     164  Peace Corp volunteer
---------
GEOGRAPHY
---------
     170  Neighbors; My neighborhood; People in the neighborhood
     171  Rural; Rural area people; The country people
     172  Urban; The city; Inner city person
     173  Suburban
     174  (Reference to a State); Texans
     175  People in my Community
               See Also: 86   Senior Community Complex
   -AMERICANS
     176  (Reference to America or Americans); Middle American; Americans
          in general
               See Also: 15   American Christians
                         32   Middle Class America
                         34   Middle Class White Americans
                         37   Middle Class Working Americans
                         42   Working American. 
                         43   Middle age Working Class America
                         85   Older White Americans
                         101  Anglo Saxon White Americans
-----------------------------
HOBBIES / ACTIVITIES / SPORTS
-----------------------------
     180  (Media-related Interests); Those who listen to radio part time;
          Newspaper readers; People who listen to public radio; NPR
     181  (Reading-related Interests); Readers of science fiction;
          Interested in reading, fiction reading mainly; Literary group (like
          friends of the library)
     182  (Sports Activities or Fans); Ohio State Football Fan; Golfing
          league; Bowling; Eastern Stars camping group; Sporting groups,
          hunting and fishing
     183  (Arts-related Interests); Actively involved in the theater; Music
          and theater; People who are interested in the arts
     184  (Other group activities); Masonic Fraternity; Health (food groups);
          Woman's club group; Luncheon groups; Men's group; Cooking groups;
          Veterans group that is non political
     185  (Traveling); World travelers
-------------------------     
PEOPLE R HAS CONTACT WITH
-------------------------
     190  Friends; Close friends
               See Also: 17   Christian friends. 
     191  Co-workers; People that I work [with]; My office mate 
     192  (Other Contact references); People I associate with; People I come
          in contact with day by day; Most people you deal with; I'm
          comfortable with everybody I talk to, I can talk to the highest and
          lowest in life, doesn't make any difference to me; People that I
          talk to from all age groups and financial backgrounds
-------------------
PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES
-------------------
     200  Hard-working / Financially  motivated; People who have had a rough
          time in life, really worked for what they have; People who want a
          high quality of life; Trying to get out of welfare; The ones that
          work hard but get little reward in the end
     201  Independent thinkers; Rugged individualist
     202  Realists; More down to earth
     203  Optimists; People that try to have a positive attitude toward life; 
          Positive thinking group
     204  People with morals; Traditional
     205  (Other Personal Attributes);  Open-minded people; Easy-going;
          Creative; Artistic; Caring; Honest people; Well-informed intelligent
          people
-----     
OTHER
-----
     210  Average / Common Person; Plain down to earth person; Joe average;
          Just everyday people; Middle group; Just regular people like me
     220  Many Groups or People; A lot of groups; About half the people...most
          of the people
     230  None, No groups.
     998  Don't Know.
     999  No Answer, Refused.