
CODEBOOK INTRODUCTION FILE
ANES 1956-1960 PANEL STUDY















                    AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDIES


                          1956-1960 PANEL STUDY
                                








                  CONDUCTED BY THE SURVEY RESEARCH CENTER


 
                         Principal Investigators
                                
                              Angus Campbell
                             Philip Converse
                              Warren Miller
                              Donald Stokes
                                
                        The University of Michigan
                                

                                
                                






                        ICPSR ARCHIVE NUMBER 7252
                             SRC STUDY S449






                   ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ASSISTANCE


     All manuscripts utilizing data made available through the Consortium

should acknowledge that fact as well as identify the original collector of the

data.  The ICPSR Council urges all users of ICPSR data facilities to follow

some adaptation of this statement with the parentheses indicating items to be

filled in appropriately or deleted by the individual user.

    The data (and tabulations) utilized in this (publication) 
    were made available (in part) by the Inter-University 
    Consortium for Political and Social Research.  The data for 
    the ANES 1956-1960 Panel Study were originally collected
    by Angus Campbell, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and
    Donald Stokes.  Neither the original collectors of the 
    data nor the Consortium bear any responsibility for the 
    analyses or interpretation presented here.


In order to provide funding agencies with essential information about the

use of archival resources. and to facilitate the exchange of information about

ICPSR participants' research activities, each user of the ICPSR data

facilities is expected to send two copies of each completed manuscript or

thesis abstract to the Consortium.  Please indicate in the cover letter which

data were used.













                            CONTENTS



           Note: >>sections in the codebook introduction and
           codebook appendix can be navigated in the
           machine-readable files by searching ">>".




INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL   (file anes_panel_1956to1960_intro_codebook.txt)
---------------------
>> 1956 STUDY DESCRIPTION
>> 1956 PUBLICATIONS
>> 1956 SAMPLING INFORMATION
>> 1956 PROCESSING INFORMATION
>> 1958 STUDY DESCRIPTION
>> 1958 SAMPLING INFORMATION
>> 1958 PROCESSING INFORMATION
>> 1960 STUDY DESCRIPTION
>> 1960 SAMPLING INFORMATION
>> 1960 FILE STRUCTURE
>> 1960 PROCESSING INFORMATION
>> CODEBOOK INFORMATION



CODEBOOK   (file anes_panel_1956to1960_vardoc_codebook.txt)
--------
     1956 variables
     1958 variables
     1960 variables



APPENDICES   (file anes_panel_1956to1960_appendix_codebook.txt)
----------
>> 1956 PARTY MASTER CODE
>> 1956 CANDIDATE MASTER CODE
>> 1956 PSU CODE
>> 1956 OCCUPATION CODE
>> 1956 INDUSTRY CODE
>> 1956 UNION CODE
>> QUESTIONS 3-10 NOTE, 1956
>> IWR INSTRUCTING NOTE, 1956
>> REF. NOS. 184-187 NOTE, 1956
>> STATE CODE NOTE, 1956
>> 1956 STATE AND COUNTRY CODE
>> INAP NOTE, 1956
>> 1956 NEWSPAPER CODE
>> Q17 INTRO NOTE, 1956
>> FARM HOUSEHOLD NOTE, 1956
>> INCOME NOTE, 1956
>> Q58/Q59 NOTE, 1956
>> 1956 SENATORIAL, GUBERNATORIAL, CONGRESSIONAL RETURNS FROM AMERICA
        VOTES (1958)
>> REF. NOS. 271-294 NOTE, 1956
>> IWR INSTRUCTION (UNION) NOTE, 1956
>> REF. NOS. 29-76 NOTE, 1956
>> 1958 CONGRESSIONAL CANDIDATE CODE, POSITIVE REFERENCES
>> 1958 CONGRESSIONAL CANDIDATE CODE, NEGATIVE REFERENCES
>> 1958 PARTY MASTER CODE
>> 1958 PSU AND COUNTY CODE
>> REF. NO. 14 NOTE, 1958
>> REF. NOS. 21-38 NOTE, 1958
>> 1958 INTERVIEWERS
>> 1958 CONGRESSIONAL CANDIDATE LIST
>> 1958 GUBERNATIORIAL AND SENATORIAL CANDIDATE LIST
>> VAR 580077 NOTE
>> REF. NO. 78 NOTE, 1958
>> REF. NO. 81 NOTE, 1958
>> REF. NO. 39 NOTE, 1958
>> REF. NO. 68/69 NOTE, 1958
>> REF. NO. 71 NOTE, 1958
>> REF. NO. 81 NOTE, 1958
>> REF. NO. 83 NOTE, 1958
>> VAR 580094 NOTE
>> Q. 47B NOTE, 1958
>> VAR 580197 NOTE
>> VAR 580205 NOTE
>> 1958 UNION CODE
>> 1958 STATE AND COUNTRY CODE
>> VAR 580222 NOTE
>> VAR 580223 NOTE
>> COUNTRY NUMBERING NOTE, 1958
>> TYPE-OF-PLACE CODE NOTE, 1958
>> 1958 OCCUPATION CODE
>> 1958 INDUSTRY CODE
>> 1958 COUNTY CODE
>> VAR 580233 NOTE
>> REF. NO. 95 NOTE, 1958
>> R INDEPENDENT NOTE, 1958
>> 1960 PARTY MASTER CODE
>> 1960 CANDIDATE MASTER CODE 
>> 1960 PSU  CODE
>> 1960 PSU PLACE CODE
>> 1960 STATE AND COUNTY CODE - POPULATION SIZE
>> 1960 STATE AND COUNTY CODE - TYPE OF PLACE
>> 1960 COUNTY  CODE
>> 1960 INTERVIEWER
>> 1960 STATE AND COUNTRY CODE
>> 1960 MAJOR PROBLEMS CODE
>> REF.NO.128 NOTE, 1960
>> 1960 OCCUPATION CODE
>> 1960 INDUSTRY  CODE
>> FARMING NOTE, 1960
>> 1960 UNION  CODE
>> 1960 NEWSPAPER CODE
>> 1960 EFFECT OF TELEVISION DEBATES
>> 1960 PARTY DIFFERENCES
>> 1960 RELIGION  CODE
>> REF. NOS. 107, 108, 111 AND 114 NOTE, 1960
>> REF. NOS. 19 AND 98 NOTE, 1960


>> 1956 STUDY DESCRIPTION

           THE SURVEY RESEARCH CENTER 1956 TIME SERIES STUDY WAS
       CONDUCTED BY ANGUS CAMPBELL, PHILIP CONVERSE, WARREN MILLER,
       AND DONALD STOKES IN SEPTEMBER 1956 THROUGH JANUARY OF 1957.
       THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULES CONTAINED BOTH CLOSED AND OPEN-END-
       ED QUESTIONS ASCERTAINING A WIDE RANGE OF INFORMATION.
       THE STUDY IS BASICALLY CONCERNED WITH GENERAL POLITICAL
       ATTITUDES AND WITH ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS PERTINENT TO THE
       1956 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.

           EACH RESPONDENT WAS INTERVIEWED BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER
       THE DATE OF THE ELECTION.  IN THE PRE-ELECTION SURVEY,
       ATTITUDES TOWARD POLITICAL PARTIES, CANDIDATES, AND SPECIFIC
       ISSUES WERE OBTAINED, AS WELL AS PERSONAL DATA AND SOME
       POLITICAL HISTORY.  THE POST-ELECTION INTERVIEW CONCENTRATED
       ON THE ACTUAL VOTE AND REASONS FOR THE VOTE, OBTAINED FUR-
       THER PERSONAL DATA, AND IN ADDITION ASKED NON-POLITICAL
       ATTITUDINAL QUESTIONS (FORM C; REF.NOS. 271-294) OF A
       SUBSAMPLE NUMBERING 579.  THIS STUDY IS ALSO THE FIRST OF
       THREE TIME SERIES STUDIES (1956,1958,1960) HAVING A PORTION 
       OF STUDY SAMPLE CASES IN COMMON; RESPONDENTS FROM THE 1956
       TIME SERIES STUDY COMPRISED A PORTION OF BOTH THE 1958
       AND 1960 (CROSS-SECTION) TIME SERIES SAMPLES, AND FRESH CASES 
       FROM THE THE 1958 TIME SERIES STUDY WERE ALSO INCLUDED IN 
       THE 1960 TIME SERIES STUDY SAMPLE.











>> 1956 PUBLICATIONS

       CAMPBELL, ANGUS, "WHO REALLY SWITCHED IN THE LAST ELECTION?"
           U.S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, MARCH 29, 1957, PP. 62-67.

       CAMPBELL, CONVERSE, MILLER, AND STOKES, THE AMERICAN VOTER,
           NEW YORK, JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 1960.

       CAMPBELL, ANGUS, AND MILLER, WARREN E., THE MOTIVATIONAL
           BASIS OF STRAIGHT AND SPLIT TICKET VOTING.  AMERICAN
           POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW, LI, 1 (JUNE, 1957), PP. 293-
           312.

       CAMPBELL, ANGUS, AND STOKES, DONALD E., "PARTISAN ATTITUDES
           AND THE PRESIDENTIAL VOTE." AMERICAN VOTING BEHAVIOR.
           EDITED BY EUGENE BRUDICK AND ARTHUR J. BRODBECK,
           GLENCOE, ILL. THE FREE PRESS, 1959,PP.353-71.

       CONVERSE, PHILIP E., AND DUPEUX, GEORGES. "EISENHOWER ET
           DE GAULLE: LES GENERAUX DEVANT L'OPINION." REVUE
           FRANCAISE DE SCIENCE POLITIQUE, XII, (MARS, 1962), PP.
           54-92. ENGLISH VERSION IS ENTITLED "DE GAULLE AND
           EISENHOWER: THE PUBLIC IMAGE OF THE VICTORIOUS GENERAL."

       CONVERSE, PHILIP E., AND DUPEUX, GEORGES. "DE GAULLE AND
           EISENHOWER: THE PUBLIC IMAGE OF THE VICTORIOUS GENERAL."
           A CHAPTER IN CAMPBELL, CONVERSE, MILLER, AND STOKES,
           ELECTIONS AND THE POLITICAL ORDER. NEW YORK: N.Y.: JOHN
           WILEY & SONS, INC., 1966, PP. 292-345. FRENCH VERSION
           IS ENTITLED "EISENHOWER ET DE GAULLE: LES GENERAUX
           DEVANT L'OPINION."

       PUTNAM, ROBERT D., "POLITICAL ATTITUDES AND THE LOCAL
           COMMUNITY." AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW, LX,
           (SEPTEMBER, 1966), PP. 640-54. REPRINTED IN BETTY H.
           ZISK, ED., AMERICAN POLITICAL INTEREST GROUPS: READINGS
           IN THEORY AND RESEARCH (1969) AND FRED W. GRUPP, JR. AND
           MARVIN MAURER, EDS., POLITICAL BEHAVIOR IN THE UNITED
           STATES, 1972.

       ROBINSON, JOHN P., AND CONVERSE, PHILIP E., "THE IMPACT OF
           TELEVISION ON MASS MEDIA USAGE: A CROSS-NATIONAL
           COMPARISON." PAPER PRESENTED AT THE SIXTH WORLD CONGRESS
           OF SOCIOLOGY, EVIAN, FRANCE, SEPTEMBER, 1966, 27 PP.

       STOKES, DONALD E., "VOTING RESEARCH AND THE BUSINESSMAN IN
           POLITICS." ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH
           ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR, 1960, 39 PP.

       STOKES, DONALD E., "SOME DYNAMIC ELEMENTS OF CONTESTS FOR
           THE PRESIDENCY." AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW, LX,
           1 (MARCH, 1966),PP. 19-28.

       STOKES, DONALD E., CAMPBELL, ANGUS, AND MILLER, WARREN E.,
           "COMPONENTS OF ELECTORAL DECISION." AMERICAN POLITICAL
           SCIENCE REVIEW, LII, 2 (JUNE, 1958), PP. 367-87.


>> 1956 SAMPLING INFORMATION

           THE INDIVIDUALS INTERVIEWED WERE A REPRESENTATIVE CROSS-
       SECTION OF PERSONS OF VOTING AGE LIVING IN PRIVATE HOUSE-
       HOLDS IN THE UNITED STATES.  THE 12 LARGEST METROPOLITAN
       AREAS OF THE UNITED STATES WERE DRAWN WITH CERTAINTY TO
       REPRESENT THEMSELVES.  THE REST OF THE COUNTRY WAS FORMED
       INTO 54 STRATA, FROM EACH OF WHICH A PRIMARY SAMPLING UNIT
       CONSISTING OF A COUNTY OR GROUP OF COUNTIES WAS DRAWN WITH
       PROBABILITY PROPORTIONAL TO SIZE.  THE SELECTION PROCEDURE
       WITHIN THESE 66 PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS ULTIMATELY YIELDED
       A SAMPLE OF PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS WITHIN WHICH RESPONDENTS
       WERE DESIGNATED FOR INTERVIEW BY AN OBJECTIVE PROCEDURE OF
       SELECTION WHICH ALLOWED NO SUBSTITUTIONS.

           THE RESPONSE RATE WAS 85%.  THE FINAL DATA COMPRISES 1762
       RESPONDENTS; THE REDUCTION FROM THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE OF 2475
       INCLUDES EXPECTED LOSSES IN INTERVIEWING PLUS ABOUT 200
       RESPONDENTS WHO WERE INTERVIEWED ONLY ONCE AND HENCE WERE
       NOT INCLUDED IN THE FINAL DATA.









>> 1956 PROCESSING INFORMATION

           THE STUDY WAS PROCESSED ACCORDING TO ICPSR STANDARD
       PROCESSING PROCEDURES; THE CODE CATEGORIES WERE RECODED TO
       ELIMINATE AMPS AND DASHES AND TO CONFORM TO ICPSR STANDARD-
       ARDIZED CODES WHERE APPLICABLE, AND THE DATA WERE CHECKED
       FOR INCONSISTENT AND ILLEGAL CODES.  THESE WERE
       CORRECTED BY REFERRING BACK TO THE ORIGINAL INTERVIEW
       SCHEDULES.

           IN USING THIS CODEBOOK SEVERAL FEATURES SHOULD BE NOTED.
       THE FIRST IS THAT THE HUNDREDS AND TENS DIGITS OF MOST TWO
       AND THREE DIGIT CODES CAN BE MEANINGFULLY USED ALONE.  (THE
       GAPS THAT APPEAR IN SOME OF THE TWO AND THREE DIGIT STAND-
       ARDIZED CODES REPRESENT CODES NOT USED IN THIS STUDY.)
       ANOTHER IS THAT IN MANY CASES, BOTH IN THE BODY OF THE CODE-
       BOOK AND IN THE FOOTNOTES, TEXT IS BRACKETED IN <AND> SIGNS.
       ALL TEXT SO BRACKETED WAS NOT CONTAINED IN THE ORIGINAL
       CODEBOOK BUT WAS ADDED BY THE PROCESSOR, EITHER FOR EXPLANA-
       TORY PURPOSES OR IN ORDER TO MAKE VARIABLES INDEPENDENT OF
       ONE ANOTHER BY MAKING IT UNNECESSARY TO REFER BACK TO ONE IN
       ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE TEXT OF ANOTHER.  VARIABLE NAMES IN
       THE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOLLOWED BY AN ASTERISK HAVE SPECIAL
       ICPSR STANDARDIZED CODES.  THOSE PRECEDED BY AN X DESIGNATE A
       VARIABLE DEPENDENT ON SOME OTHER VARIABLE DUE TO THE
       STRUCTURE OF THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULE.  ALSO NOTE THAT FRE-
       QUENCIES FOR MULTIPLE RESPONSE VARIABLES ARE CUMULATIVE.









>> 1958 STUDY DESCRIPTION


            THE SURVEY RESEARCH CENTER 1958 AMERICAN NATIONAL
       ELECTION STUDY WAS CONDUCTED BY ANGUS CAMPBELL, PHILIP
       CONVERSE, WARREN MILLER, AND DONALD STOKES IN NOVEMBER AND
       DECEMBER OF 1958.  THE 1958 STUDY IS ITSELF A
       NATIONAL CROSS SECTION SAMPLE OF AMERICAN CITIZENS OF VOTING
       AGE.

            THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULES OF THE STUDY CONTAINED BOTH
       CLOSED AND OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS ASCERTAINING A WIDE RANGE OF
       INFORMATION.  THE STUDY IS ABOUT POLITICAL ATTITUDES IN
       GENERAL AND ALSO ABOUT MORE SPECIFIC ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS
       PERTINENT TO THE 1958 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION.

            EACH RESPONDENT WAS INTERVIEWED ONCE AFTER THE
       ELECTION.  THE SURVEY OBTAINED DATA ON THE RESPONDENT'S
       ACTUAL VOTE AND THE REASONS FOR THE VOTE, INCLUDING
       ATTITUDES TOWARD POLITICAL PARTIES AND CANDIDATES, AS WELL
       AS THE RESPONDENT'S POLITICAL HISTORY.  IT ALSO OBTAINED DATA
       ON SPECIFIC DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES SUCH AS
       GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN HOUSING AND PUBLIC UTILITIES,
       AND UNITED STATES AID TO ANTI-COMMUNIST NATIONS.  THE STUDY
       ALSO ASCERTAINED THE FINANCIAL SITUATION OF THE FAMILY
       UNIT AND OTHER DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION.

            RESULTS FROM THE 1958 SURVEY ARE INCLUDED IN CAMPBELL,
       CONVERSE, MILLER AND STOKES, THE AMERICAN VOTER, NEW YORK
       JOHN WILEY AND SONS, 1960.






>> 1958 SAMPLING INFORMATION


            THE INDIVIDUALS INTERVIEWED IN THE 1958 TIME SERIES 
       STUDY WERE A REPRESENTATIVE CROSS-SECTION OF PERSONS OF 
       VOTING AGE LIVING IN PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE UNITED 
       STATES.
       
            COMPLICATIONS WERE INTRODUCED TO THE SAMPLE BY THE
       FACT THAT THE STUDY DID NOT REPRESENT THE FIRST WAVE OF
       INTERVIEWING FOR RESPONDENTS WHO HAD BEEN PREVIOUSLY
       INTERVIEWIED IN THE 1956 TIME SERIES STUDY AND CONSTITUTED
       A PANEL COMPONENT OF THE 1958 SAMPLE.  WITHIN THIS
       COMPONENT, HOWEVER, SOME RESPONDENTS HAD MOVED SINCE 1956
       AND COULD NOT BE RE-INTERVIEWED BECAUSE THE CROSS-SECTION SAMPLE
       IS A SAMPLE OF A SPECIFIC SET OF HOUSEHOLDS. THESE PANEL 
       MOVERS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE 1958 TIME SERIES CROSS-
       SECTION SAMPLE BUT THEY ARE PRESENT AS SEPARATE 1958 
       'PANEL-ONLY' CASES IN THE 1956-1960 PANEL STUDY. 
       
            ON THE OTHER HAND, IN THE 1958 TIME-SERIES CROSS-SECTION 
       SAMPLE, IN ORDER TO COMPENSATE FOR THE LOSS OF THE PANEL
       MOVERS, A NEW GROUP WAS SELECTED FROM THE CURRENT DWELLERS IN 
       THE HOUSEHOLDS FROM WHICH THE FORMER RESPONDENTS HAD MOVED,
       ALTHOUGH (TO REDUCE FIELD COSTS) ONLY HALF AS MANY SUCH
       ADDITIONAL RESPONDENTS WERE ADDED AS WOULD HAVE BEEN SELECTED
       IF THEIR PROBABILITY OF SELECTION HAD BEEN IDENTICAL TO THAT
       OF THE REINTERVIEW CASES.  TO ADJUST FOR THE DIFFERENCE IN SAMPLING 
       FRACTIONS, THESE ADDITIONAL RESPONDENTS WERE GIVEN DOUBLE WEIGHT; 
       HENCE THE WEIGHTED N OF THE 1958 ELECTION STUDY IS 1822, 
       ALTHOUGH THE UNWEIGHTED N IS ONLY 1450.

            IN OTHER RESPECTS, HOWEVER, THE 1958 STUDY SHARES THE
       SAME SAMPLE DESIGN AS THAT OF 1956.  THE TWELVE LARGEST
       METROPOLITAN AREAS OF THE UNITED STATES WERE DRAWN WITH
       CERTAINTY TO REPRESENT THEMSELVES.  THE REST OF THE COUNTRY
       WAS FORMED INTO 54 STRATA, FROM EACH OF WHICH A PRIMARY
       SAMPLING UNIT CONSISTING OF A COUNTY OR GROUP OF COUNTIES
       WAS DRAWN WITH PROBABILITY PROPORTIONAL TO SIZE.  THE SE-
       LECTION PROCEDURE WITHIN THESE 66 PRIMARY SAMPLING UNITS
       ULTIMATELY YIELDED A SAMPLE OF PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS WITHIN
       WHICH RESPONDENTS WERE DESIGNATED FOR INTERVIEW BY AN
       OBJECTIVE PROCEDURE OF SELECTION WHICH ALLOWED NO SUBSTI-
       TUTIONS.











>> 1958 PROCESSING INFORMATION

            THE STUDY WAS PROCESSED ACCORDING TO ICPSR STANDARD
       PROCESSING PROCEDURES; THE CODE CATEGORIES WERE RECODED
       TO ELIMINATE AMPS AND DASHES AND TO CONFORM TO ICPSR
       STANDARDIZED CODES WHERE APPLICABLE, AND THE DATA WERE
       CHECKED FOR INCONSISTENT AND ILLEGAL CODES.  THE LATTER
       WERE CORRECTED BY REFERRING BACK TO THE ORIGINAL INTERVIEW
       SCHEDULES.



>> 1960 STUDY DESCRIPTION

           THE SURVEY RESEARCH CENTER 1960 AMERICAN NATIONAL ELEC-
       TION STUDY WAS DIRECTED BY ANGUS CAMPBELL, PHILIP CONVERSE,
       WARREN MILLER, AND DONALD STOKES.  CONDUCTED IN SEPTEMBER
       THROUGH DECEMBER OF 1960, THE STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE
       INFORMATION ABOUT THE POLITICAL ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR OF A
       REPRESENTATIVE CROSS-SECTION OF UNITED STATES VOTERS.  THE
       STUDY ALSO COMPRISES THE LAST WAVE(S) OF INTERVIEWING FOR 
       SOME RESPONDENTS PREVIOUSLY INTERVIWED IN 1956 OR 1958,
       OR BOTH. 

           RESPONDENTS WERE INTERVIEWED BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER
       THE 1960 ELECTION.  IN THE PRE-ELECTION INTERVIEW THE
       INVESTIGATORS WERE CONCERNED WITH OBTAINING INFORMATION
       ABOUT THE LONG-TERM INFLUENCES UPON ELECTORAL CHOICE
       AND ABOUT THE ELECTION-SPECIFIC SHORT-TERM FORCES THAT
       WERE IN OPERATION IN 1960.  IN THE POST-ELECTION
       INTERVIEW THE EMPHASIS WAS PLACED UPON ASCERTAINING
       BEHAVIOR WITH RESPECT TO THE ELECTION AND THE REASONS FOR
       THAT BEHAVIOR.

           THE LONG-TERM INFLUENCES ON THE RESPONDENT'S ELECTORAL
       BEHAVIOR WHICH WERE EXPLORED IN THE PRE-ELECTION INTERVIEW
       INCLUDED A NUMBER OF FACTORS IMPORTANT IN POLITICAL
       SOCIALIZATION, SUCH AS THE RESPONDENT'S EDUCATION,
       OCCUPATION, FINANCIAL SITUATION, LIFE CYCLE STATUS, GEOGRAPHIC 
       AND SOCIAL MOBILITY, AND MILITARY SERVICE.  THE DIRECTION AND 
       INTENSITY OF THE RESPONDENT'S PARTY IDENTIFICATION AND THE 
       REASONS FOR ANY PAST CHANGES IN THIS IDENTIFICATION WERE ALSO
       THE SUBJECT OF QUESTIONS DESIGNED TO TAP THESE LONG-TERM 
       INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR.

           IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF THE SHORT-TERM FORCES
       WHICH MIGHT INFLUENCE VOTING BEHAVIOR, RESPONDENTS IN THE PRE-
       ELECTION INTERVIEW WERE ASKED THEIR OPINIONS ON POLITICAL
       ISSUES WHICH WERE IMPORTANT IN 1960, SUCH AS CIVIL RIGHTS,
       DOMESTIC SPENDING FOR SOCIAL SERVICES, AND FOREIGN AID.
       QUESTIONS ABOUT AGRICULTURAL MATTERS AND LABOR CONCERNS WERE
       ASKED OF FARMERS AND LABOR UNION MEMBERS, RESPECTIVELY. THE
       RESPONDENT'S PERCEPTIONS AND EVALUATIONS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL
       AND VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES AND THE TWO MAJOR PARTIES
       WERE OBTAINED.  IN ADDITION, QUESTIONS DESIGNED TO REVEAL
       CHANGES IN THE RESPONDENT'S ATTITUDES TOWARD THE CANDIDATES
       AND PARTIES WERE INCLUDED.

           THE SURVEY INSTRUMENT CONTAINED A SERIES OF QUESTIONS
       USED TO MEASURE THE RESPONDENT'S SENSE OF POLITICAL EFFICACY
       AND CITIZEN DUTY.  ALSO INCLUDED WAS A SERIES OF ITEMS
       DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE RESPONDENT WOULD
       TRUST CERTAIN GROUPS TO ENDORSE AN ACCEPTABLE CANDIDATE FOR
       OFFICE.  FINALLY, THE PRE-ELECTION INTERVIEW ASKED THE
       RESPONDENT TO PREDICT THE 1960 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OUT-
       COME, TO PREDICT HIS LIKELIHOOD OF VOTING, TO IDENTIFY THE
       CANDIDATE FOR WHOM HE WOULD VOTE, AND TO GIVE THE REASON FOR
       THAT ELECTORAL PREFERENCE.

           THE POST-ELECTION INTERVIEW WAS PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH
       THE RESPONDENT'S VOTE AND THE PARTY-, CANDIDATE-, AND ISSUE-
       ORIENTED REASONS FOR THAT VOTE.  THE RESPONDENT'S INTEREST
       IN THE ELECTION AND HIS EXPOSURE TO MEDIA WERE EXPLORED.
       IN PARTICULAR, RESPONDENTS WERE ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THEIR
       PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL ACTIVITIES, AND ABOUT THEIR REAC-
       TIONS TO THE TELEVISED KENNEDY-NIXON DEBATES.  IN ORDER TO
       ASSESS THE EFFECT OF KENNEDY'S RELIGION ON ELECTORAL CHOICE,
       A SERIES OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THE RESPONDENT'S RELIGIOUS
       PREFERENCES AND BACKGROUND WERE INCLUDED, IN ADDITION TO
       QUESTIONS WHICH DIRECTLY ASKED THE RESPONDENT ABOUT RELIGION
       AS A FACTOR IN THE 1960 ELECTION.  FINALLY, THE POST-ELEC-
       TION QUESTIONNAIRE INCLUDED A SERIES OF QUESTIONS DESIGNED
       TO MEASURE THE RESPONDENT'S SENSE OF PERSONAL COMPETENCE.

           THE PRIMARY REPORT ON THE FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY
       RESEARCH CENTER 1960 AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY IS BY
       ANGUS CAMPBELL, PHILIP CONVERSE, WARREN MILLER, AND
       DONALD STOKES, "STABILITY AND CHANGE IN 1960:  A REINSTATING
       ELECTION," AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW, JUNE 1961.
       FURTHER ARTICLES USING THE 1960 DATA ARE FOUND IN ANGUS
       CAMPBELL, ET AL., ELECTIONS AND THE POLITICAL ORDER (NEW
       YORK:  JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., 1966).







>> 1960 SAMPLING INFORMATION

           THE INDIVIDUALS INTERVIEWED IN 1960 WERE A REPRESENTATIVE
       CROSS-SECTION OF PERSONS OF VOTING AGE LIVING IN PRIVATE
       HOUSEHOLDS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
       
        
            COMPLICATIONS WERE INTRODUCED TO THE SAMPLE BY THE
       FACT THAT THE STUDY DID NOT REPRESENT THE FIRST WAVE OF
       INTERVIEWING FOR RESPONDENTS WHO HAD BEEN PREVIOUSLY
       INTERVIEWIED IN THE 1956 OR 1958 TIME SERIES STUDY (OR BOTH)
       AND WHO CONSTITUTED A PANEL COMPONENT OF THE 1960 TIME SERIES
       SAMPLE.  WITHIN THE PANEL COMPONENT IN 1958, SOME RESPONDENTS 
       PREVIOUSLY INTERVIEWED IN THE 1956 TIME SERIES STUDY HAD 
       MOVED SINCE 1956 AND COULD NOT BE RE-INTERVIEWED  (BECAUSE 
       THE 1958 CROSS-SECTION SAMPLE WAS A SAMPLE OF A SPECIFIC SET 
       OF HOUSEHOLDS). 1958 PANEL MOVERS WERE NOT INCLUDED IN THE 
       1958 TIME SERIES CROSS-SECTION SAMPLE BUT THEY ARE PRESENT AS
       SEPARATE 1958 'PANEL-ONLY' CASES IN THE 1956-1960 PANEL STUDY. 
       
            ON THE OTHER HAND, IN THE 1958 TIME-SERIES CROSS-SECTION 
       SAMPLE, IN ORDER TO COMPENSATE FOR THE LOSS OF THE PANEL
       MOVERS, A NEW GROUP WAS SELECTED FROM THE CURRENT (1958) DWELLERS
       IN THE HOUSEHOLDS FROM WHICH THE FORMER RESPONDENTS HAD MOVED,
       ALTHOUGH (TO REDUCE FIELD COSTS) ONLY HALF AS MANY SUCH
       ADDITIONAL RESPONDENTS WERE ADDED AS WOULD HAVE BEEN SELECTED
       IF THEIR PROBABILITY OF SELECTION HAD BEEN IDENTICAL TO THAT
       OF THE REINERVIEW CASES. THE BASIC RATE OF SELECTION OF THOSE 
       INTERVIEWED AT THEIR 1956 ADDRESSES IN BOTH 1956 AND 1958 WAS 
       1 IN 20,571.  THE RATE OF SELECTION OF THOSE RESPONDENTS FIRST 
       INTERVIEWED IN 1958 WAS HALF OF THAT.  ACCORDINGLY, THESE GROUPS 
       ARE WEIGHTED "ONE" AND "TWO", RESPECTIVELY, FOR BOTH THE 1958
       AND 1960 TIME SERIES STUDIES.  
       
           IN ADDITION, FOR THE 1960 TIME-SERIES STUDY CROSS-SECITON,
       A TOTAL OF 166 NEW RESPONDENTS WERE SELECTED FROM NEWLY CONSTRUCTED
       DWELLING UNITS AND FROM AN ASSORTMENT OF 1956 ADDRESSES.
       THESE GROUPS WERE SELECTED AT A RATE OF ONE-FOURTH THE BASIC
       RATE, AND THEREFORE ARE WEIGHTED IN THE 1960 TIME SERIES DATASET
       AS "FOUR".  FINALLY, TO MAINTAIN REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE 1960 
       SAMPLE, ONE HUNDRED 1956 RESPONDENTS WHO WERE ALSO INTERVIEWED IN 
       BOTH 1958 AND 1960 WERE SELECTED TO REPRESENT THE SET OF 1956 
       RESPONDENTS LOST THROUGH PANEL ATTRITION.  NINETY-FOUR OF THESE 
       RESPONDENTS WERE WEIGHTED BY A FACTOR OF TWO AND THE REMAINING SIX 
       WERE WEIGHTED BY A FACTOR OF THREE.  THE UNWEIGHTED N OF THE 1960 
       TIME SERIES STUDY IS 1181 AND THE WEIGHTED N IS 1954.

           IN OTHER RESPECTS, HOWEVER, THE 1960 STUDY SHARES THE
       SAME SAMPLE DESIGN AS THAT OF THE 1956 AND 1958 STUDIES.
       THE SAMPLE WAS DRAWN AS FOLLOWS:  THE TWELVE LARGEST
       METROPOLITAN AREAS OF THE UNITED STATES WERE DRAWN WITH
       CERTAINTY TO REPRESENT THEMSELVES.  THE REST OF THE COUNTRY
       WAS FORMED INTO FIFTY-FOUR STRATA, FROM EACH OF WHICH A
       PRIMARY SAMPLING UNIT (CONSISTING OF A COUNTY OR GROUP OF
       COUNTIES) WAS DRAWN WITH PROBABILITY PROPORTIONAL TO SIZE.
       THE SELECTION PROCEDURE WITHIN THESE SIXTY-SIX PRIMARY
       SAMPLING UNITS ULTIMATELY YIELDED A SAMPLE OF PRIVATE
       HOUSEHOLDS.  RESPONDENTS WERE SELECTED FROM THESE HOUSE-
       HOLDS BY AN OBJECTIVE PROCEDURE OF SELECTION WHICH
       ALLOWED NO SUBSTITUTIONS.






>> 1960 FILE STRUCTURE


           IN THE SURVEY RESEARCH CENTER 1960 AMERICAN NATIONAL
       ELECTION STUDY, ONE PRE-ELECTION INTERVIEW AND ONE POST-
       ELECTION INTERVIEW WERE CONDUCTED WITH EACH RESPONDENT, WITH
       THE EXCEPTION OF 125 RESPONDENTS WHO WERE GIVEN ONLY THE
       PRE-ELECTION INTERVIEW, AND 22 RESPONDENTS WHO WERE GIVEN
       ONLY THE POST-ELECTION INTERVIEW.  RESPONDENTS WHO WERE
       GIVEN ONLY ONE INTERVIEW HAVE BEEN CODED "NA" OR "INAP" IN
       THOSE VARIABLES FOR WHICH NO DATA WERE AVAILABLE.

           THE DATA ARE WEIGHTED;  VARIABLE V600003 IS THE WEIGHT
       VARIABLE.  THE UNWEIGHTED STUDY N IS 1181 AND THE
       WEIGHTED N IS 1954.  SEE THE "SAMPLING INFORMATION"
       SECTION OF THIS INTRODUCTION FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT
       THE WEIGHTING PROCEDURES.


                       WEIGHTING AND FREQUENCIES

           THE FREQUENCIES PROVIDED IN THIS CODEBOOK ARE WEIGHTED
       BY AN INTEGER WEIGHT VARIABLE (VARIABLE V600003), WHICH SHOULD
       ALWAYS BE USED IN DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES TO OBTAIN A
       REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE. SEE THE "SAMPLING INFORMATION" SECTION
       OF THIS INTRODUCTION FOR AN EXPLANATION OF THE ASSIGNMENT 
       OF WEIGHTS TO THE VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF RESPONDENTS.





>> 1960 PROCESSING INFORMATION

           THE CODEBOOK WAS PROCESSED ACCORDING TO STANDARD ICPSR
       PROCESSING PROCEDURES.  THE DATASET WAS CHECKED FOR INCON-
       SISTENT AND ILLEGAL CODES.  WHEN ANY SUCH CODES WERE FOUND,
       THE INTERVIEW PROTOCOLS WERE CONSULTED TO OBTAIN THE CORRECT
       CODE VALUES.  THE SYMBOLS < AND > ARE USED TO ENCLOSE COM-
       MENTS OR EXPLANATIONS ADDED BY THE PROCESSOR TO PROVIDE
       FURTHER CLARIFICATION OF INFORMATION IN THE ORIGINAL CODE-
       BOOK.  IN THE TABLE OF CONTENTS, AN ASTERISK APPEARS AFTER
       EACH VARIABLE HAVING A SPECIAL ICPSR STANDARDIZED CODE.

>> CODEBOOK INFORMATION

The following example from the 1948 NES study provides the standard 
format for codebook variable documentation. 

Note that NES studies which are not part of the Time-Series usually
omit marginals and the descriptive content in lines 2-5 (except for
variable name).


Line

1  ==============================                                              
2  VAR 480026    NAME-R NOT VT-WAS R REG TO VT                                 
3                COLUMNS 61   - 61                                             
4                NUMERIC                                                       
5                MD=0 OR GE 8                                                  
6                                                                              
7                  Q. 17.  (IF R DID NOT VOTE)  WERE YOU REGISTERED (ELIGIBLE)
8                  TO VOTE.                                                   
9                  ...........................................................
10                                                                            
11            82       1.  YES                                                
12           149       2.  NO                                                 
13                                                                             
14             0       8.  DK                                                 
15             9       9.  NA                                                 
16           422       0.  INAP., R VOTED                                     
                                                                            


Line 2 - VARIABLE NAME.  Note that in the codebook the variable name
         (usually a 'number') does not include the "V" prefix which is 
         used in the release SAS and SPSS data definition files
         (.sas and .sps files) for all variables including those
         which do not have 'number' names.  For example the variable
         "VERSION" in the codebook is "VVERSION" in the data definition
         files.

Line 2 - "NAME".  This is the variable label used in the SAS and SPSS
         data definition files (.sas and .sps files).  Some codebooks 
         exclude this.

Line 3 - COLUMNS.  Columns in the ASCII data file (.dat file).

Line 4 - CHARACTER OR NUMERIC.  If numeric and the variable is a decimal
         rather than integer variable, the numer of decimal places is 
         also indicated (e.g. "NUMERIC  DEC 4")

Line 5 - Values which are assigned to missing by default in the Study's
         SAS and and SPSS data definition files (.sas and .sps files).

Line 7 - Actual question text for survey variables or a description of 
         non-survey variables (for example, congressional district).
         Survey items usually include the question number (for example
         "B1a.") from the Study questionnaire; beginning in 1996 
         non-survey items also have unique item numbers (for example
         "CSheet.1").

Line 9 - A dashed or dotted line usually separates question text from
         any other documentation which follows.

Line 10- When present, annotation provided by Study staff is presented
         below the question text/description and preceding code values.

Lines 11-16
         Code values are listed with descriptive labels.  Valid codes
         (those not having 'missing' status in line 5) are presented
         first, followed by the values described in line 5.  For
         continuous variables, one line may appear providing the range
         of possible values.  A blank line usually separates the 'valid'
         and 'missing' values.

Lines 11-16
         Marginals are usually provided for discrete variables.  The
         counts may be unweighted or weighted; check the Study codebook
         introductory text to determine weight usage.
