README (2026-07-01)

The accompanying file REPEATED_VARIABLES_2016_20_24.csv lists variables that repeat across the ANES 2016, 2020, and 2024 Time Series Studies, matched to support analysis of the 2016–2020–2024 panel data. ANES staff generated this list by matching time series variables across the three individual studies.

The focus is on survey variables drawn from survey questions. In general, administrative, randomization, and observation variables are not included.

Notes and cautions:

* Some repeated variables may have changed in question wording, response options, or other features across studies. Before using a variable for comparison across waves, please consult the codebooks for each individual study to confirm comparability.
* This list may include non-panel variables (e.g., variables collected only in a face-to-face interview mode, or otherwise not part of the panel component).
* In some rows, multiple variables are grouped together because they were derived from the same survey question.
* For a more comprehensive list of questions, organized thematically, that appear in ANES Time Series surveys from 1992 to 2024, see ANES's Continuity Guide (https://electionstudies.org/data-tools/anes-continuity-guide/). For each item, the Guide also indicates every year in which an identical or very similar question appeared in the Time Series, as far back as 1952.
* While ANES staff has reviewed this list for accuracy, it may still contain errors. Please report any errors to anes@electionstudies.org.
