American National Election Study (2002.TN)                         
2002 Pre-Post Study enhanced file - codebook appendices                        
VERSION 20040412 (Apr 12, 2004)                                      


2002 APPENDICES
---------------

>> 2002 CANDIDATE NUMBER MASTER CODE

Note:  the candidate number Master Code has been revised in 2002.


SENATE
------
  RACE IN STATE                    
   01.  Democratic candidate in open Senate race
   02.  Republican candidate in open Senate race
   03.  Democratic Senate running incumbent
   04.  Republican Senate running incumbent
   05.  Democratic Senate challenger
   06.  Republican Senate challenger
   07.  Independent/3rd-party Senate candidate -  nonincumbent
   08.  Independent/3rd-party Senate candidate  - 2nd nonincument
   09.  Independent/3rd-party Senate incumbent
   21.  Retiring Democratic Junior Senator in state with open race
   22.  Retiring Republican Junior Senator in state with open race
   23.  Retiring Independent/3rd Party Junior Senator in state with open race
   27.  Retiring Democratic Senior Senator in state with open race
   28.  Retiring Republican Senior Senator in state with open race
   29.  Retiring Independent/3rd Party Senior Senator in state with open race
 SENATOR WITH TERM NOT UP (NOT RUNNING FOR RETIRING)
   11.  Democratic Junior Senator
   12.  Republican Junior Senator
   13.  Independent/3rd-Party Junior Senator
   17.  Democratic Senior Senator
   18.  Republican Senior Senator
   19.  Independent/3rd Party Senior Senator

HOUSE
-----
   31.  Democratic candidate in open House race
   32.  Republican candidate in open House race
   33.  Democratic House running incumbent
   34.  Republican House running incumbent
   35.  Democratic House challenger
   36.  Republican House challenger
   37.  Independent/3rd-party House candidate -  nonincumbent
   38.  Independent/3rd-party House candidate  - 2nd nonincument
   39.  Independent/3rd-party House incumbent
   41.  Retiring Democratic House Representative
   42.  Retiring Republican House Representative
   43.  Retiring Independent/3rd-Party House Representative


>>2002 TYPE RACE MASTER CODE


HOUSE TYPE RACE

    INCUMBENT RUNNING
12. Democratic incumbent running - Republican challenger
13. Democratic incumbent running - other challenger
14. Democratic incumbent running - unopposed
19. Democratic incumbent running - Repub and other challengers
21. Republican incumbent running - Democratic challenger
23. Republican incumbent running - other challenger
24. Republican incumbent running - unopposed
29. Republican incumbent running - Dem and other challengers
31. Other incumbent running - Democratic challenger
32. Other incumbent running - Republican challenger
34. Other incumbent running - unopposed
35. Other incumbent running - Dem and Repub challengers

    SPECIAL TYPE RACE DUE TO REDISTRICTING
40. Dem and Repub incumbents running - no other candidate
41. 2 Democratic incumbents running - no other candidate
42. 2 Republican incumbents running - no other candidate
43. Dem and Repub incumbents running - other candidate(s)
44. Dem non-incumbent only - no retiree/unclear who is retiree
45. Repub non-incumbent only - no retiree/unclear who is retiree
46. Dem and Rep candidates - no retiree/unclear who is retiree
47. Dem and other candidates - no retiree/unclear who is retiree
48. Rep and other candidates - no retiree/unclear who is retiree
49. Dem, Rep and other cands - no retiree/unclear who is retiree

    NO INCUMBENT RUNNING
51. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic cand unopposed
52. Dem incumbent not running - Republican cand unopposed
53. Dem incumbent not running - Other cand unopposed
55. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic and Republican cands
56. Dem incumbent not running - Republican and other candidates
57. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic and other candidates
59. Dem incumbent not running - Democr, Repub, other cands
61. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic cand unopposed
62. Rep incumbent not running - Republican cand unopposed
63. Rep incumbent not running - Other cand unopposed
65. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic and Republican cands
66. Rep incumbent not running - Republican and other candidates
67. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic and other candidates
69. Rep incumbent not running - Democr, Repub, other cands

    LOUISIANA DISTRICT 05 ONLY
80. Rep incumbent not running - Democr and 2 Repub candidates
                                                       
97. Washington DC



                                             SENATE TYPE RACE

   INCUMBENT RUNNING
12. Democratic incumbent running - Republican challenger
13. Democratic incumbent running - other challenger
14. Democratic incumbent running - unopposed
19. Democratic incumbent running - Repub and other challengers
21. Republican incumbent running - Democratic challenger
23. Republican incumbent running - other challenger
24. Republican incumbent running - unopposed
29. Republican incumbent running - Dem and other challengers
31. Other incumbent running - Democratic challenger
32. Other incumbent running - Republican challenger
34. Other incumbent running - unopposed
35. Other incumbent running - Dem and Repub challengers

    NO INCUMBENT RUNNING
51. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic cand unopposed
52. Dem incumbent not running - Republican cand unopposed
53. Dem incumbent not running - Other cand unopposed
55. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic and Republican cands
56. Dem incumbent not running - Republican and other candidates
57. Dem incumbent not running - Democratic and other candidates
59. Dem incumbent not running - Democr, Repub, other cands
61. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic cand unopposed
62. Rep incumbent not running - Republican cand unopposed
63. Rep incumbent not running - Other cand unopposed
65. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic and Republican cands
66. Rep incumbent not running - Republican and other candidates
67. Rep incumbent not running - Democratic and other candidates
69. Rep incumbent not running - Democr, Repub, other cands

    LOUISIANA ONLY
80. Democratic incumbent running - 2 Republican challengers

    NO RACE IN STATE
81. Democratic incumbents, no race in state
82. Republican incumbents, no race in state
83. Democratic and other incumbent, no race in state
84. Republican and other incumbent, no race in state
85. Democratic and Republican incumbents, no race in state
86.  2 Other incumbents - no race
                                                       
97. Washington DC
2000 STUDY MATERIALS
--------------------

>> 2000 NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY SAMPLE DESIGN

STUDY POPULATION

     The study population for the 2000 Pre- and Post-Election Study is defined
to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before the 2000
Election Day.  Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units in the
forty-eight coterminous states.  This definition excludes persons living in
Alaska or Hawaii and requires eligible persons to have been both a United
States citizen and eighteen years of age on or before the 7th of November
2000.

>> DUAL FRAME SAMPLE DESIGN

The 2000 NES is a dual frame sample with both an area sample and an RDD 
component.  The RDD frame provides coverage of telephone households while the 
area sample provides full coverage of all U.S. households including those 
without telephones.  Each of these sample designs will be described in the 
following sections.  The 2000 NES data set contains 1006 area sample cases 
and 801 telephone sample cases.

>> FTF SAMPLE DESIGN - MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY

The area sample is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected 
from the Survey Research Center's (SRC) 1990 National Sample design. 
Identification of the 2000 NES sample respondents was conducted using a four 
stage sampling process--a primary stage sampling of U.S. Metropolitan
Statistical Areas (MSAs) or New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs) 
and non-MSA counties, followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a 
third stage sampling of housing units within sampled area segments and 
concluding with the random selection of a single respondent from selected 
housing units.  A detailed documentation of the 1990 SRC National Sample, 
from which the 2000 NES sample was drawn, is provided in the SRC publication 
titled 1990 SRC National Sample: Design and Development.  

The 2000 NES sample design called for an entirely new cross-section sample to 
be drawn from the 1990 SRC National Sample; no panel component was included 
in 2000.    The 1990 SRC National Sample is a multi-stage area probability 
sample.  The 2000 NES sample was drawn from both the 1990 SRC National Sample 
strata (MSA PSUs) and the 1980 SRC National Sample strata  (non-MSA PSUs). 
The modification of the 1990 design in which the 1980 strata definitions were 
used for the non-MSA counties fully represents the non-MSA domain of the 48 
contiguous states.  This modification was made for cost and interviewing 
efficiency reasons related to the availability of interviewers in these areas 
who work on some of SRC's large panel studies.  The following sections will 
focus on the 1990 SRC National Sample design.


Selection Stages for the 2000 NES FTF Sample: 1990 SRC National Sample
------------------------------------------------------------------

Primary Stage Selection

The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs) for the 1990 SRC 
National Sample, which depending on the sample stratum are either MSAs, New 
England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs), single counties, independent 
cities, county equivalents or groupings of small counties, is based on the 
county-level 1990 Census Reports of Population and Housing (1).  Primary stage 
units were assigned to 108 explicit strata based on MSA/NECMA or non-
MSA/NECMA status, PSU size, Census Region and geographic location within 
region.  Twenty-eight of the 108 strata contain only a single self-
representing PSU, each of which is included with certainty in the primary 
stage of sample selection.  The remaining 80 nonself-representing strata 
contain more than one PSU.  From each of these nonself-representing strata, 
one PSU was sampled with probability proportionate to its size (PPS) measured 
in 1990 occupied housing units. 

The full 1990 SRC National Sample of 108 primary stage selections was 
designed to be optimal for surveys roughly three to five times the size of 
the 2000 NES.  To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller 
survey samples, the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily 
partitioned into smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or a 
three-quarter sample partition.  Each of the partitions represents a 
stratified subselection from the full 108 PSU design.  The 2000 NES sample of 
44 PSUs is a stratified random subsample of PSUs from the "A" half-sample 
partition of the 1990 SRC National Sample.  Because of the small size of this 
NES sample, both the number of PSUs (selected primary areas) and the 
secondary stage units (area segments) in the National half-sample were 
reduced by subselection for the 2000 NES sample design.  The 18 self-
representing areas in the 1990 SRC National half-sample were all retained for 
the 2000 NES sample (8 of these remained self-representing in the 2000 NES 
and 10 represent not only their own MSA but their "pair" among the twenty 
additional self-representing primary areas of the full 1990 SRC National 
Sample design).  Nineteen of the 26 nonself-representing half-sample MSAs and 
7 of the 14 half-sample non-MSAs were retained by the subselection for the 
2000 NES sample (or 26 of 40 NSR PSUs).

Table 1 identifies the 44 PSUs in the 2000 NES sample by MSA status and 
Region and also indicates the number of area segments used for the 2000 NES 
sample (see next section on second stage selection). 


      Table 1: PSU Name and Number of Area Segments in the 2000 NES Sample
      Showing 1990 SRC National-Sample Stratum and MSA Status.

==============================================================================
National Sample PSU      National Sample PSU Name    # of 2000 NES
                                                        Segments
==============================================================================

                  Eight Largest Self-representing PSUs
                  ------------------------------------
120              New York, NY MSA                           12
190              Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA130          12
130              Chicago, IL MSA                             9
121              Philadelphia, PA-NJ MSA                     7
131              Detroit, MI MSA                             6
150              Washington DC-MD-VA MSA                     6
110              Boston, MA NECMA                            6
171              Dallas and Ft Worth, TX CMSA                6

                  Ten Remaining Largest MSA PSUs
                  ------------------------------
170              Houston, TX MSA                             6
191              Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA                     6
141              St Louis, MO-IL MSA                         6
152              Baltimore, MD MSA                           6
122              Nassau-Suffolk, NY MSA                      6
194              Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA MSA                   6
132              Cleveland, OH MSA                           6
154              Miami-Hialeah, FL MSA                       5(2)
181              Denver, CO MSA                              6
196              San Francisco, CA MSA                       6


                  Nonself-representing MSAs:  Northeast
                  -------------------------------------
211              New Haven-Waterbury-Meriden, CT NECMA       6
213              Manchester-Nashua NH NECMA                  6
220              Buffalo, NY MSA                             6
226              Atlantic City, NJ MSA                       6

                  Nonself-representing MSAs:  Midwest
                  -----------------------------------
230              Milwaukee, WI MSA                           6
434              Saginaw, MI MSA                             6
239              Steubenville-Wheeling, OH  (3)              6
240              Des Moines, IA MSA                          6

                  Nonself-representing MSAs:  South
                  ---------------------------------
250              Richmond-Petersburg, VA MSA                 6
255              Columbus, GA-AL MSA                         6
257              Jacksonville, FL MSA                        6
258              Lakeland, FL MSA                            6
260              Knoxville TN MSA                            6
262              Birmingham, AL MSA                          6
273              Waco, TX MSA                                6
274              McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA            6

                  Nonself-representing MSAs:  West
                  --------------------------------
280              Salt Lake City-Ogden etc, UT MSA            6
292              Fresno, CA MSA                              6
293              Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA                  6

                  Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  Northeast 
                  -----------------------------------------
464              Gardner, MA                                 6

                  Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest
                  --------------------------------------
466              Decatur County, IN                          6
470              Mower County, MN                            6

                  Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  South
                  -------------------------------------
474              DeSoto Parish, LA                           6
477              Chicot County, AR                           6
480              Montgomery County, VA                       6

                  Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  West
                  ------------------------------------
482              ElDorado County, CA                         6

                            Total Number of Segments       279


(1)  Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 1990 definitions of MSAs,
NECMAs, counties, parishes, independent cities.  These, of course, differ in
some respects from the primary stage unit (PSU) definitions used in the 1980
SRC National Sample so will not be strictly comparable to the 1996 NES Panel
PSUs--particularly in New England where MSAs were used as PSUs in the 1980
National Sample and NECMAs were used as PSUs in the 1990 National Sample.

(2)  One selected segment (023) was in a former trailer park that had no 
housing units to be listed in January 1996. All had been destroyed in 1992 by 
hurricane Andrew and there were no plans to rebuild.

(3) In the 1990 SRC National Sample, U.S. Census Region boundaries were 
maintained for purposed of stratification at the Primary State of selection. 
Since some MSA definitions cross Region boundaries, such MSAs were split and 
the MSA counties recombined in ways that maintained the Region boundary. This 
PSU actually contains the Ohio counties from both the Steubenville-Wierton, 
OH-WV MSA (Jefferson County, OH) and the Wheeling, WV-OH MSA (Belmont County, 
OH) and although it is made up of MSA counties -- it is not a cohesive MSA by 
OMB 1990 definition.


Second Stage Selection Area Segments

The second stage of the 1990 SRC National Sample, used for the 2000 NES 
sample, was selected directly from computerized files that were extracted for 
the selected PSUs from the 1990 U.S. Census summary file series STF1-B.  
These files (on CD Rom) contain the 1990 Census total population and housing 
unit (HU) data at the census block level.  The designated second-stage 
sampling units (SSUs), termed "area segments", are comprised of census blocks 
in both the metropolitan (MSA) primary areas and in the rural areas of non-
MSA primary areas.  Each SSU block or block combination was assigned a 
measure of size equal to the total 1990 occupied housing unit count for the 
area.  SSU block(s) were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 total HUs per 
MSA SSU and a minimum measure of 48 total HUs per non-MSA SSU.  Second stage 
sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities proportionate to 
the assigned measures of size (PPS).  

For the 2000 NES sample the number of area segments used in each PSU varies. 
In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the number of area segments varies in 
proportion to the size of the primary stage unit, from a high of 12 area 
segments in the self-representing New York and Los Angeles MSA PSUs, to a low 
of 6 area segments in the smaller self-representing PSUs such as Cleveland, 
Miami-Hialeah or Nassau-Suffolk MSAs.  All nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs 
were represented by 6 area segments each. A total of 279 NES area segments 
were selected as shown in Table 1.

Third Stage Selection Housing Units

For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing had 
been made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the 
segment.  For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, 
all housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed.  The 
final equal probability sample of housing units for the 2000 NES sample was 
systematically selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area 
segments.

The 2000 NES sample design was selected from the 1990 SRC National Sample to 
yield an equal probability sample of 2269 listed housing units.  This total 
included 1972 housing units for the main sample and three reserve replicates 
of 99 cases each.  Table 2 below shows the assumptions that were used to 
determine the number of sample housing units.  The overall probability of 
selection for 2000 NES cross-section sample of households was f=0.00002116 or 
0.2116 in 10,000.  The equal probability sample of households was achieved 
for the 2000 NES sample by using the standard multi-stage sampling technique 
of setting the sampling rate for selecting housing units within area segments 
to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select the PSU 
and area segment (Kish, 1965).

Fourth Stage Selection - Respondent Selection

Within each sampled 2000 NES occupied housing unit, the SRC interviewer 
prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members.  Using an 
objective procedure described by Kish (1949) a single respondent was then 
selected at random to be interviewed.  Regardless of circumstances, no 
substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent.


>> AREA SAMPLE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS, SPECIFICATIONS AND OUTCOMES

The 2000 National Election Study sought a total of 1000 in-person interviews. 
It was estimated that this would require a NES sample draw of 1972 housing 
units.  This assumed an occupancy/growth rate of 0.83, an eligibility rate of 
0.94 and a response rate of 0.65.  These assumptions were based on the 1998 
NES field experience.  The overall 2000 NES area sample design 
specifications, assumptions and outcomes are set out in Table 2, below.  A 
sample of 2269 listed housing units was actually selected for the 2000 NES 
study.  This allowed for three reserve replicates of 99 cases each. There was 
no panel component in 2000.  

A comparison of the 2000 NES sample outcome figures to the design 
specifications and assumptions in Table 2 shows that the actual occupancy, 
eligibility, and response rates were very close to the expected rates. The 
actual response rate for the Post-Election Telephone sample was 0.86, which 
was slightly higher than the assumed rate of 0.85.


      Table 2:  2000 NES Area Sample Pre and Post-Election Design
      Specifications and Assumptions Compared to Sample Outcome.

==============================================================================
              2000 NES         2000 NES          2000 NES         2000 NES
            Pre-Election     Pre-Election     Post-Election     Post-Election
               Design           Sample            Design            Sample 
            Specification       Outcome       Specification        Outcome
==============================================================================

Completed       1000             1006             847                693
Interviews

Response Rate   0.65             0.64             .85               0.86

Eligible        1538             1564            1000                805 (4)
Sample
Households

Eligibility     0.94            0.95
Rate

Occupied        1634            1639
Households

Occupancy/      0.83            0.82
growth Rate

Total Sample    1972            1986
Lines


(4) Initial sample lines (FTF and Phone) are different from the Pre-Election 
completed interviews because of the switch in mode for randomly selected 
sample cases.


>> 2000 NES RDD (RANDOM DIGIT DIAL)SAMPLE

The RDD telephone component of the 2000 NES is a stratified equal 
probability sample of telephone numbers.  The sample is not clustered.  The 
telephone numbers were selected from a commercial listed one hundred series 
sampling frame consisting of every possible phone number that can be 
generated by appending the 2-digit numbers 00 - 99 to the set of hundred 
banks that have at least two listed household telephone numbers.  Hundred 
banks are the first eight digits of a phone number - area code, exchange, and 
the next two digits.  Each hundred bank defines a set of 100 possible phone 
numbers.  Directory listings are used to define the set of listed hundred 
series.  However both listed and unlisted telephone numbers can be selected 
from the sampling frame.  A small amount of noncoverage of telephone numbers 
results from household numbers that are in hundred banks with 0 or 1 listed 
residential numbers.  These telephone households as well as non-telephone 
households are covered by the area sample component.

An initial sample of 8500 telephone numbers was selected from the 
listed frame for the coterminous 48 states.  These numbers were pre-screened 
by the vendor to remove most business and non-working phone numbers.  After 
pre-screening, 5760 or 67.8% of the 8500 telephone numbers were returned as 
potentially working residential numbers.  The potentially working phone 
numbers were matched against a file of directory listings to append address 
information so that Congressional Districts could be assigned.  Before sample 
selection, the telephone numbers were stratified by the competitiveness of 
the Congressional race (5 levels), whether or not the race was open, and by 
Census Division.  A half sample was systematically selected from the 
stratified file.  An initial sample of 2349 cases was selected from the 
random half sample and the remaining telephone numbers were assigned to 5 
reserve replicates of 106-107 numbers each.  The reserve replicates were 
available for use in case the working rate or response rate were lower than 
expected.


>> 2000 NES RDD SAMPLE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS, SPECIFICATIONS AND OUTCOMES

The 2000 National Election Study sought a total of 861 telephone interviews. 
It was estimated that this would require a NES sample draw of 2349 telephone 
numbers assuming a working rate (after pre-screening) of 0.65, an eligibility 
rate of 0.94, and a response rate of 0.60.  The eligibility rate was based on 
the 1998 NES experience.  Working rate and response rate assumptions were 
based on the Survey Research Center's recent experience with RDD samples. The 
overall 2000 NES RDD sample design specifications, assumptions and outcomes 
are set out in Table 3, below.  A comparison of the 2000 NES RDD sample 
design specifications and assumptions to the outcome figures in Table 3 
indicates that, although the actual eligibility rate was higher than assumed, 
both the working rate and response rates were lower than specified in the 
sample design assumptions.  This resulted in fewer interviews being taken in 
the Pre-Election study. The actual response rate for the Post-Election 
telephone sample was 0.86, which was higher than the assumed rate of 0.75.  


     Table 3:  2000 NES Telephone Sample Design Specifications and 
     Assumptions Compared to Sample Outcome.

==============================================================================
              2000 NES         2000 NES          2000 NES         2000 NES
            Pre-Election     Pre-Election     Post-Election     Post-Election
               Design           Sample            Design            Sample 
            Specification       Outcome       Specification        Outcome
==============================================================================

Completed        861             801               645               862
Interviews

Response Rate   0.60            0.56               .75              0.86

Eligible        1435            1418               861              1002 (5)
Sample
Households

Eligibility     0.94           0.96
Rate

Occupied        1527           1475
Households

Working Rate    0.65           0.63

Total Sample    2349           2349
Lines


(5)  Initial sample lines (FTF and Phone) are different from the Pre-Election 
completed interviews because of the switch in mode for randomly selected 
sample cases.


>> 2000 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 

AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 2000: PRE- AND POST-ELECTION SURVEYS

     During the early spring of 2001 the National Election Studies staff 
prepared a comprehensive version of the 2000 American National Election 
Study.  The number of cases in this file, 1807, includes all respondents from
the 2000 Pre- and Post-Election surveys.  1881 variables are produced by 
default using the data definition files provided with the raw data for 
creation of SAS and SPSS system files.  

     The codebook contains documentation for variables beginning with 
identification variables which provide the NES VERSION NUMBER (version number
of the data file), NES DATASET NUMBER (number of this dataset), and ICPSR
study number. 



>> 2000 STUDY DESCRIPTION FOR THE AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY

     The 2000 American National Election Study was conducted by the Center for
Political Studies of the Institute for Social Research, under the general
direction of Nancy Burns and Donald R. Kinder.  Ashley Grosse was the Director
of Studies for the National Election Studies and oversaw the study from early 
planning stages through release of the 2000 data collection.  She was assisted 
by Laurie Pierson, and Chuck Kierpie.  This is the twenty- sixth in a series 
of studies of American national elections produced by the Center for 
Political Studies and the Survey Research Center, and it is the twelfth 
traditional time-series study to be conducted under the auspices of
National Science Foundation Grants (SBR-9317631, SES-9209410, SES-9009379,
SES-8808361, SES-8341310, SES-8207580, SOC77-08885 and SES 9707741) providing 
long-term support for the National Election Studies.  Since 1978, the National 
Election Studies have been designed by a national Board of Overseers, the 
members of which meet several times a year to plan content and administration
of the major study components.  Board members during the planning of the 2000 
National Election Study included Larry Bartels, Chair (Princeton University), 
Nancy Burns, ex officio (University of Michigan), Charles Franklin (University 
of Wisconsin), John Mark Hansen (University of Chicago), Robert Huckfeldt, 
(Indiana University), Donald Kinder, ex officio (University of Michigan), Jon
A. Krosnick, (Ohio State University), Arthur Lupia (University of California, 
San Diego), Wendy Rahn (University of Minnesota), Virginia Sapiro (University
of Wisconsin), W. Phillips Shively (University of Minnesota), Laura Stoker 
(University of California, Berkeley).  As part of the study planning 
process, a special planning committee was appointed, a pilot study conducted,
and stimulus letters sent to members of the scholarly community soliciting
input on study plans.  Board member Robert Huckfeldt chaired the Planning
Committee for the 2000 National Election Study which included from the Board:
Larry Bartels (Princeton University), Nancy Burns (University of Michigan),
Charles Franklin, (University of Wisconsin), John Mark Hansen (University of
Chicago), Donald Kinder (University of Michigan), Jon A. Krosnick (Ohio State
University), Arthur Lupia (University of California, San Diego), Virginia
Sapiro (University of Wisconsin), Laura Stoker (University of California,
Berkeley), and five other scholars from the community, Steven Ansolabehere
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Janet Box-Steffensmeier (Ohio State
University), Clem Brooks (Indiana University), Darren Davis (Michigan State
University), and Donald Green (Yale University), and Ashley Grosse (NES
Director of Studies).

     Two pilot studies were carried out prior to the 2000 Election Study for
the purpose of developing new instrumentation and the methodological
investigation of concepts previously measured in NES surveys.  The 1998 Pilot
Study, one of the most innovative pilots to date, was the first pilot to be
fielded during an election season.  The timing allowed NES to test
instrumentation that is exclusively related to the electoral context.  The
pilot study focused on the three high-profile gubernatorial contests in 
California, Illinois, and Georgia.  Several new measures that were piloted 
include: media usage; social context and communication; need for evaluation;
group mobilization; public mood; tone of campaign; awareness of campaign 
issues; and whether R owns stock.  Also, a significant portion of the 
interview was devoted to the methodological investigation of concepts 
previously measured in NES surveys.  Among those were: campaign 
participation; media use; feeling thermometers as measures of awareness; 
vote intention; and political knowledge.

     In March of 2000, NES fielded a Special Topic Pilot Study, funded by the 
Russell Sage Foundation, to develop and refine a series of new measures on 
social trust.  Additionally, new items were tested in the areas of trust in 
elections, civic engagement, need for cognition, and social desirability.  New 
measures were developed for domain specific trust involving neighbors and co-
workers.  Results indicated that these new measures gauge trust reliably, that 
neighborhood and workplace trust are related to but distinct from general
social trust, and they contribute independently to participation in politics. 
These items were included in the 2000 Election Study.

     Data from the 1998 and 2000 NES pilot studies are available through the
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (respectively,
ICPSR 2693 and ICPSR 2936).  

     Results from these pilot studies were used by the Planning Committee in 
formulating recommendations to the Board about study content for the 2000 Pre- 
and Post-Election Survey.  Copies of the Pilot Study Reports are available on 
the NES Website (www.umich.edu/~nes), or may be obtained by contacting the NES 
project staff. 
     
NES Project Staff
Center for Political Studies
Room 4026 
Institute for Social Research
University of Michigan   
Ann Arbor MI  48106-1248    
nes@umich.edu
http://www.umich.edu/~nes




>> 2000 STUDY DESIGN, CONTENT AND ADMINISTRATION
 
STUDY DESIGN 

     The 2000 National Election Study entailed both a pre-election interview
and a post-election re-interview.  A freshly drawn cross section of the 
electorate was taken to yield 1807 cases.  The 65 minute pre election survey 
went into the field September 5th, nine weeks before election day.  The 65 
minute post election study, unique to the time series in that no president
elect was named for several days, went into the field the day after the
election, November 8th, and remained in the field until December 18th.

     Because of the study's most innovative feature, a carefully designed mode
experiment, the data represent two presidential studies in 2000, side by side. 
The core study preserves our past commitment to probability area sampling and
face to face interviewing: 1006 respondents interviewed prior to the election
and 694 were re-interviewed face to face after the election.  Supporting the
core study, we used the efficiencies of RDD sampling and telephone
interviewing: 801 respondents were interviewed by phone prior to the election
and 862 respondents were interviewed by phone after the election.  As such,
the experiment will define sharply the differences between the two modes and
allow us to learn what a shift to telephone interviewing will mean for the NES
time-series.  Further details of the administration of the surveys are given
in "Study Administration," below.


STUDY CONTENT

Substantive themes

     The content for the 2000 Election Study reflects its double duty, both as
the traditional presidential election year time-series data collection and as
a mode study.  Substantive themes represented in the 2000 questionnaires
include:

*  interest in the political campaigns; concern about the outcome; and 
   attentiveness to the media's coverage of the campaign      
*  information about politics
*  evaluation of the presidential candidates and placement of presidential 
   candidates on various issue dimensions  
*  knowledge of the religious background of the major Presidential and Vice-
   Presidential candidates 
*  partisanship and evaluations of the political parties    
*  vote choice for President, the U.S. House, and the U.S. Senate, including
   second choice for President    
*  political participation:  turnout in the November general election; other
   forms of electoral campaign activity
*  personal and national economic well-being
*  positions on social welfare issues including:  government health insurance;
   federal budget priorities, the budget surplus, and the role of the
   government 
   in the provision of jobs and good standard of living    
*  position on campaign finance and preference for divided government
*  positions on social issues including:  gun control, abortion; women's
   roles; the rights of homosexuals; the death penalty; school vouchers;
   environmental policy
*  Clinton legacy
*  knowledge of George Bush Sr. and his previous administration
*  fairness in elections; satisfaction with democracy; and the value of voting
*  racial and ethnic stereotypes; opinions on affirmative action; attitudes
   towards immigrants
*  opinions about the nation's most important problem
*  values and predispositions:  moral traditionalism; political efficacy; 
   egalitarianism; humanitarianism individualism; trust in government
*  social altruism and social connectedness       
*  feeling thermometers on a wide range of political figures and political 
   groups; affinity with various social groups  
*  social networks, shared information and expertise on politics
*  detailed demographic information and measures of religious affiliation and
   religiosity.   

Several new concepts addressed in the 2000 study: 

SOCIAL TRUST: Over the last decade, research on social trust has exploded. In
order to allow NES to contribute to this research effort, we developed a
series of new measures that approach the problem from a new angle. With
supplementary funding from the Russell Sage Foundation, we developed measures
addressed not to the trustworthiness of people in general, but to the
trustworthiness of neighbors and co-workers. Our 2000 Special Topic Pilot
Study showed that the new measures gauge trust reliably, that neighborhood and
workplace trust are related to but distinct from general social trust, and
that they contribute independently to participation in politics. We included
these measures in the 2000 NES, again, with support from the Russell Sage
Foundation. Together with an expanded set of questions on participation in
civic life that are also part of the 2000 study, we expect to see a wide range
of exciting new investigations on trust and participation. 

VOTER TURNOUT: A particularly vexing problem for NES has been over-reporting
of voter turnout. Over the years we have sponsored a series of investigations
trying out possible remedies, without much success. But now it seems that we
may have a solution in hand, based on the source monitoring theory of recall.
The notion here is that some people may remember having voted sometime in the
past but confuse the source of that memory, accidentally misassigning it to
the most recent election, when it actually derives from a prior election. We
are therefore implementing a new item, with expanded response categories to
help respondents be more accurate in determining whether they did in fact vote
in November of 2000. 

POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE: The 2000 study also sees a slight change in the way 
political knowledge is measured. In the past, we have encouraged respondents
to say they "don't know" the answer to our information questions, partly to
avoid embarrassment. But research shows that this differentially encourages
"don't know" responses from some people who may actually know the correct
answer but lack the confidence to say so. As a consequence, the standard way
of putting these questions may underestimate levels of knowledge. In the 2000
study we are therefore encouraging respondents to take their best guesses when
answering the political knowledge questions.

SOCIAL NETWORKS: The reality of citizenship is that individuals seldom go it
alone when they engage in political activities.  Preferences, choices, and 
levels of engagement are contingent on the location of individuals within 
particular social settings.  The 2000 study incorporates a social network 
battery.  The battery is based entirely on the perceptions of survey
respondents regarding the characteristics of their identified discussants.

COGNITIVE STYLE: The 2000 NES includes two brief but reliable measures of 
cognitive style: need for cognition and need to evaluate. The first 
differentiates among people in the care they give to thinking through
problems; the second differentiates among people in their tendency to evaluate
objects as good or bad. Both are associated with extensive literatures in
psychology, which led to their audition in the 1998 NES Pilot Study. Because
of their success there in clarifying turnout, knowledge about politics, voter
decision-making, and more, they were added to the 2000 NES.

SURVEY MODE: Perhaps the most important single feature of the 2000 NES is a
mode experiment, which supplies the ability to compare interviews taken in
person (as we've taken them for the past fifty years) with interviews taken
over the phone. This carefully designed mode experiment, driven by theoretical
and practical interest, allows scholars to test the consequences of survey
mode on data quality and reliability.  Moreover, it allows the community to
asses the impact of what such a change in mode would mean for the NES times
series.  The 2000 study incorporates numerous experiments to look at the
effects of mode on: 7 pt. scales and branching, response order, don't know
filters, and social desirability.

Congressional Ballot Cards and Incumbent Bias

     In 2000, NES redesigned the Congressional ballot card used in face
to face interviewing in an attempt to combat overreport for incumbents.
The ballot redesign was based on the research of Box-Steffensmeier, 
Jacobson, and Grant, (later published in POQ, 2000).  Moreover, the change
in ballot form was intended to eliminate the measurement error in vote 
report that has concerned numerous scholars (Wright 1993; Gow and 
Eubank 1984; Jacobson and Rivers 1993; and Jackson and Carsey 2001). Based 
on three experiments during the 1996 elections - the Ohio Union Study, the 
National Black Election Study, and the Texas Post Election Study, NES 
concluded that a modification to the 1982 style ballot was in order.

     The new ballot cards are intended to give respondents two cues in 
recalling their vote - party identification and name of candidate.  Based on
the findings of Box-Steffensmeier et al., party is the predominant cue in the 
revised ballot.  To randomly distribute that cue, each respondent had two 
ballots printed for the interview - one with the Republican listed first, and
one with the Democrat listed first.  Based on a randomly generated number, 
interviewers were instructed via CAPI to show the respondent the gold or the
blue card.  Examples of the redesigned ballot cards are available on the 2000
Election Study Page: http://www.umich.edu/~nes/studyres/nes2000/nes2000.htm.

     In another effort to combat incumbent bias, the vote report question 
was placed earlier in the interview than in previous studies to avoid any 
possible contamination from thermometers, which ask R to rate their member 
of Congress.


Features of a CAI questionnaire

     Using the capabilities of computer-assisted interviewing (CAI) in the
2000 NES enabled the introduction of several features that are not
feasible using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire.  The most significant of
these for users of this data are: randomization within batteries or sequences
of questions; application of half-sampling to some questions; and random order
of presentation of blocks of questions.  Randomization within batteries refers
to presenting, in a randomly determined order, a series of questions about the
same objects (or people).  An example would be the questions about the
respondent's likes and dislikes of the four main Presidential candidates
where the names of Gore, Bush, Buchanan, and Nader were inserted randomly as
the first, second, third or fourth person to be asked about in this series.  
Randomization of names/objects in this way avoids ordering effects that might
be obtained if, for example, the candidates were always asked about in the
same order in every series of questions where a parallel question is asked
about each of the three.  Questions where randomization of order within a
series was in force are clearly identified in the codebook.  Randomization
variables, which allow the user to identify the order of presentation, are
provided for all instances of randomized presentation.  A few questions,
primarily open-ended questions, were half-sampled, so that a randomly selected
half of respondents were asked the question.  Finally, an order experiment,
where a sequence of closed-ended questions was asked early in the interview
for a random half of respondents and late in the interview for the other half,
was included as part of the mode comparison experiment described below.  For
both of these features, the relevant codebook entries contain explanatory
notes.  All random selections were programmed into the computer application of
the questionnaire and occurred automatically and independently of other
circumstances of the interview.  CAI eliminates the preparation of a paper 
and pencil version which would previously have been published in the codebook.

     Candidate information (names, gender and candidate codes) were 
"pre-loaded" into the application to be used during the interview.  
The pre-loaded information is included in the released data.  However,
since paper candidate lists are no longer utilized as field materials, 
there is no "Candidate List" appended to this codebook, although the 
term 'Candidate List' continues to be used in the codebook as a reference 
to the candidate information available to the interviewer (CAPI preload).


STUDY ADMINISTRATION: MODE EXPERIMENT

     NES election studies are traditionally based on personal, face to face 
interviewing rather than telephone interviewing in order to preserve the
quality of sampling and survey response.  Given questions that have been
raised within the research community about the relatively high expense of
face-to-face interviewing compared with the more widely used telephone mode,
the NES Board of Overseers authorized a series of efforts to investigate
possibilities for maximizing the use of telephone interviewing.  The 1996 and
1998 election studies included smaller mode experiments to test the
consequences of mode on survey quality and reliability.  The design and
administration of the mode experiment in 2000 was guided by the work of a blue
ribbon committee and the commission of two reports (available at
http://www.umich.edu/~nes/) comparing face to face with telephone surveys. 
The issues included sample coverage, non-response, item non-response, social
desirability bias, and satisficing.  Several experiments were designed in the
2000 NES to gather more evidence on those effects.  Those experiments are
labeled in the question tags by the letter "E".


Question wording experiments for mode effects

In assessing possible mode effects, the NES Board of Overseers along with the
2000 Planning committee implemented a number of experiments to analyze
response order effects, satisficing, and other possible fatigue effects of
phone interviewing.

The experiments, placed almost exclusively in the pre-election survey are: 
G6, G7, G8, G9, G10, H1, H2,H4, H11, H12, L3, L6, M4, P1, and K2 in the
post-election survey.  Question tags identify experimental questions with the
letter "E".  The table below specifies the type of experiment, concept and
question number, and the altered wording.

Concept                                         Experiment
===============================                 =============================

Liberal/Conservative - G6, G7, G8, G9, G10      Branching vs. scale format
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much
Do you usually think of yourself as extremely liberal, liberal, slightly
liberal, moderate or middle of the road, slightly conservative, conservative
or extremely conservative?
Do you usually think of yourself as a liberal, a conservative, a moderate
or haven't you thought much about this?  Strong or not strong?

Economy - H1                                    Response order effects
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
...gotten better, stayed about the same, or gotten worse
...worse, stayed about the same, or gotten better

Economic Conditions - H2                        Response order effects
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
...or gotten easier for people to find enough work
...or gotten harder for people to find enough work

Economic Expectations - H4                      Response order effects
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
...to get better, stay about the same, or get worse
...to get worse, stay about the same, or get better

Policy Positions on Imports - H11               Don't know effects by mode
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
...placing new limits on imports, or haven't you thought much about this?
...Do you favor or oppose placing new limits on imports?

Isolationism - H12                              Agree/Disagree format
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
...Do you agree or disagree with this statement
...stay at home or try to solve problems

Govt v. Private Health Care - L3                Response order effects         
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Some people feel that there should be a govt insurance plan....suppose these
people are at one end of the scale, at point 1.  Others feel that all medical
expenses should be paid by individuals...

Affirmative Action - L6                         Balancing and mode effects
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Should companies that have discriminated against blacks have to have an
affirmative action program?
Should companies that have discriminated ... or should companies not have
to have an affirmative action program?

Tradeoff: Environment v. Jobs - M4              Don't know effects by mode
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much
about this?
Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much?

Women's Rights - P1                             Don't know effects by mode
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Where would you place yourself on this scale, or haven't you thought much?
Where would you place yourself on this scale?

Political Knowledge - K2                        Don't know effects by mode
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The first name is Trent Lott.  What job or political office does he now hold?
[DON'T PROBE DON'T KNOWS]
The first name is Trent Lott.  What job or political office does he now hold?
[PROBE DON'T KNOWS WITH, "WELL, WHAT'S YOUR BEST GUESS?] 


Telephone wording

     Because the questions asked by NES over the last fifty years have been 
administered in person, the question text , that we are careful not to alter, 
reflects the context of that traditional face to face interview.  To
understand what such a change in mode would mean to the time series we
implemented the RDD study with a questionnaire that reflected the necessary
changes in mode.  The overlap between those questions is approximately 75%.
Where questions were to be read differently, question tags are identified with
the letter "T".

Pre-election study: administration

     Interviewing for the pre-election survey began on September 5, 2000
and concluded on November 6, 2000.  A total of 1807 interviews were conducted
prior to the election - 1006 face to face and 801 by telephone.  The average
length of interview was 68.1 minutes - 70.5 minutes in face to face interviews
and 65.1 minutes in telephone interviews.  The overall response rate was
61.2% - 64.8 for the face to face interviewing and 57.2 for the telephone 
interviewing.

     In an effort to improve response rates, respondents received a pre-
notification packet by two day mail, which included a brochure on the study,
and a "Monte Blanc" style pen with the University of Michigan seal, and 
a letter notifying them we would be contacting them and would offer them 
payment for their time - 20 dollars.  Toward the end of the study, NES staff
became concerned that the production goals would not be met by election day.
This concern motivated a number of interventions:  refusal conversion
training for interviewers having difficulty, refusal conversion packets
mailed by two day mail, and interviewer incentives, and increased respondent
incentives.  Interviewers were given ten dollars for every interview
conducted after 10/26/01, and respondent incentives were increased 
from $20 to $40.  To take account of those changes, variable V000139a
identifies those cases where interviewers received an incentive per 
completed case, and variable V00016 identifies those cases where R 
received the increased incentive.

Post-election study: administration

     In an effort to cut rising costs while in the field, two segment areas 
of the face to face sample were randomly selected to receive post interviews
by telephone.  By randomly selecting forty-seven segments for telephone post 
interviews, 200 cases were removed from the strict mode experiment.

     Respondents again received a prenotification letter.  Respondents
were informed that they would receive $20 dollars as payment for their time.
Incentives were not increased for those who had received $40 in the pre-
election.

     Interviewing began on November 8, 2000 and concluded on December 18,
2000.  A total of 1555 interviews were conducted after the election -
693 face to face and 862 by telephone.  The average length of interview
was 63.7 minutes - 66.6 minutes in face to face interviews and 61.4 minutes
in telephone interviews.  The overall response rate was 86% - 86.1 face to
face, and 85.8%.

     The day after the election, it remained unclear who would be President
and
issues of fairness were increasingly being raised.  To take advantage of this
historical moment NES promptly included additional content on the fairness of
the election, the importance of one's vote, and whether R was satisfied with
democracy.

Evaluation of problems in study implementation

     Two implementation problems arose in the post-election field
randomization problem.  The first involves randomization and the second
involves the mode treatment.  On 11/16/00 it was discovered that the seed 
used to generate randomization in the instrument application was not properly
assigned within the CAPI program.  Consequently, interviews conducted prior 
to the correction of this error (or, for interviews started before and
completed after correction of this error, portions of interviews) did not have
randomization functioning for interview logic. Cases conducted without
randomization in the logic were administered as if only 1 choice were
available at each point where logic was intended to make a random selection
among two or more choices: most of these cases have an identical choice made
at each point where randomization was to have been effected.  The Form
description variables V000127a and V000127b and the randomization variables
documented in V001752-V001810 describe the Post randomizations affected.

     The second problem involves the 200 FTF Pre cases randomly selected to 
be switched to Phone administration in the Post  (see above "Post-election
study: assignment to telephone mode").  Post interviews were completed for 
168 of these cases.  Among these 168 Post interviews, 5 were mistakenly
administered by interviewers face-to-face instead of by phone.  These 
5 cases are flagged in the Post administration variable describing mode 
(V000126) as code 7; note that in 3 of these 5 cases, the IWR actually 
identified the case as Phone at the start of the interview (although it was 
being administered face-to-face), and telephone logic was followed by the CAPI
survey instrument as the interview was conducted: telephone versions of 
questions were produced for the interviewer to administer.  In the 4th case, 
the interviewer identified the case at the start of the interview as a
face-to-face interview, and FTF logic was used.


RESPONSE RATES

     The final result codes for the face to face and telephone sample were
used to calculate the two response rates below.  The pre-election face to face 
response rate (the ratio of completed interviews to the total number of 
potential respondents) for the study was 64.8%.  The pre-election telephone 
response rate was 57.2%.  The overall re-interview response rate in the post 
election interviewing was 86%  The response rate in the face to face mode was 
86.1% and for telephone it was 85.8%.

2000 Election Study: Response Rates

Face to Face       completed interviews     response rate    cooperation rate
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pre-election             1006                   64.8%              86.4%
Post-election            693                    57.2%              96.9%

Telephone
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pre-election             801                    57.2%              77.4%
Post-election            862                    85.8%**            95.5%

Summary
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pre-election             1807                   61.2%              82.1%
Post-election            1555                   86.0%              96.1%


     The field and study staff implemented a number of strategies to bolster 
response rates, including respondent incentives, interviewer incentives, 
carefully written appeals to respondents sent express mail, special 
non-response training for interviewers, and extensive refusal conversion
attempts.  Most of these strategies were implemented during the pre-election
study.  The post-election study, which occurred during a unique time for the
country, was marked by the willingness of our respondents to be 
re-interviewed.  The overall refusal rate (the proportion of all cases in 
which a respondent refuses to do an interview to the total eligible 
respondents contacted) for the post election study was 4%.

**The 200 cases from the face to face sample that were assigned for telephone
interviewing in the post had a response rate of 84.5%  The response rate for
all the cases minus the 200 "reassigned mode" cases is 86.3%.


>> 2000 NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY SAMPLE DESIGN

STUDY POPULATION

     The study population for the 2000 Pre- and Post-Election Study is defined
to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before the 2000
Election Day.  Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units in the
forty-eight coterminous states.  This definition excludes persons living in
Alaska or Hawaii and requires eligible persons to have been both a United
States citizen and eighteen years of age on or before the 7th of November
2000.

>> DUAL FRAME SAMPLE DESIGN

The 2000 NES is a dual frame sample with both an area sample and an RDD 
component.  The RDD frame provides coverage of telephone households while the 
area sample provides full coverage of all U.S. households including those 
without telephones.  Each of these sample designs will be described in the 
following sections.  The 2000 NES data set contains 1006 area sample cases 
and 801 telephone sample cases.

>> FTF SAMPLE DESIGN - MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY

The area sample is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected 
from the Survey Research Center's (SRC) 1990 National Sample design. 
Identification of the 2000 NES sample respondents was conducted using a four 
stage sampling process--a primary stage sampling of U.S. Metropolitan
Statistical Areas (MSAs) or New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs) 
and non-MSA counties, followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a 
third stage sampling of housing units within sampled area segments and 
concluding with the random selection of a single respondent from selected 
housing units.  A detailed documentation of the 1990 SRC National Sample, 
from which the 2000 NES sample was drawn, is provided in the SRC publication 
titled 1990 SRC National Sample: Design and Development.  

The 2000 NES sample design called for an entirely new cross-section sample to 
be drawn from the 1990 SRC National Sample; no panel component was included 
in 2000.    The 1990 SRC National Sample is a multi-stage area probability 
sample.  The 2000 NES sample was drawn from both the 1990 SRC National Sample 
strata (MSA PSUs) and the 1980 SRC National Sample strata  (non-MSA PSUs). 
The modification of the 1990 design in which the 1980 strata definitions were 
used for the non-MSA counties fully represents the non-MSA domain of the 48 
contiguous states.  This modification was made for cost and interviewing 
efficiency reasons related to the availability of interviewers in these areas 
who work on some of SRC's large panel studies.  The following sections will 
focus on the 1990 SRC National Sample design.


Selection Stages for the 2000 NES FTF Sample: 1990 SRC National Sample
------------------------------------------------------------------

Primary Stage Selection

The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs) for the 1990 SRC 
National Sample, which depending on the sample stratum are either MSAs, New 
England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs), single counties, independent 
cities, county equivalents or groupings of small counties, is based on the 
county-level 1990 Census Reports of Population and Housing (1).  Primary stage 
units were assigned to 108 explicit strata based on MSA/NECMA or non-
MSA/NECMA status, PSU size, Census Region and geographic location within 
region.  Twenty-eight of the 108 strata contain only a single self-
representing PSU, each of which is included with certainty in the primary 
stage of sample selection.  The remaining 80 nonself-representing strata 
contain more than one PSU.  From each of these nonself-representing strata, 
one PSU was sampled with probability proportionate to its size (PPS) measured 
in 1990 occupied housing units. 

The full 1990 SRC National Sample of 108 primary stage selections was 
designed to be optimal for surveys roughly three to five times the size of 
the 2000 NES.  To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller 
survey samples, the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily 
partitioned into smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or a 
three-quarter sample partition.  Each of the partitions represents a 
stratified subselection from the full 108 PSU design.  The 2000 NES sample of 
44 PSUs is a stratified random subsample of PSUs from the "A" half-sample 
partition of the 1990 SRC National Sample.  Because of the small size of this 
NES sample, both the number of PSUs (selected primary areas) and the 
secondary stage units (area segments) in the National half-sample were 
reduced by subselection for the 2000 NES sample design.  The 18 self-
representing areas in the 1990 SRC National half-sample were all retained for 
the 2000 NES sample (8 of these remained self-representing in the 2000 NES 
and 10 represent not only their own MSA but their "pair" among the twenty 
additional self-representing primary areas of the full 1990 SRC National 
Sample design).  Nineteen of the 26 nonself-representing half-sample MSAs and 
7 of the 14 half-sample non-MSAs were retained by the subselection for the 
2000 NES sample (or 26 of 40 NSR PSUs).

Table 1 identifies the 44 PSUs in the 2000 NES sample by MSA status and 
Region and also indicates the number of area segments used for the 2000 NES 
sample (see next section on second stage selection). 


      Table 1: PSU Name and Number of Area Segments in the 2000 NES Sample
      Showing 1990 SRC National-Sample Stratum and MSA Status.

==============================================================================
National Sample PSU      National Sample PSU Name    # of 2000 NES
                                                        Segments
==============================================================================

                  Eight Largest Self-representing PSUs
                  ------------------------------------
120              New York, NY MSA                           12
190              Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA130          12
130              Chicago, IL MSA                             9
121              Philadelphia, PA-NJ MSA                     7
131              Detroit, MI MSA                             6
150              Washington DC-MD-VA MSA                     6
110              Boston, MA NECMA                            6
171              Dallas and Ft Worth, TX CMSA                6

                  Ten Remaining Largest MSA PSUs
                  ------------------------------
170              Houston, TX MSA                             6
191              Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA                     6
141              St Louis, MO-IL MSA                         6
152              Baltimore, MD MSA                           6
122              Nassau-Suffolk, NY MSA                      6
194              Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA MSA                   6
132              Cleveland, OH MSA                           6
154              Miami-Hialeah, FL MSA                       5(2)
181              Denver, CO MSA                              6
196              San Francisco, CA MSA                       6


                  Nonself-representing MSAs:  Northeast
                  -------------------------------------
211              New Haven-Waterbury-Meriden, CT NECMA       6
213              Manchester-Nashua NH NECMA                  6
220              Buffalo, NY MSA                             6
226              Atlantic City, NJ MSA                       6

                  Nonself-representing MSAs:  Midwest
                  -----------------------------------
230              Milwaukee, WI MSA                           6
434              Saginaw, MI MSA                             6
239              Steubenville-Wheeling, OH  (3)              6
240              Des Moines, IA MSA                          6

                  Nonself-representing MSAs:  South
                  ---------------------------------
250              Richmond-Petersburg, VA MSA                 6
255              Columbus, GA-AL MSA                         6
257              Jacksonville, FL MSA                        6
258              Lakeland, FL MSA                            6
260              Knoxville TN MSA                            6
262              Birmingham, AL MSA                          6
273              Waco, TX MSA                                6
274              McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA            6

                  Nonself-representing MSAs:  West
                  --------------------------------
280              Salt Lake City-Ogden etc, UT MSA            6
292              Fresno, CA MSA                              6
293              Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA                  6

                  Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  Northeast 
                  -----------------------------------------
464              Gardner, MA                                 6

                  Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest
                  --------------------------------------
466              Decatur County, IN                          6
470              Mower County, MN                            6

                  Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  South
                  -------------------------------------
474              DeSoto Parish, LA                           6
477              Chicot County, AR                           6
480              Montgomery County, VA                       6

                  Nonself-representing Non-MSAs:  West
                  ------------------------------------
482              ElDorado County, CA                         6

                            Total Number of Segments       279


(1)  Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 1990 definitions of MSAs,
NECMAs, counties, parishes, independent cities.  These, of course, differ in
some respects from the primary stage unit (PSU) definitions used in the 1980
SRC National Sample so will not be strictly comparable to the 1996 NES Panel
PSUs--particularly in New England where MSAs were used as PSUs in the 1980
National Sample and NECMAs were used as PSUs in the 1990 National Sample.

(2)  One selected segment (023) was in a former trailer park that had no 
housing units to be listed in January 1996. All had been destroyed in 1992 by 
hurricane Andrew and there were no plans to rebuild.

(3) In the 1990 SRC National Sample, U.S. Census Region boundaries were 
maintained for purposed of stratification at the Primary State of selection. 
Since some MSA definitions cross Region boundaries, such MSAs were split and 
the MSA counties recombined in ways that maintained the Region boundary. This 
PSU actually contains the Ohio counties from both the Steubenville-Wierton, 
OH-WV MSA (Jefferson County, OH) and the Wheeling, WV-OH MSA (Belmont County, 
OH) and although it is made up of MSA counties -- it is not a cohesive MSA by 
OMB 1990 definition.


Second Stage Selection Area Segments

The second stage of the 1990 SRC National Sample, used for the 2000 NES 
sample, was selected directly from computerized files that were extracted for 
the selected PSUs from the 1990 U.S. Census summary file series STF1-B.  
These files (on CD Rom) contain the 1990 Census total population and housing 
unit (HU) data at the census block level.  The designated second-stage 
sampling units (SSUs), termed "area segments", are comprised of census blocks 
in both the metropolitan (MSA) primary areas and in the rural areas of non-
MSA primary areas.  Each SSU block or block combination was assigned a 
measure of size equal to the total 1990 occupied housing unit count for the 
area.  SSU block(s) were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 total HUs per 
MSA SSU and a minimum measure of 48 total HUs per non-MSA SSU.  Second stage 
sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities proportionate to 
the assigned measures of size (PPS).  

For the 2000 NES sample the number of area segments used in each PSU varies. 
In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the number of area segments varies in 
proportion to the size of the primary stage unit, from a high of 12 area 
segments in the self-representing New York and Los Angeles MSA PSUs, to a low 
of 6 area segments in the smaller self-representing PSUs such as Cleveland, 
Miami-Hialeah or Nassau-Suffolk MSAs.  All nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs 
were represented by 6 area segments each. A total of 279 NES area segments 
were selected as shown in Table 1.

Third Stage Selection Housing Units

For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing had 
been made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the 
segment.  For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, 
all housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed.  The 
final equal probability sample of housing units for the 2000 NES sample was 
systematically selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area 
segments.

The 2000 NES sample design was selected from the 1990 SRC National Sample to 
yield an equal probability sample of 2269 listed housing units.  This total 
included 1972 housing units for the main sample and three reserve replicates 
of 99 cases each.  Table 2 below shows the assumptions that were used to 
determine the number of sample housing units.  The overall probability of 
selection for 2000 NES cross-section sample of households was f=0.00002116 or 
0.2116 in 10,000.  The equal probability sample of households was achieved 
for the 2000 NES sample by using the standard multi-stage sampling technique 
of setting the sampling rate for selecting housing units within area segments 
to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select the PSU 
and area segment (Kish, 1965).

Fourth Stage Selection - Respondent Selection

Within each sampled 2000 NES occupied housing unit, the SRC interviewer 
prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members.  Using an 
objective procedure described by Kish (1949) a single respondent was then 
selected at random to be interviewed.  Regardless of circumstances, no 
substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent.


>> AREA SAMPLE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS, SPECIFICATIONS AND OUTCOMES

The 2000 National Election Study sought a total of 1000 in-person interviews. 
It was estimated that this would require a NES sample draw of 1972 housing 
units.  This assumed an occupancy/growth rate of 0.83, an eligibility rate of 
0.94 and a response rate of 0.65.  These assumptions were based on the 1998 
NES field experience.  The overall 2000 NES area sample design 
specifications, assumptions and outcomes are set out in Table 2, below.  A 
sample of 2269 listed housing units was actually selected for the 2000 NES 
study.  This allowed for three reserve replicates of 99 cases each. There was 
no panel component in 2000.  

A comparison of the 2000 NES sample outcome figures to the design 
specifications and assumptions in Table 2 shows that the actual occupancy, 
eligibility, and response rates were very close to the expected rates. The 
actual response rate for the Post-Election Telephone sample was 0.86, which 
was slightly higher than the assumed rate of 0.85.


      Table 2:  2000 NES Area Sample Pre and Post-Election Design
      Specifications and Assumptions Compared to Sample Outcome.

==============================================================================
              2000 NES         2000 NES          2000 NES         2000 NES
            Pre-Election     Pre-Election     Post-Election     Post-Election
               Design           Sample            Design            Sample 
            Specification       Outcome       Specification        Outcome
==============================================================================

Completed       1000             1006             847                693
Interviews

Response Rate   0.65             0.64             .85               0.86

Eligible        1538             1564            1000                805 (4)
Sample
Households

Eligibility     0.94            0.95
Rate

Occupied        1634            1639
Households

Occupancy/      0.83            0.82
growth Rate

Total Sample    1972            1986
Lines


(4) Initial sample lines (FTF and Phone) are different from the Pre-Election 
completed interviews because of the switch in mode for randomly selected 
sample cases.


>> 2000 NES RDD (RANDOM DIGIT DIAL)SAMPLE

The RDD telephone component of the 2000 NES is a stratified equal 
probability sample of telephone numbers.  The sample is not clustered.  The 
telephone numbers were selected from a commercial listed one hundred series 
sampling frame consisting of every possible phone number that can be 
generated by appending the 2-digit numbers 00 - 99 to the set of hundred 
banks that have at least two listed household telephone numbers.  Hundred 
banks are the first eight digits of a phone number - area code, exchange, and 
the next two digits.  Each hundred bank defines a set of 100 possible phone 
numbers.  Directory listings are used to define the set of listed hundred 
series.  However both listed and unlisted telephone numbers can be selected 
from the sampling frame.  A small amount of noncoverage of telephone numbers 
results from household numbers that are in hundred banks with 0 or 1 listed 
residential numbers.  These telephone households as well as non-telephone 
households are covered by the area sample component.

An initial sample of 8500 telephone numbers was selected from the 
listed frame for the coterminous 48 states.  These numbers were pre-screened 
by the vendor to remove most business and non-working phone numbers.  After 
pre-screening, 5760 or 67.8% of the 8500 telephone numbers were returned as 
potentially working residential numbers.  The potentially working phone 
numbers were matched against a file of directory listings to append address 
information so that Congressional Districts could be assigned.  Before sample 
selection, the telephone numbers were stratified by the competitiveness of 
the Congressional race (5 levels), whether or not the race was open, and by 
Census Division.  A half sample was systematically selected from the 
stratified file.  An initial sample of 2349 cases was selected from the 
random half sample and the remaining telephone numbers were assigned to 5 
reserve replicates of 106-107 numbers each.  The reserve replicates were 
available for use in case the working rate or response rate were lower than 
expected.


>> 2000 NES RDD SAMPLE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS, SPECIFICATIONS AND OUTCOMES

The 2000 National Election Study sought a total of 861 telephone interviews. 
It was estimated that this would require a NES sample draw of 2349 telephone 
numbers assuming a working rate (after pre-screening) of 0.65, an eligibility 
rate of 0.94, and a response rate of 0.60.  The eligibility rate was based on 
the 1998 NES experience.  Working rate and response rate assumptions were 
based on the Survey Research Center's recent experience with RDD samples. The 
overall 2000 NES RDD sample design specifications, assumptions and outcomes 
are set out in Table 3, below.  A comparison of the 2000 NES RDD sample 
design specifications and assumptions to the outcome figures in Table 3 
indicates that, although the actual eligibility rate was higher than assumed, 
both the working rate and response rates were lower than specified in the 
sample design assumptions.  This resulted in fewer interviews being taken in 
the Pre-Election study. The actual response rate for the Post-Election 
telephone sample was 0.86, which was higher than the assumed rate of 0.75.  


     Table 3:  2000 NES Telephone Sample Design Specifications and 
     Assumptions Compared to Sample Outcome.

==============================================================================
              2000 NES         2000 NES          2000 NES         2000 NES
            Pre-Election     Pre-Election     Post-Election     Post-Election
               Design           Sample            Design            Sample 
            Specification       Outcome       Specification        Outcome
==============================================================================

Completed        861             801               645               862
Interviews

Response Rate   0.60            0.56               .75              0.86

Eligible        1435            1418               861              1002 (5)
Sample
Households

Eligibility     0.94           0.96
Rate

Occupied        1527           1475
Households

Working Rate    0.65           0.63

Total Sample    2349           2349
Lines


(5)  Initial sample lines (FTF and Phone) are different from the Pre-Election 
completed interviews because of the switch in mode for randomly selected 
sample cases.


>> 2000 NES POST-ELECTION STUDY SAMPLE OUTCOMES

      Of the 1807 respondents interviewed in the Pre-Election Study, 1555 
completed Post-Election interviews for an overall response rate of 0.86.  FTF 
interviews were attempted with 805 of the 1006 persons interviewed FTF in the 
Pre-Election study and 693 FTF interviews were obtained for a FTF response 
rate of 0.86.   Approximately 200 FTF cases were transferred to telephone 
interviewing for the Post-Election study in order to reduce field costs.  
This was accomplished through a systematic random sample of approximately 20 
percent of the area segments.  Telephone interviews were attempted with 1002 
(201 FTF in the Pre-Election study and 801 Telephone in Pre-Election study) 
respondents in the Post-Election study.   862 telephone interviews were 
obtained for a response rate of 0.86.


>> 2000 NES DATA - WEIGHTED ANALYSIS 

The 2000 NES data set includes a person-level analysis weight, which 
incorporates sampling, nonresponse and post-stratification factors. Analysts 
interested in developing their own nonresponse or stratification adjustment 
factors must request access to the necessary sample control data from the NES 
Board.


>> 2000 NES ANALYSIS WEIGHTS - CONSTRUCTION 

Household Selection Weight Component
------------------------------------
The joint household selection weight is the same for both the RDD and 
the area sample.  This weight is an inflation factor equal to 34195.298.  It 
is equal to the inverse of the joint probability of selection, which is the 
sum of the RDD and the area sample probabilities minus their product.  It was 
not possible from the data available to reliably identify the area sample 
respondents who did not have telephone service.  The 2000 CPS March 
Supplement estimates that 5.5% of U.S. households do not have telephone 
service.  The household selection weight component therefore slightly 
underestimates respondents who live in households that cannot be reached 
through the RDD sample frame.

Person-Level Sample Selection Weight Component
----------------------------------------------

The dual frame sample design for the 2000 NES results in a probability sample 
of U.S. households.  Within sample households a single adult respondent is 
chosen at random to be interviewed.  Since the number of eligible adults 
varies from one household to another, the random selection of a single adult 
introduces inequality into respondents' selection probabilities.  In 
analysis, a respondent selection weight should be used to compensate for 
these unequal selection probabilities.  The person-level selection weight is 
the product of the joint household selection weight and the within household 
selection weight.  The within household selection weight is equal to the 
number of eligible persons in the household and is capped at 3. The use of 
the respondent selection weight is strongly encouraged, despite past 
evaluations that have shown these weights to have little significant impact 
on the values of NES estimates of descriptive statistics. 

Nonresponse Adjusted Selection Weight
-------------------------------------

The base weight equals the product of the joint selection weight and the 
household level nonresponse adjustment factors. Nonresponse adjustment 
factors were constructed at the household level separately for the area 
sample and the RDD sample.  Nonresponse adjustment cells for the 2000 NES 
sample were formed by crossing MSA status by the four Census regions 
(Northeast, Midwest, South, and West).  A nonresponse adjustment factor equal 
to the inverse of the response rate in each cell was applied to the interview 
cases.  Tables 4 and 5 show the response rates and nonresponse adjustment 
factors for the area and RDD samples.


      Table 4.  Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- 2000 NES 
      Area Sample.

==============================================================================
PSU Type          Census Region          Response Rate         Nonresponse
                                              (%)              Adjustment
                                                                 Factor
==============================================================================
MSAs                Northeast                55.28               1.809
                    Midwest                  62.86               1.591
                    South                    61.87               1.616
                    West                     67.82               1.474
Non MSAs            Northeast                61.54               1.625
                    Midwest                  65.71               1.522
                    South                    79.55               1.257
                    West                     83.33               1.200



      Table 5 Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- 2000 NES RDD 
      Sample.

==============================================================================
PSU Type          Census Region          Response Rate         Nonresponse
                                              (%)              Adjustment
                                                                 Factor
==============================================================================
MSAs                Northeast                 43.94               2.276
                    Midwest                   62.08               1.611
                    South                     58.72               1.703
                    West                      53.56               1.867
Non MSAs            Northeast                 50.00               2.000
                    Midwest                   67.90               1.473
                    South                     62.70               1.595
                    West                      67.86               1.474


Post-stratification factor
--------------------------

The 2000 NES weights are post-stratified to 2000 CPS March Supplement 
proportions for six (6) ages by four (4) education categories.    Table 6 
shows the weighted estimates and proportions for the 24 cells for the 2000 
CPS and the 2000 NES.  The post-stratification adjustment is computed by 
dividing the CPS weighted total by the 2000 NES total weighted by the 
nonresponse adjusted selection weight.  The final two columns show the NES 
weighted totals using the final post-stratified analysis weight and the 
resulting percents, which match the CPS percents.

Final Analysis Weights
----------------------

The final analysis weight (FINAL_WT) is the product of the household level 
non-response adjustment factor, the number of eligible persons, and a person-
level post-stratification factor.  The final analysis weight for the 2000 
NES sample (FINAL_WT) is scaled to sum to 1807, the total number of 
respondents.  This weight is trimmed at the 1st and 99th percentiles and then 
re-scaled to match the 2000 CPS proportions for the 24 age by education 
cells.

Post-Election Attrition Weight
------------------------------

The 1555 Post-Election cases were post-stratified to 2000 CPS March 
Supplement proportions for six (6) ages by four (4) education categories (the 
same categories used for post-stratifying the Pre-Election cases).  The post-
stratification compensates for differential non-response by age group and 
education level.  Response rates for the Post-Election Study ranged from a 
high of 100 percent for persons 70 or older with a college degree or higher 
to a low of 76 percent for persons age 30 - 39 who did not graduate from high 
school.  The panel attrition weight for the Post-Election Study, POST_WT, is 
the product of the Pre-Election FINAL_WT and the post-stratification factor 
formed by dividing the CPS proportion by the weighted NES proportion for each 
of the 24 age by education cells.  The weight is scaled to sum to the number 
of cases, 1555. 


      Table 6: 2000 NES Sample Weight:  Post-stratification Factors.

==============================================================================
Age   Education     n   2000 CPS   2000   Prelim 2000   Post-   NES   Final
Group   Level            Est in    CPS      NES wtd     strat   wtd    NES
                        000s (6)    %    Est in 000s   Adjust   n     wtd
                                                            centered   %
==============================================================================

18-29  <High       22   6,411.4   3.438   2,490.3   2.574    62.08     3.44
       School
       Graduation

       High School 88  12,223.7   6.555   9,628.2   1.270   118.53     6.56
       Graduate

       Some       103  14,524.8   7.789  11,424.0   1.271   140.81     7.79
       College

       College     68   6,666.9   3.575   6,990.0   0.954    64.73     3.58  
       Graduate

30-39  <High       21   3,242.8   1.739   1,780.1   1.822    31.48     1.74
       School
       Graduation

       High       108  12,543.8   6.727  10,873.1   1.154   121.56     6.73
       School
       Graduate

       Some       121  10,759.0   5.769  11,727.6   0.917   104.32     5.77
       College

       College    146  10,786.4   5.784  14,122.3   0.764   104.36     5.78
       Graduate

40-49  <High       22   3,478.8   1.865   2,277.5   1.527    33.74     1.87
       School
       Graduation

       High       101  13,087.2   7.018   9,899.0   1.322   126.84     7.02
       School
       Graduate

       Some       129  11,548.5   6.193  13,551.0   0.852   111.85     6.19
       College

       College    137  11,327.1   6.074  14,505.2   0.781   109.74     6.07
       Graduate

50-59  <High      123   3,300.1   1.770   2,192.9   1.505    32.04     1.77
       School
       Graduation

       High        93   9,364.1   5.022   9,558.1   0.980    90.70     5.02
       Graduate

       Some        96   7,449.2   3.995  10,185.6   0.731    72.12     3.99
       College

       College    110   7,984.6   4.282  11,542.5   0.716    77.40     4.28
       Graduate

60-69  <High       35   4,136.4   2.218   3,429.9   1.206    40.20     2.22
       School
       Graduation

       High School 61   7,201.9   3.862   6,060.7   1.188    69.77     3.86
       Graduate

       Some        49   3,886.6   2.084   4,280.8   0.908    37.58     2.08
       College

       College     49   3,880.8   2.081   4,688.9   0.828    37.53     2.08
        Graduate

70 +  <High School 58   7,298.9   3.914   5,033.8   1.450    70.63     3.91
      Graduation

      High School  73   7,994.7   4.287   6,327.7   1.263    77.51     4.29
      Graduate

      Some College 48   4,073.3   2.184   3,811.1   1.069    39.41     2.18

      College      46   3,303.4   1.771   4,071.8   0.811    32.07     1.77

      Totals     1807 186,470.0   100.0 180,100.0           1807.0    100.0



(6)  Because U.S. citizenship is required for NES eligibility, the CPS counts 
used for stratification include only U.S. citizens.


>> 2000 NES PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING ERROR ESTIMATION

The 2000 NES sample design is based on a stratified multi-stage area 
probability sample of United States households.  Although smaller in scale, 
the NES sample design is very similar in it basic structure to the multi-
stage designs used for major federal survey programs such as the Health 
Interview Survey (HIS) or the Current Population Survey (CPS).  The survey 
literature refers to the NES, HIS and CPS samples as complex designs, a 
loosely-used term meant to denote the fact that the sample incorporates 
special design features such as stratification, clustering and differential 
selection probabilities (i.e., weighting) that analysts must consider in 
computing sampling errors for sample estimates of descriptive statistics and 
model parameters.  This section of the 2000 NES sample design description 
focuses on sampling error estimation and construction of confidence intervals 
for survey estimates of descriptive statistics such as means, proportions, 
ratios, and coefficients for linear and logistic linear regression models.

Standard analysis software systems such SAS and SPSS assume simple random 
sampling (SRS) or equivalently independence of observations in computing 
standard errors for sample estimates.  In general, the SRS assumption results 
in underestimation of variances of survey estimates of descriptive statistics 
and model parameters.  Confidence intervals based on computed variances that 
assume independence of observations will be biased (generally too narrow) and 
design-based inferences will be affected accordingly.  

Sampling Error Computation Methods and Programs
-----------------------------------------------

Over the past 50 years, advances in survey sampling theory have guided the 
development of a number of methods for correctly estimating variances from 
complex sample data sets. A number of sampling error programs which implement 
these complex sample variance estimation methods are available to NES data 
analysts.   The two most common approaches to the estimation of sampling 
error for complex sample data are through the use of a Taylor Series 
Linearization of the estimator (and corresponding approximation to its 
variance) or through the use of resampling variance estimation procedures 
such as Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) or Jackknife Repeated Replication 
(JRR).  New Bootstrap methods for variance estimation can also be included 
among the resampling approaches.  See Rao and Wu (1988).

1.  Taylor series linearization method:

When survey data are collected using a complex sample design with unequal 
size clusters, most statistics of interest will not be simple linear 
functions of the observed data.  The linearization approach applies Taylor's 
method to derive an approximate form of the estimator that is linear in 
statistics for which variances and covariances can be directly and easily 
estimated (Woodruff, 1971).  SUDAAN and Stata are two commercially available 
statistical software packages that include procedures that apply the Taylor 
series method to estimation and inference for complex sample data. 

SUDAAN  (Shah et al., 1996) is a commercially available software system 
developed and marketed by the Research Triangle Institute of Research 
Triangle Park, North Carolina (USA).  SUDAAN was developed as a stand-alone 
software system with capabilities for the more important methods for 
descriptive and multivariate analysis of survey data, including: estimation 
and inference for means, proportions and rates (PROC DESCRIPT and PROC 
RATIO); contingency table analysis (PROC CROSSTAB); linear regression (PROC 
REGRESS); logistic regression (PROC LOGISTIC); log-linear models (PROC 
CATAN); and survival analysis (PROC SURVIVAL).  SUDAAN V7.0 and earlier 
versions were designed to read directly from ASCII and SAS system data sets.
The latest versions of SUDAAN permit procedures to be called directly from 
the SAS system.  Information on SUDAAN is available at the following web site 
address: http://www.rti.org.

Stata  (StataCorp, 1997) is a more recent commercial entry to the available 
software for analysis of complex sample survey data and has a growing body of 
research users.  Stata includes special versions of its standard analysis 
routines that are designed for the analysis of complex sample survey data.  
Special survey analysis programs are available for descriptive estimation of 
means (SVYMEAN), ratios (SVYRATIO), proportions (SVYTOT) and population 
totals (SVYTOTAL).  Stata programs for multivariate analysis of survey data 
currently include linear regression (SVYREG), logistic regression (SVYLOGIT) 
and probit regression (SVYPROBT).  Information on the Stata analysis software 
system can be found on the Web at: http://www.stata.com.

2.  Resampling methods:

BRR, JRR and the bootstrap comprise a second class of nonparametric methods 
for conducting estimation and inference from complex sample data.  As 
suggested by the generic label for this class of methods, BRR, JRR and the 
bootstrap utilize replicated subsampling of the sample database to develop 
sampling variance estimates for linear and nonlinear statistics.  WesVar PC 
(Brick et al., 1996) is a publicly available software system for personal 
computers that employs replicated variance estimation methods to conduct the 
more common types of statistical analysis of complex sample survey data.  
WesVar PC was developed by Westat, Inc. and is distributed along with 
documentation free of charge to researchers from Westat's Web site: 
http://www.westat.com/wesvarpc/.  WesVar PC includes a Windows-based 
application generator that enables the analyst to select the form of data 
input (SAS data file, SPSS for Windows data base, dBase file, ASCII data set) 
and the computation method (BRR or JRR methods).  Analysis programs contained 
in WesVar PC provide the capability for basic descriptive (means, 
proportions, totals, cross tabulations) and regression (linear, logistic) 
analysis of complex sample survey data.  WestVar Complex Samples 3.0 is the 
latest version of WestVar PC that is licensed and distributed by SPSS.  
Information on the latest developments can be obtained at 
http://www.spss.com.

These new and updated software packages include an expanded set of user 
friendly, well-documented analysis procedures.  Difficulties with sample 
design specification, data preparation, and data input in the earlier 
generations of survey analysis software created a barrier to use by analysts 
who were not survey design specialists.  The new software enables the user to 
input data and output results in a variety of common formats, and the latest 
versions accommodate direct input of data files from the major analysis 
software systems.   Readers who are interested in a more detailed comparison 
of these and other survey analysis software alternatives are referred to 
Cohen (1997).

Sampling Error Computation Models
---------------------------------

Regardless of whether linearization or a resampling approach is used, 
estimation of variances for complex sample survey estimates requires the 
specification of a sampling error computation model.  NES data analysts who 
are interested in performing sampling error computations should be aware that 
the estimation programs identified in the preceding section assume a specific 
sampling error computation model and will require special sampling error 
codes.  Individual records in the analysis data set must be assigned sampling 
error codes that identify to the programs the complex structure of the sample 
(stratification, clustering) and are compatible with the computation 
algorithms of the various programs.  To facilitate the computation of 
sampling error for statistics based on 2000 NES data, design-specific 
sampling error codes will be routinely included in all public-use versions of 
the data set.  Although minor recoding may be required to conform to the 
input requirements of the individual programs, the sampling error codes that 
are provided should enable analysts to conduct either Taylor Series or 
Replicated estimation of sampling errors for survey statistics.

Table 7 defines the sampling error coding system for 2000 NES sample cases. 
Two sampling error code variables are defined for each case based on the 
sample design primary stage unit (PSU) and area segment in which the sample 
household is located.

Sampling Error Stratum Code (Variable 000097).  The Sampling Error Computation 
Stratum Code is the variable that defines the sampling error computation 
strata for all sampling error analysis of the NES data.  Each self-
representing (SR) design stratum is represented by one sampling error 
computation stratum.   Pairs of similar nonself-representing (NSR) primary 
stage design strata are "collapsed" (Kalton, 1977) to create NSR sampling 
error computation strata.  Since there was an uneven number of nonself-
representing MSA and non-MSA strata used in the 2000 NES, and since it was 
felt that a nonself-representing MSA PSU should be paired with a non-MSA PSU, 
one of each of these PSUs stands alone within its Sampling Error Stratum 
Code.

For the 1990 SRC National Sample design controlled selection and a "one-per-
stratum" PSU allocation are used to select the primary stage of the 2000 NES 
national sample.  The purpose in using controlled selection and the "one-per-
stratum" sample allocation is to reduce the between-PSU component of sampling 
variation relative to a "two-per-stratum" primary stage design. Despite the 
expected improvement in sample precision, a drawback of the "one-per-stratum" 
design is that two or more sample selection strata must be collapsed or 
combined to form a sampling error computation stratum.  Variances are then 
estimated under the assumption that a multiple PSU per stratum design was 
actually used for primary stage selection.  The expected consequence of 
collapsing design strata into sampling error computation strata is the 
overestimation of the true sampling error; that is, the sampling error 
computation model defined by the codes contained in Table 7 will yield 
estimates of sampling errors which in expectation will be slightly greater 
than the true sampling error of the statistic of interest.

SECU - Stratum-specific Sampling Error Computation Unit code (Variable OOOO97) 
is a half sample code for analysis of sampling error using the BRR method or 
approximate "two-per-stratum" Taylor Series method (Kish and Hess, 1959).  
Within the SR sampling error strata, the SECU half sample units are created 
by dividing sample cases into random halves, SECU=1 and SECU=2. The 
assignment of cases to half-samples is designed to preserve the 
stratification and second stage clustering properties of the sample within an 
SR stratum. Sample cases are assigned to SECU half samples based on the area 
segment in which they were selected.  For this assignment, sample cases were 
placed in original stratification order (area segment number order) and 
beginning with a random start entire area segment clusters were 
systematically assigned to either SECU=1 or SECU=2.

In the general case of nonself-representing (NSR) strata, the half sample 
units are defined according to the PSU to which the respondent was assigned 
at sample selection (with the exception of the two unpaired NSR strata 
mentioned above).  That is, the half samples for each NSR sampling error 
computation stratum bear a one-to-one correspondence to the sample design NSR 
PSUs.  The particular sample coding provided on the NES public use data set 
is consistent with the "ultimate cluster" approach to complex sample variance 
estimation (Kish, 1965; Kalton, 1977).  Individual stratum, PSU and segment 
code variables may be needed by NES analysts interested in components of 
variance analysis or estimation of hierarchical models in which PSU-level and 
neighborhood-level effects are explicitly estimated.

Table 7 shows the area sample sampling error stratum and SECU codes to be 
used for the paired selection model for sampling error computations for any 
2000 NES analyses.   Strata 01 through 26 reflect the half sample 1990 
National Sample design used for the 2000 NES area sample.  It can be seen 
from this table that the three-digit 2000 SE code is comprised of, first, the 
two-digit SE Stratum code followed by the one-digit SECU code. The RDD sample 
cases are assigned to Strata 27 through 66.  The RDD sample is a stratified 
unclustered design.  In order to reflect the stratification of the RDD frame, 
the sample was sorted by area code within metropolitan status within Census 
Division prior to the assignment of sampling error stratum and SECU codes.  
The sorted file was then divided into groups of 20 adjacent cases to form the 
strata.  Within each stratum, cases were assigned alternately to each of the 
pair of SECUs, 10 cases per SECU.  This assignment of sampling error stratum 
and SECU codes allows for design effects to be estimated for the complete NES 
data set as well as separately for the RDD and area sample components.  


      Table 7:  2000 NES Election Study Sampling Error Codes.

==============================================================================
SE          SECU   SE Code  PSU    Segment #s                    Total Rs
Stratum
==============================================================================

01            1     011     120    015, 031, 047, 063, 079, 099       11
              2     012     120    007, 023, 039, 055, 071, 087       11

02            1     021     190    007, 023, 039, 055, 071, 087       11
              2     022     190    016, 031, 047, 063, 079, 095       13

03            1     031     130    011, 028, 044, 060                  8
              2     032     130    004, 020, 036, 052, 068            15

04            1     041     121    002, 018, 034, 050                 10
              2     042     121    010, 026, 042                       6

05            1     051     131    016, 032, 047                      11
              2     052     131    008, 024, 040                      10

06            1     061     150    007, 023, 039                      11
              2     062     150    015, 031, 047                       8

07            1     071     171    010, 026, 042                       6
              2     072     171    002, 018, 034                       7

08            1     081     110    004, 020, 036                       6
              2     082     110    012, 028, 044                       5

09            1     091     170    011, 027, 031, 039                 17
              2     092     154    003, 007, 011, 015, 019            13
                            170    007, 019

10            1     101     122    008, 012, 015, 024, 028, 032       18
              2     102     152    004, 012, 016, 020, 028, 032       13

11            1     111     141    004, 008, 016, 020, 024, 032       12
              2     112     132    001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 021       18

12            1     121     191    001, 005, 009, 017, 021, 025       27
              2     122     181    001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 021       20

13            1     131     194    004, 008, 016, 020, 024, 032       17
              2     132     196    002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022       15

14            1     141     220    001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 021       40
              2     142     226    002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022       24

15            1     151     211    004, 007, 011, 015, 020, 023        9
              2     152     213    004, 008, 012, 016, 020, 024       17

16            1     161     230   002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022        45
              2     162     434   002, 304, 306, 008, 010, 011        23

17            1     171     239   001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 021        14
              2     172     240   002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022        20

18            1     181     262   002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022        48
              2     182     255   004, 008, 012, 016, 020, 024        17

19            1     191     257   004, 008, 012, 016, 020, 024        23
              2     192     258   002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022        15

20            1     201     273   003, 007, 011, 015, 019, 023        18
              2     202     274   002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022        14

21            1     211     260   003, 007, 011, 015, 019, 023        14
              2     212     250   003, 007, 011, 015, 019, 023        21

22            1     221     292   001, 005, 009, 013, 017, 022        20
              2     222     293   003, 007, 011, 015, 019, 023        20

23            1     231     464   303, 305, 306, 309, 311, 312        32
              2     232     480   301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307        39

24            1     241     466   301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 308        26
              2     242     470   301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307        43

25            1     251     474   302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308        40
              2     252     477   302, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308        26

26            1     261     280   002, 006, 010, 014, 018, 022        34
              2     262     482   301, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308        45

Total:                                                              1006


Generalized Sampling Error Results for the 2000 NES
---------------------------------------------------

To assist NES analysts, the PC SUDAAN program was used to compute sampling 
errors for a wide-ranging example set of proportions estimated from the 2000 
NES election Survey data set.  Sampling errors were computed for the complete 
NES data set as well as separately for the area sample and RDD sample 
components.  For each estimate, sampling errors were computed for the total 
sample and for fifteen demographic and political affiliation subclasses of 
the 2000 NES sample.  The results of these sampling error computations were 
then summarized and translated into the general usage sampling error tables 
provided in Tables 8 - 10.   The mean value of deft, the square root of the 
design effect, was found to be 1.098 for the combined sample, 1.076 for the 
area sample component, and 1.049 for the RDD sample component.  The design 
effects were primarily due to weighting effects (Kish, 1965) and did not vary 
significantly by subclass size.  Therefore the generalized variance tables 
are produced by multiplying the simple random sampling standard error for 
each proportion and sample size by the average deft for the set of sampling 
error computations.
 
Incorporating the pattern of "design effects" observed in the extensive set 
of example computations, Tables 8 - 10 provide approximate standard errors for 
percentage estimates based on the 2000 NES.  To use the tables, examine the 
column heading to find the percentage value which best approximates the value 
of the estimated percentage that is of interest.  Next, locate the 
approximate sample size base (denominator for the proportion) in the left-
hand row margin of the table.  To find the approximate standard error of a 
percentage estimate, simply cross-reference the appropriate column 
(percentage) and row (sample size base).  Note: the tabulated values 
represent approximately one standard error for the percentage estimate.  To 
construct an approximate confidence interval, the analyst should apply the 
appropriate critical point from the "z" distribution (e.g., z=1.96 for a two-
sided 95% confidence interval half-width).  Furthermore, the approximate 
standard errors in the table apply only to single point estimates of 
percentages not to the difference between two percentage estimates.

The generalized variance results presented in Tables 8 - 10 are a useful tool 
for initial, cursory examination of the NES survey results.  For more in 
depth analysis and reporting of critical estimates, analysts are encouraged 
to compute exact estimates of standard errors using the appropriate choice of 
a sampling error program and computation model.



      Table 8:  Generalized Variance Table.
      2000 NES election Survey - Combined Sample.

      APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES

==============================================================================
             For percentage estimates near:

Sample n     50%        40%          30%        20%          10% 
                       or 60%       or 70%      or 80%      or 90%
==============================================================================

100         5.49        5.38        5.03        4.39        3.29
200         3.88        3.80        3.56        3.10        2.33
300         3.17        3.10        2.90        2.54        1.90
400         2.74        2.69        2.52        2.20        1.65
500         2.45        2.40        2.25        1.96        1.47
600         2.24        2.20        2.05        1.79        1.34
700         2.07        2.03        1.90        1.66        1.24
800         1.94        1.90        1.78        1.55        1.16
900         1.83        1.79        1.68        1.46        1.10
1000        1.74        1.70        1.59        1.39        1.04
1100        1.66        1.62        1.52        1.32        0.99
1200        1.58        1.55        1.45        1.27        0.95
1300        1.52        1.49        1.40        1.22        0.91
1400        1.47        1.44        1.34        1.17        0.88
1500        1.42        1.39        1.30        1.13        0.85
1600        1.37        1.34        1.26        1.10        0.82
1700        1.33        1.30        1.22        1.06        0.80
1800        1.29        1.27        1.19        1.04        0.78



      Table 9:  Generalized Variance Table.
      2000 NES election Survey - Area Sample.

      APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES

==============================================================================
             For percentage estimates near:

Sample n     50%          40%          30%        20%          10% 
                         or 60%       or 70%      or 80%      or 90%
==============================================================================

100         5.38         5.27         4.93         4.30         3.23
200         3.80         3.73         3.48         3.04         2.28
300         3.10         3.04         2.85         2.48         1.86
400         2.69         2.63         2.46         2.15         1.61
500         2.40         2.36         2.20         1.92         1.44
600         2.20         2.15         2.01         1.76         1.32
700         2.03         1.99         1.86         1.63         1.22
800         1.90         1.86         1.74         1.52         1.14
900         1.79         1.76         1.64         1.43         1.07
1000        1.70         1.67         1.56         1.36         1.02



      Table 10:  Generalized Variance Table.
      2000 NES election Survey - RDD Sample.

      APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES

==============================================================================
             For percentage estimates near:

Sample n     50%          40%          30%         20%          10% 
                         or 60%       or 70%      or 80%       or 90%
==============================================================================

100         5.24         5.14         4.80         4.19         3.14
200         3.71         3.63         3.40         2.96         2.22
300         3.03         2.96         2.77         2.42         1.82
400         2.62         2.57         2.40         2.10         1.57
500         2.34         2.30         2.15         1.88         1.41
600         2.14         2.10         1.96         1.71         1.28
700         1.98         1.94         1.82         1.58         1.19
800         1.85         1.82         1.70         1.48         1.11



References

Alegria, M., Kessler, R., Bijl, R., Lin, E., Heeringa, S.G., Takeuchi, D.T., 
Kolody, B. (2000).  To appear in The Unmet Need for Treatment.  Proceedings 
of a Symposium of the World Psychiatric Association, Sydney, Australia, 
October, 1997.

Binder, D.A. (1983), "On the variances of asymptotically normal estimators 
from complex surveys," International Statistical Review, Vol. 51, pp. 279-
292. 

Brick, J.M., Broene, P., James, P., & Severynse, J. (1996).  "A User's Guide 
to WesVar PC." Rockville, MD: Westat, Inc.

Cochran, W.G. (1977).  Sampling Techniques.  New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Cohen, S.B. (1997).  "An evaluation of alternative PC-based software packages 
developed for the analysis of complex survey data," The American 
Statistician, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 285-292.

Goldstein, H. (1987).  Multi-level Models in Educational and Social Research.  
London: Oxford University Press.

Kalton, G. (1977), "Practical methods for estimating survey sampling errors," 
Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, Vol. 47, 3, pp. 495-514.

Kish, L. (1949).  "A procedure for objective respondent selection within the 
household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 44, pp. 
380-387.

Kish, L. (1965), Survey Sampling.  New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Kish, L., & Frankel, M.R. (1974), "Inference from complex samples," Journal 
of the Royal Statistical Society, B, Vol. 
36, pp. 1-37.

Kish, L., Groves, R.M., & Krotki, K.P. (1975).  "Sampling errors for 
fertility surveys." Occasional Paper No. 17.  Voorburg, Netherlands: World 
Fertility Survey, International Statistical Institute.

Kish, L., & Hess, I. (1959), "On variances of ratios and their differences in 
multi-stage samples," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54, 
pp. 416-446.

LePage, R., & Billard, L. (1992), Exploring the Limits of Bootstrap. New 
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mahalanobis, P.C. (1946), "Recent experiments in statistical sampling at the 
Indian Statistical Institute," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 
109, pp. 325-378.

McCullagh, P.M. & Nelder, J.A. (1989). Generalized Linear Models, 2nd 
Edition. Chapman and Hall.  London.

Rao, J.N.K & Wu, C.F.J. (1988.), "Resampling inference with complex sample 
data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, pp. 231-239.

Rosenstone, Steven J., Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren E., & the National 
Election Studies 1994 Sample Design: Technical Memoranda, 1994 Election Study 
pp. 882-905 in Rosenstone, Steven J., Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren E., & 
the National Election Studies, AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1994:  
ELECTION SURVEY (ENHANCED WITH 1992 AND 1993 DATA) (Computer file).  
Conducted by University of Michigan Center for Political Studies.  2nd ICPSR 
ed.  Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies, and 
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (producer), 
1995.  Ann Arbor MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social 
Research (distributor), 1995.

Rust, K. (1985).  "Variance estimation for complex estimators in sample 
surveys," Journal of Official Statistics, Vol. 1, No. 4.


SAS Institute, Inc. (1990).  SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, Fourth Ed., 
Vol. 2.  Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.

Shah, B.V., Barnwell, B.G., Biegler, G.S. (1996).  SUDAAN User's Manual: 
Software for Statistical Analysis of Correlated Data.  Research Triangle 
Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.

Skinner, C.J., Holt, D., & Smith, T.M.F. (1989).  Analysis of Complex 
Surveys.  New York: John Wiley & Sons.

SPSS, Inc. (1993).  SPSS for Windows: BASE System User's Guide, Release 6.0.  
Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.

Stata Corp. (1997).  Stata Statistical Software: Release 5.0.  College 
Station, TX: Stata Corporation.

Wolter, K.M.  (1985).  Introduction to Variance Estimation. New York: 
Springer-Verlag.

Woodruff, R.S. (1971), "A simple method for approximating the variance of a 
complicated estimate," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 
66, pp. 411-414.

Yamageuchi, K. (1991).  Event History Analysis. Applied Social Research 
Methods Series, Vol. 28.  Newbury Park, CA/London: Sage Publications.  Office 
of Management and Budget (OMB) June 1990 definitions of MSAs, NECMAs, 
counties, parishes, independent cities.


>> NOTES ON 2000 CONFIDENTIAL VARIABLES

     Starting with the 1986 Election Study, NES has released occupation code
variables in somewhat less detail than in years past.  The full release of
this dataset will includes a two-digit code with 71 categories corresponding
to Census Bureau occupational groupings.  Those who need the full occupation
code for their research should contact the NES project staff for information
about the conditions under which access may be provided.  Similarly, the
National Election Studies have not included information for census tracts 
or minor civil divisions since 1978.  Beginning this year, we have omitted
county name.  This new procedure was implemented to protect the anonymity of
respondents living in sparsely populated counties.  Permission to use the more
detailed geographic information for scholarly research may be obtained from
the Board of Overseers.  More information about this is available from NES 
project staff. Coding of the new religious denomination variable is in some 
cases based on an alphabetic "other, please specify" variable.  This variable
is restricted for reasons of confidentiality, but access may be provided to
legitimate scholars under established NES procedures.     


OPEN-ENDED MATERIALS  

     Traditionally, the National Election Studies have contained several
minutes of open-ended responses (for example, the candidate likes and
dislikes).  These questions are put into Master Codes by the SRC coding
section.  Other scholars have developed alternative or supplemental coding
schemes for the questions (for example, the levels of conceptualization,
released as ICPSR 8151).  The Board of Overseers wishes to encourage these
efforts but in ways which respect the NES and SRC obligation to protect the
privacy and anonymity of respondents.  Circumstances under which individuals
may have access to transcribed versions of these questions have been worked
out and those interested should contact the NES project staff for further
details.



>> 2000 CODEBOOK INFORMATION


The following example from the 1948 NES study provides the standard 
format for codebook variable documentation. 

Note that NES studies which are not part of the Time-Series usually
omit marginals and the descriptive content in lines 2-5 (except for
variable name).


Line

1  ==============================                                              
2  VAR 480026    NAME-NOT AVAILABLE IN ADVANCE RELEASE                         
3                COLUMNS 61   - 61                                             
4                NUMERIC                                                       
5                MD=0 OR GE 8                                                  
6                                                                              
7                  Q. 17.  (IF R DID NOT VOTE)  WERE YOU REGISTERED (ELIGIBLE)
8                  TO VOTE.                                                   
9                  ...........................................................
10                                                                            
11            82         1.  YES
12           149         2.  NO 
13                                                                            
14             0         8.  DK                                                
15             9         9.  NA
16           422         0.  INAP., R VOTED                                    

                                                                  


Line 2 - VARIABLE NAME.  Note that in the codebook the variable name
         (usually a 'number') does not include the "V" prefix which is 
         used in the release SAS and SPSS data definition files
         (.sas and .sps files) for all variables including those
         which do not have 'number' names.  For example the variable
         "VERSION" in the codebook is "VVERSION" in the data definition
         files.

Line 2 - "NAME".  This is the variable label used in the SAS and SPSS
         data definition files (.sas and .sps files).  Some codebooks 
         exclude this.

Line 3 - COLUMNS.  Columns in the ASCII data file (.dat file).

Line 4 - CHARACTER OR NUMERIC.  If numeric and the variable is a decimal
         rather than integer variable, the number of decimal places is 
         also indicated (e.g. "NUMERIC  DEC 4")

Line 5 - Values which are assigned to missing by default in the Study's
         SAS and SPSS data definition files (.sas and .sps files).

Line 7 - Actual question text for survey variables or a description of 
         non-survey variables (for example, congressional district).
         Survey items usually include the question number (for example
         "B1a.") from the Study questionnaire; beginning in 1996 
         non-survey items also have unique item numbers (for example
         "CSheet.1").

Line 9 - A dashed or dotted line usually separates question text from
         any other documentation which follows.

Line 10- When present, annotation provided by Study staff is presented
         below the question text/description and preceding code values.

Lines 11-16
         Code values are listed with descriptive labels.  Valid codes
         (those not having 'missing' status in line 5) are presented
         first, followed by the values described in line 5.  For
         continuous variables, one line may appear providing the range
         of possible values.  A blank line usually separates the 'valid'
         and 'missing' values.

Lines 11-16
         Marginals are usually provided for discrete variables.  The 
         counts may be unweighted or weighted; check the study codebook
         introductory text to determine weight usage. NOTE: marginals
         may be present as a table following the list of codes.



>> 2000 CODEBOOK INFORMATION - EXPERIMENTS

     Due to the complexity of the dataset, NES staff have created the
table below to assist users in navigating through numerous variables 
representing different formats.


    STANDARD FORMAT                 EXPERIMENTAL FORMAT
    ---------------                 -------------------               
1.  7-point scale                   Branching                         
2a. Response order a,b,c            Response order c,b,a *
2b. Response order a,c,b            Response order c,a,b *
2c. Response order 7 pt scale       Reversed scale                    
3a. "Haven't thought" response      No response "haven't thought much"
3b. No response "Haven't thought"   Response "haven't thought much"
4.  Agree/disagree with policy      Choose policy / opposing policy
5.  Yes/no agree with position      Choose position/ statement of opposition
6.  No use of probe for DK          Use of probe for DK
                                   

                                                                  COMBINED
PRE                  STANDARD            EXPERIMENTAL     EXPER   STANDARD AND
TOPIC                 FORMAT               FORMAT         TYPE    EXPERIMENTAL

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Liberal-Conservative
 Self                
  - FTF              V000439                 .             .      V000446a 
  - Phone            V000439a                .             .      V000446b
  - FTF & Phone      V000440,441,441a    V000442-445       1      V000446,447
 Clinton             ========================================================
  - FTF              V000448                 .             .         .    
  - Phone            V000448a                .             .         .   
  - FTF & Phone      V000449             V000450-453       1      V000454
 Gore                ========================================================
  - FTF              V000455,457             .             .         .     
  - Phone            V000455a,458            .             .         .       
  - FTF & Phone      V000456,458a        V000459-462,464   1      V000463,464a
 GW Bush             ========================================================
  - FTF              V000465,467             .             .         .    
  - Phone            V000465a,468            .             .         .      
  - FTF & Phone      V000466,466a        V000469-472,474   1      V000473,474a
 Buchanan            ======================================================== 
  - FTF              V000475,477             .             .         .    
  - Phone            V000475a,478            .             .         .       
  - FTF & Phone      V000476,476a        V000479-482,484   1      V000483,484a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Econ retrospective   V000488a            V000488b          2a     V000491
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Employment retrosp   V000492a            V000492b          2b     V000495
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Econ prospective     V000496a            V000496b          2b     V000499
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Limit imports        V000511a            V000511b          3a     V000512
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Isolationism         V000513a            V000513b          4      V000514
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Govt med insurance 
  - FTF              V000608a            V000608b          2c     V000609
  - Phone            V000610a            V000610b          2c     V000611-613
  - FTF & Phone         .                    .             2c     V000614
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Affirmative action   V000671a            V000671b          5      V000674
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Environment vs jobs 
  - FTF              V000707a            V000707b          3a     V000708
  - Phone            V000709a            V000709b          3a     V000711-712
  - FTF & Phone         .                    .             3a     V000713
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
School vouchers      V000741a            V000741b          3b     V000742,744
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Women's role             
  - FTF              V000754a            V000754b          3a     V000755
  - Phone            V000756a            V000756b          3a     V000757-759
  - FTF & Phone         .                    .             3a     V000760
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                                                  COMBINED
POST                 STANDARD            EXPERIMENTAL     EXPER   STANDARD AND
TOPIC                 FORMAT               FORMAT         TYPE    EXPERIMENTAL

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Knowledge (office)
 Trent Lott          V001446a            V001446b,1448     6      V001447
 William Rehnquist   V001449a            V001449b,1451     6      V001450
 Tony Blair          V001452a            V001452b,1454     6      V001453
 Janet Reno          V001455a            V001455b,1457     6      V001456
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------


>> 2000 CODEBOOK INFORMATION - POLICY PLACEMENTS, EXPERIMENTS, AND BUILT 
VARIABLES

     Policy placements, traditionally done on 7 point scales, of self and 
others is particularly complicated with mode, various experiments, and built 
variables.  To assist users, NES staff have created the table below so that
users can quickly identify the variable of interest.

                             TABLE 1 - PRE
                      7-POINT SCALE/ BRANCHING SERIES

                            SELF-PLACEMENTS 
                 ============================================
                   ALL SERIES exc.Lib-Con (SEE Table 3)
                ============================================

                SERIES: L1 = SPENDING/SERVICES
                        L2 = DEFENSE SPENDING
                        L3 = GOVT/PRIVATE MEDICAL INSURANCE
                        L4 = JOBS/STD LIVING
                        L5 = AID TO BLACKS
                        M4 = ENVIRONMENT VS. JOBS
                        P1 = WOMEN'S ROLE
                        P2 = ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION

                        EXPERIMENTS:  L3, M4, P1 self-placements
                        
                        Note: Prefix "V000" omitted in variable numbers listed

                       
FTF   = 7PT SCALE                       
PHONE = BRANCHING 
.................       L1     L2     L3     L4     L5     M4     P1     P2
                        ___    ___    ___    ___    ___    ___    ___    ___

1a. FTF:standard        545    581    608a   615    641    707a   754a   771
1b. FTF:experimental     -      -     608b    -      -     707b   754b    - 
1c. FTF:combined         -      -     609     -      -     708    755     - 

2a. PHONE: version 1    546    582/3  610a   616    642    709a   756a   772
2b. PHONE: version 2     -      -     610b    -      -     709b   756b    - 
2c. PHONE: combined      -      -     611     -      -     710    757     - 
3.  PHONE: 'strength'   547/8  584/5  612    617/8  643    711    757     - 
4.  PHONE: 5pt summary  549    586    613    619    644    712    758    773/4

5.  ALL: 5pt summary    550    587    614    620    645    713    760    776



                            TABLE 2 - PRE
                     7POINT SCALE/ BRANCHING SERIES

                     CANDIDATE AND PARTY PLACEMENTS 
                 =======================================
                   ALL SERIES exc.Lib-Con (Table 3)
                ========================================

        Note: Prefix "V000" omitted in variable numbers listed 


FTF   = 7PT SCALE
PHONE = BRANCHING       
.................       CLINTON    GORE       BUSH       DEM PTY    REP PTY
                        _______    ____       ____       _______    _______

   L1 Spending/services
1. FTF                  551        557        563        569        575
2. PHONE                552        558        564        570        576
3. PHONE: STRENGTH      553/54     559/60     565/66     571/72     577/78
4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY   555        561        567        573        579
5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY     556        562        568        574        580

   L2 Defense spending
1. FTF                   -         588        593        598        603
2. PHONE                 -         589        594        599        604
3. PHONE: STRENGTH       -         590        595        600        605
4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY    -         591        596        601        606
5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY      -         592        597        602        607

--no cand/party placements in L3--
   <health insurance>

   L4 Jobs/std living
1. FTF                   -         588        593        598        603
2. PHONE                 -         589        594        599        604
3. PHONE: STRENGTH       -         590        595        600        605
4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY    -         591        596        601        606
5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY      -         592        597        602        607

   L5 Aid to blacks
1. FTF                  646        651        656        661        666
2. PHONE                647        652        657        662        667
3. PHONE: STRENGTH      648        653        658        663        668  
4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY   649        654        659        664        669 
5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY     650        655        660        665        679

   M4 Envir vs. jobs
1. FTF                   -         714        719         -          - 
2. PHONE                 -         715        720         -          - 
3. PHONE: STRENGTH       -         716        721         -          - 
4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY    -         717        722         -          - 
5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY      -         718        723         -          - 

   P1 Women's role
1. FTF                   -         761        766         -          - 
2. PHONE                 -         762        767         -          - 
3. PHONE: STRENGTH       -         763        768         -          - 
4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY    -         764        769         -          - 
5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY      -         765        770         -          - 

   P2 Envir regulation
1. FTF                   -         778        785         -          - 
2. PHONE                 -         779        786         -          - 
3. PHONE: STRENGTH       -         780/81     787/88      -          - 
4. PHONE: 5PT SUMMARY    -         782        789         -          - 
5. ALL: 5PT SUMMARY      -         783        790         -          - 
6. ALL: CERTAINTY:       -         784        791         -          - 



                             TABLE 3 - PRE
                        LIBERAL-CONSERVATIVE (G SERIES)

                           =====================
                               ALL PLACEMENTS
                           =====================

          
                  Note: Prefix "V000" omitted in variable numbers listed


STANDARD     = 7PT SCALE RATING (FTF and/or PHONE)
EXPERIMENTAL = BRANCHING SERIES (FTF and/or PHONE)
BOTH         = STANDARD AND EXPERIMENTAL
..................................................

                                         SELF   CLINTON  GORE    BUSH   BUCH.
                                         ----   -------  ----    ----   -----
1a. STANDARD     FTF                     439     448     455     465     475
1b. STANDARD     PHONE                   439a    448a    455a    465a    475a
2.  STANDARD     COMBINED FTF & PHONE    440     449     456     466     476
3.  STANDARD     FTF & PHONE: 'CHOICE'   441      -       -       -       -
4.  STANDARD     3PT SUMMARY FTF & PH    441a     -       -       -       -

5a. STANDARD     CERTAINTY - FTF          -       -      457     467     477
5b. STANDARD     CERTAINTY - PHONE        -       -      458     468     478
6.  STANDARD     COMBINED FTF & PHONE     -       -      458a    468a    478a
               
7.  EXPERIMENT   FTF & PHONE             442     450     459     469     479
8.  EXPERIMENT   FTF & PHONE: FOLLOWUPS  443-5   451/2   460/1   470/1   480/1
9.  EXPERIMENT   5PT SUMMARY FTF & PH     -      453     462     472     482
                    
10. BOTH         5PT SUMMARY              -      454     463     473     483
11. BOTH         7PT SUMMARY: FTF & PH   446      -       -       -       -
11a.BOTH         7PT SUMMARY: FTF ONLY   446a     -       -       -       -
11b.BOTH         7PT SUMMARY: PHONE ONLY 446b     -       -       -       -
12. BOTH         3PT SUMMARY: FTF & PH   447      -       -       -       -
         
13. EXPERIMENT   FTF & PH - CERTAINTY     -       -      464     474     484

14. BOTH         CERTAINTY SUMMARY        -       -      464a    474a    484a

                           TABLE 4 - Post
                     7POINT SCALE/ BRANCHING SERIES

                        ==============================
                        LIBERAL - CONSERVATIVE G1-G10
                        ==============================

ALL 7-POINT SCALES (FTF and PHONE)
                                               
                     PLACEMENT    'CHOICE'    3 CATEGORY SUMM   CERTAINTY
                     _________    _________   _______________   _________

1. SELF               V001368      V001369        V001370           -
2. CLINTON            V001371         -             -               -
3. GORE               V001372         -             -             V001373
4. GW BUSH            V001374         -             -             V001375
5. BUCHANAN           V001376         -             -             V001377
6. DEM HSE CAND*      V001378a,b      -             -             V001379a,b
7. REP HSE CAND*      V001380a,b      -             -             V001381a,b
8. DEM PARTY          V001382         -             -               -
9. REP PARTY          V001383         -             -               -
10.REFORM PARTY       V001384         -             -               -

*  "b" variable for VT01 incumbent ind. Hse candidate
** "b" variable for VA05 incumbent ind. Hse candidate



                      ================================
                      SERVICES/SPENDING G11, CRIME K12
                      ================================

FTF   = 7PT SCALE
PHONE = BRANCHING       
.................
                            SELF        DEM HSE*            REP HSE*
                            ____        _______             _______ 
   G11 Services/spending  
1. FTF                      V001385     V001391a,b          V001397a,b
2. PHONE                    V001386     V001392a,b          V001398a,b
3. PHONE FOLLOWUPS          V001387-89  V001393a,b-1395a,b  V001399a,b-1401a,b
4. FTF & PHONE 7PT SUMM     V001390     V001396a,b          V001402a,b

   K12 Crime
1. FTF                      V001482    
2. PHONE                    V001482a   
3. PHONE FOLLOWUPS          V001483-85   
4. FTF & PHONE 7PT SUMM     V001486

*  "b" variable for VT01 incumbent ind. Hse candidate
** "b" variable for VA05 incumbent ind. Hse candidate



>> 2000 PROCESSING INFORMATION

The data collection was processed according to standard processing procedures. 
The data were checked for illegal or inconsistent code values which, when
found, were corrected or recoded to missing data values. Consistency checks
were performed.  Annotation was added by the processors for explanatory
purposes. 


2000 APPENDICES:
---------------
>> NOTES ON 2000 SAMPLING VARIABLES


PSU (Primary Selection Unit)

An abbreviated version of the Census MSA of which it is part for SR MSAs 
and Non-SR MSAs.  For non-MSAs the PSU Name is the name of the county
involved.  If there is more than one county in the non MSA (non MSA counties
were linked to reach a minimum measure of size of 5000 Households) it is named
for the county with the most Households in 1990.

The hundreds place of the Primary Selection Unit (PSU) for Cross Section
Segments that are all from the 1990 National Sample indicates when the segment
is in a Self Representing (SR) Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), a Non Self
Representing (Non SR) MSA or a Non MSA as designated by the U.S. Office of
Management and Budget.

100's are SR MSA areas
200's are Non SR MSA areas* 
300's are Non MSA areas**
400's are Non MSA PSU's from the 1980 National Sample Design

* PSU 434 is a Non Self Representing MSA from the 1980 National Sample Design.
**For NES 2000 all Non MSA PSU's are Non MSA's from the 1980 National Sample
Design. 

The tens place of the PSU for the 1990 National Sample indicate which Census
Division the segment is located in.  The variable Census Region (described on
page two) indicates the Census Region for each of the divisions mentioned
below.
 
       Division                  Region (Census Region)
       ------------------        ---------------------
10     New England               North East (1)
20     Middle Atlantic           North East (1)
30     East North Central        MidWest (2)
40     West North Central        MidWest (2)
50     South Atlantic            South (3)
60     East South Central        South (3)
70     West South Central        South (3)
80     Mountain                  West (4)
90     Pacific                   West (4)

The ones place of the PSU are simply sequential numbers within the division.


SEGMENT NAME

The name of the city or Census Place or Census MCD with the most housing 
units (HUs) within the area segment boundary.


BELT CODE

Code 1 includes all except two of the 28 1990 National Sample
Frame self-representing areas.  Central Cities of Denver,
Co MSA and Kansas City MSA are NOT to be coded 1.  Central
Cities of all other self-representing areas of the 1990
National Sample Frame are coded 1 (including Nassau-
Suffolk NY and Newark NJ as part of the NYC, NY-Northern
NJ CMSA; Los Angeles, Anaheim, and Riverside CA as part of
the LA-etc. CMSA; and San Francisco and Oakland CA as part
of the SF-Oakland CA CMSA).   For the most part, no 1990
Frame non-self-representing MSA Central Cities  are coded
1, except as noted below.  [NOTE: In 1990, the PSU
definition in New England states is the New England County
Metropolitan Area (NECMA).  This means that for the 1990
Frame segments in New England--there may be Central Cities
of MSAs included in the NECMA definition that are not in
the CMSA/MSA definition.  For example, in Boston MA (1990
frame) the Central Cities include not only those for
Boston MSA but some from other New England MSAs -- some of
which could be outside of the Boston CMSA definition and
could be coded `2'.  It also means that in the Manchester-
Nashua NH  NECMA (non-self-representing) there are two
segment selections in Nashua, NH (central city of Nashua
MA PMSA) which is part of the Boston MA CMSA and has
therefore been coded `1'.]

Central Cities - as designated in Metropolitan Statistical
Areas, 1990, U.S. Office of Management and Budget,
Washington, D.C. (June 1990).
Six largest CMSAs - Statistical Abstract of the United
States 1991, (111th Edition), U.S. Department of Commerce,
Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the
Census, Table No. 38.  "70 Largest Metropolitan Areas--
Racial and Hispanic Origin Populations: 1990" Pp 33.
Suburbs - defined as all "urbanized areas" in the Primary
Area exclusive of the areas coded `1' and `2' above, plus
the remainder of any county which includes a central city
or parts of a central city. 


NECMA/SMSA

The NECMA is the New England County Metropolitan Area code
as described in the 1990 SRC National Sample Design and
Development documentation.
In 1990 the U.S. Census adopted slightly different wording
and abbreviations for metropolitan areas, now known
collectively as Metropolitan Areas (MAs).  What in 1980
were Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs)
became in 1990 either Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(MSAs) or Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(PMSAs).   MSA is used for a metropolitan area which
stands alone, i.e., is not a part of a Consolidated
Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA).  PMSA is used for a
metropolitan area which is part of a larger CMSA.

The metropolitan area standards for the 1990's generally
reflect a continuity with those adopted for the 1980's and
maintain the basic concepts originally developed in 1950.
The few substantive changes made between 1980 and 1990 are
detailed in the Federal Register, Vol. 55, No.62 cited in
the footnote.

New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs) provide an
alternative to the official city-and-town based
metropolitan statistical areas in that Census region for
the convenience of data users who desire a county-defined
set of areas.  NECMAs have their separate definition
standards detailed in the Federal Register (p. 12159).
Since the 1990 SRC National Sample primary stage of
selection was based on the NECMA in New England, the 1990
NECMA  is provided in place of 1990 MSA or PMSA for this
variable.


CMSA

The 1990 Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA)
codes are in most cases identical to the 1980 SCSA codes
with the exceptions noted in parenthesis.
In addition to the major changes noted, minor changes in
SCSA and CMSA names have also occurred between 1980 and
1990.
>> CENSUS DEFINITIONS

          THIS NOTE CONTAINS DEFINITIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS
          USED BY THE 1990 U.S. CENSUS OF POPULATION:

               Metropolitan Statistical Areas
               Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas
               Urbanized Areas
               Places
               Incorporated Places
               Unincorporated Places

          1. "METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (MSA's):"

          The general concept of a metropolitan area is one of a large
          population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that
          have a high degree of economic and social integration with
          that nucleus.

          In 1990 the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and
          the U.S. Census have used the term Metropolitan Statistical
          Area (MSA) for what in 1980 was referred to as Standard
          Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).  An attempt has been
          made by the study staff to be consistent in using the newer
          terms in the current documentation and definitions.  The
          definitions of characteristics to be classified as a
          metropolitan area have remained fairly consistent--with only
          minor changes between 1980 and 1990.  However, due to
          changes in population size and density, employment,
          commuting and other behavior which defines metropolitan
          areas, the specific geographical composition of any given
          metropolitan area has, of course, frequently changed.  The
          specific MSA title may also have changed as to which cities
          are named and in what order.

          Each MSA has one or more central counties containing the
          area's main population concentration: an urganized area with
          at least 50,000 inhabitants.  An MSA may also include
          outlying counties that have close economic and social
          relationships with the central counties.  The outlying
          counties must have a specified level of commuting to the
          central counties and must also meet certain standards
          regarding metropolitan character, such as population
          density, urban population and population growth.  In New
          England, MSA's are composed of cities and towns rather than
          whole counties.

          The population living in MSA's may also be referred to as
          the metropolitan population.  The population is subdivided
          into "inside central city (or cities)" and "outside central
          city (or cities)."  (The population living outside MSA's
          constitutes the non-metropolitan population.)  Most MSA's
          have one to three CENTRAL CITIES that are named in the
          census title of the MSA.

          2. "CONSOLIDATED METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (CMSA's):"

          In some parts of the country, metropolitan development has
          progressed to the point that adjoining MSA's are themselves
          socially and economically interrelated.  These areas are
          designated consolidated metropolitan statistical areas
          (CMSA's) by the Office of Management and Budget, and are
          defined using standards included as part of the new MSA
          standards described above.  MSA's that are a part of a CMSA
          are referred to as primary metropolitan statistical areas
          (PMSA's).

          Definitions of the six largest CMSA's:

          NEW YORK-NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-LONG ISLAND, NY-NJ-CT, CMSA
                          Bergen-Passaic, NJ PMSA
                          Bridgeport-Milford, CT PMSA
                          Danbury, CT PMSA
                          Jersey City, NJ PMSA
                          Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ PMSA
                          Monmouth-Ocean NJ PMSA
                          Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA*
                          New York, NY PMSA*
                          Newark, NJ PMSA*
                          Norwalk, CT PMSA
                          Orange County, NY PMSA
                          Stamford, CT PMSA

          LOS ANGELES-ANAHEIM-RIVERSIDE, CA, CMSA
                          Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA*
                          Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA*
                          Oxnard-Ventura, CA PMSA
                          Riverside-San Bernardino, CA PMSA*

          CHICAGO-GARY-LAKE COUNTY (IL), IL-IN-WI CMSA
                          Aurora-Elgin, IL PMSA* (Kane Co part only)
                          Chicago, IL PMSA*
                          Gary-Hammond, IN PMSA
                          Joliet, IL PMSA* (Will Co part only)
                          Kenosha, WI PMSA
                          Lake County, IL PMSA*

          SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND-SAN JOSE, CA, CMSA
                          Oakland, CA PMSA*
                          San Francisco, CA PMSA*
                          San Jose, CA PMSA
                          Santa Cruz, CA PMSA
                          Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA
                          Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA PMSA

          PHILADELPHIA-WILMINGTON-TRENTON, PA-NJ-DE-MD, CMSA
                          Philadelphia, PA-NJ, PMSA*
                          Trenton, NJ PMSA
                          Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ PMSA
                          Wilmington, DE-NJ-MD PMSA

          DETROIT-ANN ARBOR, MI, CMSA
                          Ann Arbor, MI PMSA
                          Detroit, MI PMSA*

          * In the SRC 1980 National Sample (1992 NES sample).

          For the purpose of size and distance coding of suburbs and
          non-MSAs, the central cities of the six largest CMSAs are
          listed as:

               1.  New York City (Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan,
                   Queens), NY, Elizabeth, NJ and Newark, NJ

               2.  Los Angeles, Long Beach, Pasadena, Pomona, Burbank,
                   Anaheim, Santa Ana, Riverside, San Bernardino and
                   Palm Springs, CA.

               3.  Chicago, Evanston and Chicago Heights, Aurora,
                   Elgin, Joliet, Waukegan and North Chicago, IL

               4.  San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and Livermore, CA

               5.  Philadelphia and Norristown, PA and Camden, NJ

               6.  Detroit, Dearborn, Pontiac and Port Huron, MI

          Both the CMSA definitions and the central city designations
          above are from Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1990, U.S.
          Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC (Jun 1990)
          (PB90-214420)

          3. "URBANIZED AREAS:"

          The major objective of the Census Bureau in delineating
          urbanized areas is to provide a better separation of urban
          and rural population in the vicinity of large cities.  An
          urbanized area consists of a central city or cities, and
          surrounding closely settled territory ("urban fringe").

          4. "PLACES:"

          Two types of places are recognized in the census
          reports--incorporated places and unincorporated places,
          defined as follows:

          5. "INCORPORATED PLACES:"

          These are political units incorporated as cities, borought,
          towns and villages with the following exceptions: (a)
          boroughs in Alaska; and (b) towns in New York, Wisconsin and
          the New England states.

          6. "UNINCORPORATED PLACES:"

          The Census Bureau has delineated boundaries for closely
          settled population centers without corporate limits.  Each
          place so delineated possesses a definite nucleus of
          residences and has its boundaries drawn to include, if
          feasible, all the surrounding closely settled area.  These
          are called Census Designated Places (CDP's).




>> 2000 TYPE RACE MASTER CODE


DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING

   12    Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER
   13    Dem incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
   14    Dem incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
   19    Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS

REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING

   21    Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER
   23    Rep incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER
   24    Rep incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
   29    Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS

OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING

   31    Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER
   32    Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER
   34    Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED
   35    Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CHALLENGERS
   36    Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS
   37    Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS
   39    Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER
                                    CHALLENGERS

NO INCUMBENT RUNNING

   51    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   52    Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   53    Dem incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   55    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   56    Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   57    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   59    Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS

   61    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   62    Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   63    Rep incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   65    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   66    Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   67    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   69    Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS

   71    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   72    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   73    Other incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED
   75    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS
   76    Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS
   77    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS
   79    Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS


SENATE ONLY -NO RACE IN STATE

   81    DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENTS, no race in state
   82    REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state
   85    DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state


>> 2000 CANDIDATE NUMBER MASTER CODE


SENATE:
------
  OPEN RACE
   09    Third party or independent Senate candidate --incumbent  
   10    Third party or independent Senate candidate --nonincumbent  **
   08    Third party or independent Senate candidate --2nd nonincumbent  **
   11    Democratic candidate in open Senate race
   12    Republican candidate in open Senate race
   13    Democratic Senate incumbent
   14    Republican Senate incumbent
   15    Democratic Senate challenger
   16    Republican Senate challenger
  TERM NOT UP
   19    Democratic Senator, term not up in state with race
   29    Republican Senator, term not up in state with race
   20    Third party or independent Senator, term not up in
         state with race 
  RETIRING
   21    Democratic Senator--retiring (state with open race)
   22    Republican Senator--retiring (state with open race)
   23    Third party or independent Senator--retiring (state
         with open race) 
  NO RACE IN STATE
   17    Democratic Senator, no race in state (1st Dem)
   18    Republican Senator, no race in state (1st Rep)
   27    Democratic Senator, no race in state (2nd Dem) 
   28    Republican Senator, no race in state (2nd Rep) 
   26    Third party or independent Senator, no race in state 

HOUSE:
-----
  OPEN RACE
   30    Third party or independent House candidate --nonincumbent  **
   31    Democratic candidate in open House race
   32    Republican candidate in open House race
   33    Democratic House incumbent
   34    Republican House incumbent
   35    Democratic House challenger
   36    Republican House challenger
   38    Third party or independent House candidate--2nd nonincumbent  **
   39    Third party or independent House candidate--incumbent  
  RETIRING
   40    Third party or independent Representative--retiring
         (district with open race) 
   41    Democratic Representative--retiring (district with
         open race)
   42    Republican Representative--retiring (district with
         open race)

OTHER:
   90    Both Democratic and Republican candidates (used in
         incumbency varS only)
   97    Name given not on Candidate List

MISSING DATA:
   98    DK; refused to name candidate
   99    NA
   00    INAP



++VOTE QUESTION ONLY, VOTED OUTSIDE DISTRICT OF IW (CODES 81-92):
  
   DISTRICT WITH NO RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY)

   81    Democratic candidate
   82    Republican candidate

   DISTRICT WITH RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY)

   83    Democratic incumbent
   84    Republican incumbent
   85    Democratic challenger
   86    Republican challenger

   ALL DISTRICTS:  (VOTE VAR ONLY)

   80    Third party or independent candidate **
   91    Democrat--no name given
   92    Republican--no name given

**      IF 3RD PARTY/INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE NAMED, THIS CODE
        IS USED ONLY IF NAME APPEARS ON CANDIDATE LIST (IF
        NAME NOT ON CANDIDATE LIST, CODE 97 IS USED).

NOTE:   CODE 97 INCLUDES INSTANCES WHERE R VOTED STRAIGHT
MAJOR PARTY TICKET BUT NO CANDIDATE FOR R'S PARTY RAN FOR
GIVEN OFFICE (OR: R INSISTS VOTED FOR A MAJOR PARTY'S
CANDIDATE BUT NO CANDIDATE RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE REPRESENTING
NAMED MAJOR PARTY).

++ CODES 80-86,91,92 ARE NOT USED IN VARS OTHER THAN
   VOTE VARS.

>> ETHNICITY MASTER CODE

WESTERN HEMISPHERE
     -------------
     North America
     -------------
       01. American Indian, tribal mentions
       02. Canadian; not specified as French-Canadian (03)
       03. Canadian, of French origin
       04. Mexican (excluding explicit mention of "Chicano",
           "Mexican-American")
       05. Central American
     -----------
     West Indies
     -----------
       07. Barbados
       08. Cuban
       09. Dominican Republic
       10. Haitian
       11. Jamaican
       12. Puerto Rican
       13. West Indian--not from one of the above countries
       14. West Indian--NA which country
     -------------
     South America
     -------------
       16. South American--any country

EUROPE
     -------------
     British Isles
     -------------
       18. English, British
       19. Irish (not specified as from Northern Ireland, Ulster--22)
       20. Scottish
       21. Welsh
       22. From Northern Ireland (Ulster)
       23. Scot-Irish
       24. From British Isles; from two or more countries of the
           British Isles
    --------------
    Western Europe
    --------------
       26. Austrian
       27. Belgian
       28. French
       29. German; also Pennsylvania Dutch
       30. Luxembourg
       31. Netherlands, Holland; Dutch
       32. Swiss
       33. From Western Europe; two or more countries of Western Europe
     -----------
     Scandinavia
     -----------
       35. Danish
       36. Finn, Finnish
       37. Norwegian
       38. Swedish
       39. Icelander
       40. Scandinavian; reference to two or more Scandinavian
           countries 
     ---------------------------------------------------
     Multiple - Western Europe/Scandinavia/British Isles
     ---------------------------------------------------
       41. Reference to two or more countries from combination of the
           following areas:  British Isles, Western Europe,
           Scandinavia, Mediterranean countries, Greece 
    --------------
    Eastern Europe
    --------------
       43. Czechoslovakian, Slavic
       44. Estonian
       45. Hungarian
       46. Latvian
       47. Lithuanian
       48. Polish
       49. Russian; from U.S.S.R.     
       50. Ukrainian
       51. Eastern Europe; reference to two or more countries of
           Eastern Europe
     ----------------
     Balkan Countries
     ----------------
       53. Albanian
       54. Bulgarian
       55. Greek
       56. Rumanian
       57. Yugoslavian
       58. Mention of two or more Balkan Countries
     -----------------------
     Mediterranean Countries
     -----------------------
       60. Italian
       61. Portugese
       62. Spanish
       63. Maltese
     -----------------
     Multiple - Europe
     -----------------
       64. European; general mention of Europe; reference to two or
           more European countries of Europe not codeable above

ASIA (exc. NEAR EAST)
       65. Pakistani
       66. Afghan
       67. Indian (not American Indian, code 01)
       68. Southeast Asia--from Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Burma,
           Philippines, Indonesia
       69. Chinese
       70. Japanese; Japanese American
       71. Korean
       72. Asian

NEAR EAST
       73. Egyptian
       74. Iranian, Persian
       75. Iraqi
       76. Israeli
       77. Jordanian
       78. Lebanese
       79. Arab, Arabian, Saudi Arabian
       80. Syrian
       81. Turk, Turkish
       82. Armenian

AFRICA
       83. African; from any African country excluding only Egypt
           (U.A.R.); South African (formerly 90)

OCEANIA
       84. South Pacific Islander other than 85 (incl native Hawaiian)
       85. Australian, New Zealander, Tasmanian

ETHNIC GROUPS
       86. White, Caucasian
       87. Black; Negro; American Black; African American
       88. Chicano; Mexican-American; Hispanic; Latin American
       89. Asian-American (exc. specifically Japanese American, 70)

OTHER MISCELLANEOUS **
       90. None; neither (response to 'choice' question)
       91. Catholic
       92. Protestant
       93. Jewish
       94. Other religious groups
       95. Both/all of them (response to 'choice' question only
       96. 'American'; 'Just American'
       97. Other group; combinations not codeable above

MISSING DATA **
       98. DK
       99. RF
       00. NA; no further mention


** these codes are slightly revised in 2000
     
>> ICPSR STATE AND COUNTRY MASTER CODE

UNITED STATES:
 New England
  -----------
  101    Connecticut
  102    Maine
  103    Massachusetts
  104    New Hampshire
  105    Rhode Island
  106    Vermont
  109    General mention of area; two or more states in area
 Middle Atlantic
 ---------------
  111    Delaware
  112    New Jersey
  113    New York
  114    Pennsylvania
  118    General mention of area; two or more states in area
 Multiple - Eastern States
 -----------------------
  119    EAST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH NEW ENGLAND AND
         MIDDLE ATLANTIC
 East North Central
 ------------------
  121    Illinois
  122    Indiana
  123    Michigan
  124    Ohio
  125    Wisconsin
  129    General mention of area; two or more states in area
 West North Central
 -----------------
  131    Iowa
  132    Kansas
  133    Minnesota
  134    Missouri
  135    Nebraska
  136    North Dakota
  137    South Dakota
  138    General mention of area; two or more states in area
 Multiple - East and Central States
 --------------------------------
  139    MIDWEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH EAST NORTH
         CENTRAL AND WEST North Central
 Solid South
 -----------
  141    Alabama
  142    Arkansas
  143    Florida
  144    Georgia
  145    Louisiana
  146    Mississippi
  147    North Carolina
  148    South Carolina
  149    Texas
  140    Virginia
  157    General mention of area; the South; two or more
         states in area
 Border States
 -------------
  151    Kentucky
  152    Maryland
  153    Oklahoma
  154    Tennessee
  155    Washington, D.C.
  156    West Virginia
  158    General mention of area; two or more states in area
 Multiple - South and Border States
 -----------------------------
  159    SOUTH; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH SOLID SOUTH AND
         BORDER STATES
 Mountain States
 ---------------
  161    Arizona
  162    Colorado
  163    Idaho
  164    Montana
  165    Nevada
  166    New Mexico
  167    Utah
  168    Wyoming
  169    General mention of area; two or more states in area
 Pacific States
 --------------
  171    California
  172    Oregon
  173    Washington
  178    General mention of area; two or more states in area
 Multiple - Mountain and Pacific States
 ------------------------------------
  179    WEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH MOUNTAIN STATES AND
         PACIFIC STATES
 External States and Territories
 -------------------------------
  180    Alaska
  181    Hawaii
  182    Puerto Rico
  183    American Samoa, Guam
  184    Panama Canal Zone
  185    Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
  186    Virgin Islands
  187    Other U.S. Dependencies
 Multiple - U.S. States/Regions or NA State/Region
 -----------------------------------------------
 Reference to Two or More States from Different Regions of
 the United States; or NA Which State
  191    Northeast and South (New England or Middle Atlantic
         and Solid South or Border States)
  192    Northeast and Midwest (New England or Middle
         Atlantic and East North Central or West North
         Central)
  194    West (Mountain States or Pacific States) and
         Midwest; West and Northeast
  195    West and South (Solid South or Border States)
  196    Midwest and South
  198    Lived in 3 or more regions (NA whether lived in one
         more than the rest)
  199    United States, NA which state

WESTERN HEMISPHERE Except U.S.
 North America
 -------------
  201    North America (except U.S.) comb. Canada, Mexico,
         and/or Central America
  207    Canada -- ancestry of Anglo-Saxon origin
  208    Canada -- ancestry of French origin
  209    Canada -- NA origin or other origin
  219    Mexico
  229    Central America
 West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands)
 --------------------------------------------------
  231    Barbados
  232    Cuba
  233    Dominican Republic
  234    Haiti
  235    Jamaica
  236    Netherlands Antilles
  237    Trinidad and Tobago
  238    Islands of Lesser Antilles--except Virgin Islands
         and Netherlands Antilles
  239    West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands)
         or "Caribbean"--reference to two or more West
         Indian countries
 South America
 -------------
  259    South America; South American country or countries
EUROPE
 British Isles
 -------------
  301    England
  302    Ireland (NA North or South); southern Ireland
  303    Scotland
  304    Wales
  305    Northern Ireland (Ulster)
  306    Scot-Irish
  308    United Kingdom; Great Britain
  309    "BRITISH ISLES"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE
         TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES
 Western Europe
 --------------
  310    Austria
  311    Belgium
  312    France
  313    Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany)
  314    German Democratic Republic (E. Germany)
  315    Germany--NA East or West
  316    Luxembourg
  317    Netherlands; Holland
  318    Switzerland
  319    "WESTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA;
         REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN
         EUROPE
 Scandinavia
 -----------
  321    Denmark
  322    Finland
  323    Norway
  324    Sweden
  325    Iceland
 Multiple - Western Europe and Scandinavia
 ---------------------------------------
  328    GENERAL MENTION OF AREA OF WESTERN EUROPE AND/OR
         SCANDINAVIA AND/OR BRITISH ISLES AND/OR
         MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND/OR GREECE; REFERENCE
         TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES IN DIFFERENT AREAS LISTED
         ABOVE
 Scandinavia General
 -------------------
  329    "SCANDINAVIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE
         TO TWO OR MORE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
 Eastern Europe
 --------------
  331    Czechoslovakia (Slavic)
  332    Estonia
  333    Hungary
  334    Latvia
  335    Lithuania
  336    Poland
  337    Russia (or U.S.S.R.)
  338    Ukraine
  339    "EASTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA;
         REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN
         EUROPE
 Balkan Countries
 ----------------
  341    Albania
  342    Bulgaria
  343    Greece
  344    Rumania
  345    Yugoslavia
  348    General mention of area; reference to two or more
         Balkan Countries
  349    "BALKANS"; GENERAL REFERENCE OF AREA; REFERENCE TO
         COUNTRIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND BALKAN COUNTRIES
 Mediterranean Countries
 -----------------------
  351    Italy
  352    Portugal
  353    Spain
  354    Malta or Gozo
 Multiple and General - Europe
 -----------------------------
  399    "EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO
         OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE IN DIFFERENT AREAS

ASIA  except Near East
  401    Afghanistan
  404    India
  405    1990: Pakistan
  406    Pakistan
  428    Southeast Asia:  Indochina, Thailand, Malaya,
         Burma, Philippines, Indonesia; Hong Kong
  431    China (mainland)
  432    1990: Taiwan, Formosa
  434    Taiwan, Formosa
  451    Japan
  452    Korea (North or South)
  499    "ASIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO
         OR MORE COUNTRIES OF ASIA

NEAR EAST
  501    U.A.R. (Egypt)
  502    Iran
  503    Iraq
  504    Israel (or Palestine)
  505    Jordan
  506    Lebanon
  507    Saudi Arabia
  508    Syria
  509    Turkey
  599    "NEAR EAST"; "MIDDLE EAST"; GENERAL MENTION OF
         AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF NEAR
         EAST

AFRICA
  655    South Africa
  699    Africa; any African country or countries, excluding
         only South Africa and U.A.R. (Egypt)

OCEANIA
  704    Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania
  705    South Pacific islands (exc. 704)

OTHER:
  997    Other (combinations) not codeable elsewhere
  998    DK
  999    RF
  000    NA

>> RELIGION

Codes followed by * have been newly added in 2000.


GENERAL PROTESTANT

    010.  Protestant, no denomination given
    020.  Non-denominational Protestant
    030.  Community church
    040.  Inter-denominational Protestant
    099.  Christian (NFS); "just Christian"


ADVENTIST

    100.  7th Day Adventist
    109.  Adventist (NFS)


ANGLICAN

     110.  Episcopalian; Anglican
     111.  Independent Anglican, Episcopalian


BAPTIST

     120.  American Baptist Association
     121.  American Baptist Churches U.S.A. (inaccurately
           known as "Northern Baptist")
     122.  Baptist Bible Fellowship
     123.  Baptist General Conference
     124.  Baptist Missionary Association of America
     125.  Conservative Baptist Association of America
     126.  General Association of Regular Baptist Churches
           (G.A.R.B.)
     127.  National Association of Free Will Baptists (United
           Free Will Baptist Church)
     128.  Primitive Baptists
     129.  National Baptist Convention in the U.S.A.
     130.  National Baptist Convention of America
     131.  National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.
     132.  Progressive National Baptist Convention
     134.  Reformed Baptist (Calvinist)
     135.  Southern Baptist Convention
     147.  Fundamental Baptist (no denom. ties)
     148.  Local (independent) Baptist churches with no
           denominational ties or links to a national
           fellowship
     149.  Baptist (NFS)

CONGREGATIONAL

     150.  United Church of Christ (includes Congregational,
           Evangelical and Reformed)
     155.  Congregational Christian


EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS)

     160.  Church of the Brethren
     161.  Brethren (NFS)
     162.  Mennonite Church
     163.  Moravian Church
     164.  Old Order Amish
     165.  Quakers (Friends)
     166.  Evangelical Covenant Church (not Anabaptist in
           tradition)
     167.  Evangelical Free Church (not Anabaptist in
           tradition)
     168.  Brethren in Christ
     170.  Mennonite Brethren


HOLINESS

     180.  Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA)
     181.  Church of God (Anderson, IN)
     182.  Church of the Nazarene
     183.  Free Methodist Church
     184.  Salvation Army
     185.  Wesleyan Church
     186.  Church of God of Findlay, OH
     199.  Holiness (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA
           whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic


INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST

     200.  Plymouth Brethren
     201.  Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America
     219.  Independent-Fundamentalist (NFS)


LUTHERAN

     220.  Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly
           Lutheran Church in America and The American
           Lutheran Church); ELCA
     221.  Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod; LC-MS
     222.  Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; WELS
     223.  Other Conservative Lutheran
     229.  Lutheran (NFS)


METHODIST

     230.  United Methodist Church; Evangelical United
           Brethren
     231.  African Methodist Episcopal Church
     232.  African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
     233.  Christian Methodist Episcopal Church
     234.  Primitive Methodist
     240.  Congregational Methodist (fundamentalist)
     249.  Methodist (NFS)

PENTECOSTAL

     250.  Assemblies of God
     251.  Church of God (Cleveland, TN)
     252.  Church of God (Huntsville, AL)
     253.  International Church of the Four Square Gospel
     254.  Pentecostal Church of God
     255.  Pentecostal Holiness Church
     256.  United Pentecostal Church International
     257.  Church of God in Christ (incl. NA whether 258)
     258.  Church of God in Christ (International)
     260.  Church of God of the Apostolic Faith
     261.  Church of God of Prophecy
     262.  Vineyard Fellowship
     263   Open Bible Standard Churches
     264   Full Gospel
     267.  Apostolic Pentecostal
     268.  Spanish Pentecostal
     269.  Pentecostal (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or
           NA whether R Pentecostal or Chrismatic


PRESBYTERIAN

     270.  Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.
     271.  Cumberland Presbyterian Church
     272.  Presbyterian Church in American (PCA)
     275.  Evangelical Presbyterian
     276.  Reformed Presbyterian
     279.  Presbyterian (NFS)


REFORMED

     280.  Christian Reformed Church (inaccurately known as
           "Dutch Reformed")
     281.  Reformed Church in America
     282.  Free Hungarian Reformed Church
     289.  Reformed (NFS)


RESTORATIONIST

     290.  Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
     291.  Christian Churches and Churches of Christ
     292.  Churches of Christ; "Church of Christ" (NFS)
     293.  Christian Congregation

NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANTS

     300.  Christian Scientists
     301.  Mormons; Latter Day Saints
     302.  Spiritualists
     303.  Unitarian; Universalist
     304.  Jehovah's Witnesses
     305.  Unity; Unity Church; Christ Church Unity
     306.  Fundamentalist Adventist (Worldwide Church of God)
     309.  Non-traditional Protestant (NFS)


ROMAN CATHOLIC

     400.  Roman Catholic


JEWISH

     500.  Jewish, no preference
     501.  Orthodox
     502.  Conservative
     503.  Reformed
     524.  Jewish, other
 
MIXED CHRISTIAN 

     600.  Roman Catholic AND Protestant

EASTERN ORTHODOX (GREEK RITE CATHOLIC)

     700.  Greek Rite Catholic
     701.  Greek Orthodox
     702.  Russian Orthodox
     703.  Rumanian Orthodox
     704.  Serbian Orthodox
     705.  Syrian Orthodox
     706.  Armenian Orthodox
     707.  Georgian Orthodox
     708.  Ukranian Orthodox
     719.  Eastern Orthodox (NFS)


NON-CHRISTIAN/NON-JEWISH

     720.  Muslim; Mohammedan; Islam
     721.  Buddhist
     722.  Hindu
     723.  Bahai
     724.  American Indian Religions (Native American
           Religions)
     725   New Age
     726   Wica (Wiccan)
     727   Pagan

     729.  Other non-Christian/non-Jewish
     750.  Scientology
     790.  Religious/ethical cults

MIX OF MAJOR RELIGIONS 

     795.  More than 1 major religion (e.g., Christian, Jewish, Moslem, etc.)


OTHER

     800.  Agnostics
     801.  Atheists
     990.  R indicates attendance/affiliation but specifies none
     997.  Other

>> OCCUPATION

The full 3-digit 1990 Census Occupation Code was used to
code the occupation of respondents.  In order to minimize
the amount of highly specific information released about
respondents, the full occupation code has been recoded to a
71 category code, which is based on the occupation code
sub-headings in the Census Code.

Users who need access to the full 3-digit occupation code
for their research purposes should contact NES project staff
for details about how this could be arranged.

In the code description that follows, the full 1990 Census
Code is presented.  At the beginning of each recoded
section, the statement "(XXX) THROUGH (YYY) ARE RECODED TO
(ZZ)" indicates the code values to which the specific
occupations have been recoded.  For example, purchasing
managers (009), legislators (003), and funeral directors
(019) have all been recoded to (01).  Numbers in parentheses
following the occupation categories are the U.S. Department
of Commerce's 1980 Standard Occupational Classification code
equivalents.  The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and
"N.E.C." means "not elsewhere classified".

     MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS

         Executive, Administrative, and Managerial

           (003) THROUGH (022) ARE RECODED TO: 01

  003    LEGISLATORS (111)
  004    CHIEF EXECUTIVES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATORS, PUBLIC
         ADMINISTRATION (112)
  005    ADMINISTRATORS AND OFFICIALS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
         (1132-1139)
  006    ADMINISTRATORS, PROTECTIVE SERVICES (1131)
  007    FINANCIAL MANAGERS (122)
  008    PERSONNEL AND LABOR RELATIONS MANAGERS (123)
  009    PURCHASING MANAGERS (124)
  013    MANAGERS, MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND PUBLIC
         RELATIONS (125)
  014    ADMINISTRATORS, EDUCATION AND RELATED FIELDS (128)
  015    MANAGERS, MEDICINE AND HEALTH (131)
  016    POSTMASTERS AND MAIL SUPERINTENDENTS (1344)
  017    MANAGERS, FOOD SERVING AND LODGING ESTABLISHMENTS (1351)
  018    MANAGERS, PROPERTIES AND REAL ESTATE (1353)
  019    FUNERAL DIRECTORS (PT 1359)
  021    MANAGERS, SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS, N.E.C. (127, 1352, 1354, 
         PT 1359)
  022    MANAGERS AND ADMINISTRATORS, N.E.C. (121, 126, 132-1343, 136-139)
------------------------------------------------------------

               Management-Related Occupations

           (023) THROUGH (037) ARE RECODED TO: 02

  023    ACCOUNTANTS AND AUDITORS (1412)
  024    UNDERWRITERS (1414)
  025    OTHER FINANCIAL OFFICERS (1415, 1419)
  026    MANAGEMENT ANALYSTS (142)
  027    PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS
         SPECIALISTS (143)
  028    PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, FARM PRODUCTS (1443)
  029    BUYERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, EXCEPT FARM
         PRODUCTS (1442)
  033    PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, N.E.C. (1449)
  034    BUSINESS AND PROMOTION AGENTS (145)
  035    CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS (1472)
  036    INSPECTORS AND COMPLIANCE OFFICERS, EXC.
         CONSTRUCTION (1473)
  037    MANAGEMENT RELATED OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (149)
------------------------------------------------------------

             Professional Specialty Occupations
                    ....................
          - engineers, architects and surveyors -

           (043) THROUGH (063) ARE RECODED TO: 03

  043    ARCHITECTS (161)

         ENGINEERS

  044    AEROSPACE ENGINEERS (1622)
  045    METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERS (1623)
  046    MINING ENGINEERS (1624)
  047    PETROLEUM ENGINEERS (1625)
  048    CHEMICAL ENGINEERS (1626)
  049    NUCLEAR ENGINEERS (1627)
  053    CIVIL ENGINEERS (1628)
  054    AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS (1632)
  055    ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (1633, 1636)
  056    INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS (1634)
  057    MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (1635)
  058    MARINE ENGINEERS AND NAVAL ARCHITECTS (1637)
  059    ENGINEERS, N.E.C. (1639)
  063    SURVEYORS AND MAPPING SCIENTISTS (164)
------------------------------------------------------------

          - mathematical and computer scientists -

           (064) THROUGH (068) ARE RECODED TO: 04

  064    COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS AND SCIENTISTS (171)
  065    OPERATIONS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCHERS AND ANALYSTS
         (172)
  066    ACTUARIES (1732)
  067    STATISTICIANS (1733)
  068    MATHEMATICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1739)
------------------------------------------------------------

                   - natural scientists -

           (069) THROUGH (083) ARE RECODED TO: 05

  069    PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS (1842, 1843)
  073    CHEMISTS, EXCEPT BIOCHEMISTS (1845)
  074    ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE SCIENTISTS (1846)
  075    GEOLOGISTS AND GEODESISTS (1847)
  076    PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1849)
  077    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENTISTS (1853)
  078    BIOLOGICAL AND LIFE SCIENTISTS (1854)
  079    FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION SCIENTISTS (1852)
  083    MEDICAL SCIENTISTS (1855)
------------------------------------------------------------

             - health diagnosing occupations -

           (084) THROUGH (089) ARE RECODED TO: 06

  084    PHYSICIANS (261)
  085    DENTISTS (262)
  086    VETERINARIANS (27)
  087    OPTOMETRISTS (281)
  088    PODIATRISTS (283)
  089    HEALTH DIAGNOSING PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (289)
------------------------------------------------------------

       - health assessment and treating occupations -

           (095) THROUGH (106) ARE RECODED TO: 07

  095    REGISTERED NURSES (29)
  096    PHARMACISTS (301)
  097    DIETITIANS (302)

         THERAPISTS

  098    INHALATION THERAPISTS (3031)
  099    OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS (3032)
  103    PHYSICAL THERAPISTS (3033)
  104    SPEECH THERAPISTS (3034)
  105    THERAPISTS, N.E.C. (3039)
  106    PHYSICIANS' ASSISTANTS (304)
------------------------------------------------------------

                - teachers, postsecondary -

           (113) THROUGH (154) ARE RECODED TO: 08

  113    EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MARINE SCIENCE TEACHERS
         (2212)
  114    BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2213)
  115    CHEMISTRY TEACHERS (2214)
  116    PHYSICS TEACHERS (2215)
  117    NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2216)
  118    PSYCHOLOGY TEACHERS (2217)
  119    ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2218)
  123    HISTORY TEACHERS (2222)
  124    POLITICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2223)
  125    SOCIOLOGY TEACHERS (2224)
  126    SOCIAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2225)
  127    ENGINEERING TEACHERS (2226)
  128    MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2227)
  129    COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHERS (2228)
  133    MEDICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2231)
  134    HEALTH SPECIALTIES TEACHERS (2232)
  135    BUSINESS, COMMERCE, AND MARKETING TEACHERS (2233)
  136    AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TEACHERS (2234)
  137    ART, DRAMA, AND MUSIC TEACHERS (2235)
  138    PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS (2236)
  139    EDUCATION TEACHERS (2237)
  143    ENGLISH TEACHERS (2238)
  144    FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS (2242)
  145    LAW TEACHERS (2243)
  146    SOCIAL WORK TEACHERS (2244)
  147    THEOLOGY TEACHERS (2245)
  148    TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL TEACHERS (2246)
  149    HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2247)
  153    TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY, N.E.C. (2249)
  154    POSTSECONDARY TEACHERS, SUBJECT NOT SPECIFIED
------------------------------------------------------------

             - teachers, except postsecondary -

           (155) THROUGH (165) ARE RECODED TO: 09

  155    TEACHERS, PREKINDERGARTEN AND KINDERGARTEN (231)
  156    TEACHERS, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (232)
  157    TEACHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL (233)
  158    TEACHERS, SPECIAL EDUCATION (235)
  159    TEACHERS, N.E.C. (236,239)
  163    COUNSELORS, EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL (24)

         LIBRARIANS, ARCHIVISTS, AND CURATORS

  164    LIBRARIANS (251)
  165    ARCHIVISTS AND CURATORS (252)
------------------------------------------------------------

          - social scientist and urban planners -

           (166) THROUGH (173) ARE RECODED TO: 10

  166    ECONOMISTS (1912)
  167    PSYCHOLOGISTS (1915)
  168    SOCIOLOGISTS (1916)
  169    SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1913, 1914, 1919)
  173    URBAN PLANNERS (192)
------------------------------------------------------------

       - social, recreation, and religious workers -

           (174) THROUGH (177) ARE RECODED TO: 11

  174    SOCIAL WORKERS (2032)
  175    RECREATION WORKERS (2033)
  176    CLERGY (2042)
  177    RELIGIOUS WORKERS, N.E.C. (2049)
------------------------------------------------------------

                   - lawyers and judges -

           (178) THROUGH (179) ARE RECODED TO: 12

  178    LAWYERS (211)
  179    JUDGES (212)
------------------------------------------------------------

      - writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes -

           (183) THROUGH (199) ARE RECODED TO: 13

  183    AUTHORS (321)
  184    TECHNICAL WRITERS (398)
  185    DESIGNERS (322)
  186    MUSICIANS AND COMPOSERS (323)
  187    ACTORS AND DIRECTORS (324)
  188    PAINTERS, SCULPTORS, CRAFT-ARTISTS, AND ARTIST
         PRINTMAKERS (325)
  189    PHOTOGRAPHERS (326)
  193    DANCERS (327)
  194    ARTISTS, PERFORMERS, AND RELATED WORKERS, N.E.C.
         (328, 329)
  195    EDITORS AND REPORTERS (331)
  197    PUBLIC RELATIONS SPECIALISTS (332)
  198    ANNOUNCERS (333)
  199    ATHLETES (34)
------------------------------------------------------------

        TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS

            Health Technologists and Technicians

           (203) THROUGH (208) ARE RECODED TO: 14

  203    CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS
         (362)
  204    DENTAL HYGIENISTS (363)
  205    HEALTH RECORD TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS (364)
  206    RADIOLOGIC TECHNICIANS (365)
  207    LICENSED PRACTICAL NURSES (366)
  208    HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (369)
------------------------------------------------------------

        Technologists and Technicians, except Health
                    ....................
 - engineering and related technologists and technicians -

           (213) THROUGH (218) ARE RECODED TO: 15

  213    ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS (3711)
  214    INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3712)
  215    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3713)
  216    ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3719)
  217    DRAFTING OCCUPATIONS (372)
  218    SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNICIANS (373)
------------------------------------------------------------

                  - science technicians -

           (223) THROUGH (225) ARE RECODED TO: 16

  223    BIOLOGICAL TECHNICIANS (382)
  224    CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS (3831)
  225    SCIENCE TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3832, 3833, 384, 389)
------------------------------------------------------------

  - technicians, except health, engineering, and science -

           (226) THROUGH (235) ARE RECODED TO: 17

  226    AIRPLANE PILOTS AND NAVIGATORS (825)
  227    AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (392)
  228    BROADCAST EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (393)
  229    COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS (3971, 3972)
  233    TOOL PROGRAMMERS, NUMERICAL CONTROL (3974)
  234    LEGAL ASSISTANTS (396)
  235    TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (399)
------------------------------------------------------------

                     SALES OCCUPATIONS

                Supervisors and Proprietors

                  (243) IS RECODED TO: 18

  243    SUPERVISORS AND PROPRIETORS, SALES OCCUPATIONS (40)

    Sales Representatives, Finance and Business Services

           (253) THROUGH (257) ARE RECODED TO: 18

  253    INSURANCE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4122)
  254    REAL ESTATE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4123)
  255    SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL SERVICES SALES OCCUPATIONS
         (4124)
  256    ADVERTISING AND RELATED SALES OCCUPATIONS (4153)
  257    SALES OCCUPATIONS, OTHER BUSINESS SERVICES (4152)
------------------------------------------------------------

     Sales Representatives, Commoddities except Retail

           (258) THROUGH (259) ARE RECODED TO: 19

  258    SALES ENGINEERS (421)
  259    SALES REPRESENTATIVES, MINING, MANUFACTURING, AND
         WHOLESALE (423, 424)
------------------------------------------------------------

        Sales Workers, Retail and Personal Services

           (263) THROUGH (278) ARE RECODED TO: 20

  263    SALES WORKERS, MOTOR VEHICLES AND BOATS
         (4342, 4344)
  264    SALES WORKERS, APPAREL (4346)
  265    SALES WORKERS, SHOES (4351)
  266    SALES WORKERS, FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS
         (4348)
  267    SALES WORKERS; RADIO, TELEVISION, HI-FI, AND
         APPLIANCES (4343, 4352)
  268    SALES WORKERS, HARDWARE AND BUILDING SUPPLIES
         (4353)
  269    SALES WORKERS, PARTS (4367)
  274    SALES WORKERS, OTHER COMMODITIES (4345, 4347, 4354,
         4356, 4359, 4362, 4369)
  275    SALES COUNTER CLERKS (4363)
  276    CASHIERS (4364)
  277    STREET AND DOOR-TO-DOOR SALES WORKERS (4366)
  278    NEWS VENDORS (4365)
------------------------------------------------------------

                 Sales Related Occupations

           (283) THROUGH (285) ARE RECODED TO: 21

  283    DEMONSTRATORS, PROMOTERS AND MODELS, SALES (445)
  284    AUCTIONEERS(447)
  285    SALES SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (444, 446, 449)
------------------------------------------------------------

    ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT, (incl. Clerical supervisors)

                    Clerical Supervisors

           (303) THROUGH (307) ARE RECODED TO: 22

  303    SUPERVISORS, GENERAL OFFICE (4511, 4513, 4514, 4516, 4519, 4529)
  304    SUPERVISORS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4512)
  305    SUPERVISORS, FINANCIAL RECORDS PROCESSING (4521)
  306    CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS (4523)
  307    SUPERVISORS; DISTRIBUTION, SCHEDULING, AND
         ADJUSTING CLERKS (4522, 4524-4528)
------------------------------------------------------------

                Computer Equipment Operators

           (308) THROUGH (309) ARE RECODED TO: 23

  308    COMPUTER OPERATORS (4612)
  309    PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4613)
------------------------------------------------------------

          Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists

           (313) THROUGH (315) ARE RECODED TO: 24

  313    SECRETARIES (4622)
  314    STENOGRAPHERS (4623)
  315    TYPISTS (4624)
------------------------------------------------------------

                     Information Clerks

           (316) THROUGH (323) ARE RECODED TO: 25

  316    INTERVIEWERS (4642)
  317    HOTEL CLERKS (4643)
  318    TRANSPORTATION TICKET AND RESERVATION AGENTS (4644)
  319    RECEPTIONISTS (4645)
  323    INFORMATION CLERKS, N.E.C. (4649)
------------------------------------------------------------

      Records Processing Occupations, except Financial

           (325) THROUGH (336) ARE RECODED TO: 26

  325    CLASSIFIED-AD CLERKS (4662)
  326    CORRESPONDENCE CLERKS (4663)
  327    ORDER CLERKS (4664)
  328    PERSONNEL CLERKS, EXCEPT PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING
         (4692)
  329    LIBRARY CLERKS (4694)
  335    FILE CLERKS (4696)
  336    RECORDS CLERKS (4699)
------------------------------------------------------------

          Financial Records Processing Occupations

           (337) THROUGH (344) ARE RECODED TO: 27

  337    BOOKKEEPERS, ACCOUNTING, AND AUDITING CLERKS (4712)
  338    PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING CLERKS (4713)
  339    BILLING CLERKS (4715)
  343    COST AND RATE CLERKS (4716)
  344    BILLING, POSTING, AND CALCULATING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (4718)
------------------------------------------------------------

    Duplicating, Mail and Other Office Machine Operators

           (345) THROUGH (347) ARE RECODED TO: 28

  345    DUPLICATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4722)
  346    MAIL PREPARING AND PAPER HANDLING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (4723)
  347    OFFICE MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4729)
------------------------------------------------------------

             Communications Equipment Operators

           (348) THROUGH (353) ARE RECODED TO: 29

  348    TELEPHONE OPERATORS (4732)
  353    COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4733, 4739)
------------------------------------------------------------

         Mail and Message Distributing Occupations

           (354) THROUGH (357) ARE RECODED TO: 30

  354    POSTAL CLERKS, EXC. MAIL CARRIERS (4742)
  355    MAIL CARRIERS, POSTAL SERVICE (4743)
  356    MAIL CLERKS, EXC. POSTAL SERVICE (4744)
  357    MESSENGERS (4745)
------------------------------------------------------------

  Material Recording, Scheduling, and Distribuing Clerks

           (359) THROUGH (374) ARE RECODED TO: 31

  359    DISPATCHERS (4751)
  363    PRODUCTION COORDINATORS (4752)
  364    TRAFFIC, SHIPPING, AND RECEIVING CLERKS (4753)
  365    STOCK AND INVENTORY CLERKS (4754)
  366    METER READERS (4755)
  368    WEIGHERS, MEASURERS, CHECKERS, AND SAMPLERS (4756, 4757)
  373    EXPEDITERS (4758)
  374    MATERIAL RECORDING, SCHEDULING, AND DISTRIBUTING
         CLERKS, N.E.C. (4759)
------------------------------------------------------------

                Adjusters and Investigators

           (375) THROUGH (378) ARE RECODED TO: 32

  375    INSURANCE ADJUSTERS, EXAMINERS, AND INVESTIGATORS
         (4782)
  376    INVESTIGATORS AND ADJUSTERS, EXCEPT INSURANCE
         (4783)
  377    ELIGIBILITY CLERKS, SOCIAL WELFARE (4784)
  378    BILL AND ACCOUNT COLLECTORS (4786)
------------------------------------------------------------

      Miscellaneous Administrative Support Occupations

           (379) THROUGH (389) ARE RECODED TO: 33

  379    GENERAL OFFICE CLERKS (463)
  383    BANK TELLERS (4791)
  384    PROOFREADERS (4792)
  385    DATA-ENTRY KEYERS (4793)
  386    STATISTICAL CLERKS (4794)
  387    TEACHERS' AIDES (4795)
  389    ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (4787,
         4799)
------------------------------------------------------------

                    SERVICE OCCUPATIONS

               Private Household Occupations

           (403) THROUGH (407) ARE RECODED TO: 34

  403    LAUNDERERS AND IRONERS (503)
  404    COOKS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (504)
  405    HOUSEKEEPERS AND BUTLERS (505)
  406    CHILD CARE WORKERS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (506)
  407    PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS AND SERVANTS
         (502, 507, 509)
------------------------------------------------------------

               Protective Service Occupations
                    ....................
       -supervisors, protective service occupations-

           (413) THROUGH (415) ARE RECODED TO: 35

  413    SUPERVISORS, FIREFIGHTING AND FIRE PREVENTION
         OCCUPATIONS (5111)
  414    SUPERVISORS, POLICE AND DETECTIVES (5112)
  415    SUPERVISORS, GUARDS (5113)
------------------------------------------------------------

       -firefighting and fire prevention occupations-

           (416) THROUGH (417) ARE RECODED TO: 35

  416    FIRE INSPECTION AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS
         (5122)
  417    FIREFIGHTING OCCUPATIONS (5123)
------------------------------------------------------------

                  -police and detectives-

           (418) THROUGH (424) ARE RECODED TO: 35

  418    POLICE AND DETECTIVES, PUBLIC SERVICE (5132)
  423    SHERIFFS, BAILIFFS, AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT
         OFFICERS (5134)
  424    CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OFFICERS (5133)
------------------------------------------------------------

                          -guards-

           (425) THROUGH (427) ARE RECODED TO: 35

  425    CROSSING GUARDS (5142)
  426    GUARDS AND POLICE, EXCEPT PUBLIC SERVICE (5144)
  427    PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5149)
------------------------------------------------------------

    Service Occupations, except Protective and Household
                    ....................
         -food preparation and service occupations-

           (433) THROUGH (444) ARE RECODED TO: 36

  433    SUPERVISORS, FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVICE
         OCCUPATIONS (5211)
  434    BARTENDERS (5212)
  435    WAITERS AND WAITRESSES (5213)
  436    COOKS (5214, 5215)
  438    FOOD COUNTER, FOUNTAIN AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS
         (5216)
  439    KITCHEN WORKERS, FOOD PREPARATION (5217)
  443    WAITERS'/WAITRESSES' ASSISTANTS (5218)
  444    MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS (5219)
------------------------------------------------------------

                -health service occupations-

           (445) THROUGH (447) ARE RECODED TO: 37

  445    DENTAL ASSISTANTS (5232)
  446    HEALTH AIDES, EXCEPT NURSING (5233)
  447    NURSING AIDES, ORDERLIES, AND ATTENDANTS (5236)
------------------------------------------------------------

 -cleaning and building service occupations, exc. household-

           (448) THROUGH (455) ARE RECODED TO: 38

  448    SUPERVISORS, CLEANING AND BUILDING SERVICE WORKKERS
         (5241)
  449    MAIDS AND HOUSEMEN (5242, 5249)
  453    JANITORS AND CLEANERS (5244)
  454    ELEVATOR OPERATORS (5245)
  455    PEST CONTROL OCCUPATIONS (5246)
------------------------------------------------------------

               -personal service occupations-

           (456) THROUGH (469) ARE RECODED TO: 39

  456    SUPERVISORS, PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5251)
  457    BARBERS (5252)
  458    HAIRDRESSERS AND COSMETOLOGISTS (5253)
  459    ATTENDANTS, AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION FACILITIES
         (5254)
  461    GUIDES (5255)
  462    USHERS (5256)
  463    PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ATTENDANTS (5257)
  464    BAGGAGE PORTERS AND BELLHOPS (5262)
  465    WELFARE SERVICE AIDES (5263)
  466    FAMILY CHILD CARE PROVIDERS (PT 5264)
  467    EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHER'S ASSISTANTS (PT 5264)
  468    CHILD CARE WORKERS (PT 5264)
  469    PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5258, 5269)
------------------------------------------------------------

         FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS

                Farm Operators and Managers

           (473) THROUGH (476) ARE RECODED TO: 40

  473    FARMERS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5512-5514)
  474    HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMERS (5515)
  475    MANAGERS, FARMS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5522-5524)
  476    MANAGERS, HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMS (5525)
------------------------------------------------------------

        Other Agriculatural and Related Occupations
                    ....................
           -farm occupations, except managerial-

           (477) THROUGH (484) ARE RECODED TO: 41

  477    SUPERVISORS, FARM WORKERS (5611)
  479    FARM WORKERS (5612-5617)
  483    MARINE LIFE CULTIVATION WORKERS (5618)
  484    NURSERY WORKERS (5619)
------------------------------------------------------------

            -related agriculatural occupations-

           (485) THROUGH (489) ARE RECODED TO: 42

  485    SUPERVISORS, RELATED AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS
         (5621)
  486    GROUNDSKEEPERS AND GARDENERS, EXCEPT FARM (5622)
  487    ANIMAL CARETAKERS, EXCEPT FARM (5624)
  488    GRADERS AND SORTERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5625)
  489    INSPECTORS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5627)
------------------------------------------------------------

             -forestry and logging occupations-

           (494) THROUGH (496) ARE RECODED TO: 43

  494    SUPERVISORS, FORESTRY AND LOGGING WORKERS (571)
  495    FORESTRY WORKERS, EXCEPT LOGGING (572)
  496    TIMBER CUTTING AND LOGGING OCCUPATIONS (573, 579)
------------------------------------------------------------

              -fishers, hunters, and trappers-

           (497) THROUGH (499) ARE RECODED TO: 43

  497    CAPTAINS AND OTHER OFFICERS, FISHING VESSELS
         (PT 8241)
  498    FISHERS (583)
  499    HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS (584)
------------------------------------------------------------

    PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS

                  Mechanics and Repairers
                    ....................
           -mechanics and repairers supervisors-

                  (503) IS RECODED TO: 44

  503    SUPERVISORS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (60)
------------------------------------------------------------

  -mechanics and repairers, vehicle and mobile equipment-

           (505) THROUGH (517) ARE RECODED TO: 44

  505    AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS (PT 6111)
  506    AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC APPRENTICES (PT 6111)
  507    BUS, TRUCK, AND STATIONARY ENGINE MECHANICS (6112)
  508    AIRCRAFT ENGINE MECHANICS (6113)
  509    SMALL ENGINE REPAIRERS (6114)
  514    AUTOMOBILE BODY AND RELATED REPAIRERS (6115)
  515    AIRCRAFT MECHANICS, EXCEPT ENGINE (6116)
  516    HEAVY EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6117)
  517    FARM EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6118)

------------------------------------------------------------

              -mechanics and repairers, except
               vehicle and mobile equipment-

           (518) THROUGH (534) ARE RECODED TO: 45

  518    INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY REPAIRERS (613)
  519    MACHINERY MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS (614)

         ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS

  523    ELECTRONIC REPAIRERS, COMMUNICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL
         EQUIPMENT (6151, 6153, 6155)
  525    DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6154)
  526    HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE AND POWER TOOL REPAIRERS (6156)
  527    TELEPHONE LINE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6157)
  529    TELEPHONE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6158)
  533    MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
         EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6152, 6159)
  534    HEATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND REFRIGERATION
         MECHANICS (616)
------------------------------------------------------------

           -miscellaneous mechanics and repairers

           (535) THROUGH (549) ARE RECODED TO: 46

  535    CAMERA, WATCH, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT REPAIRERS
         (6171, 6172)
  536    LOCKSMITHS AND SAFE REPAIRERS (6173)
  538    OFFICE MACHINE REPAIRERS (6174)
  539    MECHANICAL CONTROLS AND VALVE REPAIRERS (6175)
  543    ELEVATOR INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6176)
  544    MILLWRIGHTS (6178)
  547    SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS, N.E.C.
         (6177, 6179)
  549    NOT SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS
------------------------------------------------------------

                    Construction Trades
                    ....................
          -supervisors, construction occupations-

           (553) THROUGH (558) ARE RECODED TO: 47

  553    SUPERVISORS; BRICKMASONS, STONEMASONS, AND TILE
         SETTERS (6312)
  554    SUPERVISORS, CARPENTERS AND RELATED WORKERS (6313)
  555    SUPERVISORS, ELECTRICIANS AND POWER TRANSMISSION
         INSTALLERS (6314)
  556    SUPERVISORS; PAINTERS, PAPERHANGERS, AND PLASTERERS
         (6315)
  557    SUPERVISORS; PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND
         STEAMFITTERS (6316)
  558    SUPERVISORS, N.E.C. (6311, 6318)

------------------------------------------------------------

         -construction trades, except supervisors-

           (563) THROUGH (599) ARE RECODED TO: 48

  563    BRICKMASONS AND STONEMASONS, (PT 6412, PT 6413)
  564    BRICKMASON AND STONEMASON APPRENTICES
         (PT 6412, PT 6413)
  565    TILE SETTERS, HARD AND SOFT (6414, PT 6462)
  566    CARPET INSTALLERS (PT 6462)
  567    CARPENTERS (PT 6422)
  569    CARPENTER APPRENTICES (PT 6422)
  573    DRYWALL INSTALLERS (6424)
  575    ELECTRICIANS (PT 6432)
  576    ELECTRICIAN APPRENTICES (PT 6432)
  577    ELECTRICAL POWER INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6433)
  579    PAINTERS, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE (6442)
  583    PAPERHANGERS (6443)
  584    PLASTERERS (6444)
  585    PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (PT 645)
  587    PLUMBER, PIPEFITTER, AND STEAMFITTER APPRENTICES
         (PT 645)
  588    CONCRETE AND TERRAZZO FINISHERS (6463)
  589    GLAZIERS (6464)
  593    INSULATION WORKERS (6465)
  594    PAVING, SURFACING, AND TAMPING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
         (6466)
  595    ROOFERS (6468)
  596    SHEETMETAL DUCT INSTALLERS (6472)
  597    STRUCTURAL METAL WORKERS (6473)
  598    DRILLERS, EARTH (6474)
  599    CONSTRUCTION TRADES, N.E.C. (6467, 6475, 6476,
         6479)
------------------------------------------------------------

                   Extractive Occupations

           (613) THROUGH (617) ARE RECODED TO: 49

  613    SUPERVISORS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (632)
  614    DRILLERS, OIL WELL (652)
  615    EXPLOSIVES WORKERS (653)
  616    MINING MACHINE OPERATORS (654)
  617    MINING OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (656)
------------------------------------------------------------

              Precision Production Occupations
                    ....................
         -production occupation supervisors-

                  (628) IS RECODED TO: 50

  628    SUPERVISORS, PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS (67, 71)

------------------------------------------------------------

            -precision metalworking occupations-

           (634) THROUGH (655) ARE RECODED TO: 50

  634    TOOL AND DIE MAKERS (PT 6811)
  635    TOOL AND DIE MAKER APPRENTICES (PT 6811)
  636    PRECISION ASSEMBLERS, METAL (6812)
  637    MACHINISTS (PT 6813)
  639    MACHINIST APPRENTICES (PT 6813)
  643    BOILERMAKERS (6814)
  644    PRECISION GRINDERS, FITTERS, AND TOOL SHARPENERS
         (6816)
  645    PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, METAL (6817)
  646    LAY-OUT WORKERS (6821)
  647    PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS WORKERS (JEWELERS)
         (6822, 6866)
  649    ENGRAVERS, METAL (6823)
  653    SHEET METAL WORKERS (PT 6824)
  654    SHEET METAL WORKER APPRENTICES (PT 6824)
  655    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION METAL WORKERS (6829)
------------------------------------------------------------

            -precision woodworking occupations-

           (656) THROUGH (659) ARE RECODED TO: 51

  656    PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, WOOD (6831)
  657    CABINET MAKERS AND BENCH CARPENTERS (6832)
  658    FURNITURE AND WOOD FINISHERS (6835)
  659    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WOODWORKERS (6839)
------------------------------------------------------------

              -precision textile, apparel, and
                furnishings machine workers-

           (666) THROUGH (674) ARE RECODED TO: 52

  666    DRESSMAKERS (PT 6852, PT 7752)
  667    TAILORS (PT 6852)
  668    UPHOLSTERERS (6853)
  669    SHOE REPAIRERS (6854)
  674    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION APPAREL AND FABRIC WORKERS
         (6856, 6859, PT 7752)
------------------------------------------------------------

          -precision workers, assorted materials-

           (675) THROUGH (684) ARE RECODED TO: 53

  675    HAND MOLDERS AND SHAPERS, EXCEPT JEWELERS (6861)
  676    PATTERNMAKERS, LAY-OUT WORKERS, AND CUTTERS (6862)
  677    OPTICAL GOODS WORKERS (6864, PT 7477, PT 7677)
  678    DENTAL LABORATORY AND MEDICAL APPLIANCE TECHNICIANS
         (6865)
  679    BOOKBINDERS (6844)
  683    ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLERS
         (6867)
  684    MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WORKERS, N.E.C. (6869)
------------------------------------------------------------

          -precision food production occupations-

           (686) THROUGH (688) ARE RECODED TO: 54

  686    BUTCHERS AND MEAT CUTTERS (6871)
  687    BAKERS (6872)
  688    FOOD BATCHMAKERS (6873, 6879)
------------------------------------------------------------

    -precision inspectors, testers and related workers-

           (689) THROUGH (693) ARE RECODED TO: 55

  689    INSPECTORS, TESTERS, AND GRADERS (6881, 828)
  693    ADJUSTERS AND CALIBRATORS (6882)
------------------------------------------------------------

                 Plant and System Operators

           (694) THROUGH (699) ARE RECODED TO: 56

  694    WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS (691)
  695    POWER PLANT OPERATORS (PT 693)
  696    STATIONARY ENGINEERS (PT 693, 7668)
  699    MISCELLANEOUS PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS (692, 694,
         695, 696)
------------------------------------------------------------

            OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS

       Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors
                    ....................
     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
    metalworking and plastic working machine operators-

           (703) THROUGH (717) ARE RECODED TO: 57

  703    LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE SET-UP OPERATORS (7312)
  704    LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE OPERATORS (7512)
  705    MILLING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7313, 7513)
  706    PUNCHING AND STAMPING PRESS MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7314, 7317, 7514, 7517)
  707    ROLLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7316, 7516)
  708    DRILLING AND BORING MACHINE OPERATORS (7318, 7518)
  709    GRINDING, ABRADING, BUFFING, AND POLISHING MACHINE
         OPERATORS (7322, 7324, 7522)
  713    FORGING MACHINE OPERATORS (7319, 7519)
  714    NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE OPERATORS (7326)
  715    MISCELLANEOUS METAL, PLASTIC, STONE, AND GLASS
         WORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7329, 7529)
  717    FABRICATING MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (7339, 7539)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
      metal and plastic processing machine operators-

           (719) THROUGH (725) ARE RECODED TO: 58

  719    MOLDING AND CASTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7315, 7342,
         7515, 7542)
  723    METAL PLATING MACHINE OPERATORS (7343, 7543)
  724    HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (7344, 7544)
  725    MISCELLANEOUS METAL AND PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINE
         OPERATORS (7349, 7549)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
               woodworking machine operators-

           (726) THROUGH (733) ARE RECODED TO: 59

  726    WOOD LATHE, ROUTING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7431, 7432, 7631, 7632)
  727    SAWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7433, 7633)
  728    SHAPING AND JOINING MACHINE OPERATORS (7435, 7635)
  729    NAILING AND TACKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7636)
  733    MISCELLANEOUS WOODWORKING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7434, 7439, 7634, 7639)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
                printing machine operators-

           (734) THROUGH (737) ARE RECODED TO: 60

  734    PRINTING PRESS OPERATORS (7443, 7643)
  735    PHOTOENGRAVERS AND LITHOGRAPHERS (6842, 7444, 7644)
  736    TYPESETTERS AND COMPOSITORS (6841, 7642)
  737    MISCELLANEOUS PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (6849, 7449, 7649)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
    textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators-

           (738) THROUGH (749) ARE RECODED TO: 61

  738    WINDING AND TWISTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7451, 7651)
  739    KNITTING, LOOPING, TAPING, AND WEAVING MACHINE
         OPERATORS (7452, 7652)
  743    TEXTILE CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7654)
  744    TEXTILE SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7655)
  745    SHOE MACHINE OPERATORS (7656)
  747    PRESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7657)
  748    LAUNDERING AND DRY CLEANING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (6855, 7658)
  749    MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7459, 7659)
------------------------------------------------------------

     -machine operators and tenders, except precision:
           machine operators, assorted materials-

           (753) THROUGH (779) ARE RECODED TO: 62

  753    CEMENTING AND GLUING MACHINE OPERATORS (7661)
  754    PACKAGING AND FILLING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7462, 7662)
  755    EXTRUDING AND FORMING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7463, 7663)
  756    MIXING AND BLENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7664)
  757    SEPARATING, FILTERING, AND CLARIFYING MACHINE
         OPERATORS (7476, 7666, 7676))
  758    COMPRESSING AND COMPACTING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7467, 7667)
  759    PAINTING AND PAINT SPRAYING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7669)
  763    ROASTING AND BAKING MACHINE OPERATORS, FOOD
         (7472, 7672)
  764    WASHING, CLEANING, AND PICKLING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (7673)
  765    FOLDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7474, 7674)
  766    FURNACE, KILN, AND OVEN OPERATORS, EXC. FOOD (7675)
  768    CRUSHING AND GRINDING MACHINE OPERATORS
         (PT 7477, PT 7677)
  769    SLICING AND CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7478, 7678)
  773    MOTION PICTURE PROJECTIONISTS (PT 7479)
  774    PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS MACHINE OPERATORS
         (6863, 6868, 7671)
  777    MISCELLANEOUS MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C.
         (PT 7479,7665, 7679)
  779    MACHINE OPERATORS, NOT SPECIFIED
------------------------------------------------------------

  -fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations-

           (783) THROUGH (795) ARE RECODED TO: 63

  783    WELDERS AND CUTTERS (7332, 7532, 7714)
  784    SOLDERERS AND BRAZERS (7333, 7533, 7717)
  785    ASSEMBLERS (772,774)
  786    HAND CUTTING AND TRIMMING OCCUPATIONS (7753)
  787    HAND MOLDING, CASTING, AND FORMING OCCUPATIONS
         (7754, 7755)
  789    HAND PAINTING, COATING, AND DECORATING OCCUPATIONS
         (7756)
  793    HAND ENGRAVING AND PRINTING OCCUPATIONS (7757)
  795    MISCELLANEOUS HAND WORKING OCCUPATIONS (7759)
------------------------------------------------------------

  -production inspectors, testors, samplers, and weighers-

           (796) THROUGH (799) ARE RECODED TO: 64

  796    PRODUCTION INSPECTORS, CHECKERS, AND EXAMINERS
         (782, 787)
  797    PRODUCTION TESTERS (783)
  798    PRODUCTION SAMPLERS AND WEIGHERS (784)
  799    GRADERS AND SORTERS, EXCEPT AGRICULTURAL (785)
------------------------------------------------------------

       Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
                    ....................
                 -motor vehicle operators-

           (803) THROUGH (814) ARE RECODED TO: 65

  803    SUPERVISORS, MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS (8111)
  804    TRUCK DRIVERS (8212-8214)
  806    DRIVER-SALES WORKERS (8218)
  808    BUS DRIVERS (8215)
  809    TAXICAB DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS (8216)
  813    PARKING LOT ATTENDANTS (874)
  814    MOTOR TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (8219)
------------------------------------------------------------

     Transportation Occupations, except Motor Vehicles
                    ....................
             -rail transportation occupations-

           (823) THROUGH (826) ARE RECODED TO: 66

  823    RAILROAD CONDUCTORS AND YARDMASTERS (8113)
  824    LOCOMOTIVE OPERATING OCCUPATIONS (8232)
  825    RAILROAD BRAKE, SIGNAL, AND SWITCH OPERATORS (8233)
  826    RAIL VEHICLE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (8239)
------------------------------------------------------------

             -water transportation occupations-

           (828) THROUGH (834) ARE RECODED TO: 66

  828    SHIP CAPTAINS AND MATES, EXCEPT FISHING BOATS
         (PT 8241, 8242)
  829    SAILORS AND DECKHANDS (8243)
  833    MARINE ENGINEERS (8244)
  834    BRIDGE, LOCK, AND LIGHTHOUSE TENDERS (8245)
------------------------------------------------------------

            Material Moving Equipment Operators

           (843) THROUGH (859) ARE RECODED TO: 67

  843    SUPERVISORS, MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
         (812)
  844    OPERATING ENGINEERS (8312)
  845    LONGSHORE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8313)
  848    HOIST AND WINCH OPERATORS (8314)
  849    CRANE AND TOWER OPERATORS (8315)
  853    EXCAVATING AND LOADING MACHINE OPERATORS (8316)
  855    GRADER, DOZER, AND SCRAPER OPERATORS (8317)
  856    INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
         (8318)
  859    MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
         (8319)
------------------------------------------------------------

    Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers

           (864) THROUGH (873) ARE RECODED TO: 68

  864    SUPERVISORS; HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, AND
         LABORERS, N.E.C. (85)
  865    HELPERS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (863)

         HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS

  866    HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES (8641-8645, 8648)
  867    HELPERS, SURVEYOR (8646)
  868    HELPERS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (865)
  869    CONSTRUCTION LABORERS (871)
  873    PRODUCTION HELPERS (861, 862)
------------------------------------------------------------

           Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers

           (875) THROUGH (883) ARE RECODED TO: 69

  875    GARBAGE COLLECTORS (8722)
  876    STEVEDORES (8723)
  877    STOCK HANDLERS AND BAGGERS (8724)
  878    MACHINE FEEDERS AND OFFBEARERS (8725)
  883    FREIGHT, STOCK, AND MATERIAL HANDLERS, N.E.C.
         (8726)
------------------------------------------------------------

           (885) THROUGH (889) ARE RECODED TO: 70

  885    GARAGE AND SERVICE STATION RELATED OCCUPATIONS
         (873)
  887    VEHICLE WASHERS AND EQUIPMENT CLEANERS (875)
  888    HAND PACKERS AND PACKAGERS (8761)
  889    LABORERS, EXCEPT CONSTRUCTION (8769)
------------------------------------------------------------

           (903) THROUGH (905) ARE RECODED TO: 71

  903    COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND WARRANT OFFICERS
  904    NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND OTHER ENLISTED PERSONNEL
  905    MILITARY OCCUPATION, RANK NOT SPECIFIED
------------------------------------------------------------

                  (999) IS RECODED TO: 99

  999   NA


>> 2000 INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (1990 CENSUS)

Numbers in parentheses following the industry categories are the 1987 SIC
definitions.  The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and "n.e.c." means "not
elsewhere classified."


1990
Census       Industry category
code

      AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES

010   Agricultural production, crops (01)
011   Agricultural production, livestock (02)
012   Veterinary services (074)
020   Landscape and horticultural services (078)
030   Agricultural services, n.e.c. (071, 072, 075, 076)
031   Forestry (08)
032   Fishing, hunting, and trapping (09)

      MINING

040   Metal mining (10)
041   Coal mining (12)
042   Oil and gas extraction (13)
050   Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuels (14)

060   CONSTRUCTION (15, 16, 17)

      MANUFACTURING

      Nondurable Goods

      Food and kindred products
100   Meat products (201)
101   Dairy products (202)
102   Canned, frozen, and preserved fruits and vegetables (203)
110   Grain mill products (204)
111   Bakery products (205)
112   Sugar and confectionery products (206)
120   Beverage industries (208)
121   Miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products (207, 209)
122   Not specified food industries
130   Tobacco manufactures (21)

      Textile mill products
132   Knitting mills (225)
140   Dyeing and finishing textiles, except wool and knit goods (226)
141   Carpets and rugs (227)
142   Yarn, thread, and fabric mills (221-224, 228)
150   Miscellaneous textile mill products (229)


      Apparel and other finished textile products

151   Apparel and accessories, except knit (231-238)
152   Miscellaneous fabricated textile products (239)

      Paper and allied products

160   Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (261-263)
161   Miscellaneous paper and pulp products (267)
162   Paperboard containers and boxes (265)

      Printing, publishing, and allied industries

171   Newspaper publishing and printing (271)
172   Printing, publishing, and allied industries, except newspapers (272-279)

      Chemicals and allied products

180   Plastics, synthetics, and resins (282)
181   Drugs (283)
182   Soaps and cosmetics (284)
190   Paints, varnishes, and related products (285)
191   Agricultural chemicals (287)
192   Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals (281, 286, 289)

      Petroleum and coal products

200   Petroleum refining (291)
201   Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products (295, 299)

      Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products

210   Tires and inner tubes (301)
211   Other rubber products, and plastics footwear and belting (302-306)
212   Miscellaneous plastics products (308)

      Leather and leather products

220   Leather tanning and finishing (311)
221   Footwear, except rubber and plastic (313, 314)
222   Leather products, except footwear (315-317, 319)

      Durable Goods

      Lumber and wood products, except furniture

230   Logging (241)
231   Sawmills, planing mills, and millwork (242, 243)
232   Wood buildings and mobile homes (245)
241   Miscellaneous wood products (244,249)
242   Furniture and fixtures (25)

      Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products

250   Glass and glass products (321-323)
251   Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster products (324, 327)
252   Structural clay products (325)
261   Pottery and related products (326)
262   Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products (328, 329)

      Metal industries

270   Blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling and finishing mills (331)
271   Iron and steel foundries (332)
272   Primary aluminum industries (3334, part 334, 3353-3355, 3363, 3365)
280   Other primary metal industries (3331, 3339, part 334, 3351, 3356, 
      3357, 3364, 3366, 3369, 339)
281   Cutlery, handtools, and general hardware (342)
282   Fabricated structural metal products (344)
290   Screw machine products (345)
291   Metal forgings and stampings (346)
292   Ordnance (348)
300   Miscellaneous fabricated metal products (341, 343, 347, 349)
301   Not specified metal industries

      Machinery and computing equipment

310   Engines and turbines (351)
311   Farm machinery and equipment (352)
312   Construction and material handling machines (353)
320   Metalworking machinery (354)
321   Office and accounting machines (3578, 3579)
322   Computers and related equipment (3571-3577)
331   Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c. (355, 356, 358, 359)
332   Not specified machinery

      Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies

340   Household appliances (363)
341   Radio, TV, and communication equipment (365, 366)
342   Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies, n.e.c. (361, 362, 
      364, 367, 369)
350   Not specified electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies

      Transportation Equipment

351   Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment (371)
352   Aircraft and parts (372)
360   Ship and boat building and repairing (373)
361   Railroad locomotives and equipment (374)
362   Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts (376)
370   Cycles and miscellaneous transportation equipment (375, 379)

      Professional and photographic equipment, and watches

371   Scientific and controlling instruments (381, 382, exc. 3827)
372   Medical, dental, and optical instruments and supplies (3827, 384, 385)
380   Photographic equipment and supplies (386)
381   Watches, clocks, and clockwork operated devices (387)

390   Toys, amusement, and sporting goods (394)
391   Miscellaneous manufacturing industries (39 exc. 394)
392   Not specified manufacturing industries

      TRANPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES

      Transportation

400   Railroads (40)
401   Bus service and urban transit (41, except 412)
402   Taxicab service (412)
410   Trucking service (421, 423)
411   Warehousing and storage (422)
412   U.S. Postal Service (43)
420   Water transportation (44)
421   Air transportation (45)
422   Pipe lines, except natural gas (46)
432   Services incidental to transportation (47)

      Communications

440   Radio and television broadcasting and cable (483, 484)
441   Telephone communications (481)
442   Telegraph and miscellaneous communications services (482, 489)

      Utilities and sanitary services

450   Electric light and power (491)
451   Gas and steam supply systems (492, 496)
452   Electric and gas, and other combinations (493)
470   Water supply and irrigation (494, 497)
471   Sanitary services (495)
472   Not specified utilities

      WHOLESALE TRADE

      Durable Goods

500   Motor vehicles and equipment (501)
501   Furniture and home furnishings (502)
502   Lumber and construction materials (503)
510   Professional and commercial equipment and supplies (504)
511   Metals and minerals, except petroleum (505)
512   Electrical goods (506)
521   Hardware, plumbing and heating supplies (507)
530   Machinery, equipment, and supplies (508)
531   Scrap and waste materials (5093)
532   Miscellaneous wholesale, durable goods (509, exc. 5093)

      Nondurable Goods

540   Paper and paper products (511)
541   Drugs, chemicals and allied products (512, 516)
542   Apparel, fabrics, and notions (513)
550   Groceries and related products (514)
551   Farm-product raw materials (515)
552   Petroleum products (517)
560   Alcoholic beverages (518)
561   Farm supplies (5191)
562   Miscellaneous wholesale, nondurable goods (5192-5199)
571   Not specified wholesale trade

      RETAIL TRADE

580   Lumber and building material retailing (521, 523)
581   Hardware stores (525)
582   Retail nursuries and garden stores (526)
590   Mobile home dealers (527)
591   Department stores (531)
592   Variety stores (533)
600   Miscellaneous general merchandise stores (539)
601   Grocery stores (541)
602   Dairy products stores (545)
610   Retail bakeries (546) 
611   Food stores, n.e.c. (542, 543, 544, 549)
612   Motor vehicle dealers (551, 552)
620   Auto and home supply stores (553)
621   Gasoline service stations (554)
622   Miscellaneous vehicle dealers (555, 556, 557, 559)
623   Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe (56, except 566)
630   Shoe stores (566)
631   Furniture and home furnishings stores (571)
632   Household appliance stores (572)
633   Radio, TV, and computer stores (5731, 5734)
640   Music stores (5735, 5736)
641   Eating and drinking places (58)
642   Drug stores (591)
650   Liquor stores (592)
651   Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores (5941, 5945, 5946)
652   Book and stationery stores (5942, 5943)
660   Jewelry stores (5944)
661   Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops (5947)
662   Sewing, needlework and piece goods stores (5949)
663   Catalog and mail order houses (5961)
670   Vending machine operators (5962)
671   Direct selling establishments (5963)
672   Fuel dealers (598)
681   Retail florists (5992)
682   Miscellaneous retail stores (593, 5948, 5993-5995, 5999)
691   Not specified retail trade 

      FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE

700   Banking (60 exc. 603 and 606)
701   Savings institutions, including credit unions (603, 606)
702   Credit agencies, n.e.c. (61)
710   Security, commodity brokerage, and investment companies (62, 67)
711   Insurance (63, 64)
712   Real estate, including real estate-insurance offices (65)

      BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES

721   Advertising (731)
722   Services to dwellings and other buildings (734)
731   Personnel supply services (736)
732   Computer and data processing services (737)
740   Detective and protective services (7381, 7382)
741   Business services, n.e.c. (732, 733, 735, 7383-7389
742   Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers (751)
750   Automobile parking and carwashes (752, 7542)
751   Automotive repair and related services (753, 7549)
752   Electrical repair shops (762, 7694)
760   Miscellaneous repair services (763, 764, 7692, 7699)

      PERSONAL SERVICES

761   Private households (88)
762   Hotels and motels (701)
770   Lodging places, except hotels and motels (702, 703, 704)
771   Laundry, cleaning, and garment services (721 exc. part 7219)
772   Beauty shops (723)
780   Barber shops (724)
781   Funeral service and crematories (726)
782   Shoe repair shops (725)
790   Dressmaking shops (part 7219)
791   Miscellaneous personal services (722, 729) 

      ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES

800   Theaters and motion pictures (781-783, 792)
801   Video tape rental (784)
802   Bowling centers (793)
810   Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services (791, 794, 799)

      PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES

812   Offices and clinics of physicians (801, 803)
820   Offices and clinics of dentists (802)
821   Offices and clinics of chiropractors (8041)
822   Offices and clinics of optometrists (8042)
830   Offices and clinics of health practitioners, n.e.c. (8043, 8049)
831   Hospitals (806)
832   Nursing and personal care facilities (805)
840   Health services, n.e.c. (807, 808, 809)
841   Legal services (81)
842   Elementary and secondary schools (821)
850   Colleges and universities (822)
851   Vocational schools (824)
852   Libraries (823)
860   Educational services, n.e.c. (829)

861   Job training and vocational rehabilitation services (833)
862   Child day care services (part 835)
863   Family child care homes (part 835)
870   Residential care facilities, without nursing (836)
871   Social services, n.e.c. (832, 839)
872   Museums, art galleries, and zoos (84)
873   Labor unions (863)
880   Religious organizations (866)
881   Membership organizations, n.e.c. (861, 862, 864, 865, 869)
882   Engineering, architectural, and surveying services (871)
890   Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services (872)
891   Research, development, and testing services (873)
892   Management and public relations services (874)
893   Miscellaneous professional and related services (899) 

      PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

900   Executive and legislative offices (911-913)
901   General government, n.e.c. (919)
910   Justice, public order, and safety (92)
921   Public finance, taxation, and monetary policy (93)
922   Administration of human resources programs (94)
930   Administration of environmental quality and housing programs (95)
931   Administration of economic programs (96)
932   National security and international affairs (97) 

      ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY

      Armed Forces

940   Army
941   Air Force
942   Navy
950   Marines
951   Coast Guard
952   Armed Forces, Branch not specified
960   Military Reserves or National Guard

      EXPERIENCED UNEMPLOYED NOT CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRY

992   Last worked in 1984 or earlier




>> PARTY-CANDIDATE MASTER CODE

*  indicates new or amended code in 2000
** indicates "other" codes

PARTY ONLY -- PEOPLE WITHIN PARTY


     0001 Johnson
     0002 Kennedy, John; JFK
     0003 Kennedy, Robert; RFK
     0004 Kennedy, Edward; "Ted"
     0005 Kennedy, NA which
     0006 Truman
     0007 Roosevelt; "FDR"
     0008 McGovern
     0009 Carter
     0010 Mondale
     0011 McCarthy, Eugene
     0012 Humphrey
     0013 Muskie
     0014 Dukakis, Michael
     0015 Wallace
     0016 Jackson, Jesse
     0017 Clinton, Bill
     0018 Clinton, Hillary
     0019 Gore, Al
*    0020 Lieberman, Joseph

     0031 Eisenhower; Ike
     0032 Nixon

     0034 Rockefeller
     0035 Reagan
     0036 Ford
     0037 Bush, Sr., George
     0038 Connally
     0039 Kissinger
     0040 McCarthy, Joseph
     0041 Buchanan, Pat
     0042 Dole
     0043 Gingrich, Newt
*    0044 Cheney, Dick
*    0045 Bush, Jr. George W.
*    0046 McCain, John


     0051 Other national party figures (Senators, Congressman, etc.)
     0052 Local party figures (city, state, etc.)
     0053 Good/Young/Experienced leaders; like whole ticket
     0054 Bad/Old/Inexperienced leaders; dislike whole ticket
     0055 Reference to vice-presidential candidate

**   0097 Other people within party reasons



PARTY ONLY -- PARTY CHARACTERISTICS


     0101 Traditional Democratic voter: always been a Democrat; just a
          Democrat; never been a Republican; just couldn't vote Republican

     0102 Traditional Republican voter: always been a Republican; just
          a Republican; never been a Democrat; just couldn't vote Democratic

     0111 Positive, personal, affective terms applied to party--good/nice
          people; patriotic; etc.

     0112 Negative, personal, affective terms applied to party--bad/lazy
          people; lack of patriotism; etc.

     0121 Can trust them; they keep their promises; you know where they stand

     0122 Can't trust them; they break their promises; you don't know
          where they stand

     0131 Party is well-organized, sticks together, is united; members
          are disciplined; votes party line

     0132 Party is poorly-organized/really two parties/divided/
          factionalized; members not disciplined; doesn't vote party line

     0133 Party is (more) representative/good cross-section of the
          country; encompasses a wider variety of views/people; is
          more at the center of the country's views

     0134 Party is less/not representative;bad cross-section of the
          country; encompasses more restricted views; is less at the
          center of the country's views

     0135 Reference to participation of minority candidate(s)

     0141 Reference to party's most recent National Convention;
          party's process/method of selecting presidential/vice-presidential
          candidates

     0151 Performance of local branch of party; how they've done in
          this state/county/town

     0161 Reference to the predominant faction that R sees as being in
          control of the party (NA which faction); "I don't like the
          people running it"

     0162 Reference to Northerners/Liberals (as in control) of 
          Democratic Party

     0163 Reference to Southerners/Conservatives (as in control) of
          Democratic Party

     0164 Reference to Easterners/Liberals/Moderates (as in control)
          of Republican Party

     0165 Reference to Midwesterners/Westerners/Southerners/
          Conservatives (as in control) of Republican Party; "Old Boy
          Network"

     0166 Reference to Christian Coalition/Religious Right (as in control) of
          Republican Party

     0167 Can't win; doesn't have a chance

     0168 Can win; party can't be beat

     0169 Too big a party; there are too many of them; party is too powerful

     0170 Too small a party; there are not enough of them; party is too weak

     0171 Listens (more) to people; takes (more) into consideration
          the needs and wants of people; understands (better) the
          people/the majority of the people

     0172 Doesn't listen to/understand the needs and wants of the
          people/the majority of the people

     0173 Campaign tactics, uses too much money in campaigns, slings mud

     0174 Party been in office too long (but use 0430 for candidate
          been in office too long)

**   0197 Other party-characteristic reasons



CANDIDATE ONLY -- EXPERIENCE, ABILITY


     0201 General reference to him as "a good/bad man or a good/bad
          guy"; R has heard good/bad things about him; qualifications;
          general ability; reference to his "personality" ("job being
          done" is in code 0609)

     0203 Not qualified for the office; the job is too big for him to handle

     0211 Experienced (NA what kind) (see 0217, 0218, 0220 for
          specific kinds of experience; if in foreign policy see 1100's)

     0212 Inexperienced

     0213 Dependable/Trustworthy/Reliable; a man you can trust with
          the responsibilities of government ("trust" in the
          capability sense, rather than the honesty sense)    

     0214 Undependable/Untrustworthy/Unreliable; a man you can't trust
          with the responsibilities of government

     0215 A military man; a good military/war record

     0216 Not a military man; bad military/war record; no military/war
          record (but see 0719)

     0217 His record in public service; how well he's performed in
          previous offices; voting record in Congress

     0218 Has government experience/political experience/seniority/ 
          incumbency (also see code 0722)

     0219 Lacks government experience/political experience

     0220 A statesman; has experience in foreign affairs

     0221 Not a statesman; lacks experience in foreign affairs

     0222 "He has done a good job so far"; he has brought us through
          hard times"; has gotten things done has some good ideas;
          trying to do right things

     0223 Hasn't done anything; hasn't produced any results (general);
          has not been able to get programs off the ground

     0224 Has fulfilled/kept (campaign) promises

     0225 Has not fulfilled/kept (campaign) promises

**   0297 Other candidate experience/ability reasons



CANDIDATE ONLY -- CANDIDATE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES


     0301 Dignified/has dignity

     0302 Undignified/lacks dignity

     0303 Strong/decisive/self-confident/aggressive; will end all this
          indecision

     0304 Weak/indecisive/lacks self-confidence/vacillating;
          "waffles"; "wishy-washy"

     0305 Inspiring; a man you can follow; "a leader"; charisma

     0306 Uninspiring; not a man you can follow; not a leader; lacks charisma

     0335 Makes people feel good about America/being Americans; is
          patriotic/loves the country

     0307 People have confidence in him

     0308 People don't have confidence in him

     0309 Good at communicating with blacks, young people, other 
          "problem" groups

     0310 Bad at communicating with blacks, young people, other
          "problem" groups (if communicate in general, see 0441, 0442)

     0311 Knows how to handle people (at personal level)

     0312 Doesn't know how to handle people (at personal level)

     0313 A politician/political person; (too) much in politics; a
          good politician; part of Washington crowd; politically
          motivated; just wants to be re-elected

     0314 Not a politician; not in politics; above politics; a bad
          politician

     0315 Independent; no one runs him; his own boss

     0316 Not independent; run by others; not his own man/boss

     0317 Humble; knows his limitations; doesn't pretend to know all
          the answers

     0318 Not humble enough; too cocky/self-confident

     0319 (Too) Careful/Cautious/Good judgment

     0320 (Too) Impulsive/Careless/Bad/Poor judgment

     0334 Poor at explaining himself/his positions; doesn't answer
          questions clearly; speaks off the top of his head/doesn't
          stop to think before he speaks

     0321 Helps people in the district on a personal level; has helped
          R personally with a problem (specific mention); tries to do
          things for the people

     0322 Doesn't help people in the district on a personal level; was
          not helpful to R with a personal problem (specific mention)

     0323 Represents (well) the views of the district; close to people
          in the district; comes home regularly to chat and mix with people

     0324 Does not represent (well) the views of the district; not
          close to the people in the district; doesn't interact enough
          with the people

     0325 Keeps people well informed about governmental matters;
          communicates with constituents; any mention of R receiving
          newsletters or communications from him/her; explains matters
          well so people can understand

     0326 Does not inform people enough about governmental matters;
          does not send enough newsletters or communications; doesn't
          explain matters well

     0327 Listens to the people/solicits public opinion; any mention
          of polls or questionnaires; is accessible to constituents (NFS)

     0328 Doesn't listen to the people/does not solicit public
          opinion; isn't accessible to constituents (NFS)

     0329 Has helped local (district) economy; brought money,
          projects, jobs to district

     0330 Has not helped local (district) economy; not brought money,
          projects, jobs to district

     0331 Candidate helps the district; watches out for the interests
          of the district or region in general

     0332 Candidate has not protected/watched out for the interests of
          the district (specific mentions)

     0334 Located after 0320

     0335 Located after 0306


**   0397 Other candidate leadership reason



CANDIDATE ONLY -- PERSONAL QUALITIES


     0401 Honest/Sincere; keeps promises; man of integrity; means what
          he says; fair; not tricky; open and candid; straightforward;
          positive Playboy references (1976)

     0402 Dishonest/Insincere; breaks promises; no integrity; doesn't
          mean what he says; tricky; not open and candid; not
          straightforward

     0403 Man of high principles/ideals; high moral purpose;
          idealistic (if too idealistic, code 0416)

     0404 Lacks principles/ideals

     0405 Racist/Bigoted/Prejudiced

     0406 Not a racist/bigoted/prejudiced

     0407 Public servant; man of duty; conscientious; hard-working;
          would be a full-time President; good attendance record in
          Congress; dedicated; really interested in serving people

     0408 Doesn't take public service seriously; lazy; would be a
          part-time President; poor attendance record in office; not
          dedicated; not really interested in serving people; "shallow"

     0409 Doesn't use office for personal benefit; not in office to
          maximize personal benefit

     0410 Uses/in office (mostly) for personal benefits (junket trips,
          big salary, other perks)

     0411 Patriotic; (88) like Bush's stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue

     0412 Unpatriotic; (88) dislike Dukakis' stand on Pledge of 
          Allegiance issue

     0413 Understands the nation's/district's problems; well-informed;
          studies up on issues

     0414 Doesn't understand the nation's/district's problems; poorly
          informed; doesn't study up on issues

     0415 Realistic

     0416 Unrealistic; too idealistic; (if "idealistic" in positive
          sense, code 0403)

     0417 Uses common sense; makes a lot of sense; pragmatic/
          practical/down-to-earth

     0418 Not sensible; impractical

     0419 (Too) well educated; scholarly

     0420 Poorly educated; unschooled

     0421 Intelligent/Smart

     0422 Unintelligent/Stupid/Dumb

     0464 Uninformed; doesn't (seem to) know anything about the
          issues/what is going on in the country/government (for being
          "informed", see code 04130

     0423 Religious; "moral" (in religious sense); God-fearing; "too"
          religious

     0424 "Irreligious"; "immoral" (in religious sense); Playboy
          interview (reflects on Carter--1976)

     0425 Self-made; not well off; started out as poor; worked his way
          up; (started out) unpolished/unrefined/rough

     0426 Wealthy; rich; born with silver spoon in mouth; polished/
          refined/well-mannered; buy way into office; use of own money
          to finance campaign

     0427 Old hat; has run before; a die-hard; "a loser" (in the past)

     0428 Someone new; a fresh face

     0429 Don't change horses in midstream
     0430 Time for a change (see 0174 for party has been in office too long)

     0431 Unsafe/Unstable; dictatorial; craves power; ruthless

     0432 Safe/Stable

     0433 Sense of humor; jokes a lot (too much)

     0434 No sense of humor; humorless (too serious)

     0435 Kind/Warm/Gentle; caring

     0436 Cold/Aloof

     0437 Likeable; gets along with people; friendly; outgoing; nice

     0438 Not likeable; can't get along with people

     0439 Democratic (in non-partisan sense)

     0440 Undemocratic (in non-partisan sense)

     0441 High-fallutin'/High-brow; talks in circles; can't talk to
          common man; can't communicate ideas well

     0442 Not high-fallutin'/is low-brow; talks straight; can talk to
          common man; can communicate ideas well

     0443 Well-known; "I know him/her"

     0444 Unknown; not well known

     0445 Reference to his family (not 0457)

     0446 Reference to his wife/spouse

     0447 Speaking ability

     0448 Health

     0449 Appearance/Looks/Face/Appearance on TV; his smile

     0450 Age (NA how perceived)

     0451 (Too) Old

     0452 (Too) Young

     0453 Mature

     0454 Immature

     0455 Regional reference; "he's a Southerner"; "he's a
          Midwesterner"; he comes from the country/a rural area; area
          reference

     0456 Previous occupation

     0457 He's a family man

     0459 Energetic; too energetic
     0460 Not energetic

     0461 Gender, e.g., "She's a woman"

     0462 Racial/Ethnic attribute; "He is a black man"

     0463 Sexual orientation mentioned; "She is a lesbian"

     0464 Located after 0422

*        0465     Taking undeserved credit; taking credit for actionc ,events,
                  or policies one is not responsible for; Gore claiming "to 
                  have invented the internet" 

*        0466     Overcoming adversity in one's personal life; overcoming      
                  handicaps, disabilities, disease, alcoholism, or other 
                  similar problem.
               
**   0495 Other negative personal qualities

**   0496 Other positive personal qualities

**   0497 Other candidate personal qualities

     0498 References to Playboy interview--NA direction or neutral;
          "it's OK," "that is what the Bible says" (not 0401)--1976



CANDIDATE ONLY--PARTY CONNECTIONS


     0500 A Democrat; good Democrat; typical Democrat

     0501 A Republican; good Republican; typical Republican

In codes 0500 and 0501 it may be necessary to flip answers. If the R will not
vote for a Democrat because they say they are a Republican voter, then the
response should be coded as Democrat. The R is Republican and will not vote
for the candidate because he is a Democrat.

     0502 Controlled by party regulars/bosses/machine

     0503 Not controlled by party regulars/bosses

     0504 Reference to men around him/staff/followers

     0505 Reference to his speeches (exc. 0447), campaign tactics;
          mud-slinging; (88) dislike Bush's stand on Pledge of
          Allegiance issue; all campaign mentions

     0506 Can win; best choice for party victory

     0507 Cannot win; not good choice for party victory

     0508 Reference to linkage with other party figures (he's close to
          the Kennedy's; he was close to Eisenhower; etc.)

     0509 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic policies (unspecified)

     0510 Would change/get rid of        "         "

     0511 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic domestic policies
          (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's)
     0512 Would change/get rid of        "         "         "

     0513 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic foreign policies
          (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's)

     0514 Would change/get rid of        "         "         "

     0515 Would continue/keep/follow Republican policies (unspecified)

     0516 Would change/get rid of        "         "

     0517 Would continue/keep/follow Republican domestic policies
          (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's)

     0518 Would change/get rid of        "         "         "

     0519 Would continue/keep/follow Republican foreign policies
          (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's)

     0520 Would change/get rid of        "         "         "

     0531 More liberal than most Democrats; a Northern Democrat

     0532 More conservative   "      "    ; a Southern Democrat

     0533 More liberal than most Republicans; an Eastern Republican

     0534 More conservative   "      "      ; a Midwestern/Western/
          Southern Republican

     0535 Will bring in/listen to the (party) liberals

     0536 Will bring in/listen to the (party) conservatives

     0541 Reference to the Eagleton affair--1972; reference to
          physical or mental health of vice-presidential incumbent/
          candidate; emotional stability/state of V-P incumbent/
          candidate

     0542 Reference to vice-presidential incumbent/candidate, running mate

     0543 Mondale's selection of a woman for vice-president (1984);
          reference to age/gender/race/ethnicity of V-P incumbent/
          candidate

     0544 Mention of issues that V-P incumbent/candidate is identified
          with or has taken a leading role in promoting: 1992--Gore's
          position on environment

     0551 References to link with "Watergate"--positive reference to
          Watergate

     0552 Not associated with "Watergate"--negative reference to
          Watergate; making too much out of Watergate

     0553 Ford's pardon of Nixon--NA direction or against pardon

     0554   "       "       "   --pro; brave/right thing to do

     0555 Positive references about independent candidacy; maybe the
          country needs a third party; third parties should have more
          recognition; the two party system needs buckling

     0556 Negative references/liabilities related to independent
          candidacy; "he's an independent" (NFS); "we don't need a
          third party"; "he lacks backing from a party"

**   0597 Other candidate party connection reasons



PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT


     0601 Good/Efficient/Businesslike administration; balanced budget;
          lower/wouldn't increase national debt; cautious spending

     0602 Bad/Inefficient/Unbusinesslike administration; wasteful;
          "bureaucratic"; deficit budget; higher/increased national
          debt; overspend

     0603 Honest government; not corrupt; no "mess in Washington"

     0604 Dishonest/Corrupt government; "mess in Washington";
          immorality in government; reference to Hayes, Mills, Lance

     0605 (Would) Spend less (than other side); (would) spend too
          little

     0606 (Would) Spend more (than other side); (would) spend too much

     0607 Has brought/will bring about bureaucratic reform

     0608 Has not brought/will not bring about bureaucratic reform

     0609 General assessment of job he/they would do/are doing; is
          good/bad President; are providing good/bad administration

     0622 Doesn't work (hard) at job; not involved (enough) in the
          work of his office/delegates too much authority to others;
          has chosen poor/incompetent aides; his aides have not
          performed well

     0610 Reference to management/performance in Congress/Supreme
          Court/other government agency; made poor appointments

     0611 He has/has not worked well with (Democratic) Congress;
          would/could have done better with (Republican) Congress; he
          kept/would keep Congress in check

     0612 He will work well/better with (Democratic) Congress

     0613 Gets more done/accomplishes as much/more productive

     0614 Gets less done/doesn't accomplish as much/less productive

     0625 Mostly approve of/happy with job done so far, but doesn't
          approve of everything that has been done

     0615 Sympathy/understanding expressed for the complexity/
          magnitude of the job (e.g., President): tough job

     0616 Sympathy/understanding expressed for the difficult situation
          ("a mess") inherited by the incumbent

     0623 Doing the best he can (under the circumstances); doing as
          good a job as anyone else could do; everyone makes some
          mistakes

     0617 Will face (difficult) issues; faces problems directly; faces
          up to political reality

     0618 Will not face (difficult) issues; will not face problems
          directly; ignores political reality

     0619 Supports the president/works well with the president/would
          work well with the president

     0620 Does not support the president/does not (would not) work
          well with the president

     0621 Response to/handling of domestic crisis or natural disaster--riot,
          hurricane, tornado, earthquake, flood, etc.

     0622 Located after 0609

     0623 Located after 0616

     0625 Located after 0614

     0626 Favors term limits

     0627 The economy is bad, but that is not (necessarily) his fault

**   0697 Other government management reasons



PARTY OR CANDIDATE--MISCELLANEOUS


     0701 Just like him/them (NA why); like everything about him/them;
          "I was hoping he would win the (nomination/primaries)"

     0702 Just dislike/Don't like him/them (NA why); don't like
          anything about him/them

     0732 Used to like him but don't now; have lost respect for him

     0703 Will save America; America needs him/them

     0704 Will ruin America; last thing America needs

     0705 Will unite Americans/bring people together

     0706 Will divide Americans/drive people apart

     0707 Speaks of party/candidate as good protector(s); will know
          what to do; more intelligent

     0708 Speaks of party/candidate as bad protector(s); won't know
          what to do

     0709 Good for country (unspecified); trying to do good job;
          trying; not just out for self/own best interest; has/have
          country's interest at heart

     0710 Bad for country (unspecified); don't have country's
          interests at heart; only looking out for their own interests

     0711 Lesser of two evils

     0718 Treatment of Jesse Jackson; didn't offer him the vice-presidenal
          nomination; didn't use him (effectively) to get out the Black vote;
          weren't coutreous/respectful toward him; didn't keep promises made
          to him

     0719 Sexual scandals; reference to Chappaquidic; Kennedy's personal
          problems; damaging incidents in personal life--sexual escapades

     0720 Reference to Watergate affair (exc. 0551-0554)

     0721 The way the incumbent came to office; the people should 
          select President

     0722 The incumbent should have a chance (on his own)/another
          chance/second chance

     0723 (I believe in/Necessary for) a two-party system; choice
          between candidates; opposition; balances power of other party

     0724 Vote for the man rather than party; look for more qualified
          man; don't pay attention to parties

     0725 The opponent who the candidate ran against; the candidate
          was the better of the two in general; the candidate ran
          against someone I really dislike

     0726 Splits votes; will elect wrong candidate; "spoiler"

     0727 Expression of sympathy/admiration for the candidate's
          underdog position; trying hard against terrible odds;
          courageous uphill battle; "I like underdogs"; "they are
          bucking the guy" (keeping him off ballot, not taking him
          seriously, not giving him enough publicity)

     0728 Negative comments about the candidate's switching parties,
          being a turncoat, disloyal to his original party

     0729 Party selection of a woman for vice-president

     0730 Mention of debates; candidate's performance in the debates

     0731 Position (vote) on increasing congressional salary; position
          (vote) on accepting honoraria/outside pay/royalties while in office

     0732 Located after 0702

*    0734 Non-sexual scandals; Whitewater; Travel Office firings; FBI
          file controversy; (Whitewatergate, Travelgate, FBI gate); 
          Bush Jr's drug and alcohol use. All sexual scandals should
          be coded in 0719 (incl. Paula Jones, "womanizing," "can't
          keep pants on," etc.)

*    0735 Campaign finance scandals; Gore at the Buddhist temple; Gore
          soliciting funds from his office

     0796 References to unfair/undeserved/excessive criticism by media
          or public

**   0797 Other miscellaneous reasons: Other miscellaneous reasons
          relating to image and candidate/party effect on nation


PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY/PHILOSOPHY


     0801 General assessment of ideas/policies/stands (unspecified)

     0802 Different from other party/candidate

     0803 Same as other party/candidate; not different enough

     0804 (Too) negative; always tearing down other side; no
          solutions of his/their own

     0805 For government activity; believe government should take care
          of things; for big government; supports social programs/
          spending (not 0905-0907)

     0806 Against government activity; believe government involved in
          too many things; favors reduction in social programs/
          spending (not 0905-0907)

     0807 Humanistic; favor human beings over property rights

     0808 Not humanistic; favor property rights over human beings

     0809 Favor social change/reform/progress/improvement of social conditions

     0810 Against social change/reform/progress/improvement of social
          conditions

     0811 Socialistic

     0812 Anti-socialistic

     0813 Communistic/soft/hard-liner on Communism/apologist for
          Communists/dupe

     0814 (Too) anti-communistic/hard-liner on Communism

     0815 (Too) liberal (except 0531 or 0533)

     0816 (Too) conservative (except 0532 or 0534)

     0817 Moderate/middle of the road/for slow change; not an
          extremist/fanatic

     0818 Extremist/fanatic/too far out; not too moderate/not a fence-sitter

     0819 Pro-Far Right/Birchers/reactionaries; encouraging fascist/
          police state

     0820 Anti-Far Right/  "          "       ; discouraging    "

     0821 Pro-Far Left/radicals/Yippies/SDS; encouraging anarchy/
          guerilla state

     0822 Anti-Far Left/   "       "     " ; discouraging   "

     0823 Pro-Extremists (NA direction)/nuts/bomb-throwers

     0824 Anti-Extremists   "            "        "

     0827 Pro-States'/local/community rights; better local government

     0828 Anti-  "      "       "        "  ; worse/weaker local government

     0829 For equality; believe everyone should have things equally/
          be treated equally

     0830 Anti-equality; believe some people should have more than
          others/people should not be treated equally

     0831 Generous, compassionate, believe in helping others

     0832 Selfish, only help themselves 

     0833 Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to status quo;
          more open to new ideas/ways of doing things; flexible,
          innovative

     0834 Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect) status
          quo; resist new ways of doing things; rigid

     0835 Has a well-defined set of beliefs/definite philosophy; does
          not compromise on principles; has (clear) understanding of
          goals they stand for

     0836 Has poorly defined set of beliefs; lacks a definite
          philosophy; compromise on principles; has no (clear)
          understanding of goals they stand for

     0837 Favor work ethic; believes in self-reliance/in people
          working hard to get ahead

     0838 Doesn't favor work ethic; believes in people being handed
          things/in government handouts (if specific policy mentioned,
          code in 0900's)

     0841 Keep track of/control over administration heads, cabinet
          members, etc.; follow through on policies; determine if
          programs are working

     0842 Don't (as in 0841)

     0843 Conditional evaluation:  R suggests candidate/party cannot
          solve problems because not under his/their control (no
          negative connotations); will he/they be able to do what they
          say (determining factor outside his/their control); "I like
          what he says but wonder if he can do it" (if clearly
          negative, code in 0122 or 0402)

     0845 Will involve/wants to involve people/Congress/Cabinet/
          advisors/other government officials in government/
          decision making

     0846 Will not involve people/Congress/Cabinet/advisors/other
          government officials in government/decision making

     0847 Separation of church and state/religion and politics--pro

     0848 Separation of church and state/religion and politics--anti

     0849 Stand/views on religion (church/state relationship NA)

**   0897 Other Government Activity/Philosophy reasons


PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES


     0900 General assessment of domestic ideas/policies/stands
         (unspecified)

     0901 General assessment of economic policy (unspecified)

     0902 Government economic controls--NA direction 

     0903    "          "         "   --Pro; we need planned economy;  
                                      control of private enterprise

     0904    "          "         "   --Anti; we have too much
                                      interference in private enterprise

     0905 Welfare/Poverty problems--NA direction; give-away

     0906    "       "       "    --Pro government aid/activity; pro
                                    give-aways

     0907    "       "       "    --Anti government aid/activity;
                                    anti give-aways; pro self-help

     0908 Social Security/Pensions--NA direction

     0909    "       "       "    --Pro expansion in coverage and/or
                                    increase in benefits

     0910    "       "       "    --Anti expansion in coverage and/or
                                    increase in benefits; favoring contraction
                                    and/or decrease

     0911 Unemployment compensation--NA direction

     0912      "            "      --Pro expansion in coverage and/or
                                     increase in benefits

     0913      "            "      --Anti expansion in coverage and/or
                                     increase in benefits; favoring
                                     contraction and/or decrease

     0914 Aid to education--NA direction

     0915  "         "    --Pro

     0916  "         "    --Anti

     0917 Aid to parochial schools--NA direction

     0918  "         "        "   --Pro

     0919  "         "        "   --Anti

     1047 Establish/enforce standards for schools (test teachers,
          require minimum curricula, regulate class size, etc) -- NA
          direction

     1048  "          "        "   -- Pro

     1049  "          "        "   --Anti

     0920 Housing--NA direction

     0921   "    --Pro more public housing

     0922   "    --Anti more public housing

*    0923 Aid/Programs for older people/the aged, Medicare, Medicaid,
          prescription drug plan, direction                 -- NA

*    0924   "        "        "                             -- Pro

*    0925   "        "        "                             -- Anti

     1059 School vouchers--NA direction
     1060       "        "   --Pro
     1061       "        "   --Anti

     0926 Monetary policy--NA direction

     0927    "       "   --Pro loose(r) money; more availability of
                           loans for housing, cars, etc.; lower
                           interest rates

     0928    "       "   --Anti loose(r) money; for tighter money;
          less availability of loans; higher interest rates

     1046 Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's
          FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.  [1990] Involvement in the Savings
          and Loan scandals

     0929 Tax policy--NA direction

     0930  "    "   --Pro lower taxes

     0931  "    "   --Anti lower taxes; for higher taxes

     0932  "    "   --Pro reform/fairer system/end of loopholes/
                      write-offs/dodges

     0933  "    "   --Anti reform/fairer system/end of loopholes/    
          write-offs/dodges

     0942 [1990] Candidate voted for the budget agreement which
          resulted in increased taxes/fees

     0934 "The Times"/General conditions/Prosperity/The Economy
                                --better under him/them 
     0935      "          "     --worse under him/them

     0936 Inflation/Cost of living--lower/better under him/them

     0937   "         "        "  --higher/worse under him/them

     0938 Wages/Salaries/Income/Employment--higher/better under him/
                                                 them
     0939  "       "        "       "     --lower/worse under him/them

     0940 Prices for producers--higher/better under him/them

     0941   "              "  --lower/worse (if farm, see 0943-0945)

     0942 Located after 0933

     0943 Programs to help farmers -- NA direction

     0944   "      "            "   --Pro (greater) help/fairer
                                      system, reform in system; higher
                                      price supports

     0945   "      "            "   --Anti (greater) help/fairer
          system, reform in system; higher price supports

     0946 Civil rights/Racial justice/Integration/Desegregation/Voting 
                             Rights -- NA direction
     0947   "      "                 -- Pro

     0948   "      "                 -- Anti

     1043 Affirmative Action programs -- NA direction

     1044   "       "            "    -- Pro; favors quotas based on
                                   race or gender
     1045  "        "            "    -- Anti; opposes quotas based on
                                   race or gender

     0949 Civil liberties/Freedom of expression/First amendment/   
          Privacy -- NA direction

     0950   "     -- Pro; against snooping; political trials, etc;
          (88) like Dukakis' stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 

     0951   "     -- Anti; for snooping; political trials;
          McCarthyite; (88) dislike Republican party stand on Pledge
          of Allegiance issue

     0952 General assessment of Labor policy (unspecified)

     0953 Right to work laws--NA direction

     0954  "      "      "  --Pro (i.e., opposes unions [anti-labor,
                              code 1208])

     0955       "      "      "  --Anti (i.e., supports unions [pro-labor,
                              code 1207])

     0956 Strikes--NA direction

     0957   "    --will have fewer/will handle better

     0958   "    --will have more/will handle worse

     0959 Public power/Utilities/TVA/Atomic reactors/Nuclear power
          plants/Etc.        -- NA direction

     0960   "        "     " -- Pro

     0961   "        "     " -- Anti

     0962 Ecology/Environment; Air and Water Pollution--NA direction

     0963 Will crack down on polluters, will be activist; will protect
          the environment

     0964 Won't crack down on polluters, doesn't care; in league with
          polluters; not willing to protect the environment

     0965 Veterans' Benefits--NA direction

     0966    "          "   --Pro expansion of coverage and/or
                              increase in benefits

     0967    "          "   --Anti expansion of coverage and/or
          increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease

     0968 Law and order--NA direction

     0969  "        "  --soft line--unspecified

     0970  "        "     "     " --blacks

     0971  "        "     "     " --campus demonstrators

     0972  "        "     "     " --criminals/organized crime/
                                    hoodlums/street crime
     0973  "        "     "     " --anti power of police; court
                                    interference
     1041  "        "     "     " --opposes death penalty

     0974  "        "  --hard line--unspecified

     0975  "        "     "     " --blacks

     0976  "        "     "     " --campus demonstrators

     0977  "        "     "     " --criminals/organized crime/
                                    hoodlums/street crime
     0978  "        "     "     " --pro power of police; reduced
                                    court interference
     1042  "        "     "     " --favors death penalty


     0979 Public morality--NA direction

     0980   "       "    --Strict/older/traditionalistic outlook;      
                     improve/renew morality of country; pro-family;    
                     defends family values

     0981   "       "    --Permissive/newer/modernistic outlook; not   
                   (strongly enough) pro-family; doesn't defend        
                   (strongly enough) family values

     0982 Drugs--NA direction

     0983   "  --Pro legalization/decriminalization; soft-liner; (88)  
               doesn't support (strongly enough) the war on drugs; not 
               willing to do more to combat drug use/pushers;          
               involvement with Noreiga 

     0984   "  --Anti legalization/decriminalization; hard-liner; (88) 
                supports the war on drugs; willing to do more to       
                combat drug use/pushers

     0985 Abortion and birth control--NA direction

     0986    "          "        "  --Pro reform/legalization;
                                      new outlook
     0987    "          "        "  --Anti reform/legalization;
                                      traditional outlook

     0988 Gun control--NA direction

     0989  "     "   --Pro; controls

     0990  "     "   --Anti; "everyone has the right to own a gun"

     0991 Busing--NA direction

     0992   "   --Pro; against neighborhood school

     0993   "   --Anti; for neighborhood school

     0994 Urban problem/Cities--NA direction

     0995    "     "      "   --Pro government aid/activity

     0996    "     "      "   --Anti government aid/activity

**   0997 Other domestic policy reasons

     1001 National Health Insurance--NA direction

     1002    "       "        "    --Pro

     1003    "       "        "    --Anti

     1004 Energy/Gas shortage--Development of alternative energy
                               source, NA direction

     1005   "     "      "   --Pro development of alternative source,
                               better/handled better; more fuel

     1006        "     "      "   --Anti development of alternative energy
          source, worse/handled worse; less fuel

      References to nuclear energy should be coded in 0959.

     1007 Government plans to make more jobs--NA direction; make-work
                                         programs; CETA; WPAL; CCA

     1008    "         "         "        " --Pro

     1009    "         "         "        " --Anti

     1010 Confidence/Trust in government--NA direction

     1011     "         "         "     --would handle better; restore
                                          confidence

     1012     "         "         "     --would handle worse; cause 
                                          loss of confidence

     1013 ERA; Women's rights--NA direction

     1014  "     "       "   --Pro

     1015  "     "       "   --Anti

*    1016 Influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians,
          Mexicans, etc.); include "the little Cuban boy"-Elian        
          Gonzalez                    --NA direction

*    1017   "        "        "       --Pro

*    1018   "        "        "       --Anti

     1019 School prayer--NA direction
     1020    "     "   --Pro
     1021    "     "   --Anti

     1022 Gay rights--NA direction
     1023  "    "   --Pro
     1024  "    "   --Anti

     1025 Health--NA direction; medical reform (do not use 1001 unless
          specific reference to National Health Insurance)

     1026 Health--Pro government programs/aid for mentally ill,
                      disabled, handicapped, AIDS
     1027   "   --Anti   "        "        "       "        "
          (except 0923, 0924, 0925)

     1028 Space program--NA direction

     1029   "     "    --Pro
     1030   "     "    --Anti

     1031 Help to/improvement in a specific industry or occupation--NA
                                                             direction
     1032    "         "         "        "           "  -- Pro help/
                                                           improvement
     1033    "         "         "        "           "  -- Anti help/
                                                           improvement
     (NOTE: Tobacco industry/smoking has been coded under 1031-1033)

     1035 Polarization of classes/increasing gap between rich and
          poor--NA direction
     1036      "           "            "          "         " 
               --will stop trend/handle better
     1037      "           "            "          "         " 
               --will accelerate trend/handle worse

     1038 Day care--NA direction

     1039  "   "  --favors/will expand or extend day care programs

     1040  "   "  --opposes/will not expand or extend (will cut or 
                        eliminate) day care programs

     1041 Located after 0973

     1042 Located after 0978

     1043 Located after 0948

     1044 Located after 0948

     1045 Located after 0948

     1046 Located after 0928

     1047 Located after 0919

     1048 Located after 0919

     1049 Located after 0919

     1050 Local/state issue mentioned--NA direction

     1051     "         "       "    --pro

     1052     "         "       "    --anti

     1053 How candidate feels about/votes on Clinton 
               impeachment--NA direction

     1054     "       "     "   --pro

     1055     "       "     "   --anti

*    1056    Financing of elections; campaign finance reform-NA dir
*    1057         "       "              "           "      -Pro
*    1058         "       "              "           "      -Anti



PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES


     1101 General assessment of foreign ideas/policies/stands (unspecified)

     1102 Foreign policies more clear-cut/decisive; less bungling 

     1103 Foreign policies less clear-cut/decisive; more bungling

     1104 Internationalist/Interested in other countries'
          problems/Interested in world role/Pro-UN and allies;
          Meddling in other people's problems

     1105 Isolationist/America First/Fortress America/Would meddle
          less in other people's problems 

     1184 Military/Defense position/spending--NA direction or
          neutral (not 1106, 1107)

     1106 Strong military position/Preparedness/Weapons systems/   
          Pentagon spending/Overkill; SDI ("Star Wars")

     1107 Weak military position/Pentagon spending cutbacks/No
          overkill/Reduce armed forces; SDI ("Star Wars")

     1108 Cold-war oriented; opposed detente; international
          Communist-fighter

     1109 Against cold war/Wants thaw/Detente/Understanding with
          international communists (if NA whether international,
          code in 0813-0814)

     1110 Military aid to allies--NA direction

     1111    "      "       "   --Pro

     1112    "      "       "   --Anti

     1113 Economic aid/Foreign aid/AID/Non-military aid--NA dir. 

     1114    "     "     "     "     "     "     "     --Pro

     1115    "     "     "     "     "     "     "     --Anti

     1116 Located after 1163

     1117   "      "     "

     1118 Mideast--NA direction; any references to oil embargo;
                   boycott of companies dealing with Israel

     1119    "   --handle better/more experience; positive
                   comments
                   about Arab-Israeli peace treaty

     1120    "   --handle worse/less experience; negative comments
                   about Arab-Israeli peace treaty; [1992]
                   Iraqgate

     1121    "   --Pro-Israel/anti-Arabs

     1122    "   --Anti-Israel/pro-Arabs; wishy-washy on Israel

     1123 Red China--NA direction

     1124  "    "  --handle better/more experience/doing well, better

     1125  "    "  --handle worse/less experience/doing poorly

     1126  "    "  --pro understanding/thaw/detente/new
               relationships/recognition/admission to UN

     1127  "    "  --anti understanding/thaw/detente/new
               relationships/recognition/admission to UN;
               defender of Formosa/Chaing/Nationalists

     1128 Russia--NA direction

     1129   "   --handle better/more experience

     1130   "   --handle worse/less experience

     1131   "   --pro understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of
                  relations; SALT II

     1132   "   --anti understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of
                  relations; SALT II

     1133 Eastern Europe--NA direction

     1134    "      "   --handle better/more experience

     1135    "      "   --handle worse/less experience

     1136    "      "   --pro defense of Iron-Curtain countries

     1137    "      "   --anti   "           "            "

     1138 Latin America--NA direction

     1139    "      "   --handle better/more experience

     1140    "      "   --handle worse/less experience

     1141    "      "   --pro-third world posture; reach
                          understanding with Castro/Chile/
                          neutrals; anti-colonialism/European
                          powers; against Contra aid/pro-
                          Sandinista

     1142    "      "   --anti-third world posture; hard                       
                          anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy;
                          pro-colonialism/European powers; pro Contra
                          aid/anti-Sandinista

     1198 (Involvement in) Diversion of money to the Contras (in
          violation of the law)

     1143 Africa--NA direction

     1144      "   --handle better/more experience

     1145      "   --handle worse/less experience

     1146      "   --pro-third world posture; reach understanding
                     with leftists/neutrals; anti-colonialism/European powers

     1147      "   --anti-third world posture; hard
                     anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy;
                     pro-colonialism/European powers

     1148 Asia/India--NA direction

     1149   "    "  --handle better/more experience

     1150   "    "  --handle worse/less experience

     1151   "    "  --pro India/Bangladesh

     1152   "    "  --pro Pakistan

     1153 Located after 1163

     1154   "       "    "

     1155   "       "    "

     1156   "       "    "

     1157    Vietnam/Indochina/Southeast Asia--NA direction

     1158       "       "        "        "  --better chance forpeace

     1159       "       "        "        "  --poorer chance for peace; failed
                                               to end war

     1160       "       "        "        "  --pro military victory/
                                               preservation of Saigon regime
     1161       "       "        "        "  --anti military victory/
                                               willing to sacrifice Thieu/Ky;
                                               favoring withdrawal
     1163       "       "                    --will bring policy change
                                              (unspec.)
      
     1116    Trouble spots (not specifically coded)--would handle better
                                                     (Panama, Afghanistan,
                                                     Persian Gulf, Iraq)
     1117       "     "       "       "       "    --would handle worse
                                                     (Panama, Afghanistan,
                                                     Persian Gulf, Iraq)
     1162    (88) The invasion of Grenada

     1300    (91) The Persian Gulf war/ Desert Storm

*    1301    (99) War in the Balkans;US/NATO led air war against Serbia

     1153    Would raise American prestige

     1154    Would lower American prestige; not maintain American prestige

     1155    Would have better chance for peace (unspecified); not get us into
             trouble abroad

     1156    Would have poorer chance for peace (unspecified); get us into
             war/trouble abroad

     1164    Tariffs--NA direction

     1165       "   --Pro free trade/reduce tariffs; would not
                        protect US labor from foreign competition

     1166       "   --Anti free trade; for high tariffs; would
               protect US labor from foreign competition

     1196    Foreign trade/balance of payments deficit--any mention

     1167    Trade with communists--NA direction

     1168       "           "     --Pro

     1169       "           "     --Anti

     1170    Draft--NA direction

     1171      "  --Pro volunteer army/abolition of peacetime draft

     1172      "  --Anti volunteer army; for peacetime draft

     1173      "  --Pro amnesty/pardon

     1174      "  --Anti amnesty/draft dodgers/pardon

     1178    Amnesty--NA direction

     1175    POW-MIA--Will get prisoners back, will not abandon them

     1176    POW-MIA--Will not get prisoners back, will abandon them

     1177    POW-MIA--NA direction

     1178    Located after 1174

     1179    Did a good job of getting the boys/country out of
             Vietnam war; got us out of Vietnam

     1180    Should have won Vietnam war; gave too much away and then
             pulled out

     1181    Secrecy/deception in U.S. foreign policy; shuttle
             diplomacy; Kissinger's foreign policy (1976)    --NA direction

     1182        "         "       "        "     --Pro

     1183        "         "       "        "     --Anti

     1184    Located after 1105

     1185    Priorities in military/defense spending (not reduction
             or increase but allocation of existing defense budget--Pro

     1186    Priorities in military/defense spending (not reduction
             or increase but allocation of existing defense budget--Anti

     1187    Iranian crisis; American hostages (1980)/Arms sale (1986)
                                              --NA direction
     1188       "      "        "        "    --has handled well/would 
                                                handle better
     1189       "      "        "        "    --has handled poorly/would
                                                handle worse

     1190    Nuclear freeze/Disarmament--NA direction

     1191       "      "        "      --Pro

     1192       "      "        "      --Anti

     1193    Terrorism; dealings with terrorists; hostages (except
             1187-1189)                 -- NA direction; (88) Bombing of Libya

     1194     "            "       "    -- has handled/would handle
                                           better; (88) Bombing of
                                           Libya/handling of Khadafy

     1195     "            "       "    -- has handled/would handle
                                           worse; (88) Bombing of
                                           Libya/handling of Khadafy

*    1302   Security at the Dept of Energy; supposed Chinese spying 
            for nuclear secrets; treatment of physicist Wen Ho Lee;
            mismanagement by Energy Secretary Bill Richardson-NA dir

*    1303           "       -- has handled well/would handle better

*    1304           "       -- has handled poorly/would handle worse

     1196    Located after 1166

**   1197    Other foreign policy reasons

     1198    Located after 1142

     1199    Iran-Contra affair--NFS (NA whether 1187 or 1198)



PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GROUP CONNECTIONS


     1201    Special interests/Privileged people/Influential--Pro
     1202       "        "          "        "              --Anti

     1203    "People like me"--pro, NA whether 1205, 1206
     1204        "     "  "  --anti, "     "     "    "

     1205    Common man/People/Little people/Working people--Pro
     1206      "         "          "           "          --Anti

     1207    Labor/Unions/Labor bosses/Racketeers--Pro
     1208      "      "     "              "     --Anti

     1209    Big Business/Corporate rich/The rich individuals/People
             with power/Wall Street/Industry/Upper classes--Pro
     1210    (Same as 1209)                          --Anti

     1211    Small businessman--Pro
     1212      "       "      --Anti

     1213    White collar workers/Salaried people/Middle class--Pro
     1214       "           "         "              "        --Anti

     1215    Farmers/Country people--Pro
     1216      "          "        --Anti

     1217    Blacks/Black people/Negroes--Pro
     1218      "         "           "  --Anti

     1219    People on welfare/ADC mothers/"Chiselers"--Pro
     1220      "          "        "           "      --Anti

     1221    Old people/Senior citizens--Pro
     1222     "     "          "       --Anti

     1223    Young people/Kids/"Freaks"/Hippies--Pro
     1224      "     "     "     "        "    --Anti

     1225    Women/Feminists/Womens Liberationists, "sexists"--Pro
     1226     "        "          "       "          "       --Anti

     1227    Veterans/Servicemen--Pro
     1228       "       "       --Anti

     1229    Ethnic or racial group (exc. 1217-1218); Minority groups
             (NA composition--Pro
     1230      "          "        "  --Anti

     1231    Section of the country--Pro
     1232       "            "     --Anti

*    1233    Poor people/needy people/handicapped/disabled--Pro
*    1234     "    "      "      "               "        --Anti

     1235    Civil servants--Pro
     1236      "     "     --Anti

     1239    Gays/lesbians--Pro
     1240      "     "    --Anti

     1241    Christian Right/Religious Right--Pro
     1242            "               "      --Anti

*    1243     White/White Race/White people--Pro
*    1244             "           "        --Anti

*    1245     White Men--Pro
*    1246     White Men--Anti

*    1247     Hispanics/Latinos/Chicanos--Pro
*    1248         "               "
         
**   1297    Other group connection reasons

     1300    Located after 1162


MISSING DATA CODES


     9001    R has been influenced by spouse
     9002    R has been influenced by someone else
*    9991     No text, "none", "no", other uncodeable
     9996    Refused to say

**   9997    Other miscellaneous

     9998    DK
     9999    NA

     0000    Inap, no further mentions




EVENTS UNIQUE TO ONE CAMPAIGN


     5001    Perot quit race, is quitter--NFS

     5002    (Because Perot quit race) he is not trustworthy or
             dependable (let down supporters)

     5003    (Because Perot quit race) re-entered, he is indecisive,
             inconsistent, not stable, other mention of quit and 
             re-enter--NFS

     5004    Not a serious/legitimate candidate


>> MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM MASTER CODE


*  indicates new or amended code in 2000
** indicates "other" codes



SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS


     001. General reference to domestic issues; repairing/
          maintaining the nation's infrastructure (roads, bridges, dams, etc)

     005. POPULATION; any mention of population increase; reference to
          over-population/birth control

     006. DAY CARE; child care

     010. UNEMPLOYMENT; the number of people with jobs; unemployment
          rate/compensation; job retraining

     013. CREATE JOBS/RECRUIT INDUSTRY in specific area/region/ state

     020. EDUCATION; financial assistance for schools/colleges/
          students; quality of education/the learning
          environment/teaching

     030. AGED/ELDERLY; social security benefits; administration
          of social security; medical care for the aged; medicare
          benefits; insuring against catastrophic illness;
          prescription drug program for elderly

     035. Social Security won't be around in the future; paying into a system
          which won't benefit me/them

     040. HEALTH PROBLEMS/COST OF MEDICAL CARE; quality of medical care;
          medical research/training of doctors and other health personnel;
          hospitals; National Health insurance program

     045. Located after 330
     046. Located after 383

     048. Other specific references to health problems; AIDS

     050. HOUSING; providing housing for the poor/homeless; ability of young
          people to afford to buy homes/find homes to buy

     060. POVERTY; aid to the poor/underprivileged people; help for the
          (truly) needy; welfare programs (such as ADC); general reference to
          anti-poverty programs; hunger/help for hungry people in the U.S.

     090. SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS; "welfare"--NFS

     091. For general or other social welfare programs; "we need to help
          people more"

     092. Against general or other social welfare programs; "too many give
          away programs for the people who don't deserve it"; for welfare
          reform

**   099.  Other specific mentions of social welfare problems


AGRICULTURE

     100. FARM ECONOMICS; payment for crops/price of feed/cost of farming

     103. SUBSIDIES/crop payments/government aid to farmers

     120. WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS; food shortages/starvation/famine 
          (not 406 or 407)


NATURAL RESOURCES


     150. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; conservation,
          ecology; protecting the environment/endangered species

     151. Controlling/REGULATING GROWTH or land development; banning further
          growth/development in crowded or ecologically sensitive areas;
          preserving natural areas

     153. POLLUTION; clean air/water

     154. Disposal of RADIOACTIVE/TOXIC waste (dumps, landfills)

     160. DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES /ENERGY SOURCES; 
          harbors, dams, canals, irrigation, flood control, navigation,
          reclamation; location, mining, stock-piling of minerals; water
          power, atomic power; development of alternative sources of energy
          (includes mentions of solar or nuclear power)

**   199. Other specific mentions of agriculture or natural resources problems



LABOR PROBLEMS:  UNION-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS


     200. LABOR/UNION PROBLEMS; union practices; job security provided
          workers; job safety issues; working conditions

     220. Anti-union; unions too powerful

**   299. Other specific mention of labor or union-management problems

RACIAL PROBLEMS

     300. CIVIL RIGHTS/RACIAL PROBLEMS; programs to enable Blacks
          to gain social/economic/educational/political equality;
          relations between Blacks and whites

     302. PROTECTION (expansion) OF WHITE MAJORITY; maintenance of           
segregation; right to choose own neighborhood; right to
          discriminate in employment

     304. Discrimination against whites; preferred treatment given 
          to minorities

TECHNOLOGY

     310. Technology; mentions that are specific to technology;
          e.g., the Year 2000 computer (Y2K) problem

PUBLIC ORDER PROBLEMS

     320. NARCOTICS; availability of drugs; extent of drug/alcohol addiction
          in the U.S.; interdiction of drugs coming to the U.S. from foreign
          countries; alcohol or drug related crime; drug laws

     330. WOMEN'S RIGHTS; references to women's issues; economic equality for
          women; ERA

     045. PRO-ABORTION; pro-choice; the right of a woman to control her body

     340. CRIME/VIOLENCE; too much crime; streets aren't safe; mugging,
          murder, shoplifting; drug related crime

     360. LAW AND ORDER; respect for the law/police; support for the police;
          death penalty; tougher sentences for criminals; need for more
          prisons

     361. Legal reform--general (for mentions regarding specific issues, see
          specific issue); see also Adhering to the Constitution (code 850)
         
*    363. Police brutality; police not doing their job properly  

     367. Against unregistered ownership of guns; legislative control of guns;
          "CONTROL OF GUNS"-NFS

     368. For gun ownership; right to have guns; against gun control

     370. EXTREMIST GROUPS/TERRORISTS; terrorist bombings/hostage-taking;
          political subversives; revolutionary ideas/approaches

     375. Euthenasia; right to die

     380. General mention of MORAL/RELIGIOUS DECAY (of nation); sex, bad
          language, adult themes on TV

     381. Family problems--divorce; proper treatment of children; decay of
          family (except 006); child/elder abuse (incl. sexual); family values

     046. ANTI-ABORTION; pro-life; "abortion"--NFS

     383. Problems of/with YOUNG PEOPLE; drug/alcohol abuse amoung young
          people; sexual attitudes; lack of values/ discipline; mixed-up
          thinking; lack of goals/ambition/sense of responsibility

     384. Religion (too) mixed up in politics; prayer in school

     385. HOMOSEXUALITY; protecting civil rights of gays and lesbians;
          accepting the lifestyle of homosexuals; granting homosexual couples
          the same rights and benefits as heterosexual couples

**   399. Other specific mention of racial or public order problems; other
          mention of domestic issues

ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS

     If R mentions both "inflation" (400) and rise in prices of specific items
     (407-409), code "Inflation" (400).  (See also 496.)

     400. INFLATION; rate of inflation; level of prices; cost of living

     401. WAGE AND PRICE CONTROLS/GUIDELINES; freezing prices; control of
          business profits

     403. High price of food, all mentions (exc. 100)

     404. High price of other specific items and services

     405. MINIMUM WAGE, any mention; any mention of wage levels

     407. Food shortages; economic aspects of food shortages, e.g., price of
          sugar (other references, code 120)

     408. Fuel shortages; "energy crisis"; oil companies making excessive
          profits; depressed condition of the oil industry 

     410. RECESSION, DEPRESSION; prosperity of the nation; economic 
          growth; GNP

     411. MONETARY RESTRAINTS/CONTROLS; level of interest rates; availability
          of money/the money supply


     413. Future vision of what America will be like; a need to look to the
          future


     415. Against (increased) government spending; balancing of the (national)
          budget; against government stimulation of the economy; the size of
          the budget deficit

     416. TAXES; general reference to tax structure; tax surcharge (NA R's
          direction); tax reform; other specific tax reference

     417. For tax cuts; against tax surcharge; for tax reform

     418. Against tax cuts; for tax surcharge; against tax reform

     424. PRODUCTIVITY of American industry; "giving a day's work for a day's
          pay"; revitalizing American industry

     425. STOCK MARKET/GOLD PRICES; all references to gold prices, stock
          brokers, stock fluctuations, etc.

     427. VALUE OF THE DOLLAR; strength/weakness of the dollar against other
          currencies

     433. Large businesses taking over small businesses

     440. Class oriented economic concerns--middle class, working class (pro);
          MIDDLE CLASS GETTING SQUEEZED

     441. Class oriented economic concerns--big business, monied interests
          (anti) too powerful

     442. Concern for inequitable distribution of wealth; gap between the rich
          and the poor; concentration of wealth in the hands of a few

     451. For the regulation of interstate commerce, transportation, air
          travel, railways, government auto safety regulations; in favor of
          increased government regulation of business; mention of problems
          caused by deregulation 

     452. Against (increased) regulation of interstate commerce,
          transportation; AIR TRAVEL, RAILWAYS, etc.

     453. Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's
          FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.  [1990] Savings and Loan scandal

*    460. IMMIGRATION POLICY; establishing limits on how many people from any
          one nation can enter the U.S.; prohibiting specified types of
          persons from entering the U.S. (All mentions of Elian Gonzales or
          "the Cuban child" go here.  If power of Federal government
          mentioned, see codes 801 and 887.)

     463. Problems relating to the influx of political/economic
          refugees (Cubans, Haitians, Mexicans, etc.)

     491. Economics--general; "Economics"--NFS

     492. International economics--general; economic problems in
          specific countries or regions

     493. U.S. foreign trade, balance of payments position;
          foreign oil dependency

     494. Control of FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN U.S.; mention of foreigners buying
          U.S. assets (businesses, real estate, stocks, etc)

     495. PROTECTION OF U.S. INDUSTRIES; imposition of tariffs/reciprocal
          restrictions on foreign imports; limitation of foreign imports;
          mention of problems in specific industries competin with foreign
          manufacturers

     496. The economy--not further specified (code specific mention if R
          clarifies by saying "inflation", etc.; also see 400)

     497. International competitiveness; outsourcing; loss of jobs
          to foreign competition; moving jobs abroad; modernizing
          plants/equipment/management techniques to meet foreign
          competition; matching the quality of foreign goods 

     498. Mention of "twin problems" of a large national debt/
          budget deficit and unfavorable balance of trade/import-export ratio

**   499. Other specific mention economic or business problems

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

     500. FOREIGN RELATIONS/FOREIGN AFFAIRS; foreign
          policy/relations, prestige abroad

     504. Relations with the Third World (no specific country or region
          mentioned)
    
     505. Relations with WESTERN EUROPE; Great Britain, France, Germany; 
          our allies

     510. VIETNAM; general reference to "the war," Indochina, Cambodia; aid

     514. Latin America, South America--any references; reference
          to war/situation in Nicaragua; U.S. support of the Contras

     515. Iran; mention of American hostages in Teheran; arms deal 

     516. African countries; developing areas in Africa (not 518)
          --any mention; U.S. response to apartheid in South Africa

     519. Other specific countries/areas/trouble spots (exc. 520's, 530's)

     524. MIDDLE EAST-- support or aid to Israel/Arab states; Arab/Israeli
          conflict; Iran-Iraq war; hostages in Lebanon/Middle East. [1990]
          Iraqi aggression in the Persian Gulf ; Saddam Hussein

     530. RUSSIA/Eastern Europe; relations with Russia/the Communist bloc;
          detente/trade/negotiations with Russia-- NA whether 531 or 532

     531. For PEACEFUL RELATIONS with Russia/Detente/Eastern
          Europe; for increased TRADE with Russia; talking/
          resuming negotiations with Russia on arms control/
          reduction (reaching/concluding a treaty is 711)

     532. Against policy of Detente with Russia; COLD WAR; threat
          of external Communism; need to oppose/be wary of Russia 

     533. Prevention of Russian (Communist) expansion; mention of
          Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan-- any
          reference; references to Soviet activity in Central
          America/Nicaragua)

*    535. US/NATO involvement in the Balkans; US/NATO led air war to 
          contain Serbia

     539. Other specific references to Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe, etc.
          (including changing site/boycotting 1980 Moscow Olympics); threat
          of/preventing war with Russia (exc. 714)

     540. FIRMNESS IN FOREIGN POLICY; maintenance of position of
          MILITARY/DIPLOMATIC STRENGTH (not 710-712)

     550. U.S. FOREIGN (MILITARY) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENT, extent
          of U.S. Foreign involvement; military assistance/aid (exc. 524)

     560. U.S. FOREIGN (ECONOMIC) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENTS; extent
          of U.S.(foreign) economic aid; "foreign aid"

     570. Prevention of war; ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE; any reference

     585. Obligation to TAKE CARE OF PROBLEMS AT HOME before
          helping foreign countries

**   599. Other specific mention of foreign affairs problems


NATIONAL DEFENSE

     700. NATIONAL DEFENSE; defense budget; level of spending on defense


     710. DISARMAMENT; general reference to ENDING OF THE ARMS RACE; nuclear
          proliferation; test ban treaty (not 540); SALT; INF treaty

     711. For DISARMAMENT; for extension of test ban treaty; support toward
          ending of arms race; against (additional) expenditures on
          military/arms development; SALT; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty

     712. Against (increased) policy of DISARMAMENT; against test ban treaty;
          for additional WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT; missile program; 
          scientific/technological development in weapons/strategy; atomic
          bomb testing; increased DEFENSE BUDGET, increased arms expenditure
          (not 540); SALT; increased pay for military personnel; SDI ("Star
           Wars"); INF treaty

     713. General or specific references to functioning and performance of
          defense; waste, inefficiency (not codable in 710-712)

     714. Nuclear war; the threat of nuclear war; nuclear proliferation

*    715. Security of nuclear secrets; Dept of Energy/Los Alamos
          nuclear security; Wen Ho Lee or Energy Secretary Richard
          compromising security; supposed Chinese spying

     740. The space program; space race (not 711,712)

     750. MORALE OF NATION; Patriotism; National spirit; national
          unity; greed, selfishness of people

     760. BENEFITS FOR VETERANS; general reference

     765. Allowing/accepting GAYS IN THE MILITARY

**   799. Other specific mention of national defense problems

ISSUES RELATING TO THE FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT

     800. POWER OF THE (FEDERAL) GOVERNMENT; power of/control
          exercised by the federal government 


     810. (LACK OF) HONESTY IN GOVERNMENT; (LACK OF) ETHICS IN
          GOVERNMENT--general reference (exc. 811)

     811. LACK OF PERSONAL ETHICS/morality of persons related to
          or part of government

     812. The President lied/didn't tell the truth; covered up
          personal involvement with a young woman (also see more
          general code 874)

     813. The President has low morals; had affair with a young
          woman (also see more general code 874)


     820. CAMPAIGN DONATIONS/PUBLIC FINANCING OF ELECTIONS; any
          mentions; campaign finance reform


     830. CONFIDENCE/TRUST in political leaders/system; wisdom,
          ability, responsiveness of political leaders; quality of
          leadership provided by political leaders


     833. QUALITY/EFFICIENCY of public employees, diplomats, civil
          service; SIZE OF THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY; COST OF
          GOVERNMENT


     836. COMPENSATION; all references to the compensation of
          government employees, officials, congressmen, judges,
          local politicians/bureaucrats

     837. Waste in government spending; keeping tabs on where money goes

     838. Government BUDGET PRIORITIES are wrong; Congress/President is
          spending money in the wrong areas/not spending money on 
          the right things


     840. SIZE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; the (large) size of government/civil
          service/bureaucracy; the number of government
          departments/employees/programs

     850. Adhering to the Consitution (see also legal reform, code 361)

     853. POWER OF CONGRESS--general reference

     856. POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT, all other references to the
          Supreme Court except 857, 858

     859. Other specific references to the (federal) balance of
          power; legislative gridlock in Washington

     862. FAIR ELECTION PROCEDURES; prevention of vote
          manipulation; curbing of political "bosses", smear campaigns

     869. Other specific references to problems of representation;
          term limitations for members of Congress

     874. Lack of support for the President; any anti-President
          comments, negative reference to the PRESIDENT's quality,
          style, etc. (also see codes 812, 813)

     875. Impeachment proceeding; mention of the Special
          Prosecutor; Republicans attempting to get the President
          out of office/Democrats attempting to keep the President
          in office (also see codes 812, 813)

     878. Mention of a specific CANDIDATE or relative of a candidate -- NFS 

     881. New president/administration getting started; other
          references specific to the President; support for the
          President; "let him get on with his job"

     885. PUBLIC APATHY/disinterest--all references

     886. References to unfair/undeserved/excessive criticism by the media. 
          All media mentions should go here: "The news can't be trusted"

     887. Extending/protecting EQUAL RIGHTS, basic freedoms, human
          rights of all citizens

**   899. Other specific mention of problems relating to the functioning of
          government



NON-POLITICAL PROBLEMS

**   990. Other specific mentions of important problems

     995. "There were no issues"; "there were no issues, just party politics"

     996. "There was no campaign in my district"


     998. DK
     999. NA

     000. Inap, no further mention; no problems


>> PARTY DIFFERENCES MASTER CODE


*  indicates new or amended code in 2000
** indicates "other" codes

Responses that refer specifically to the candidates rather than parties
should be coded 910.  However, if the candidates are referred to as
leaders or representatives of the parties, the response should be coded
with the appropriate code category.



BROAD PHILOSOPHY


Liberal Responses

     001. More liberal, progressive--too far left
*    005. Pro-Supreme Court/judicial appointment of liberal/progressive judges
*    006. Anti-Supreme Court/judicial appointment of conservative/reactionary
          judges
     010. Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to status
          quo; more open to new ideas; new ways of doing things
     020. Quick (rash) response to problems; tackle problems
          quickly; impetuous; impulsive; too aggressive; take more
          chances; not cautious enough
     030. More extreme, radical (NFS)
     040. Socialistic; for welfare state; for social welfare
          programs; sensitive to social problems; leaves less to
          (interferes more with) private enterprise
*    050. Depends (too much) on federal government (rather than state or local
          government); (too) centralized, paternalism; want Washington to do
          everything;Pro Big government.
*    060. Destroy personal initiative/individual responsibility/individual
          dignity; recognize individual needs
          government help; society has obligation to provide safety net
     070. Future-oriented; plan ahead; look to the future
     085. Freedom to do as one chooses; less interested in strict
          control of social behavior; not interested in moral
          standards
     086. Not religious; against prayer in school


**   090. Other broad philosophy--liberal

Conservative Responses

     100. More conservative/reactionary; too far right
     105. Pro-Supreme Court/judicial appointment of conservative/reactionary
          judges
     106. Anti-Supreme Court/judicial appointment of liberal/progressive
          judges
     110. Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect)
          status quo; traditionalists; resist new ways of doing things; rigid
     120. Slow (cautious) response to problems; do-nothing; lets things go
     130. Moderate; middle of road (NFS); less extreme
     140. For free enterprise capitalism; against socialism (code
          "help big business" under group references); unaware of
          social problems; for development of private enterprise;
          against expansion of government activities into areas of
          private enterprise
*    150. For states' rights, local government; less interference
          from Washington at local level; against powerful federal
          government; Anti Big government
*    160. Initiative/responsibility/dignity of individual
          protected; for self-reliance.
     170. Not future-oriented; don't plan ahead; don't worry about the future
     185. Definite moral standards/stands; concern for/control of
          public morality; upholds/fosters family values
     186. (Good) Christian; strong religious beliefs; for prayer in school


**   190. Other broad philosophy--conservative


BROAD PHILOSOPHY-DIRECTION NA


*    195.  Pro-Party influence on appointments to Supreme Court/
           judicial appointment (NA type)
*    196.  Anti-Party influence on appointments to Supreme Court/
           judicial appointment (NA type)


GROUP REFERENCES


Party Seen as Good for, Helping, Giving Special Advantage to:

     200. Everybody; nobody; no catering to special interests,
          "people" (the majority)
*    210. Working or little people; the common people, the working
          class; "average man"
*    211. Needy; poor; disadvantaged; welfare recipients
     212. People like me; people like us
     220. Unions, "labor", labor leaders
     230. Big business; industry, "business(men)", Wall Street
          (except small businessman, code 240); agribusiness/large
          farming businesses
     231. Rich people; upper classes; wealthy (powerful) people
     240. Small businessmen
     250. Middle class people; white collar people
     260. Farmers
     270. Blacks
     272. Hispanics/Chicanos/Latinos
     273. Asians

**   280. Other racial and ethnic groups

     281. The South, some portion of the south
     282. The North, some portion of the north
     283. White people, white people only
     284. Minorities, minority groups (NA which)
     285. Old people
     286. The educated, intellectuals, students
     287. Families
     288. Religious conservatives; religious right

**   290. Other groups
*    291. Children
*    292. Women
     299. Group differences codeable in 200 or 300 series--NA which



Party Seen as Bad for, Anti, Keeping in Check, Putting in Place

     300. Divisive (sets class against class, caters to special
          interests (NA what), plays group politics, not for all
          the people; (Dems/Reps) only for themselves
*    310. Working or little people; the common people, the working
          class; "average man"
*    311. Needy; poor; disadvantaged; welfare recipients
     312. People like me; people like us
     320. Unions, "labor", labor leaders
     330. Big business; industry, "business(men)", Wall Street
          (except small businessman, code 340); agribusiness/large
          farming businesses
     331. Rich people; upper classes; wealthy (powerful) people)
     340. Small businessmen
     350. Middle class people; white collar people
     360. Farmers
     370. Blacks
     371. Racist, prejudiced, bigoted
     372. Hispanics/Chicanos/Latinos
     373. Asians

**   380. Other racial and ethnic groups; "minority groups" other
          or not specified

     381. The South, some portion of the south
     382. The North, some portion of the north
     383. White people, white people only
     384. Minorities, minority groups (NA which)
     385. Old people
     386. The educated, intellectuals, students
     387. Families
     388. Religious conservatives; religious right
         
**   390. Other groups
         
*    391.     Children
*    392.     Women



DOMESTIC POLICY REFERENCES


Fiscal Policy--Easy Spending Responses

     400. Spend more freely/high spenders (NFS)
     401. Spend much relative to what is accomplished; wasteful,
          not careful with spending
     402. Spend much relative to money available; spend us deeper
          in debt; deficit spending
     403. Spend under special circumstances, such as hard times
*    404. Bring cheap money; more money circulating; lower inerest rates

**   405. Other easy spending response

     406. Raise taxes--NFS; keep taxes high; seek to increase
          government revenues
     407. Increse income taxes; will not cut income taxes; rely on
          increase in/high income tax to provide government revenues


Fiscal Policy--Cautious Spending Responses

     500. Spend less freely; economy in government (NFS)
     501. Spend little relative to what is accomplished; less
          wasteful/more careful with government (taxpayers') money
     502. Spend little relative to money available; reduce debt,
          keep debt from getting higher, balanced budget    
     503. Spend little even when special circumstances might warrant
*    504. For sound money/tight money, deflation; higher interest rates
**   505. Other cautious spending response

     506. Cut taxes--NFS; keep taxes low; seek to decrease government revenues
     507. Cut income taxes; will not increase income taxes; rely
          on taxes other than income tax to provide government revenue

     591. General mention of taxes--neutral or NA direction
     599. General mention of spending--neutral or NA direction


Association of Party with Good/Positive Domestic Situations

     411. Responsible promised (NA what); restraint on promises,
          realistic, doesn't promise too much
     412. Don't have (too much) government control over the
          economy; or lets business get more involved/handle
          problems of poverty/unemployment, etc.
     413. (Good) government control of the economy, business
     415. Good for the nation's economy--general positive
          reference
     420. Prosperity in nation; good times for all, high national
          production, avoidance of depression, high employment
     431. Price inflation held in check; lower cost of living
     435. Propose/enact fair taxes; believe everyone should be
          taxed the same/that taxes should be even-handed
     436. Give tax breaks to the poor/working/middle class people;
          tax policies favor the lower/middle classes
     440. Local personal good times economically; head of family
          gets (keeps) better job (wages) when party is in power,
          family better off economically under this party (no
          direct government benefits like social security mentioned)
     450. Honesty and integrity--characteristics of the party or
          administration (local or national), other similar
          characteristics of the party
     451. One party has more experience, is better, smarter, more united

     480. (Only) party has a philosophy/program/platform; stands for something

**   490. Other positive domestic associations

     491. General mention of unemployment--neutral or NA direction
     492. General mention of inflation--neutral or NA direction
     493. General mention of economic policy/handling of the economy

     499. A domestic issue difference is cited which could be
          coded in the 400 or 500 series, but NA which

Association of Party with Bad/Negative Domestic Situations

     511. Irresponsible promises (NA what); promises too much;
          unrealistic, pie-in-the sky; can't fulfill promises
     512. Have (too much) government control over the economy; or
          does not let business get more involved/handle problems
          of poverty/unemployment, etc.
     513. (Poor) government control of the economy
     515. Bad for the nation's economy, general negative reference
     520. Hard times, depression in nation, much unemployment, low
          (over) production
     531. Create/does not control price inflation; high cost of
          living in nation
     535. Propose/enact unfair taxes; show favoritism/give tax
          breaks to certain groups or types of people
     536. Give tax breaks to the wealth/corporations; tax policies
          favor the rich/powerful/upper classes
     540. Local/personal hard times economically; head of family
          gets laid off (poorer wages) when party is in power;
          family worse off economically under this party
     550. Dishonesty/corruption (nepotism, graft, patronage) of
          party or administration (local or national); other
          similar characteristics of the party; Watergate
     551. One party has less experience/is worse/not as smart;
          party is not (is less) unified
     580. Party has no philosophy/programs/platform; doesn't stand
          for anything

**   590. Other negative domestic association with party

Specific Domestic Policies Favored by Party

     600. Minimum wage legislation; favors raising minimum wage,
          or favors raising unemployment compensation
     601. Social Security; government pension raises
*    602. Financing of campaigns; for campaign finance reform
*    607. Immigration policy; for allowing (more) immigrants in
*    610. Medical (health) insurance; medical card for aged;
          socialized medicine; medicare; prescription drug plans
*    611. Affirmative action
     612. Housing; aid to the homeless
     620. Government control of utilities; more attention to
          conservation; public works; mention of ecology,
          environment
     630. Federal aid to education/school-building; teachers' pay higher
     631. Bussing; forced integration
     632. Other federal control of education or schools response; 
          school choice plans
     634. Gun control
     640. Civil rights; insist more strongly on civil rights
     641. Law and order--hard line (or NA line); wants a police
          state; support death penalty (88)
     642. Law and order--soft line; oppose death penalty (88)
     643. Property rights; open housing
     644. Policies which would divide country; have civil war; race war
     650. Higher tariffs; less free trade
     660. "Wet" legislation; anti-prohibition
     670. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs"
     671. Poverty program
     672. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc.
     680. Farm policy
     681. Abortion
     682. Women's rights; ERA
     683. Legalization of marijuana; (more) lenient drug laws
     684. Homosexual/gay rights
     691. Democrats support Clinton (against impeachment),
          although he lied/had affair; anti-Ken Starr

**   690. Other specific domestic policy favored

     695. Domestic issues difference, but NA which

Specific Domestic Policies--Neutral or NA Direction

     605. Minimum wage or unemployment compensation
     606. Social Security; government pension
*    608. Financing of campaigns; campaign finance reform
*    609. Immigration policy 
*    615. Medical (health) insurance; medical card for aged;
          socialized medicine; medicare; prescription drug plans
     617. Housing; aid to the homeless
     625. Government control of utilities; conservation; public
          works; ecology, environment
     635. Federal aid to education; school choice plans
     636. Bussing; forced integration
     637. Other federal control of education or schools response
     639. Gun control
     645. Civil rights (legislation)
     646. Law and order--hard line (or NA line); death penalty (88)
     647. Law and order--soft line; death penalty (88)

     648. Property rights; open housing
     649. Policies which would divide country; have civil war; race war
*    651. Affirmative action
     655. Higher tariffs; free trade
     665. Prohibition; "dry"/"wet" legislation
     675. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs"
     676. Poverty program
     677. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc.
     685. Farm policy
     686. Abortion
     687. Women's rights; ERA
     688. Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws
     689. Homosexual/gay rights

Specific Domestic Policies Opposed by Party

     700. Minimum wage or unemployment compensation; won't raise
          minimum wage, won't improve unemployment compensation
     701. Social Security; against raising benefits
*    702. Financing of campaigns; against campaign finance reform
*    707. Immigration policy; against letting (more) immigrants in
*    710. Medical (health) insurance; against medical card for
          aged; against socialized medicine, medicare; prescription drug plans
*    711. Affirmative action
     712. Housing; aid to the homeless
     720. Government control of utilities; for private power; less
          interested in conservation; public works; mention of
          ecology, environment
     730. Federal aid to education; against or drag feet on aid to education
     731. Bussing; forced integration
     732. Other federal control of education or schools response; 
          school choice plans
     734. Gun control
     740. Civil rights; against or drag feet on civil rights
          legislation; leave it to states
     741. Following a tough or hard line in maintenance of law and 
          order/prevention of crime, etc.; police state; imposing
          the death penalty (88)
     742. Following a soft line in maintenance of law and
          order/prevention of crime, etc.; imposing the death penalty (88)
     743. Property rights; open housing
     744. Policies which would divide country; have civil war;
          race war; want to unite the country
     750. High tariffs; want free trade
     760. Repeal; want prohibition; "dry"
     770. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs"
     771. Poverty program
     772. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc.
     780. Farm policy
     781. Abortion
     782. Women's rights; ERA
     783. Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws
     784. Homosexual/gay rights
     791. Republicans are against Clinton (in impeachment) because
          of lying/having affair; pro-Ken Starr
**   790. Other specific domestic policy opposed

FOREIGN POLICY

     800. War; get us into war (faster); party associated with war; militarist
     810. Peace; more likely to keep peace; party associated with peace
     820. Internationalist; more for foreign aid, government
          activities abroad; cooperate with allies, U.N.; "more
          for foreign aid/trade"
     825. Foreign aid/trade, NA direction
     830. Isolationist; avoid foreign activities; cut foreign aid
          (military or economic); "cut foreign aid/trade"
     840. National security; for strong national defense
          (spending); strong (firm) (too aggressive) posture
          toward communism (Russia); too much defense spending
     845. National defense--general, NA or neutral direction
     850. Inadequate national security; fail to maintain (spend
          for) defense; weak posture toward communism (Russia)
     860. Specific trouble spots
     870. Control of nuclear weapons
     880. Strong foreign policy
     881. Weak foreign policy
     884. Space; space policy

**   890. Other foreign policy--other substantive foreign policy
          mentions (direction of response usually indicated)

     891. Mention of "foreign policy" difference but no substance
          or direction given (e.g., usual response is "the two
          parties or candidates differ on foreign policy, on how
          they will handle foreign policy")


MISCELLANEOUS AND NO PARTY DIFFERENCES RESPONSES

     900. Miscellaneous other party differences
     901. (Only) one party is more successful than the others;
          wins elections; is (is not) majority party, etc.
     902. (Only) one party is less successful than the others;
          doesn't win elections much; is the minority party
     910. Personality/candidate only mentions--candidate is
          dangerous, fanatic, aggressive, courageous, honest,
          untrustworthy, impulsive, outspoken, firm, dishonest,
          negative, lack of integrity, bad politician, etc. (but code 371
          racist, prejudiced, bigoted)
     920. Reference to probable inability to get things done, e.g., gain
          congressional support
     930. Leadership mentions--a good (bad) leader, is head of the party (R
          must specifically mention the candidate as leader or head of the
          party), or one party has better leadership than another
     980. The parties are different; everything about them is different (NA
          what the differences are)
     991. There used to be differences, but not now
     992. Indicate dissatisfaction with the lack of differences
     993. Favorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are seeking to serve
          the people
     994. Indicates that individual candidates are more important than parties
          anyhow
     995. Unfavorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are just after money
     996. On variation within parties
**   997. Other comments

     998. DK (Code in 1st var only)
     999. NA (Code in 1st var only)
         
     
     000. No party differences ("No" or "DK" and no further comment);no



