The ANES Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior

Had Contact With Incumbent Congressional Candidate 1978-1994

PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED : "Challenger Candidate"

  '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94
Males 40 38 50 41 35 38 25 43 41
Females 32 36 42 33 32 31 20 37 38
White non-Hispanic 37 38 47 40 35 37 23 43 43
Black non-Hispanic 23 23 40 20 32 22 20 18 27
Hispanic 19 33 24 19 19 26 23 31 34
Race oth/mult non-Hisp 31 36 22 8 16 28 16 31 38
Grade Sch./Some High Sch. 25 25 28 16 25 27 12 15 15
High School Diploma 34 35 41 35 28 29 20 35 37
Some College, no Degree 36 41 50 39 36 38 28 45 43
College Degree/ Post-grad 48 42 57 50 43 44 30 53 47
Income 0-16 Percentile 29 29 31 29 26 23 18 33 31
Income 17-33 Percentile 30 41 40 35 31 34 13 26 34
Income 34-67 Percentile 38 39 44 39 35 32 23 43 40
Income 68-95 Percentile 41 41 56 42 40 45 30 49 47
Income 96-100 Percentile 39 37 59 31 40 38 30 51 43
Professionals 44 39 55 41 44 37 29 48 47
White Collar 31 39 49 36 30 35 24 45 44
Blue Collar 32 35 40 36 28 32 20 36 35
Unskilled 26 42 43 44 22 21 16 31 42
Farmers 48 48 52 31 37 60 18 35 50
Housewives 34 28 38 33 34 31 17 30 35
Union Households 31 38 48 38 34 37 22 47 44
Non-Union Households 37 36 45 37 33 34 23 39 39
South 34 33 48 24 34 34 17 37 41
Nonsouth 36 38 45 40 33 34 25 41 39
Born 1991 or later ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Born 1975-1990 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 40 31
Born 1959-1974 30 34 33 28 31 29 24 38 40
Born 1943-1958 36 34 52 43 36 36 26 49 43
Born 1927-1942 40 42 46 38 36 32 21 39 42
Born 1911-1926 33 39 44 35 26 41 16 28 32
Born 1895-1910 34 32 33 21 28 30 12 30 22
Born before 1895 16 11 20 0 ** ** ** ** **
Democrats (incl leaners) 32 37 44 38 35 31 22 35 35
Independents 31 30 36 31 24 32 18 43 27
Republicans 44 39 54 36 34 38 25 45 48
Liberals 36 39 55 45 36 34 24 44 43
Moderates 39 40 47 39 38 39 23 40 41
Conservatives 43 41 53 41 34 39 27 47 46