The ANES Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior
Conservatism Index 1964-2016
PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED : "Average Score on Index"
'64 | '66 | '68 | '70 | '72 | '74 | '76 | '78 | '80 | '82 | '84 | '86 | '88 | '90 | '92 | '94 | '96 | '98 | '00 | '02 | '04 | '06 | '08 | '10 | '12 | '14 | '16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 51 | 51 | 52 | 55 | 53 | 53 | 52 | ** | 55 | 54 | 52 | 52 | 54 | 51 | 53 | 56 | 55 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | ** | 53 | ** | 53 | ** | 53 |
Females | 50 | 52 | 51 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | ** | 54 | 51 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 52 | 50 | ** | 50 | ** | 52 | ** | 50 |
White non-Hispanic | 52 | 52 | 52 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 53 | ** | 56 | 53 | 51 | 52 | 55 | 52 | 52 | 56 | 54 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 52 | ** | 53 | ** | 55 | ** | 53 |
Black non-Hispanic | 42 | 47 | 47 | 40 | 39 | 45 | 41 | ** | 44 | 46 | 46 | 44 | 46 | 44 | 45 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 48 | 49 | ** | 47 | ** | 45 | ** | 44 |
Hispanic | ** | 52 | 47 | 50 | 53 | 51 | 50 | ** | 51 | 54 | 50 | 54 | 49 | 52 | 48 | 54 | 50 | 48 | 48 | 52 | 52 | ** | 49 | ** | 49 | ** | 48 |
Race oth/mult non-Hisp | ** | 62 | 52 | 51 | 45 | 50 | 55 | ** | 49 | 51 | 50 | 52 | 49 | 49 | 51 | 47 | 54 | 49 | 47 | 49 | 51 | ** | 48 | ** | 50 | ** | 49 |
Grade Sch./Some High Sch. | 48 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 50 | ** | 55 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 53 | 50 | 50 | 53 | 50 | 53 | 49 | 52 | 52 | ** | 49 | ** | 54 | ** | 47 |
High School Diploma | 51 | 52 | 52 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | ** | 54 | 54 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 51 | 51 | 54 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 53 | ** | 51 | ** | 53 | ** | 53 |
Some College, no Degree | 53 | 51 | 53 | 56 | 53 | 52 | 51 | ** | 56 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 55 | 51 | 50 | 56 | 53 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 53 | ** | 52 | ** | 53 | ** | 52 |
College Degree/ Post-grad | 52 | 53 | 51 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 52 | ** | 54 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 49 | 52 | 55 | 54 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 49 | ** | 51 | ** | 51 | ** | 48 |
Income 0-16 Percentile | 49 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | ** | 52 | 51 | 47 | 49 | 51 | 50 | 48 | 50 | 48 | 50 | 47 | ** | 49 | ** | 49 | ** | 50 | ** | 50 |
Income 17-33 Percentile | 49 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 49 | 50 | ** | 54 | 50 | 49 | 50 | 53 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 52 | 50 | 50 | ** | 50 | ** | 50 | ** | 51 | ** | 50 |
Income 34-67 Percentile | 49 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | ** | 53 | 52 | 51 | 52 | 54 | 51 | 51 | 55 | 52 | 50 | 51 | ** | 52 | ** | 51 | ** | 53 | ** | 52 |
Income 68-95 Percentile | 53 | 52 | 52 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 53 | ** | 56 | 53 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 51 | 53 | 57 | 55 | 52 | 52 | ** | 53 | ** | 53 | ** | 54 | ** | 51 |
Income 96-100 Percentile | 54 | 52 | 52 | 54 | 54 | 60 | 56 | ** | 60 | 58 | 57 | 52 | 57 | 55 | 53 | 55 | 56 | 53 | 54 | ** | 52 | ** | 57 | ** | 53 | ** | 51 |
Professionals | 54 | ** | 52 | 55 | 53 | 52 | 53 | ** | 56 | 53 | 51 | 52 | 54 | 50 | 51 | 55 | 53 | 51 | 51 | ** | 49 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
White Collar | 51 | ** | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | ** | 55 | 52 | 51 | 52 | 54 | 51 | 51 | 54 | 53 | 52 | 50 | ** | 54 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Blue Collar | 48 | ** | 51 | 52 | 51 | 52 | 51 | ** | 54 | 52 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 54 | 52 | 51 | 51 | ** | 52 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Unskilled | 49 | ** | 51 | 46 | 48 | 50 | 52 | ** | 52 | 54 | 47 | 51 | 53 | 48 | 52 | 51 | 48 | 53 | 49 | ** | 50 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Farmers | 52 | ** | 55 | 51 | 57 | 57 | 54 | ** | 54 | 57 | 58 | 52 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 59 | 47 | 56 | ** | 58 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Housewives | 50 | ** | 52 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 54 | ** | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 | ** | 57 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Union Households | 47 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 50 | ** | 53 | 51 | 49 | 50 | 52 | 50 | 50 | 53 | 51 | 51 | 47 | 50 | 50 | ** | 49 | ** | 51 | ** | 47 |
Non-Union Households | 52 | 52 | 52 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | ** | 55 | 53 | 51 | 52 | 54 | 51 | 51 | 55 | 53 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 52 | ** | 51 | ** | 53 | ** | 52 |
South | 53 | 54 | 53 | 56 | 54 | 54 | 52 | ** | 56 | 55 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 52 | 52 | 55 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 54 | 54 | ** | 53 | ** | 55 | ** | 55 |
Nonsouth | 50 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | ** | 54 | 52 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 51 | 51 | 54 | 52 | 50 | 50 | 52 | 51 | ** | 50 | ** | 52 | ** | 49 |
Born 1991 or later | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 49 | ** | 49 |
Born 1975-1990 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 43 | 52 | 49 | 49 | 46 | 49 | 49 | ** | 48 | ** | 50 | ** | 49 |
Born 1959-1974 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 53 | 52 | 50 | 49 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 52 | ** | 51 | ** | 52 | ** | 51 |
Born 1943-1958 | 51 | 47 | 50 | 52 | 49 | 49 | 49 | ** | 53 | 51 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 50 | 51 | 55 | 53 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 53 | ** | 52 | ** | 54 | ** | 53 |
Born 1927-1942 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 52 | 54 | 54 | ** | 57 | 54 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 58 | 55 | 52 | 54 | 54 | 54 | ** | 55 | ** | 58 | ** | 55 |
Born 1911-1926 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 54 | 56 | 55 | 54 | ** | 56 | 54 | 51 | 52 | 55 | 52 | 51 | 54 | 52 | 53 | 50 | 54 | 50 | ** | 55 | ** | 55 | ** | 53 |
Born 1895-1910 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 56 | 54 | 54 | ** | 56 | 55 | 52 | 55 | 57 | 50 | 54 | 58 | 52 | 48 | 62 | 60 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Born before 1895 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 57 | 53 | 58 | 57 | ** | 43 | 53 | 41 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Democrats (incl leaners) | 47 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | ** | 49 | 47 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 47 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 46 | 44 | ** | 44 | ** | 40 | ** | 38 |
Independents | 50 | 51 | 52 | 55 | 52 | 52 | 51 | ** | 53 | 53 | 50 | 50 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | ** | 50 | ** | 51 | ** | 51 |
Republicans | 57 | 58 | 57 | 61 | 59 | 60 | 59 | ** | 63 | 60 | 57 | 60 | 60 | 57 | 60 | 64 | 62 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 61 | ** | 61 | ** | 67 | ** | 67 |
Liberals | ** | ** | ** | ** | 38 | 39 | 40 | ** | 40 | 37 | 41 | 38 | 43 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 36 | 40 | 40 | 37 | ** | 39 | ** | 33 | ** | 30 |
Moderates | ** | ** | ** | ** | 53 | 52 | 52 | ** | 53 | 51 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 47 | 49 | 48 | ** | 49 | ** | 49 | ** | 48 |
Conservatives | ** | ** | ** | ** | 64 | 65 | 61 | ** | 65 | 64 | 60 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 62 | 66 | 64 | 61 | 61 | 63 | 63 | ** | 62 | ** | 69 | ** | 71 |