The ANES Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior
Party Identification 3-Point Scale 1952-2020
PERCENT AMONG DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS WHO RESPONDED : "Independent"
'52 | '54 | '56 | '58 | '60 | '62 | '64 | '66 | '68 | '70 | '72 | '74 | '76 | '78 | '80 | '82 | '84 | '86 | '88 | '90 | '92 | '94 | '96 | '98 | '00 | '02 | '04 | '06 | '08 | '10 | '12 | '14 | '16 | '18 | '20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 6 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 7 | 10 | ** | 13 | ** | 14 | ** | 15 | ** | 13 |
Females | 4 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 7 | 10 | ** | 10 | ** | 14 | ** | 14 | ** | 11 |
White non-Hispanic | 5 | ** | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 8 | 9 | ** | 11 | ** | 13 | ** | 14 | ** | 10 |
Black non-Hispanic | 3 | ** | 8 | 5 | 18 | 8 | 6 | 15 | 3 | 10 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 16 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 11 | ** | 8 | ** | 8 | ** | 13 | ** | 9 |
Hispanic | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 15 | 6 | 21 | 25 | 14 | 7 | 22 | 22 | 17 | 22 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 5 | 11 | ** | 14 | ** | 20 | ** | 18 | ** | 18 |
Race oth/mult non-Hisp | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 25 | 38 | 16 | 29 | 31 | 21 | 28 | 36 | 27 | 20 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 23 | 12 | 7 | 9 | 6 | 17 | ** | 13 | ** | 21 | ** | 21 | ** | 19 |
8th Grade or Lower | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 9 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 11 | 23 | 12 | 18 | 19 | 14 | 18 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 24 | ** | 11 | ** | 25 | ** | 8 | ** | 12 |
High School (Grades 9-12) | 5 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 18 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 9 | 13 | ** | 15 | ** | 18 | ** | 20 | ** | 15 |
Some College, no Degree | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 21 | 15 | 14 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 5 | 9 | ** | 13 | ** | 13 | ** | 14 | ** | 12 |
College Degree/ Post-grad | 3 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 4 | ** | 5 | ** | 10 | ** | 9 | ** | 8 |
Income 0-16 Percentile | 3 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 9 | 15 | 13 | 20 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 15 | 11 | 18 | 16 | ** | 17 | ** | 17 | ** | 19 | ** | 23 | ** | 20 |
Income 17-33 Percentile | 6 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 5 | 9 | 17 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 14 | ** | 10 | ** | 11 | ** | 16 | ** | 19 | ** | 15 |
Income 34-67 Percentile | 5 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | ** | 8 | ** | 12 | ** | 13 | ** | 13 | ** | 11 |
Income 68-95 Percentile | 5 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 10 | ** | 7 | ** | 9 | ** | 12 | ** | 11 | ** | 9 |
Income 96-100 Percentile | 8 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 10 | ** | 4 | ** | 5 | ** | 5 | ** | 9 | ** | 7 |
Professionals | 6 | ** | 8 | 9 | 11 | ** | 8 | ** | 12 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ** | 5 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
White Collar | 6 | ** | 13 | 5 | 8 | ** | 6 | ** | 11 | 15 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 15 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 13 | ** | 10 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Blue Collar | 5 | ** | 10 | 7 | 12 | ** | 9 | ** | 10 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 15 | ** | 13 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Unskilled | 5 | ** | 5 | 4 | 8 | ** | 6 | ** | 4 | ** | 18 | 16 | 18 | 29 | 23 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 19 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 21 | 8 | 25 | ** | 25 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Farmers | 5 | ** | 5 | 6 | 13 | ** | 6 | ** | 12 | 6 | 13 | 4 | 15 | 12 | 16 | 14 | 23 | 16 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 20 | 8 | ** | 12 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Housewives | 4 | ** | 10 | 9 | 8 | ** | 8 | ** | 10 | 13 | 16 | 22 | 16 | 14 | 17 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 11 | ** | 8 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Union Households | 4 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 11 | ** | 6 | 11 | 10 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 6 | 10 | ** | 8 | ** | 14 | ** | 13 | ** | 10 |
Non-Union Households | 5 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 | ** | 8 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 8 | 10 | ** | 12 | ** | 14 | ** | 15 | ** | 12 |
South | 1 | ** | 6 | 7 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 11 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 11 | 17 | 13 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 7 | 9 | ** | 13 | ** | 13 | ** | 15 | ** | 12 |
Nonsouth | 6 | ** | 10 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 10 | ** | 10 | ** | 15 | ** | 14 | ** | 12 |
Born 1991 or later | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 24 | ** | 17 | ** | 15 |
Born 1975-1990 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 31 | 20 | 8 | 16 | 22 | 4 | 9 | ** | 14 | ** | 14 | ** | 17 | ** | 14 |
Born 1959-1974 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 38 | 24 | 21 | 17 | 21 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 10 | ** | 12 | ** | 15 | ** | 14 | ** | 10 |
Born 1943-1958 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 8 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 25 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 10 | ** | 10 | ** | 13 | ** | 12 | ** | 7 |
Born 1927-1942 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 4 | 10 | ** | 8 | ** | 10 | ** | 11 | ** | 9 |
Born 1911-1926 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 15 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 5 | 5 | 12 | ** | 7 | ** | 7 | ** | 2 | ** | ** |
Born 1895-1910 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 19 | 3 | 7 | 19 | 60 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Born before 1895 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 12 | 17 | 14 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Democrats (incl leaners) | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Independents | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Republicans | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Liberals | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 10 | 15 | 10 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 2 | ** | 5 | ** | 6 | ** | 9 | ** | 5 |
Moderates | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 13 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 14 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 10 | 15 | 12 | 12 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 11 | ** | 20 | ** | 25 | ** | 20 | ** | 22 |
Conservatives | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | 11 | 15 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 5 | ** | 6 | ** | 7 | ** | 6 | ** | 5 |