CODEBOOK APPENDIX FILE 1990-1992 MERGED FILE >> 1980 CENSUS DEFINITIONS - USED 1990 - THIS NOTE CONTAINS DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED BY THE 1980 U.S. CENSUS OF POPULATION: STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (SMSA's): The general concept of a metropolitan area is one of a large population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with that nucleus. Each SMSA has one or more central counties containing the area's main population concentration: an urbanized area with at least 50,000 inhabitants. An SMSA may also include outlying counties that have close economic and social relationships with the central counties. The outlying counties must have a specified level of commuting to the central counties and must also meet certain standards regarding metropolitan character, such as population density, urban population and population growth. In New England, SMSA's are composed of cities and towns rather than whole counties. The population living in SMSA's may also be referred to as the metropolitan population. The population is subdivided into "inside central city (or cities)" and "outside central city (or cities)." (The population living outside SMSA's constitutes the non-metropolitan population.) Most SMSA's have one to three CENTRAL CITIES that are named in the census title of the SMSA. STANDARD CONSOLIDATED STATISTICAL AREAS (SCSA's): In some parts of the country, metropolitan development has progressed to the point that adjoining SMSA's are themselves socially and economically interrelated. These areas are designated standard consolidated statistical areas (SCSA's) by the Office of Management and Budget, and are defined using standards included as part of the new SMSA standards described above. DEFINITIONS OF THE SIX LARGEST SCSA's: NEW YORK-NEWARK-JERSEY CITY, NY-NJ-CT, SCSA New York, NY-NJ, SMSA Nassau-Suffolk, NY, SMSA Newark, NJ, SMSA Jersey City, NJ, SMSA New Brunswick-Perth Amboy-Sayreville, NJ, SMSA Paterson-Clifton-Passaic, NJ, SMSA Long Branch-Asbury Park, NJ, SMSA Stamford, CT, SMSA Norwalk, CT, SMSA LOS ANGELES-LONG BEACH-ANAHEIM, CA, SCSA Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA, SMSA Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove, CA, SMSA Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA, SMSA Oxnard-Simi Valley, CA, SMSA CHICAGO-GARY-KENOSHA, IL-IN-WS, SCSA Chicago, IL, SMSA Gary-Hammond-East Chicago, IN, SMSA Kenosha, WS, SMSA PHILADELPHIA-WILMINGTON-TRENTON, PA-DE-NJ-MD, SCSA Philadelphia, PA-NJ, SMSA Wilmington, DE-NJ-MD, SMSA Trenton, NJ, SMSA SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND-SAN JOSE, CA, SCSA San Francisco-Oakland, CA, SMSA San Jose, CA, SMSA Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA, SMSA Santa Rosa, CA, SMSA DETROIT-ANN ARBOR, MI, SCSA Detroit, MI, SMSA Ann Arbor, MI, SMSA (SOURCE: Table 2 of 1980 CENSUS OF POPULATION PC80-S1-5, STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS AND STANDARD CONSOLIDATED STATISTICAL AREAS: 1980.) For the purpose of size and distance coding of suburbs and non-SMSA's, the CENTRAL CITIES of the five largest SCSA's are listed as: New York (Manhattan), Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Detroit. URBANIZED AREAS: The major objective of the Census Bureau in delineating urbanized areas is to provide a better separation of urban and rural population in the vicinity of large cities. An urbanized area consists of a central city or cities, and surrounding closely settled territory ("urban fringe"). PLACES (In these materials called CENSUS PLACES): Two types of places are recognized in the census reports -- incorporated places and unincorporated places, defined as follows: INCORPORATED PLACES--These are political units incorporated as cities, boroughs, towns and villages with the following exceptions: (a) boroughs in Alaska; and (b) towns in New York, Wisconsin and the New England states. UNINCORPORATED PLACES--The Census Bureau has delineated boundaries for closely settled population centers without corporate limits. Each place so delineated possesses a definite nucleus of residences and has its boundaries drawn to include, if feasible, all the surrounding closely settled area. >> 1990 CENSUS DEFINITIONS - USED 1992 - THIS NOTE CONTAINS DEFINITIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS USED BY THE 1990 U.S. CENSUS OF POPULATION: Metropolitan Statistical Areas Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas Urbanized Areas Places Incorporated Places Unincorporated Places 1. "METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (MSA's):" The general concept of a metropolitan area is one of a large population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with that nucleus. In 1990 the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the U.S. Census have used the term Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) for what in 1980 was referred to as Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). An attempt has been made by the study staff to be consistent in using the newer terms in the current documentation and definitions. The definitions of characteristics to be classified as a metropolitan area have remained fairly consistent--with only minor changes between 1980 and 1990. However, due to changes in population size and density, employment, commuting and other behavior which defines metropolitan areas, the specific geographical composition of any given metropolitan area has, of course, frequently changed. The specific MSA title may also have changed as to which cities are named and in what order. Each MSA has one or more central counties containing the area's main populationconcentration: an urganized area with at least 50,000 inhabitants. An MSA may also include outlying counties that have close economic and social relationships with the central counties. The outlying counties must have a specified level of commuting to the central counties and must also meet certain standards regarding metropolitan character, such as population density, urban population and population growth. In New England, MSA's are composed of cities and towns rather than whole counties. The population living in MSA's may also be referred to as the metropolitan population. The population is subdivided into "inside central city (or cities)" and "outside central city (or cities)." (The population living outside MSA's constitutes the non-metropolitan population.) Most MSA's have one to three CENTRAL CITIES that are named in the census title of the MSA. 2. "CONSOLIDATED METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (CMSA's):" In some parts of the country, metropolitan development has progressed to the point that adjoining MSA's are themselves socially and economically interrelated. These areas are designated consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSA's) by the Office of Management and Budget, and are defined using standards included as part of the new MSA standards described above. MSA's that are a part of a CMSA are referred to as primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSA's). Definitions of the six largest CMSA's: NEW YORK-NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-LONG ISLAND, NY-NJ-CT, CMSA Bergen-Passaic, NJ PMSA Bridgeport-Milford, CT PMSA Danbury, CT PMSA Jersey City, NJ PMSA Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ PMSA Monmouth-Ocean NJ PMSA Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA* New York, NY PMSA* Newark, NJ PMSA* Norwalk, CT PMSA Orange County, NY PMSA Stamford, CT PMSA LOS ANGELES-ANAHEIM-RIVERSIDE, CA, CMSA Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA* Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA* Oxnard-Ventura, CA PMSA Riverside-San Bernardino, CA PMSA* CHICAGO-GARY-LAKE COUNTY (IL), IL-IN-WI CMSA Aurora-Elgin, IL PMSA* (Kane Co part only) Chicago, IL PMSA* Gary-Hammond, IN PMSA Joliet, IL PMSA* (Will Co part only) Kenosha, WI PMSA Lake County, IL PMSA* SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND-SAN JOSE, CA, CMSA Oakland, CA PMSA* San Francisco, CA PMSA* San Jose, CA PMSA Santa Cruz, CA PMSA Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA PMSA PHILADELPHIA-WILMINGTON-TRENTON, PA-NJ-DE-MD, CMSA Philadelphia, PA-NJ, PMSA* Trenton, NJ PMSA Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ PMSA Wilmington, DE-NJ-MD PMSA DETROIT-ANN ARBOR, MI, CMSA Ann Arbor, MI PMSA Detroit, MI PMSA* * In the SRC 1980 National Sample (1992 NES sample). For the purpose of size and distance coding of suburbs and non-MSAs, the central cities of the six largest CMSAs are listed as: 1. New York City (Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens), NY, Elizabeth, NJ and Newark, NJ 2. Los Angeles, Long Beach, Pasadena, Pomona, Burbank, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Riverside, San Bernardino and Palm Springs, CA. 3. Chicago, Evanston and Chicago Heights, Aurora, Elgin, Joliet, Waukegan and North Chicago, IL 4. San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and Livermore, CA 5. Philadelphia and Norristown, PA and Camden, NJ 6. Detroit, Dearborn, Pontiac and Port Huron, MI Both the CMSA definitions and the central city designations above are from Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1990, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC (Jun 1990) (PB90-214420) 3. "URBANIZED AREAS:" The major objective of the Census Bureau in delineating urbanized areas is to provide a better separation of urban and rural population in the vicinity of large cities. An urbanized area consists of a central city or cities, and surrounding closely settled territory ("urban fringe"). 4. "PLACES:" Two types of places are recognized in the census reports--incorporated places and unincorporated places, defined as follows: 5. "INCORPORATED PLACES:" These are political units incorporated as cities, borought, towns and villages with the following exceptions: (a) boroughs in Alaska; and (b) towns in New York, Wisconsin and the New England states. 6. "UNINCORPORATED PLACES:" The Census Bureau has delineated boundaries for closely settled population centers without corporate limits. Each place so delineated possesses a definite nucleus of residences and has its boundaries drawn to include, if feasible, all the surrounding closely settled area. These are called Census Designated Places (CDP's). >> ICPSR STATE AND COUNTRY CODES, 1990-1992 - USED 1990, 1992 - UNITED STATES: New England 101. Connecticut 102. Maine 103. Massachusetts 104. New Hampshire 105. Rhode Island 106. Vermont 109. General mention of area; two or more states in area Middle Atlantic 111. Delaware 112. New Jersey 113. New York 114. Pennsylvania 118. General mention of area; two or more states in area -------------------- 119. EAST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH NEW ENGLAND AND MIDDLE ATLANTIC East North Central 121. Illinois 122. Indiana 123. Michigan 124. Ohio 125. Wisconsin 129. General mention of area; two or more states in area West North Central 131. Iowa 132. Kansas 133. Minnesota 134. Missouri 135. Nebraska 136. North Dakota 137. South Dakota 138. General mention of area; two or more states in area -------------------- 139. MIDWEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH EAST NORTH CENTRAL AND WEST NORTH CENTRAL Solid South 141. Alabama 142. Arkansas 143. Florida 144. Georgia 145. Louisiana 146. Mississippi 147. North Carolina 148. South Carolina 149. Texas 140. Virginia 157. General mention of area; the South; two or more states in area Border States 151. Kentucky 152. Maryland 153. Oklahoma 154. Tennessee 155. Washington, D.C. 156. West Virginia 158. General mention of area; two or more states in area -------------------- 159. SOUTH; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH SOLID SOUTH AND BORDER STATES Mountain States 161. Arizona 162. Colorado 163. Idaho 164. Montana 165. Nevada 166. New Mexico 167. Utah 168. Wyoming 169. General mention of area; two or more states in area Pacific States 171. California 172. Oregon 173. Washington 178. General mention of area; two or more states in area --------------------- 179. WEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH MOUNTAIN STATES AND PACIFIC STATES External States and Territories 180. Alaska 181. Hawaii 182. Puerto Rico 183. American Samoa, Guam 184. Panama Canal Zone 185. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 186. Virgin Islands 187. Other U.S. Dependencies Reference to Two or More States from Different Regions of the United States; or NA Which State 191. Northeast and South (New England or Middle Atlantic and Solid South or Border States) 192. Northeast and Midwest (New England or Middle Atlantic and East North Central or West North Central) 194. West (Mountain States or Pacific States) and Midwest; West and Northeast 195. West and South (Solid South or Border States) 196. Midwest and South -------------------- 198. Lived in 3 or more regions (NA whether lived in one more than the rest) 199. United States, NA which state WESTERN HEMISPHERE Except U.S. North America 201. North America (except U.S.) comb. Canada, Mexico, and/or Central America 207. Canada -- ancestry of Anglo-Saxon origin 208. Canada -- ancestry of French origin 209. Canada -- NA origin or other origin 219. Mexico 229. Central America West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) 231. Barbados 232. Cuba 233. Dominican Republic 234. Haiti 235. Jamaica 236. Netherlands Antilles 237. Trinidad and Tobago 238. Islands of Lesser Antilles--except Virgin Islands and Netherlands Antilles 239. West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) or "Caribbean"--reference to two or more West Indian countries South America 259. South America; South American country or countries EUROPE British Isles 301. England 302. Ireland (NA North or South); southern Ireland 303. Scotland 304. Wales 305. Northern Ireland (Ulster) 306. Scot-Irish 308. United Kingdom; Great Britain 309. "BRITISH ISLES"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES Western Europe 310. Austria 311. Belgium 312. France 313. Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany) 314. German Democratic Republic (E. Germany) 315. Germany--NA East or West 316. Luxembourg 317. Netherlands; Holland 318. Switzerland 319. "WESTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN EUROPE Scandinavia 321. Denmark 322. Finland 323. Norway 324. Sweden 325. Iceland -------------------- 328. GENERAL MENTION OF AREA OF WESTERN EUROPE AND/OR SCANDINAVIA AND/OR BRITISH ISLES AND/OR MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND/OR GREECE; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES IN DIFFERENT AREAS LISTED ABOVE -------------------- 329. "SCANDINAVIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Eastern Europe 331. Czechoslovakia (Slavic) 332. Estonia 333. Hungary 334. Latvia 335. Lithuania 336. Poland 337. Russia (or U.S.S.R.) 338. Ukraine 339. "EASTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE Balkan Countries 341. Albania 342. Bulgaria 343. Greece 344. Rumania 345. Yugoslavia 348. General mention of area; reference to two or more Balkan Countries -------------------- 349. "BALKANS"; GENERAL REFERENCE OF AREA; REFERENCE TO COUNTRIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND BALKAN COUNTRIES Mediterranean Countries 351. Italy 352. Portugal 353. Spain 354. Malta or Gozo -------------------- 399. "EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE IN DIFFERENT AREAS ASIA except Near East 401. Afghanistan 404. India 406. Pakistan (IN 1990 THIS MAY ALSO APPEAR AS CODE 405) 428. Southeast Asia: Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Burma, Philippines, Indonesia; Hong Kong 431. China (mainland) 434. Taiwan, Formosa (IN 1990 THIS MAY ALSO APPEAR AS CODE 432) 451. Japan 452. Korea (North or South) 499. "ASIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF ASIA NEAR EAST 501. U.A.R. (Egypt) 502. Iran 503. Iraq 504. Israel (or Palestine) 505. Jordan 506. Lebanon 507. Saudi Arabia 508. Syria 509. Turkey 599. "NEAR EAST"; "MIDDLE EAST"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF NEAR EAST AFRICA 655. South Africa 699. Africa; any African country or countries, excluding only South Africa and U.A.R. (Egypt) OCEANIA 704. Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania OTHER: 997. Other (combinations) not codeable elsewhere 998. DK 999. NA 000. INAP >> CITIES WITH POPULATION OF 25,000 OR MORE, 1990-1992 - USED 1990, 1992 - THIS LIST WAS DEVELOPED FROM THE 1973 WORLD ALMANAC AND BOOK OF FACTS, PP. 152-188 (1970 POPULATION FIGURES): - The first four digits are a unique code number for each city. - The fifth digit is the urbanicity code for each city, as used in the 1971 Quality of Life Study: 1 = CITY OF OVER 1,000,000 2 = CITY OF OVER 25,000 AND UP TO 250,000 IN AN SMSA OF 1,000,000 OR MORE 3 = CITY OF UNDER 25,000 IN AN SMSA OF 1,000,000 OR MORE 4 = CITY OF OVER 250,000 AND UP TO 1,000,000 5 = CITY OF OVER 50,000 AND UP TO 250,000 NOT IN SMSA OF 1,000,000 OR MORE 6 = CITY OF 50,000 OR LESS NOT IN SMSA OF 1,000,000 OR MORE 9 = NA (141) ALABAMA (161) ARIZONA 0001 6. Anniston *0208 6. Chandler *0015 6. Auburn 0200 6. Flagstaff 0002 6. Bessemer 0201 6. Glendale 0003 4. Birmingham 0202 5. Mesa 0004 6. Decatur 0203 4. Phoenix 0005 6. Dothan 0204 5. Scottsdale 0006 6. Florence *0209 6. Sun City 0007 5. Gadsden 0205 5. Tempe 0008 5. Huntsville 0206 4. Tuscon 0009 5. Mobile 0207 6. Yuma 0010 5. Montgomery 0011 6. Phenix City (142) ARKANSAS 0012 6. Prichard 0013 6. Selma 0300 6. Blytheville 0014 5. Tuscaloosa 0301 6. El Dorado 0302 6. Fayetteville (180) ALASKA 0303 5. Fort Smith 0304 6. Hot Springs 0100 6. Anchorage *0310 6. Jacksonville 0305 6. Jonesboro 0306 5. Little Rock 0307 5. North Little Rock 0308 5. Pine Bluff 0309 5. West Memphis (171) CALIFORNIA 0400 2. Alameda 0401 2. Alhambra 0402 2. Altadena 0403 2. Anaheim 0404 2. Antioch 0405 2. Arcadia 0406 5. Arden-Arcade 0407 2. Azusa 0408 5. Bakersfield 0409 2. Baldwin Park *0557 2. Bell 0410 2. Bellflower 0411 2. Bell Gardens 0412 2. Belmont 0413 2. Berkley 0414 2. Beverly Hills *0558 2. Brea 0415 2. Buena Park 0416 2. Burbank 0417 2. Burlingame *0559 6. Camarillo 0418 2. Campbell *0560 2. Carlsbad 0419 6. Carmichael 0420 2. Carson 0421 2. Castro Valley *0561 2. Cerritos *0562 6. Chico *0563 2. Chino 0422 2. Chula Vista *0564 6. Citrus Heights 0423 2. Claremont *0565 6. Clovis 0424 2. Compton 0425 2. Concord 0426 2. Corona 0427 2. Costa Mesa 0428 2. Covina 0429 2. Culver City *0566 2. Cupertino 0430 2. Cypress 0431 2. Daly City *0567 2. Danville 0432 6. Davis *0568 2. Diamond Bar 0433 2. Downey 0434 2. East Los Angeles 0435 2. El Cajon 0436 2. El Cerrito 0437 2. El Monte *0569 2. El Toro 0438 2. Escondido 0439 6. Eureka 0440 6. Fairfield 0441 2. Florence-Graham *0570 2. Fontana 0442 2. Fountain Valley 0443 2. Fremont 0444 5. Fresno 0445 2. Fullerton 0446 2. Gardena 0447 2. Garden Grove 0448 2. Glendale 0449 2. Glendora 0450 2. Hacienda Heights 0451 2. Hawthorne 0452 2. Hayward 0453 2. Huntington Beach 0454 2. Huntington Park 0455 2. Inglewood *0571 2. Irvine *0572 2. Laguna Hills 0456 2. La Habra 0457 2. Lakewood 0458 2. La Mesa 0459 2. La Mirada 0460 2. Lancaster 0461 2. La Puente 0462 2. Lawndale 0463 2. Livermore 0464 6. Lodi 0465 6. Lompoc 0466 4. Long Beach 0467 2. Los Altos 0468 1. Los Angeles 0469 2. Los Gatos 0470 2. Lynwood 0471 2. Manhattan Beach *0573 6. Manteca 0472 2. Menlo Park *0574 6. Merced 0473 2. Milpitas *0575 2. Mission Viejo 0474 5. Modesto 0475 2. Monrovia 0476 2. Montebello 0477 6. Monterey 0478 2. Monterey Park 0479 2. Mountain View 0480 6. Napa 0481 2. National City 0482 2. Newark 0483 2. Newport Beach 0484 6. North Highlands 0485 2. Norwalk 0486 2. Novato 0487 4. Oakland 0488 2. Oceanside CALIFORNIA (continued) 0489 2. Ontario 0490 2. Orange 0491 5. Oxnard 0492 2. Pacifica *0576 2. Palm Springs 0493 2. Palo Alto 0494 2. Palos Verdes Peninsula 0495 2. Paramount 0496 6. Parkway-Sacramento South 0497 2. Pasadena 0498 6. Petaluma 0499 2. Pico Rivera *0577 2. Pittsburg *0578 2. Placentia 0500 2. Pleasant Hill *0579 2. Pleasanton 0501 2. Pomona *0580 2. Poway 0502 6. Rancho Cordova *0581 2. Rancho Cucamonga *0582 2. Rancho Palos Verdes *0583 6. Redding 0503 2. Redlands 0504 2. Redando Beach 0505 2. Redwood City 0506 2. Rialto 0507 2. Richmond 0508 2. Riverside 0509 2. Rosemead *0584 2. Rowland Heights 0510 4. Sacramento 0511 5. Salinas 0512 2. San Bernardino 0513 2. San Bruno 0514 2. San Carlos *0585 2. San Clemente 0515 4. San Diego 0516 4. San Francisco 0517 2. San Gabriel 0518 4. San Jose 0519 2. San Leandro 0520 2. San Lorenzo 0521 6. San Luis Obispo 0522 2. San Mateo 0523 2. San Rafael 0524 2. Santa Ana 0525 5. Santa Barbara 0526 2. Santa Clara 0527 6. Santa Cruz 0528 6. Santa Maria 0529 2. Santa Monica 0530 5. Santa Rosa *0586 2. Santee 0531 2. Saratoga 0532 2. Seal Beach 0533 6. Seaside 0534 5. Simi Valley 0535 2. South Gate 0536 2. S. San Francisco 0537 2. South Whittier 0538 2. Spring Valley 0539 5. Stockton 0540 2. Sunnyvale 0541 2. Temple City 0542 6. Thousand Oaks 0543 2. Torrance *0587 6. Turlock *0588 2. Tustin 0544 2. Tustin-Foothills *0589 2. Union City 0545 2. Upland *0590 6. Vacaville 0546 5. Vallejo 0547 5. Ventura 0548 6. Visalia 0549 2. Vista 0550 2. Walnut Creek 0551 2. West Covina 0552 2. West Hollywood 0553 2. Westminster 0554 9. Westmont 0555 2. Whittier 0556 2. Willowbrook *0591 6. Woodland *0592 2. Yorba Linda (162) COLORADO 0600 2. Arvada 0601 2. Aurora 0602 2. Boulder 0603 5. Colorado Springs 0604 4. Denver 0605 2. Englewood 0606 6. Fort Collins *0613 6. Grand Junction 0607 6. Greeley 0608 2. Lakewood 0609 2. Littleton *0614 2. Longmont *0615 6. Loveland 0610 9. North Glenn 0611 5. Pueblo *0616 2. Southglenn *0617 2. Thornton *0618 2. Westminster 0612 2. Wheat Ridge (101) CONNECTICUT 0700 5. Bridgeport 0701 5. Bristol 0702 5. Danbury 0703 5. East Hartford 0704 6. East Haven 0705 6. Enfield 0706 5. Fairfield 0707 5. Greenwich 0708 6. Groton 0709 6. Hamden 0710 5. Hartford 0711 6. Manchester 0712 5. Meriden 0713 6. Middletown 0714 5. Milford *0734 6. Naugatuck 0715 5. New Britain 0716 5. New Haven 0717 6. Newington 0718 6. New London 0719 5. Norwalk 0720 6. Norwich 0721 6. Shelton 0722 6. Southington 0723 5. Stamford 0724 6. Stratford 0725 6. Torrington 0726 6. Trumball 0727 6. Vernon 0728 6. Wallingford 0729 5. Waterbury 0730 5. West Hartford 0731 5. West Haven 0732 6. Westport 0733 6. Wethersfield *0735 6. Windsor (111) DELAWARE *0801 6. Newark 0800 5. Wilmington (155) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 0900 4. Washington (143) FLORIDA 1000 6. Boca Raton *1032 6. Boynton Beach *1033 6. Bradenton *1034 6. Cape Coral 1001 2. Carol City 1002 2. Clearwater 1003 2. Coral Gables *1035 6. Coral Springs 1004 6. Daytona Beach *1036 6. Deerfield Beach *1037 6. Delray Beach *1038 2. Dunedin 1005 5. Fort Lauderdale 1007 6. Fort Myers 1008 6. Fort Pierce 1009 5. Gainesville *1039 6. Hallandale 1010 2. Hialeah 1011 5. Hollywood 1012 4. Jacksonville *1040 2. Kendale Lakes 1013 2. Kendall 1014 6. Key West 1015 6. Lakeland *1041 6. Lake Worth *1042 2. Largo *1043 6. Lauderdale Lakes *1044 6. Lauderhill *1045 6. Margate 1016 6. Melbourne 1017 6. Merritt Island 1018 4. Miami 1019 2. Miami Beach *1046 6. Miramar 1020 2. North Miami 1021 2. North Miami Beach *1047 6. Ocala *1048 2. Olympia Heights 1022 5. Orlando 1023 6. Panama City *1049 6. Pembroke Pines 1024 5. Pensacola *1050 6. Pine Hills *1051 2. Pinellas Park *1052 6. Plantation 1025 6. Pompano Beach *1053 6. Port Charlotte *1054 6. Riviera Beach 1026 2. St. Petersburg 1027 6. Sarasota *1055 6. Sunrise 1028 5. Tallahassee *1056 2. Tamarac 1029 4. Tampa 1030 6. Titusville *1057 2. Town 'n' Country *1058 2. Westchester *1059 2. West Little River 1031 5. West Palm Beach (144) GEORGIA 1100 5. Albany 1101 6. Athens 1102 4. Atlanta 1103 5. Augusta *1113 2. Candler-McAfee 1104 5. Columbus 1105 2. East Point 1106 6. Fort Benning *1114 2. Mableton 1107 5. Macon 1108 2. Marietta *1115 2. North Atlanta 1109 6. Rome *1116 2. Sandy Springs 1110 5. Savannah *1117 6. South Augusta *1118 2. Tucker 1111 6. Valdosta 1112 6. Warner Robins (181) HAWAII *1205 6. Aiea 1200 6. Hilo 1201 4. Honolulu 1202 6. Kailua 1203 6. Kanoehe *1206 6. Pearl City 1204 6. Wiapahu (163) IDAHO 1300 5. Boise City 1301 6. Idaho Falls 1302 6. Lewiston *1304 6. Nampa 1303 6. Pocatello *1305 6. Twin Falls (121) ILLINOIS 1400 2. Addison 1401 2. Alton 1402 2. Arlington Heights 1403 2. Aurora 1404 2. Belleville 1405 2. Berwyn 1406 6. Bloomington *1461 2. Bolingbrook 1407 2. Burbank 1408 2. Calumet City *1462 6. Carbondale 1409 2. Carpentersville 1410 5. Champaign 1411 1. Chicago 1412 2. Chicago Heights 1413 2. Cicero 1414 6. Danville 1415 5. Decatur *1463 6. DeKalb 1416 2. Des Plaines 1417 2. Dolton 1418 2. Downers Grove 1419 2. East St. Louis 1420 2. Elgin *1464 2. Elk Grove 1421 2. Elmhurst 1422 2. Elmwood Park 1423 2. Evanston 1424 2. Evergreen Park 1425 6. Freeport 1426 6. Galesburg 1427 2. Glenview 1428 2. Granite City *1465 2. Hanover Park 1429 2. Harvey 1430 2. Highland Park *1466 2. Hoffman Estates 1431 2. Joliet 1432 6. Kankakee 1433 2. Lansing 1434 2. Lombard 1435 2. Maywood 1436 6. Moline 1437 2. Morton Grove 1438 2. Mount Prospect *1467 2. Naperville 1439 2. Niles 1440 6. Normal 1441 2. Northbrook 1442 2. North Chicago *1468 2. Oak Forest 1443 2. Oak Lawn 1444 2. Oak Park 1445 2. Palatine 1446 2. Park Forest 1447 2. Park Ridge 1448 6. Pekin 1449 5. Peoria 1450 6. Quincy 1451 6. Rantoul 1452 5. Rockford 1453 5. Rock Island *1469 2. Shaumburg 1454 2. Skokie *1470 2. South Holland 1455 5. Springfield *1471 2. Tinley Park 1456 6. Urbana 1457 2. Villa Park 1458 2. Waukegan 1459 2. Wheaton 1460 2. Wilmette (122) INDIANA 1500 5. Anderson 1501 6. Bloomington 1502 6. Columbus 1503 2. East Chicago 1504 6. Elkhart 1505 5. Evansville 1506 5. Fort Wayne 1507 2. Gary 1508 2. Hammond 1509 2. Highland 1510 4. Indianapolis 1511 6. Kokomo 1512 6. Lafayette *1521 2. Lawrence 1513 6. Marion *1522 2. Merrillville 1514 6. Michigan City 1515 6. Mishawaka 1516 5. Muncie 1517 6. New Albany *1523 2. Portage 1518 6. Richmond 1519 5. South Bend 1520 5. Terre Haute (131) IOWA 1600 6. Ames *1616 6. Bettendorf 1601 6. Burlington 1602 6. Cedar Falls 1603 5. Cedar Rapids 1604 6. Clinton 1605 5. Council Bluffs 1606 5. Davenport 1607 5. Des Moines 1608 5. Dubuque 1609 6. Fort Dodge 1610 6. Iowa City 1611 6. Marshallton 1612 6. Mason City 1613 6. Ottumwa 1614 5. Sioux City 1615 5. Waterloo (132) KANSAS *1710 6. Emporia 1700 6. Hutchinson 1701 2. Kansas City 1702 6. Lawrence 1703 6. Leavenworth 1704 6. Manhattan *1711 2. Olathe 1705 2. Overland Park 1706 2. Prairie Village 1707 6. Salina *1712 2. Shawnee 1708 5. Topeka 1709 4. Witchita (151) KENTUCKY 1800 6. Ashland 1801 6. Bowling Green 1802 2. Covington 1803 6. Fort Knox *1811 6. Frankfort *1812 6. Henderson *1813 6. Hopkinsville 1804 5. Lexington-Fayette 1805 4. Louisville 1806 2. Newport 1807 5. Owensboro 1808 6. Paducah 1809 6. Pleasant Ridge Park 1810 6. Valley Station (145) LOUISIANA 1900 6. Alexandria 1901 5. Baton Rouge 1902 6. Bossier City *1914 2. Chalmette 1903 2. Gretna 1904 6. Houma 1905 2. Kenner 1906 5. Lafayette 1907 5. Lake Charles 1908 2. Marrero 1909 2. Metairie 1910 5. Monroe 1911 6. New Iberia 1912 4. New Orleans 1913 5. Shreveport *1915 2. Slidell (102) MAINE 2000 6. Auburn 2001 6. Bangor 2002 6. Lewiston 2003 5. Portland (152) MARYLAND 2100 2. Annapolis *2123 2. Aspen Hill 2101 4. Baltimore 2102 2. Bethesda 2103 2. Bowie 2104 2. Catonsville 2105 2. Chillum 2106 2. College Park *2124 2. Columbia 2107 6. Cumberland 2108 2. Dundalk 2109 2. Essex *2125 6. Frederick *2126 2. Gaithersburg 2110 2. Glen Burnie 2111 6. Hagerstown 2112 9. Hillcrest Heights *2127 2. Lochearn 2113 2. Lutherville-Timonium *2128 2. Middle River *2129 2. Oxon Hill 2114 2. Parkville 2115 2. Pikesville *2130 2. Potomac 2116 2. Randallstown 2117 2. Rockville *2131 2. Security 2118 2. Silver Spring 2119 2. Suitland-Silver Hill 2120 2. Towson 2121 2. Wheaton-Glenmont (103) MASSACHUSETTS *2260 6. Agawam 2200 6. Amherst 2201 6. Andover 2202 2. Arlington 2203 6. Attleboro *2261 6. Barnstable 2204 2. Belmont 2205 2. Beverly 2206 6. Bilerica 2207 4. Boston 2208 2. Braintree 2209 5. Brockton 2210 2. Brookline 2211 2. Cambridge 2212 6. Chelmsford 2213 2. Chelsea 2214 5. Chicopee 2215 2. Danvers 2216 2. Dedham 2217 2. Everett 2218 5. Fall River 2219 6. Fitchburg 2220 2. Framingham 2221 6. Gloucester 2222 6. Haverhill 2223 5. Holyoke 2224 5. Lawrence 2225 6. Leominster 2226 2. Lexington 2227 5. Lowell 2228 5. Lynn 2229 2. Malden 2230 6. Marlborough 2231 2. Medford 2232 2. Melrose 2233 6. Methuen 2234 2. Milton 2235 2. Natick 2236 2. Needham 2237 5. New Bedford 2238 2. Newton 2239 6. Northampton 2240 2. Norwood 2241 2. Peabody 2242 5. Pittsfield *2262 6. Plymouth 2243 2. Quincy 2244 2. Randolph 2245 2. Revere 2246 2. Salem 2247 2. Saugus 2248 2. Somerville 2249 5. Springfield *2263 2. Stoughton 2250 6. Tauton 2251 2. Wakefield 2252 2. Waltham 2253 2. Watertown 2254 2. Wellesley 2255 6. Westfield 2256 6. West Springfield 2257 2. Weymouth 2258 2. Woburn 2259 5. Worcester (123) MICHIGAN 2300 2. Allen Park 2301 5. Ann Arbor *2345 2. Avon Township 2302 6. Battle Creek 2303 6. Bay City 2304 2. Birmingham *2346 2. Bloomfield Township *2347 6. Burton *2348 2. Clinton Township 2305 2. Dearborn 2306 2. Dearborn Heights 2307 1. Detroit 2308 2. East Detroit 2309 6. East Lansing *2349 2. Farmington Hills 2310 2. Ferndale 2311 5. Flint 2312 2. Garden City 2313 5. Grand Rapids 2314 2. Hamtramck 2315 2. Highland Park 2316 6. Holland 2317 2. Inkster 2318 6. Jackson 2319 5. Kalamazoo *2350 6. Kentwood 2320 5. Lansing 2321 2. Lincoln Park 2322 2. Livonia 2323 2. Madison Heights 2324 6. Midland 2325 6. Muskegon 2326 2. Oak Park 2327 2. Pontiac 2328 6. Portage 2329 6. Port Huron *2351 2. Redford Township *2352 2. Romulus 2330 2. Roseville 2331 2. Royal Oak 2332 5. Saginaw 2333 2. St. Clair Shores 2334 2. Southfield 2335 2. Southgate 2336 2. Sterling Heights 2337 2. Taylor 2338 2. Trenton 2339 2. Troy 2340 2. Warren *2353 2. Waterford *2354 2. West Bloomfield Twp 2341 2. Westland 2342 2. Wyandotte 2343 5. Wyoming 2344 6. Ypsilanti (133) MINNESOTA 2400 6. Austin *2423 2. Blaine 2401 2. Bloomington 2402 2. Brooklyn Center 2403 6. Brooklyn Park *2424 2. Burnsville 2404 2. Coon Rapids 2405 2. Crystal 2406 5. Duluth 2407 2. Edina 2408 2. Fridley 2409 2. Golden Valley 2410 6. Mankato 2411 9. Maplewood 2412 4. Minneapolis 2413 2. Minnetonka 2414 6. Moorhead *2425 2. Plymouth 2415 2. Richfield 2416 5. Rochester 2417 2. Roseville 2418 6. St. Cloud 2419 2. St. Louis Park 2420 4. St. Paul 2421 2. South St. Paul 2422 6. Winona (146) MISSISSIPPI 2500 6. Biloxi 2501 6. Columbus 2502 6. Greenville 2503 6. Gulfport 2504 6. Hattiesburg 2505 5. Jackson 2506 6. Laurel 2507 6. Meridian 2508 6. Pascagoula 2509 6. Vicksburg (134) MISSOURI 2600 2. Affton *2620 2. Blue Springs 2601 6. Cape Girardeau 2602 5. Columbia 2603 2. Ferguson 2604 2. Florissant 2605 6. Fort Leonard Wood *2621 2. Gladstone 2606 2. Independence 2607 6. Jefferson City 2608 4. Joplin 2609 4. Kansas City 2610 2. Kirkwood *2622 2. Lee's Summit 2611 2. Lemay (123) MISSOURI cont. 2612 2. Overland 2613 2. Raytown 2614 2. St. Charles 2615 5. St. Joseph 2616 4. St. Louis 2617 5. Springfield 2618 2. University City 2619 2. Webster Groves (164) MONTANA 2700 5. Billings *2703 6. Butte-Silver Bow 2701 5. Great Falls 2702 6. Missoula (135) NEBRASKA 2800 6. Grand Island 2801 5. Lincoln 2802 4. Omaha (165) NEVADA *2905 6. Carson City 2900 5. Las Vegas 2901 6. North Las Vegas 2902 6. Paradise 2903 5. Reno 2904 6. Sparks *2906 6. Sunrise Manor (104) NEW HAMPSHIRE 3000 6. Concord 3001 5. Manchester 3002 5. Nashua 3003 6. Portsmouth (112) NEW JERSEY 3100 6. Atlantic City 3101 2. Bayonne 3102 2. Belleville 3103 2. Bergenfield 3104 2. Bloomfield 3105 6. Brick Township 3106 2. Camden 3107 2. Cherry Hill Township 3108 2. Clifton 3109 2. Cranford Township 3110 2. Deptford Township 3111 2. East Brunswick Twp 3112 2. East Orange 3113 2. Edison Township 3114 2. Elizabeth 3115 2. Englewood 3116 9. Ewing Township 3117 2. Fair Lawn 3118 6. Fort Dix 3119 2. Fort Lee 3120 2. Garfield 3121 2. Hackensack 3122 2. Hoboken 3123 2. Irvington 3124 4. Jersey City 3125 2. Kearny 3126 2. Linden 3127 2. Livingston Township 3128 2. Lodi 3129 6. Long Branch 3130 2. Maplewood Township 3131 2. Mercerville-Hamilton Sq. 3132 5. Middletown Township 3133 2. Montclair 3134 5. Neptune Township 3135 4. Newark 3136 2. New Brunswick 3137 9. New Hanover 3138 2. North Bergen Twp 3139 2. Nutley 3140 2. Old Bridge 3141 2. Orange 3142 2. Paramus *3163 2. Parsippany-Troy Hills 3143 2. Passaic 3144 2. Paterson 3145 2. Pennsauken Township 3146 2. Perth Amboy 3147 2. Piscataway Township 3148 2. Plainfield 3149 2. Rahway 3150 2. Ridgewood 3151 2. Sayreville 3152 2. Teaneck Township 3153 5. Trenton 3154 2. Union Township 3155 2. Union City 3156 6. Vineland 3157 2. Wayne Township 3158 2. Westfield 3159 2. West New York 3160 5. West Orange 3161 2. Willingboro Township 3162 2. Woodbridge Township (166) NEW MEXICO 3200 5. Albuquerque *3207 6. Carlsbad 3201 6. Clovis *3208 6. Farmington 3202 6. Hobbs 3203 6. Las Cruces 3204 6. Roswell 3205 6. Santa Fe 3206 6. South Valley (113) NEW YORK 3300 5. Albany 3301 6. Amsterdam 3302 6. Auburn 3303 2. Baldwin 3304 5. Binghamton 3305 2. Brentwood *3354 6. Brighton 3306 4. Buffalo *3355 2. Centereach 3307 2. Central Islip *3356 2. Cheektowaga 3308 2. Commack 3309 2. Deer Park *3357 2. Dix Hills 3310 2. East Meadow 3311 6. Elmira 3312 2. Elmont 3313 2. Franklin Square 3314 2. Freeport 3315 2. Garden City 3316 2. Glen Cove 3317 2. Hempstead 3318 2. Hicksville 3319 2. Huntington Station *3358 6. Irondequoit 3320 6. Ithaca 3321 6. Jamestown 3322 6. Kingston 3323 2. Lackawanna *3359 2. Lake Ronkonkoma 3324 2. Levittown 3325 2. Lindenhurst 3326 2. Lockport 3327 2. Long Beach 3328 2. Massapequa 3329 2. Merrick 3330 2. Mount Vernon 3331 6. Newvurgh 3332 2. New City 3333 2. New Rochelle 3334 1. New York 3335 2. Niagara Falls 3336 2. North Babylon *3360 2. North Bay Shore 3337 2. North Tonawanda 3338 2. Oceanside 3339 2. Plainview 3340 2. Port Chester 3341 6. Poughkeepsie 3342 4. Rochester 3343 2. Rockville Centre 3344 5. Rome 3345 6. Rotterdam 3346 5. Schenectady *3361 2. Smithtown 3347 5. Syracuse *3362 2. Tonawanda 3348 5. Troy 3349 5. Utica 3350 2. Valley Stream 3351 6. Watertown *3363 2. West Babylon *3364 2. West Islip *3365 2. West Seneca 3352 2. White Plains 3353 2. Yonkers (147) NORTH CAROLINA 3400 5. Asheville 3401 6. Burlington 3402 6. Camp Lejeune 3403 6. Chapel Hill 3404 5. Charlotte 3405 5. Durham 3406 5. Fayetteville 3407 6. Fort Bragg 3408 6. Gastonia 3409 6. Goldsboro 3410 5. Greensboro 3411 6. Greenville 3412 5. High Point 3413 6. Kannapolis *3419 6. Kinston 3414 5. Raleigh 3415 6. Rocky Mount 3416 6. Wilmington 3417 6. Wilson 3418 5. Winston-Salem (136) NORTH DAKOTA 3500 6. Bismarck 3501 5. Fargo 3502 6. Grand Forks 3503 6. Minot (124) OHIO 3600 4. Akron 3601 6. Alliance 3602 6. Athens 3603 6. Austintown 3604 6. Barberton *3651 6. Beavercreek 3605 6. Boardman *3652 6. Bowling Green 3606 2. Brook Park *3653 2. Brunswick 3607 5. Canton 3608 4. Cincinnati 3609 4. Cleveland 3610 2. Cleveland Heights 3611 4. Columbus 3612 6. Cuyahoga Falls 3613 5. Dayton *3654 2. Delhi Hills 3614 2. East Cleveland 3615 5. Elyria 3616 2. Euclid 3617 6. Fairborn *3655 6. Fairfield 3618 6. Findlay 3619 2. Garfield Heights 3620 5. Hamilton *3656 6. Huber Heights 3621 6. Kent 3622 5. Kettering 3623 2. Lakewood 3624 6. Lancaster 3625 5. Lima 3626 5. Lorain 3627 5. Mansfield 3628 2. Maple Heights 3629 6. Marion 3630 6. Massillon 3631 2. Mentor 3632 6. Middletown 3633 6. Newark 3634 2. North Olmsted 3635 2. Norwood 3636 2. Parma 3637 9. Parma Heights 3638 6. Portsmouth 3639 6. Sandusky 3640 2. Shaker Heights 3641 2. South Euclid 3642 5. Springfield 3643 6. Steubenville *3657 6. Stow *3658 2. Strongsville 3644 4. Toledo 3645 2. Upper Arlington 3646 5. Warren 3647 2. Whitehall 3648 2. Xenia 3649 5. Youngstown 3650 6. Zanesville (153) OKLAHOMA 3700 6. Bartlesville *3712 6. Broken Arrow 3701 6. Del City *3713 6. Edmond 3702 6. Enid 3703 5. Lawton 3704 6. Midwest City *3714 6. Moore 3705 6. Muskogee 3706 5. Norman 3707 4. Oklahoma City 3708 6. Ponca City 3709 6. Shawnee 3710 6. Stilwater 3711 4. Tulsa (172) OREGON *3806 6. Albany *3807 2. Beaverton 3800 6. Corvallis 3801 5. Eugene *3808 2. Gresham *3809 2. Hazlewood *3810 2. Hillsboro 3802 6. Medford 3803 4. Portland 3804 5. Salem 3805 6. Springfield (114) PENNSYLVANIA *3928 2. Abington Township 3900 5. Allentown 3901 5. Altoona 3902 9. Baldwin *3929 2. Bensalem Township 3903 2. Bethel Park 3904 5. Bethlehem *3930 2. Bristol Township *3931 2. Cheltenham 3905 2. Chester 3906 6. Easton 3907 5. Erie *3932 2. Falls Township 3908 5. Harrisburg *3933 2. Haverford Township 3909 6. Hasleton 3910 6. Johnstown 3911 5. Lancaster 3912 6. Lebanon *3934 2. Lower Merion Twp *3935 2. McCandless Township 3913 2. McKeesport 3914 2. Monroeville *3936 2. Mount Lebanon 3915 6. New Castle 3916 2. Norristown *3937 2. Penn Hills 3917 1. Philadelphia 3918 4. Pittsburgh *3938 2. Plum 3919 2. Pottstown *3939 2. Radnor Township 3920 5. Reading *3940 2. Ridley Township *3941 2. Ross Township 3921 5. Scranton *3942 2. Shaler Township *3943 2. Springfield 3922 6. State College *3944 2. Upper Darby *3945 2. Upper Merion *3946 2. Upper Moreland Twp *3947 2. Warminster 3923 2. West Mifflin 3924 5. Wilkes-Barre 3925 2. Wilkinsburg 3926 6. Williamsport 3927 5. York (105) RHODE ISLAND *4012 6. Coventry 4000 5. Cranston 4001 6. Cumberland 4002 6. East Providence 4003 6. Middletown 4004 6. Newport 4005 6. North Kingstown 4006 6. North Providence 4007 5. Pawtucket 4008 5. Providence 4009 5. Warwick 4010 6. West Warwick 4011 6. Woonsocket (148) SOUTH CAROLINA 4100 6. Anderson 4101 5. Charleston 4102 5. Columbia 4103 6. Florence 4104 5. Greenville *4108 6. North Charleston 4105 6. Rock Hill 4106 6. Spartanburg 4107 6. Sumter (137) SOUTH DAKOTA 4200 6. Aberdeen 4201 6. Rapid City 4202 5. Sioux Falls (154) TENNESSEE 4300 5. Chattanooga 4301 6. Clarksville *4310 6. Cleveland *4311 6. Columbia *4312 6. Hendersonville 4302 6. Jackson 4303 6. Johnson City 4304 6. Kingsport 4305 5. Knoxville 4306 4. Memphis 4307 6. Murfreesboro 4308 4. Nashville-Davidson 4309 6. Oak Ridge (149) TEXAS 4400 5. Abilene 4401 5. Amarillo 4402 5. Arlington 4403 4. Austin 4404 2. Baytown 4405 5. Bearmont 4406 6. Big Spring 4407 5. Brownsville 4408 6. Bryan *4447 2. Carrollton *4448 6. College Station 4409 5. Corpus Christi 4410 4. Dallas *4449 6. Del Rio 4411 6. Denison 4412 2. Denton *4450 2. Duncanville 4413 4. El Paso 4414 2. Farmers Branch 4415 9. Fort Hood 4416 4. Fort Worth 4417 5. Galveston 4418 2. Garland 4419 2. Grand Prairie 4420 6. Haltom City 4421 6. Harlingen 4422 1. Houston 4423 6. Hurst 4424 2. Irving 4425 6. Killeen 4426 6. Kingsville 4427 5. Laredo 4428 6. Longview 4429 5. Lubbock *4451 6. Lufkin 4430 6. McAllen 4431 2. Mesquite 4432 5. Midland *4452 6. Nocogdoches *4453 2. North Richland Hills 4433 5. Odessa *4454 6. Paris 4434 2. Pasadena *4455 2. Plano 4435 5. Port Arthur 4436 2. Richardson 4437 5. San Angelo 4438 4. San Antonio 4439 6. Sherman 4440 6. Temple 4441 6. Texarkana 4442 6. Texas City 4443 5. Tyler 4444 6. Victoria 4445 5. Waco 4446 5. Wichita Falls (167) UTAH 4500 6. Bountiful 4501 6. East Millcreek *4506 6. Logan *4507 6. Murray 4502 5. Ogden 4503 6. Orem 4504 5. Provo 4505 5. Salt Lake City *4508 6. Sandy City *4509 6. West Jordan *4510 6. West Valley (106) VERMONT 4600 6. Burlington (140) VIRGINIA 4700 2. Alexandria 4701 2. Annandale 4702 2. Arlington *4718 2. Blacksburg *4719 2. Burke 4703 6. Charlottesville 4704 5. Chesapeake *4720 2. Dale City 4705 6. Danville 4706 5. Hampton 4707 9. Jefferson 4708 5. Lynchburg *4821 2. McLean 4709 5. Newport News 4710 4. Norfolk 4711 6. Petersburg 4712 5. Portsmouth *4722 2. Reston 4713 4. Richmond 4714 5. Roanoke 4715 6. Staunton *4723 6. Suffolk *4724 6. Tuckahoe 4716 5. Virginia Beach *4725 2. West Springfield 4717 2. Woodbridge-Marumsco (173) WASHINGTON *4815 2. Auburn 4800 2. Bellevue 4801 6. Bellingham 4802 6. Bremerton 4803 2. Edmonds 4804 2. Everett 4805 6. Fort Lewis *4816 6. Kennewick 4806 9. Lakes District 4807 6. Longview *4817 6. Olympia 4808 2. Renton 4809 6. Richland 4810 4. Seattle 4811 5. Spokane 4812 2. Tacoma 4813 5. Vancouver *4818 6. Walla Walla 4814 6. Yakima (156) WEST VIRGINIA 4900 5. Charleston 4901 6. Fairmont 4902 5. Huntington 4903 6. Morgantown 4904 6. Parkersburg 4905 6. Wierton 4906 6. Wheeling (125) WISCONSIN 5000 5. Appleton 5001 6. Beloit 5002 2. Brookfield 5003 6. Eau Claire 5004 6. Fond Du Lac 5005 5. Green Bay 5006 2. Greenfield 5007 6. Janesville 5008 5. Kenocha 5009 5. La Crosse 5010 5. Madison 5011 6. Manitowoc 5012 2. Menomonee Falls 5013 4. Milwaukee 5014 2. New Berlin 5015 5. Oshkosh 5016 5. Racine 5017 6. Sheboygan 5018 6. Superior 5019 2. Waukesha 5020 6. Wausau 5021 2. Wauwatosa 5022 2. West Allis (168) WYOMING 5100 6. Casper 5101 6. Cheyenne * Place added in 1982 (having population of 25,000+ in 1980 census) coded on basis of 1970 status in area. See example Chandler, Arizona. Its SMSA was not over one million in 1970, so coded 6 here. This was done to avoid glaring inconsistencies in adjacent areas. The areas affected by this decision are the four places where the population of the SMSA topped the one million mark between 1970 and 1980 (Phoenix, Arizona; San Antonio, Texas; Ft. Lauderdale/Hollywood, Florida; Sacramento, California). 1 The two 1970 Standard Consolidated Areas (New York-Northeastern New Jersey, and Chicago, Ill.-Northwestern Indiana), the remaining 1970 SMSA's of one million or more, plus the Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove, CA SMSA (which was attached to the Los Angeles SMSA). >> 1980 CENSUS OCCUPATIONS - USED 1990, 1992 - The full 3-digit 1980 Census Occupation Code was used to code the occupation of respondents. In order to minimize the amount of highly specific information released about respondents, the full occupation code has been recoded to a 71 category code, which is based on the occupation code sub-headings in the Census Code. Users who need access to the full 3-digit occupation code for their research purposes should contact NES project staff for details about how this could be arranged. In the code description that follows, the full 1980 Census Code is presented. At the beginning of each recoded section, the statement "(XXX) THROUGH (YYY) ARE RECODED TO (ZZ)" indicates the code values to which the specific occupations have been recoded. For example, purchasing managers (009), legislators (003), and funeral directors (018) have all been recoded to (01). Numbers in parentheses following the occupation categories are the U.S. Department of Commerce's 1980 Standard Occupational Classification code equivalents. The abbreviation "PT" means "part" and "N.E.C." means "not elsewhere classified". MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS Executive, Administrative, and Managerial ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (003) THROUGH (019) ARE RECODED TO: 01 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 003 LEGISLATORS (111) 004 CHIEF EXECUTIVES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATORS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (112) 005 ADMINISTRATORS AND OFFICIALS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (1132-1139) 006 ADMINISTRATORS, PROTECTIVE SERVICES (1131) 007 FINANCIAL MANAGERS (122) 008 PERSONNEL AND LABOR RELATIONS MANAGERS (123) 009 PURCHASING MANAGERS (124) 013 MANAGERS, MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS (125) 014 ADMINISTRATORS, EDUCATION AND RELATED FIELDS (128 015 MANAGERS, MEDICINE AND HEALTH (131) 016 MANAGERS, PROPERTIES AND REAL ESTATE (1353) 017 POSTMASTERS AND MAIL SUPERINTENDENTS (1344) 018 FUNERAL DIRECTORS (PT 1359) 019 MANAGERS AND ADMINISTRATORS, N.E.C.(121, 126, 127, 132-139, EXCEPT 1344, 1353, PT 1359) ------------------------------------------------------------ Management-Related Occupations ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (023) THROUGH (037) ARE RECODED TO: 02 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 023 ACCOUNTANTS AND AUDITORS (1412) 024 UNDERWRITERS (1414) 025 OTHER FINANCIAL OFFICERS (1415, 1419) 026 MANAGEMENT ANALYSTS (142) 027 PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS SPECIALISTS (143) 028 PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, FARM PRODUCTS (1443) 029 BUYERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, EXCEPT FARM PRODUCTS (1442) 033 PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, N.E.C. (1449) 034 BUSINESS AND PROMOTION AGENTS (145) 035 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS (1472) 036 INSPECTORS AND COMPLIANCE OFFICERS, EXC. CONSTRUCTION (1473) 037 MANAGEMENT RELATED OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (149) ------------------------------------------------------------ Professional Specialty Occupations ....................... - engineers, architects and surveyors - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (043) THROUGH (063) ARE RECODED TO: 03 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 043 ARCHITECTS (161) ENGINEERS 044 AEROSPACE ENGINEERS (1622) 045 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERS (1623) 046 MINING ENGINEERS (1624) 047 PETROLEUM ENGINEERS (1625) 048 CHEMICAL ENGINEERS (1626) 049 NUCLEAR ENGINEERS (1627) 053 CIVIL ENGINEERS (1628) 054 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS (1632) 055 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (1633, 1636) 056 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS (1634) 057 MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (1635) 058 MARINE ENGINEERS AND NAVAL ARCHITECTS (1637) 059 ENGINEERS, N.E.C. (1639) 063 SURVEYORS AND MAPPING SCIENTISTS (164) ------------------------------------------------------------ - mathematical and computer scientists - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (064) THROUGH (068) ARE RECODED TO: 04 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 064 COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS AND SCIENTISTS (171) 065 OPERATIONS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCHERS AND ANALYSTS (172) 066 ACTUARIES (1732) 067 STATISTICIANS (1733) 068 MATHEMATICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1739) ------------------------------------------------------------ - natural scientists - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (069) THROUGH (083) ARE RECODED TO: 05 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 069 PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS (1842, 1843) 073 CHEMISTS, EXCEPT BIOCHEMISTS (1845) 074 ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE SCIENTISTS (1846) 075 GEOLOGISTS AND GEODESISTS (1847) 076 PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1849) 077 AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENTISTS (1853) 078 BIOLOGICAL AND LIFE SCIENTISTS (1854) 079 FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION SCIENTISTS (1852) 083 MEDICAL SCIENTISTS (1855) ------------------------------------------------------------ - health diagnosing occupations - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (084) THROUGH (089) ARE RECODED TO: 06 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 084 PHYSICIANS (261) 085 DENTISTS (262) 086 VETERINARIANS (27) 087 OPTOMETRISTS (281) 088 PODIATRISTS (283) 089 HEALTH DIAGNOSING PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (289) ------------------------------------------------------------ - health assessment and treating occupations - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (095) THROUGH (106) ARE RECODED TO: 07 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 095 REGISTERED NURSES (29) 096 PHARMACISTS (301) 097 DIETITIANS (302) THERAPISTS 098 INHALATION THERAPISTS (3031) 099 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS (3032) 103 PHYSICAL THERAPISTS (3033) 104 SPEECH THERAPISTS (3034) 105 THERAPISTS, N.E.C. (3039) 106 PHYSICIANS' ASSISTANTS (304) ------------------------------------------------------------ - teachers, postsecondary - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (113) THROUGH (154) ARE RECODED TO: 08 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 113 EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MARINE SCIENCE TEACHERS (2212) 114 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2213) 115 CHEMISTRY TEACHERS (2214) 116 PHYSICS TEACHERS (2215) 117 NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2216) 118 PSYCHOLOGY TEACHERS (2217) 119 ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2218) 123 HISTORY TEACHERS (2222) 124 POLITICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2223) - teachers, postsecondary (continued) - 125 SOCIOLOGY TEACHERS (2224) 126 SOCIAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2225) 127 ENGINEERING TEACHERS (2226) 128 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2227) 129 COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHERS (2228) 133 MEDICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2231) 134 HEALTH SPECIALTIES TEACHERS (2232) 135 BUSINESS, COMMERCE, AND MARKETING TEACHERS (2233) 136 AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TEACHERS (2234) 137 ART, DRAMA, AND MUSIC TEACHERS (2235) 138 PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS (2236) 139 EDUCATION TEACHERS (2237) 143 ENGLISH TEACHERS (2238) 144 FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS (2242) 145 LAW TEACHERS (2243) 146 SOCIAL WORK TEACHERS (2244) 147 THEOLOGY TEACHERS (2245) 148 TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL TEACHERS (2246) * 149 HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2247) 153 TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY, N.E.C. (2249) 154 POSTSECONDARY TEACHERS, SUBJECT NOT SPECIFIED ------------------------------------------------------------ - teachers, except postsecondary - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (155) THROUGH (165) ARE RECODED TO: 09 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 155 TEACHERS, PREKINDERGARTEN AND KINDERGARTEN (231) 156 TEACHERS, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (232) 157 TEACHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL (233) 158 TEACHERS, SPECIAL EDUCATION (235) 159 TEACHERS, N.E.C. (236,239) 163 COUNSELORS, EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL (24) LIBRARIANS, ARCHIVISTS, AND CURATORS 164 LIBRARIANS (251) 165 ARCHIVISTS AND CURATORS (252) ------------------------------------------------------------- - social scientist and urban planners - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (166) THROUGH (173) ARE RECODED TO: 10 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 166 ECONOMISTS (1912) 167 PSYCHOLOGISTS (1915) 168 SOCIOLOGISTS (1916) 169 SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1913, 1914, 1919) 173 URBAN PLANNERS (192) ------------------------------------------------------------ - social, recreation, and religious workers - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (173) THROUGH (177) ARE RECODED TO: 11 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 174 SOCIAL WORKERS (2032) 175 RECREATION WORKERS (2033) 176 CLERGY (2042) 177 RELIGIOUS WORKERS, N.E.C. (2049) ------------------------------------------------------------ - lawyers and judges - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (178) THROUGH (179) ARE RECODED TO: 12 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 178 LAWYERS (211) 179 JUDGES (212) ------------------------------------------------------------ - writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (183) THROUGH (199) ARE RECODED TO: 13 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 183 AUTHORS (321) 184 TECHNICAL WRITERS (398) 185 DESIGNERS (322) 186 MUSICIANS AND COMPOSERS (323) 187 ACTORS AND DIRECTORS (324) 188 PAINTERS, SCULPTORS, CRAFT-ARTISTS, AND ARTIST PRINTMAKERS (325) 189 PHOTOGRAPHERS (326) 193 DANCERS (327) 194 ARTISTS, PERFORMERS, AND RELATED WORKERS, N.E.C.(328, 329) 195 EDITORS AND REPORTERS (331) 197 PUBLIC RELATIONS SPECIALISTS (332) 198 ANNOUNCERS (333) 199 ATHLETES (34) ------------------------------------------------------------ TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS Health Technologists and Technicians ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (203) THROUGH (208) ARE RECODED TO: 14 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 203 CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS (362) 204 DENTAL HYGIENISTS (363) 205 HEALTH RECORD TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS (364) 206 RADIOLOGIC TECHNICIANS (365) 207 LICENSED PRACTICAL NURSES (366) 208 HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (369) ------------------------------------------------------------ Technologists and Technicians, except Health .................... - engineering and related technologists and technicians - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (213) THROUGH (218) ARE RECODED TO: 15 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 213 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS (3711) 214 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3712) 215 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3713) 216 ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3719) 217 DRAFTING OCCUPATIONS (372) 218 SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNICIAN (373) ------------------------------------------------------------ - science technicians - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (223) THROUGH (225) ARE RECODED TO: 16 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 223 BIOLOGICAL TECHNICIANS (382) 224 CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS (3831) 225 SCIENCE TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3832, 3833, 384, 389) ------------------------------------------------------------ - technicians, except health, engineering, and science - ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (226) THROUGH (235) ARE RECODED TO: 17 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 226 AIRPLANE PILOTS AND NAVIGATORS (825) 227 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (392) 228 BROADCAST EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (393) 229 COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS (3971, 3972) 233 TOOL PROGRAMMERS, NUMERICAL CONTROL (3974) 234 LEGAL ASSISTANTS (396) 235 TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (399) ----------------------------------------------------------- SALES OCCUPATIONS Supervisors and Proprietors ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (243) IS RECODED TO: 18 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 243 SUPERVISORS AND PROPRIETORS, SALES OCCUPATIONS (40) Sales Representatives, Finance and Business Services ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (253) THROUGH (257) ARE RECODED TO: 18 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 253 INSURANCE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4122) 254 REAL ESTATE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4123) 255 SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL SERVICES SALES OCCUPATIONS (4124) 256 ADVERTISING AND RELATED SALES OCCUPATIONS (4153) 257 SALES OCCUPATIONS, OTHER BUSINESS SERVICES (4152) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Representatives, Commodities except Retail ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (258) THROUGH (259) ARE RECODED TO: 19 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 258 SALES ENGINEERS (421) 259 SALES REPRESENTATIVES, MINING, MANUFACTURING, AND WHOLESALE (423, 424) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Workers, Retail and Personal Services ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (263) THROUGH (278) ARE RECODED TO: 20 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 263 SALES WORKERS, MOTOR VEHICLES AND BOATS (4342, 4344) 264 SALES WORKERS, APPAREL (4346) 265 SALES WORKERS, SHOES (4351) 266 SALES WORKERS, FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS (4348) 267 SALES WORKERS; RADIO, TELEVISION, HI-FI, AND APPLIANCES (4343, 4352) 268 SALES WORKERS, HARDWARE AND BUILDING SUPPLIES (4353) 269 SALES WORKERS, PARTS (4367) 274 SALES WORKERS, OTHER COMMODITIES (4345, 4347, 4354,4356, 4359, 4362, 4369) 275 SALES COUNTER CLERKS (4363) 276 CASHIERS (4364) 277 STREET AND DOOR-TO-DOOR SALES WORKERS (4366) 278 NEWS VENDORS (4365) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Related Occupations ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (283) THROUGH (285) ARE RECODED TO: 21 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 283 DEMONSTRATORS, PROMOTERS AND MODELS, SALES (445) 284 AUCTIONEERS(447) 285 SALES SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (444, 446, 449) ------------------------------------------------------------ ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT, (incl. Clerical supervisors) Clerical Supervisors ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (303) THROUGH (307) ARE RECODED TO: 22 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 303 SUPERVISORS, GENERAL OFFICE (4511, 4513-4519, 4529) 304 SUPERVISORS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4512) 305 SUPERVISORS, FINANCIAL RECORDS PROCESSING (4521) 306 CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS (4523) 307 SUPERVISORS; DISTRIBUTION, SCHEDULING, AND ADJUSTING CLERKS (4522, 4524-4528) ------------------------------------------------------------ Computer Equipment Operators ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (308) THROUGH (309) ARE RECODED TO: 23 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 308 COMPUTER OPERATORS (4612) 309 PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4613) ------------------------------------------------------------ Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (313) THROUGH (315) ARE RECODED TO: 24 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 313 SECRETARIES (4622) 314 STENOGRAPHERS (4623) 315 TYPISTS (4624) ------------------------------------------------------------ Information Clerks ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (316) THROUGH (323) ARE RECODED TO: 25 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 316 INTERVIEWERS (4642) 317 HOTEL CLERKS (4643) 318 TRANSPORTATION TICKET AND RESERVATION AGENTS (4644) 319 RECEPTIONISTS (4645) 323 INFORMATION CLERKS, N.E.C. (4649) ------------------------------------------------------------ Records Processing Occupations, except Financial ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (325) THROUGH (336) ARE RECODED TO: 26 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 325 CLASSIFIED-AD CLERKS (4662) 326 CORRESPONDENCE CLERKS (4663) 327 ORDER CLERKS (4664) 328 PERSONNEL CLERKS, EXCEPT PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING (4692) 329 LIBRARY CLERKS (4694) 335 FILE CLERKS (4696) 336 RECORDS CLERKS (4699) ------------------------------------------------------------ Financial Records Processing Occupations ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (337) THROUGH (344) ARE RECODED TO: 27 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 337 BOOKKEEPERS, ACCOUNTING, AND AUDITING CLERKS (4712) 338 PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING CLERKS (4713) 339 BILLING CLERKS (4715) 343 COST AND RATE CLERKS (4716) 344 BILLING, POSTING, AND CALCULATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4718) ------------------------------------------------------------ Duplicating, Mail and Other Office Machine Operators ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (345) THROUGH (347) ARE RECODED TO: 28 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 345 DUPLICATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4722) 346 MAIL PREPARING AND PAPER HANDLING MACHINE OPERATORS (4739) 347 OFFICE MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4729) ------------------------------------------------------------ Communications Equipment Operators ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (348) THROUGH (353) ARE RECODED TO: 29 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 348 TELEPHONE OPERATORS (4732) 349 TELEGRAPHERS (4733) 353 COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4739) ------------------------------------------------------------ Mail and Message Distributing Occupations ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (354) THROUGH (357) ARE RECODED TO: 30 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 354 POSTAL CLERKS, EXC. MAIL CARRIERS (4742) 355 MAIL CARRIERS, POSTAL SERVICE (4743) 356 MAIL CLERKS, EXC. POSTAL SERVICE (4744) 357 MESSENGERS (4745) ------------------------------------------------------------ Material Recording, Scheduling, and Distribuing Clerks, N.E.C. ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (359) THROUGH (374) ARE RECODED TO: 31 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 359 DISPATCHERS (4751) 363 PRODUCTION COORDINATORS (4752) 364 TRAFFIC, SHIPPING, AND RECEIVING CLERKS (4753) 365 STOCK AND INVENTORY CLERKS (4754) 366 METER READERS (4755) 368 WEIGHERS, MEASURERS, AND CHECKERS (4756) 369 SAMPLERS (4757) 373 EXPEDITERS (4758) 374 MATERIAL RECORDING, SCHEDULING, AND DISTRIBUTING CLERKS, N.E.C. (4759) --------------------------------------------------------------- Adjusters and Investigators ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (375) THROUGH (378) ARE RECODED TO: 32 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 375 INSURANCE ADJUSTERS, EXAMINERS, AND INVESTIGATORS (4782) 376 INVESTIGATORS AND ADJUSTERS, EXCEPT INSURANCE (4783) 377 ELIGIBILITY CLERKS, SOCIAL WELFARE (4784) 378 BILL AND ACCOUNT COLLECTORS (4786) ------------------------------------------------------------ Miscellaneous Administrative Support Occupations ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (379) THROUGH (389) ARE RECODED TO: 33 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 379 GENERAL OFFICE CLERKS (463) 383 BANK TELLERS (4791) 384 PROOFREADERS (4792) 385 DATA-ENTRY KEYERS (4793) 386 STATISTICAL CLERKS (4794) 387 TEACHERS' AIDES (4795) 389 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (4787, 4799) ------------------------------------------------------------ SERVICE OCCUPATIONS Private Household Occupations ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (403) THROUGH (407) ARE RECODED TO: 34 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 403 LAUNDERERS AND IRONERS (503) 404 COOKS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (504) 405 HOUSEKEEPERS AND BUTLERS (505) 406 CHILD CARE WORKERS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (506) 407 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS AND SERVANTS (502, 507, 509) ------------------------------------------------------------ Protective Service Occupations ................... -supervisors, protective service occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (413) THROUGH (415) ARE RECODED TO: 35 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 413 SUPERVISORS, FIREFIGHTING AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS (5111) 414 SUPERVISORS, POLICE AND DETECTIVES (5112) 415 SUPERVISORS, GUARDS (5113) ------------------------------------------------------------ -firefighting and fire prevention occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (416) THROUGH (417) ARE RECODED TO: 35 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 416 FIRE INSPECTION AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS (5122) 417 FIREFIGHTING OCCUPATIONS (5123) -police and detectives- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (418) THROUGH (424) ARE RECODED TO: 35 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 418 POLICE AND DETECTIVES, PUBLIC SERVICE (5132) 423 SHERIFFS, BAILIFFS, AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS (5134) 424 CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OFFICERS (5133) ------------------------------------------------------------ -guards- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (425) THROUGH (427) ARE RECODED TO: 35 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 425 CROSSING GUARDS (5142) 426 GUARDS AND POLICE, EXCEPT PUBLIC SERVICE (5144) 427 PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5149) ------------------------------------------------------------ Service Occupations, except Protective and Household .................... -food preparation and service occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (433) THROUGH (444) ARE RECODED TO: 36 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 433 SUPERVISORS, FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5211) 434 BARTENDERS (5212) 435 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES (5213) 436 COOKS, EXCEPT SHORT ORDER (5214) 437 SHORT-ORDER COOKS (5215) 438 FOOD COUNTER, FOUNTAIN AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS (5216) 439 KITCHEN WORKERS, FOOD PREPARATION (5217) 443 WAITERS'/WAITRESSES' ASSISTANTS (5218) 444 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS (5219) ------------------------------------------------------------ -health service occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (435) THROUGH (447) ARE RECODED TO: 37 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 445 DENTAL ASSISTANTS (5232) 446 HEALTH AIDES, EXCEPT NURSING (5233) 447 NURSING AIDES, ORDERLIES, AND ATTENDANTS (5236) ------------------------------------------------------------ -cleaning and building service occupations, exc. household- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (448) THROUGH (455) ARE RECODED TO: 38 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 448 SUPERVISORS, CLEANING AND BUILDING SERVICE WORKKERS (5241) 449 MAIDS AND HOUSEMEN (5242, 5249) 453 JANITORS AND CLEANERS (5244) 454 ELEVATOR OPERATORS (5245) 455 PEST CONTROL OCCUPATIONS (5246) ------------------------------------------------------------ -personal service occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (456) THROUGH (469) ARE RECODED TO: 39 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 456 SUPERVISORS, PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5251) 457 BARBERS (5252) 458 HAIRDRESSERS AND COSMETOLOGISTS (5253) 459 ATTENDANTS, AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION FACILITIES (5254) 463 GUIDES (5255) 464 USHERS (5256) 465 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ATTENDANTS (5257) 466 BAGGAGE PORTERS AND BELLHOPS (5262) 467 WELFARE SERVICE AIDES (5263) 468 CHILD CARE WORKERS, EXCEPT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (5264) 469 PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5258, 5269) ------------------------------------------------------------ FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS Farm Operators and Managers ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (473) THROUGH (476) ARE RECODED TO: 40 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 473 FARMERS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5512-5514) 474 HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMERS (5515) 475 MANAGERS, FARMS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5522-5524) 476 MANAGERS, HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMS (5525) ------------------------------------------------------------ Other Agriculatural and Related Occupations ..................... -farm occupations, except managerial- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (477) THROUGH (484) ARE RECODED TO: 41 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 477 SUPERVISORS, FARM WORKERS (5611) 479 FARM WORKERS (5612-5617) 483 MARINE LIFE CULTIVATION WORKERS (5618) 484 NURSERY WORKERS (5619) ------------------------------------------------------------ -related agriculatural occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (485) THROUGH (489) ARE RECODED TO: 42 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 485 SUPERVISORS, RELATED AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS (5621) 486 GROUNDSKEEPERS AND GARDENERS, EXCEPT FARM (5622) 487 ANIMAL CARETAKERS, EXCEPT FARM (5624) 488 GRADERS AND SORTERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5625) 489 INSPECTORS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5627) ------------------------------------------------------------ -forestry and logging occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (494) THROUGH (496) ARE RECODED TO: 43 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 494 SUPERVISORS, FORESTRY AND LOGGING WORKERS (571) 495 FORESTRY WORKERS, EXCEPT LOGGING (572) 496 TIMBER CUTTING AND LOGGING OCCUPATIONS (573, 579) ------------------------------------------------------------ -fishers, hunters, and trappers- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (497) THROUGH (499) ARE RECODED TO: 43 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 497 CAPTAINS AND OTHER OFFICERS, FISHING VESSELS (PT 8241) 498 FISHERS (583) 499 HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS (584) ------------------------------------------------------------ PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS Mechanics and Repairers .................... -mechanics and repairers supervisors- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (503) IS RECODED TO: 44 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 503 SUPERVISORS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (60) ------------------------------------------------------------ -mechanics and repairers, vehicle and mobile equipment- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (505) THROUGH (517) ARE RECODED TO: 44 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 505 AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS (PT 6111) 506 AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC APPRENTICES (PT 6111) 507 BUS, TRUCK, AND STATIONARY ENGINE MECHANICS (6112) 508 AIRCRAFT ENGINE MECHANICS (6113) 509 SMALL ENGINE REPAIRERS (6114) 514 AUTOMOBILE BODY AND RELATED REPAIRERS (6115) 515 AIRCRAFT MECHANICS, EXCEPT ENGINE (6116) 516 HEAVY EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6117) 517 FARM EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6118) ------------------------------------------------------------ -mechanics and repairers, except vehicle and mobile equipment- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (518) THROUGH (534) ARE RECODED TO: 45 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 518 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY REPAIRERS (613) 519 MACHINERY MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS (614) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS 523 ELECTRONIC REPAIRERS, COMMUNICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT (6151, 6153, 6155) 525 DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6154) 526 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE AND POWER TOOL REPAIRERS (6156) 527 TELEPHONE LINE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6157) 529 TELEPHONE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6158) 533 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6152, 6159) 534 HEATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND REFRIGERATION MECHANICS (616) ------------------------------------------------------------ -miscellaneous mechanics and repairers ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (535) THROUGH (549) ARE RECODED TO: 46 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 535 CAMERA, WATCH, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT REPAIRERS (6171, 6172) 536 LOCKSMITHS AND SAFE REPAIRERS (6173) 538 OFFICE MACHINE REPAIRERS (6174) 539 MECHANICAL CONTROLS AND VALVE REPAIRERS (6175) 543 ELEVATOR INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6176) 544 MILLWRIGHTS (6178) 547 SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS, N.E.C. (6177, 6179) 549 NOT SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS ------------------------------------------------------------ Construction Trades .................... -supervisors, construction occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (553) THROUGH (558) ARE RECODED TO: 47 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 553 SUPERVISORS; BRICKMASONS, STONEMASONS, AND TILE SETTERS (6312) 554 SUPERVISORS, CARPENTERS AND RELATED WORKERS (6313) 555 SUPERVISORS, ELECTRICIANS AND POWER TRANSMISSION INSTALLERS (6314) 556 SUPERVISORS; PAINTERS, PAPERHANGERS, AND PLASTERERS (6315) 557 SUPERVISORS; PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (6316) 558 SUPERVISORS, N.E.C. (6311, 6318) ------------------------------------------------------------ -construction trades, except supervisors- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (563) THROUGH (599) ARE RECODED TO: 48 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 563 BRICKMASONS AND STONEMASONS, (PT 6412, PT 6413) 564 BRICKMASON AND STONEMASON APPRENTICES (PT 6412, PT 6413) 565 TILE SETTERS, HARD AND SOFT (6414, PT 6462) 566 CARPET INSTALLERS (PT 6462) 567 CARPENTERS (PT 6422) 569 CARPENTER APPRENTICES (PT 6422) 573 DRYWALL INSTALLERS (6424) 575 ELECTRICIANS (PT 6432) 576 ELECTRICIAN APPRENTICES (PT 6432) 577 ELECTRICAL POWER INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6433) 579 PAINTERS, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE (6442) 583 PAPERHANGERS (6443) 584 PLASTERERS (6444) 585 PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (PT 645) 587 PLUMBER, PIPEFITTER, AND STEAMFITTER APPRENTICES (PT 645) 588 CONCRETE AND TERRAZZO FINISHERS (6463) 589 GLAZIERS (6464) 593 INSULATION WORKERS (6465) 594 PAVING, SURFACING, AND TAMPING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (6466) 595 ROOFERS (6468) 596 SHEETMETAL DUCT INSTALLERS (6472) 597 STRUCTURAL METAL WORKERS (6473) 598 DRILLERS, EARTH (6474) 599 CONSTRUCTION TRADES, N.E.C. (6467, 6475, 6476, 6479) ------------------------------------------------------------ Extractive Occupations ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (613) THROUGH (617) ARE RECODED TO: 49 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 613 SUPERVISORS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (632) 614 DRILLERS, OIL WELL (652) 615 EXPLOSIVES WORKERS (653) 616 MINING MACHINE OPERATORS (654) 617 MINING OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (656) ------------------------------------------------------------ Precision Production Occupations .................... -production occupation supervisors- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (633) IS RECODED TO: 50 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 633 SUPERVISORS, PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS (67, 71) -precision metalworking occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (634) THROUGH (655) ARE RECODED TO: 50 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 634 TOOL AND DIE MAKERS (PT 6811) 635 TOOL AND DIE MAKER APPRENTICES (PT 6811) 636 PRECISION ASSEMBLERS, METAL (6812) 637 MACHINISTS (PT 6813) 639 MACHINIST APPRENTICES (PT 6813) 643 BOILERMAKERS (6814) 644 PRECISION GRINDERS, FITTERS, AND TOOL SHARPENERS (6816) 645 PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, METAL (6817) 646 LAY-OUT WORKERS (6821) 647 PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS WORKERS (JEWELERS) (6822, 6866) 649 ENGRAVERS, METAL (6823) 653 SHEET METAL WORKERS (PT 6824) 654 SHEET METAL WORKER APPRENTICES (PT 6824) 655 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION METAL WORKERS (6829) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision woodworking occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (656) THROUGH (659) ARE RECODED TO: 51 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 656 PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, WOOD (6831) 657 CABINET MAKERS AND BENCH CARPENTERS (6832) 658 FURNITURE AND WOOD FINISHERS (6835) 659 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WOODWORKERS (6839) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (666) THROUGH (674) ARE RECODED TO: 52 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 666 DRESSMAKERS (PT 6852, PT 7752) 667 AILORS (PT 6852) 668 UPHOLSTERERS (6853) 669 SHOE REPAIRERS (6854) 673 APPAREL AND FABRIC PATTERNMAKERS (6856) 674 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION APPAREL AND FABRIC WORKERS (6859, PT 7752) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision workers, assorted materials- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (675) THROUGH (684) ARE RECODED TO: 53 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 675 AND MOLDERS AND SHAPERS, EXCEPT JEWELERS (6861) 676 PATTERNMAKERS, LAY-OUT WORKERS, AND CUTTERS (6862) 677 OPTICAL GOODS WORKERS (6864, PT 7477, PT 7677) 678 DENTAL LABORATORY AND MEDICAL APPLIANCE TECHNICIANS (6865) 679 BOOKBINDERS (6844) 683 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLERS (6867) 684 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WORKERS, N.E.C. (6869) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision food production occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (686) THROUGH (688) ARE RECODED TO: 54 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 686 BUTCHERS AND MEAT CUTTERS (6871) 687 BAKERS (6872) 688 FOOD BATCHMAKERS (6873, 6879) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision inspectors, testers and related workers- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (689) THROUGH (693) ARE RECODED TO: 55 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 689 INSPECTORS, TESTERS, AND GRADERS (6881, 828) 693 ADJUSTERS AND CALIBRATORS (6882) ------------------------------------------------------------ Plant and System Operators ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (694) THROUGH (699) ARE RECODED TO: 56 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 694 WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS (691) 695 POWER PLANT OPERATORS (PT 693) 696 STATIONARY ENGINEERS (PT 693, 7668) 699 MISCELLANEOUS PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS (692, 694, 695, 696) ------------------------------------------------------------ OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors .................... -machine operators and tenders, except precision: metalworking and plastic working machine operators- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (703) THROUGH (717) ARE RECODED TO: 57 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 703 LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE SET-UP OPERATORS (7312) 704 LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE OPERATORS (7512) 705 MILLING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7313, 7513) 706 PUNCHING AND STAMPING PRESS MACHINE OPERATORS (7314, 7317, 7514, 7517) 707 ROLLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7316, 7516) 708 DRILLING AND BORING MACHINE OPERATORS (7318, 7518) 709 GRINDING, ABRADING, BUFFING, AND POLISHING MACHINE OPERATORS (7322, 7324, 7522) 713 FORGING MACHINE OPERATORS (7319, 7519) 714 NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE OPERATORS (7326) 715 MISCELLANEOUS METAL, PLASTIC, STONE, AND GLASS WORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7329, 7529) 717 FABRICATING MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (7339, 7539) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: metal and plastic processing machine operators- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (719) THROUGH (725) ARE RECODED TO: 58 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 719 MOLDING AND CASTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7315, 7342, 7515, 7542) 723 METAL PLATING MACHINE OPERATORS (7343, 7543) 724 HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (7344, 7544) 725 MISCELLANEOUS METAL AND PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7349, 7549) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: woodworking machine operators- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (726) THROUGH (733) ARE RECODED TO: 59 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 726 WOOD LATHE, ROUTING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7431, 7432, 7631, 7632) 727 SAWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7433, 7633) 728 SHAPING AND JOINING MACHINE OPERATORS (7435, 7635) 729 NAILING AND TACKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7636) 733 MISCELLANEOUS WOODWORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7434, 7439, 7634, 7639) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: printing machine operators- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (734) THROUGH (737) ARE RECODED TO: 60 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 734 PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7443, 7643) 735 PHOTOENGRAVERS AND LITHOGRAPHERS (6842, 7444, 7644) 736 TYPESETTERS AND COMPOSITORS (6841, 7642) 737 MISCELLANEOUS PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS (6849, 7449, 7649) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (738) THROUGH (749) ARE RECODED TO: 61 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 738 WINDING AND TWISTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7451, 7651) 739 KNITTING, LOOPING, TAPING, AND WEAVING MACHINE OPERATORS (7452, 7652) 743 TEXTILE CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7654) 744 TEXTILE SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7655) 745 SHOE MACHINE OPERATORS (7656) 747 PRESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7657) 748 LAUNDERING AND DRY CLEANING MACHINE OPERATORS (6855, 7658) 749 MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MACHINE OPERATORS (7459, 7659) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: machine operators, assorted materials- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (753) THROUGH (779) ARE RECODED TO: 62 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 753 CEMENTING AND GLUING MACHINE OPERATORS (7661) 754 PACKAGING AND FILLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7462, 7662) 755 EXTRUDING AND FORMING MACHINE OPERATORS (7463, 7663) 756 MIXING AND BLENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7664) 757 SEPARATING, FILTERING, AND CLARIFYING MACHINE OPERATORS (7476, 7666, 7676)) 758 COMPRESSING AND COMPACTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7467, 7667) 759 PAINTING AND PAINT SPRAYING MACHINE OPERATORS (7669) 763 ROASTING AND BAKING MACHINE OPERATORS, FOOD (7472, 7672) 764 WASHING, CLEANING, AND PICKLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7673) 765 FOLDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7474, 7674) 766 FURNACE, KILN, AND OVEN OPERATORS, EXC. FOOD (7675) 768 CRUSHING ANDGRINDING MACHINE OPERATORS (PT 7477, PT 7677) 769 SLICING AND CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7478, 7678) 773 MOTIONPICTURE PROJECTIONISTS (PT 7479) 774 PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS MACHINE OPERATORS (6863,6868, 7671) 777 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (PT 7479,7665, 7679) 779 MACHINE OPERATORS, NOT SPECIFIED ------------------------------------------------------------ -fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (783) THROUGH (795) ARE RECODED TO: 63 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 783 WELDERS AND CUTTERS (7332, 7532, 7714) 784 SOLDERERS AND BRAZERS (7333, 7533, 7717) 785 ASSEMBLERS (772,774) 786 HAND CUTTING AND TRIMMING OCCUPATIONS (7753) 787 HAND MOLDING, CASTING, AND FORMING OCCUPATIONS (7754,7755) 789 HAND PAINTING, COATING, AND DECORATING OCCUPATIONS (7756) 793 HAND ENGRAVING AND PRINTING OCCUPATIONS (7757) 794 HAND GRINDING AND POLISHING OCCUPATIONS (7758) 795 MISCELLANEOUS HAND WORKING OCCUPATIONS (7759) ------------------------------------------------------------ -production inspectors, testors, samplers, and weighers- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (796) THROUGH (799) ARE RECODED TO: 64 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 796 PRODUCTION INSPECTORS, CHECKERS, AND EXAMINERS (782, 787) 797 PRODUCTION TESTERS (783) 798 PRODUCTION SAMPLERS AND WEIGHERS (784) 799 GRADERS AND SORTERS, EXCEPT AGRICULTURAL (785) ------------------------------------------------------------ Transportation and Material Moving Occupations .................... -motor vehicle operators- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (803) THROUGH (814) ARE RECODED TO: 65 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 803 SUPERVISORS, MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS (8111) 804 TRUCK DRIVERS, HEAVY (8212, 8213) 805 TRUCK DRIVERS, LIGHT (8214 806 DRIVER-SALES WORKERS (8218) 808 BUS DRIVERS (8215) 809 TAXICAB DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS (8216) 813 PARKING LOT ATTENDANTS (874) 814 MOTOR TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (8219) ------------------------------------------------------------ Transportation Occupations, except Motor Vehicles .................... -rail transportation occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (823) THROUGH (826) ARE RECODED TO: 66 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 823 RAILROAD CONDUCTORS AND YARDMASTERS (8113) 824 LOCOMOTIVE OPERATING OCCUPATIONS (8232) 825 RAILROAD BRAKE, SIGNAL, AND SWITCH OPERATORS (8233) 826 RAIL VEHICLE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (8239) ------------------------------------------------------------ -water transportation occupations- ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (828) THROUGH (834) ARE RECODED TO: 66 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 828 SHIP CAPTAINS AND MATES, EXCEPT FISHING BOATS (PT 8241, 8242) 829 SAILORS AND DECKHANDS (8243) 833 MARINE ENGINEERS (8244) 834 BRIDGE, LOCK, AND LIGHTHOUSE TENDERS (8245) ------------------------------------------------------------ Material Moving Equipment Operators ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (843) THROUGH (859) ARE RECODED TO: 67 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 843 SUPERVISORS, MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (812) 844 OPERATING ENGINEERS (8312) 845 LONGSHORE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8313) 848 HOIST AND WINCH OPERATORS (8314) 849 CRANE AND TOWER OPERATORS (8315) 853 EXCAVATING AND LOADING MACHINE OPERATORS (8316) 855 GRADER, DOZER, AND SCRAPER OPERATORS (8317) 856 INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8318) 859 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8319) ------------------------------------------------------------ Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (863) THROUGH (873) ARE RECODED TO: 68 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 863 SUPERVISORS; HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, AND LABORERS, N.E.C. (85) 864 HELPERS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (863) HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS 865 HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES (8641-8645, 8648) 866 HELPERS, SURVEYOR (8646) 867 HELPERS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (865) 869 CONSTRUCTION LABORERS (871) 873 PRODUCTION HELPERS (861, 862) ------------------------------------------------------------ Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (875) THROUGH (883) ARE RECODED TO: 69 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 875 GARBAGE COLLECTORS (8722) 876 STEVEDORES (8723) 877 STOCK HANDLERS AND BAGGERS (8724) 878 MACHINE FEEDERS AND OFFBEARERS (8725) 883 FREIGHT, STOCK, AND MATERIAL HANDLERS, N.E.C. (8726) ------------------------------------------------------------ ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (885) THROUGH (889) ARE RECODED TO: 70 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 885 GARAGE AND SERVICE STATION RELATED OCCUPATIONS (873) 887 VEHICLE WASHERS AND EQUIPMENT CLEANERS (875) 888 HAND PACKERS AND PACKAGERS (8761) 889 LABORERS, EXCEPT CONSTRUCTION (8769) ------------------------------------------------------------ ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (900) IS RECODED TO: 71 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 900 CURRENT MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES (NOT A CENSUS CODE) ------------------------------------------------------------ ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί (999) IS RECODED TO: 90 Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ 999 OCCUPATION NOT REPORTED (CODE USED WHEN NOT-REPORTED CASES ARE NOT ALLOCATED) >> 1980 CENSUS INDUSTRY CODE - USED 1990, 1992 - NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES FOLLOWING INDUSTRY CATEGORIES ARE THE U.S DEPT. OF COMMERCE 1972 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION (SIC) DEFINITIONS. THE ABBREVIATION "PT" MEANS "PART" AND "N.E.C." MEANS "NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED." AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES 010 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, CROPS (01) 011 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, LIVESTOCK (02) 020 AGRICULTURAL SERVICES, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (07, EXCEPT 078) 021 HORTICULTURAL SERVICES (078) 030 FORESTRY (08) 031 FISHING, HUNTING, AND TRAPPING (09) MINING 040 METAL MINING (10) 041 COAL MINING (11,12) 042 CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION (13) 050 NONMETALLIC MINING AND QUARRYING, EXCEPT FUEL (14) 060 CONSTRUCTION (15,16,17) MANUFACTURING NONDURABLE GOODS: FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS 100 MEAT PRODUCTS (201) 101 DAIRY PRODUCTS (202) 102 CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (203) 110 GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS (204) 111 BAKERY PRODUCTS (205) 112 SUGAR AND CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS (206) 120 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES (208) 121 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATIONS AND KINDRED PRODUCTS (207,209) 122 NOT SPECIFIED FOOD INDUSTRIES 130 TOBACCO MANUFACTURES (21) NONDURABLE GOODS: TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS 132 KNITTING MILLS (225) 140 DYEING AND FINISHING TEXTILES, EXCEPT WOOL AND KNIT GOODS (226) 141 FLOOR COVERINGS, EXCEPT HARD SURFACE (227) 142 YARN, THREAD, AND FABRIC MILLS (228, 221-224) 150 MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS (229) NONDURABLE GOODS: APPAREL AND OTHER FINISHED TEXTILE PRODUCTS 151 APPAREL AND ACCESSORIES, EXCEPT KNIT (231-238) 152 MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED TEXTILE PRODUCTS (239) NONDURABLE GOODS: PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 160 PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD MILLS (261-263,266) 161 MISCELLANEOUS PAPER AND PULP PRODUCTS (264) 162 PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS AND BOXES (265) NONDURABLE GOODS: PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES 171 NEWSPAPER PUBLISHING AND PRINTING (271) 172 PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES, EXCEPT NEWSPAPERS (272-279) NONDURABLE GOODS: CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 180 PLASTICS, SYNTHETICS, AND RESINS (282) 181 DRUGS (283) 182 SOAPS AND COSMETICS (284) 190 PAINTS, VARNISHES, AND RELATED PRODUCTS (285) 191 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS (287) 192 INDUSTRIAL AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS (281,286, 289) NONDURABLE GOODS: PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS 200 PETROLEUM REFINING (291) 201 MISCELLANEOUS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS (295, 299) NONDURABLE GOODS: RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS PRODUCTS 210 TIRES AND INNER TUBES (301) 211 OTHER RUBBER PRODUCTS, AND PLASTICS FOOTWEAR AND BELTING (302-304,306) 212 MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC PRODUCTS (307) NONDURABLE GOODS: LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS 220 LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING (311) 221 FOOTWEAR, EXCEPT RUBBER AND PLASTIC (313,314) 222 LEATHER PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FOOTWEAR (315-317,319) DURABLE GOODS: LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FURNITURE 230 LOGGING (241) 231 SAWMILLS, PLANING MILLS, AND MILLWORK (242,243) 232 WOOD BUILDINGS AND MOBILE HOMES (245) 241 MISCELLANEOUS WOOD PRODUCTS (244,249) 242 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (25) DURABLE GOODS: STONE, CLAY, GLASS AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS 250 GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS (321-323) 251 CEMENT, CONCRETE, GYPSUM, AND PLASTER PRODUCTS (324,327) 252 STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS (325) 261 POTTERY AND RELATED PRODUCTS (326) 262 MISCELLANEOUS NONMETALLIC MINERAL AND STONE PRODUCTS (328,329) DURABLE GOODS: METAL INDUSTRIES 270 BLAST FURNACES, STEELWORKS, ROLLING AND FINISHING MILLS (331) 271 IRON AND STEEL FOUNDRIES (332) 272 PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES (3334,PT 334,3353-3355,3361) 280 OTHER PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES (3331-3333,3339, PT 334,3351, 3356,3357,3362,3369,339) 281 CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, AND OTHER HARDWARE (342) 282 FABRICATED STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS (344) 290 SCREW MACHINE PRODUCTS (345) 291 METAL FORGINGS AND STAMPINGS (346) 292 ORDNANCE (348) 300 MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS (341,343,347,349) 301 NOT SPECIFIED METAL INDUSTRIES DURABLE GOODS: MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL 310 ENGINES AND TURBINES (351) 311 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (352) 312 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL HANDLING MACHINES (353) 320 METALWORKING MACHINERY (354) 321 OFFICE AND ACCOUNTING MACHINES (357, EXCEPT 3573) 322 ELECTRONIC COMPUTING EQUIPMENT (3573) 331 MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL, N.E.C. (355,356,358,359) 332 NOT SPECIFIED MACHINERY DURABLE GOODS: ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES 340 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES (363) 341 RADIO, TV, AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT (365,366) 342 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. (361,362,364,367,369) 350 NOT SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES MANUFACTURING (cont.) DURABLE GOODS: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT 351 MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT (371) 352 AIRCRAFT AND PARTS (372) 360 SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING (373) 361 RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES AND EQUIPMENT (374) 362 GUIDED MISSILES, SPACE VEHICLES, AND OTHER PARTS (376) 370 CYCLES AND MISCELLANEOUS TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT (375,379) DURABLE GOODS: PROFESSIONAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT,AND WATCHES 371 SCIENTIFIC AND CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS (381,382) 372 OPTICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES SUPPLIES (383, 384, 385) 380 PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES (386) 381 WATCHES, CLOCKS, AND CLOCKWORK OPERATED DEVICES (387) 382 NOT SPECIFIED PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT 390 TOYS, AMUSEMENT, AND SPORTING GOODS (394) 391 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (39 EXC.394) 392 NOT SPECIFIED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIE TRANSPORTATION 400 RAILROADS (40) 401 BUS SERVICE AND URBAN TRANSIT (41, EXCEPT 412) 402 TAXICAB SERVICE (412) 410 TRUCKING SERVICE (421,423) 411 WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE (422) 412 U.S. POSTAL SERVICE (43) 420 WATER TRANSPORTATION (44) 421 AIR TRANSPORTATION (45) 422 PIPE LINES, EXCEPT NATURAL GAS (46) 432 SERVICES INCIDENTAL TO TRANSPORTATION (47) COMMUNICATIONS 440 RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING (483) 441 TELEPHONE (WIRE AND RADIO) (481) 442 TELEGRAPH AND MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATION SERVICES (482,489) UTILITIES AND SANITARY SERVICES 460 ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER (491) 461 GAS AND STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEMS (492,496) 462 ELECTRIC AND GAS, AND OTHER COMBINATIONS (493) 470 WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION(494,497) 471 SANITARY SERVICES (495) 472 NOT SPECIFIED UTILITIES WHOLESALE TRADE DURABLE GOODS 500 MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT (501) 501 FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS (502) 502 LUMBER AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (503) 510 SPORTING GOODS, TOYS AND HOBBY GOODS (504) 511 METALS AND MINERALS, EXCEPT PETROLEUM (505) 512 ELECTRICAL GOODS (506) 521 HARDWARE, PLUMBING AND HEATING SUPPLIES (507) 522 NOT SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL AND HARDWARE PRODUCTS 530 MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES (508) 531 SCRAP AND WASTE MATERIALS (5093) 532 MISCELLANEOUS WHOLESALE, DURABLE GOODS (5094,5099) NONDURABLE GOODS 540 PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS (511) 541 DRUGS, CHEMICALS, AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (512,516) 542 APPAREL, FABRICS, AND NOTIONS (513) 550 GROCERIES AND RELATED PRODUCTS (514) 551 FARM PRODUCTS-RAW MATERIALS (515) 552 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (517) 560 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES (518) 561 FARM SUPPLIES (5191) 562 MISCELLANEOUS WHOLESALE, NONDURABLE GOODS (5194,5198, 5199) 571 NOT SPECIFIED WHOLESALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE 580 LUMBER AND BUILDING MATERIAL RETAILING (521,523) 581 HARDWARE STORES (525) 582 RETAIL NURSERIES AND GARDEN STORES (526) 590 MOBILE HOME DEALERS (527) 591 DEPARTMENT STORES (531) 592 VARIETY STORES (533) 600 MISCELLANEOUS GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES (539) 601 GROCERY STORES (541) 602 DAIRY PRODUCTS STORES (545) 610 RETAIL BAKERIES (546) 611 FOOD STORES, N.E.C. (542,543,544,549) 612 MOTOR VEHICLES DEALERS (551,552) 620 AUTO AND HOME SUPPLY STORES (553) 621 GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS (554) 622 MISCELLANEOUS VEHICLE DEALERS (555,556,557,559) 630 APPAREL AND ACCESSORY STORES, EXCEPT SHOE (56, EXCEPT 566) 631 SHOE STORES (566) 632 FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS STORES (571) 640 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES, TV, AND RADIO STORES (572,573) 641 EATING AND DRINKING PLACES (58) 642 DRUG STORES (591) 650 LIQUOR STORES (592) 651 SPORTING GOODS, BICYCLES, AND HOBBY STORES (5941,5945,5946) 652 BOOK AND STATIONERY STORES (5942,5943) 660 JEWELRY STORES (5944) 661 SEWING, NEEDLEWORK, AND PIECE GOODS STORES (5949) 662 MAIL ORDER HOUSES (5961) 670 VENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (5962) 671 DIRECT SELLING ESTABLISHMENTS (5963) 672 FUEL AND ICE DEALERS (598) 681 RETAIL FLORISTS (5992) 682 MISCELLANEOUS RETAIL STORES (593,5947,5948,5993,5994,5999) 691 NOT SPECIFIED RETAIL TRADE FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 700 BANKING (60) 701 SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS (612) 702 CREDIT AGENCIES, N.E.C. (61, EXCEPT 612) 710 SECURITY, COMMODITY BROKERAGE, ANDINVESTMENT COMPANIES (62,67) 711 INSURANCE (63,64) 712 REAL ESTATE, INCLUDING REAL ESTATE-INSURANCE-LAW OFFICES (65,66) BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES 721 ADVERTISING (731) 722 SERVICES TO DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS (734) 730 COMMERCIAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TESTING LABS (7391,7397) 731 PERSONNEL SUPPLY SERVICES (736) 732 BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND CONSULTING SERVICES (7392) 740 COMPUTER AND DATA PROCESSING SERVICES (737) 741 DETECTIVE AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES (7393) 742 BUSINESS SERVICES, N.E.C. (732,733,735,7394,7395,7396,7399) 750 AUTOMOTIVE SERVICES, EXCEPT REPAIR (751,752,754) 751 AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR SHOPS (753) 752 ELECTRICAL REPAIR SHOPS (762,7694) 760 MISCELLANEOUS REPAIR SERVICES (763,764,7692,7699) PERSONAL SERVICES 761 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS (88) 762 HOTELS AND MOTELS (701) 770 LODGING PLACES, EXCEPT HOTELS AND MOTELS(702,703,704) 771 LAUNDRY, CLEANING, AND GARMENT SERVICES (721) 772 BEAUTY SHOPS (723) 780 BARBER SHOPS (724) 781 FUNERAL SERVICE AND CREMATORIES (726) 782 SHOE REPAIR SHOPS (725) 790 DRESSMAKING SHOPS (PT 729) 791 MISCELLANEOUS PERSONAL SERVICES (722, PT 729) ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICE 800 THEATERS AND MOTION PICTURES (78,792) 801 BOWLING ALLEYS, BILLIARD AND POOL PARLORS (793) 802 MISCELLANEOUS ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES (791,794,799) PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES 812 OFFICES OF PHYSICIANS (801,803) 820 OFFICES OF DENTISTS (802) 821 OFFICES OF CHIROPRACTORS (8041) 822 OFFICES OF OPTOMETRISTS (8042) 830 OFFICES OF HEALTH PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (8049) 831 HOSPITALS (806) 832 NURSING AND PERSONAL CARE FACILITIES (805) 840 HEALTH SERVICES, N.E.C. (807,808,809) 841 LEGAL SERVICES (81) 842 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS (821) 850 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES (822) 851 BUSINESS, TRADE AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS (824) 852 LIBRARIES (823) 860 EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, N.E.C (829) 861 JOB TRAINING AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SERVICES (833) 862 CHILD DAY CARE SERVICES (835) 870 RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITIES, WITHOUT NURSING (836) 871 SOCIAL SERVICES, N.E.C. (832,839) 872 MUSEUMS, ART GALLERIES, AND ZOOS (84) 880 RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS (866) 881 MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS (861-865, 869) 882 ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL, AND SURVEYING SERVICES (891) 890 ACCOUNTING, AUDITING, AND BOOKKEEPING SERVICES (893) 891 NONCOMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (892) 892 MISCELLANEOUS PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES (899) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 900 EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE OFFICES (911-913) 901 GENERAL GOVERNMENT, N.E.C (919) 910 JUSTICE, PUBLIC ORDER, AND SAFETY (92) 921 PUBLIC FINANCE, TAXATION, AND MONETARY POLICY (93) 922 ADMINISTRATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMS (94) 930 ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND HOUSING PROGRAMS (95) 931 ADMINISTRATION OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS (96) 932 NATIONAL SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (97) 990 INDUSTRY NOT REPORTED >> PARTY/CANDIDATE CODES, 1990-1992 - USED 1990, 1991, 1992 - Asterisks mark codes which are NOT in numerical sequence. ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY ONLY -- PEOPLE WITHIN PARTY³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0001 Johnson 0002 Kennedy, John; JFK 0003 Kennedy, Robert; RFK 0004 Kennedy, Edward; "Ted" 0005 Kennedy, NA which 0006 Truman 0007 Roosevelt; "FDR" 0008 McGovern 0009 Carter 0010 Mondale 0011 McCarthy, Eugene 0012 Humphrey 0013 Muskie 0014 Dukakis, Michael 0015 Wallace 0016 Jackson, Jesse 0017 Clinton, Bill 0031 Eisenhower; Ike 0032 Nixon 0034 Rockefeller 0035 Reagan 0036 Ford 0037 Bush 0038 Connally 0039 Kissinger 0040 McCarthy, Joseph 0041 Buchanan, Pat 0051 Other national party figures (Senators, Congressman, etc.) 0052 Local party figures (city, state, etc.) 0053 Good/Young/Experienced leaders; like whole ticket 0054 Bad/Old/Inexperienced leaders; dislike whole ticket 0055 Reference to vice-presidential candidate 0097 Other people within party reasons ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY ONLY -- PARTY CHARACTERISTICS³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0101 Traditional Democratic voter: always been a Democrat; just a Democrat; never been a Republican; just couldn't vote Republican 0102 Traditional Republican voter: always been a Republican; just a Republican; never been a Democrat; just couldn't vote Democratic 0111 Positive, personal, affective terms applied to party--good/nice people; patriotic; etc. 0112 Negative, personal, affective terms applied to party--bad/lazy people; lack of patriotism; etc. 0121 Can trust them; they keep their promises; you know where they stand 0122 Can't trust them; they break their promises; you don't know where they stand 0131 Party is well-organized, sticks together, is united; members are disciplined; votes party line 0132 Party is poorly-organized/really two parties/divided/ factionalized; members not disciplined; doesn't vote party line 0133 Party is (more) representative/good cross-section of the country; encompasses a wider variety of views/people; is more at the center of the country's views 0134 Party is less/not representative;bad cross-section of the country; encompasses more restricted views; is less at the center of the country's views 0135 Reference to participation of minority candidate(s) 0141 Reference to party's most recent National Convention; party's process/method of selecting presidential/vice-presidential candidates 0151 Performance of local branch of party; how they've done in this state/county/town 0161 Reference to the predominant faction that R sees as being in control of the party (NA which faction); "I don't like the people running it" 0162 Reference to Northerners/Liberals (as in control) of Democratic Party 0163 Reference to Southerners/Conservatives (as in control) of Democratic Party 0164 Reference to Easterners/Liberals/Moderates (as in control) of Republican Party 0165 Reference to Midwesterners/Westerners/Southerners/ Conservatives (as in control) of Republican Party 0167 Can't win; doesn't have a chance 0168 Can win; party can't be beat ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY ONLY -- PARTY CHARACTERISTICS cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0169 Too big a party; there are too many of them; party is too powerful 0170 Too small a party; there are not enough of them; party is too weak 0171 Listens (more) to people; takes (more) into consideration the needs and wants of people; understands (better) the people/the majority of the people 0172 Doesn't listen to/understand the needs and wants of the people/the majority of the people 0173 Campaign tactics, uses too much money in campaigns, slings mud 0174 Party has been in office/controlled Congress/held the White House too long/long enough; we need a change (of party) [code 430 for mentions of candidate] 0197 Other party-characteristic reasons ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY -- EXPERIENCE, ABILITY³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0201 General reference to him as "a good/bad man or a good/bad guy"; R has heard good/bad things about him; qualifications; general ability; reference to his "personality" 0203 Not qualified for the office; the job is too big for him to handle 0211 Experienced (NA what kind) (see 0217, 0218, 0220 for specific kinds of experience; if in foreign policy see 1100's) 0212 Inexperienced 0213 Dependable/Trustworthy/Reliable; a man you can trust with the responsibilities of government ("trust" in the capability sense, rather than the honesty sense) 0214 Undependable/Untrustworthy/Unreliable; a man you can't trust with the responsibilities of government 0215 A military man; a good military/war record 0216 Not a military man; bad military/war record; no military/war record 0217 His record in public service; how well he's performed in previous offices; voting record in Congress 0218 Has government experience/political experience/seniority/ incumbency 0219 Lacks government experience/political experience ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY -- EXPERIENCE, ABILITY cont'd³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0220 A statesman; has experience in foreign affairs 0221 Not a statesman; lacks experience in foreign affairs 0222 "He has done a good job so far"; he has brought us through hard times"; has gotten things done has some good ideas; trying to do right things 0223 Hasn't done anything; hasn't produced any results (general); has not been able to get programs off the ground 0224 Has fulfilled/kept (campaign) promises 0225 Has not fulfilled/kept (campaign) promises 0297 Other candidate experience/ability reasons ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY -- CANDIDATE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0301 Dignified/has dignity 0302 Undignified/lacks dignity 0303 Strong/decisive/self-confident/aggressive; will end all this indecision 0304 Weak/indecisive/lacks self-confidence/vacillating 0305 Inspiring; a man you can follow; "a leader" 0306 Uninspiring; not a man you can follow; not a leader *0335 Makes people feel good about America/being Americans; is patriotic/loves the country 0307 People have confidence in him 0308 People don't have confidence in him 0309 Good at communicating with blacks, young people, other "problem" groups 0310 Bad at communicating with blacks, young people, other "problem" groups (if communicate in general, see 0441, 0442) 0311 Knows how to handle people (at personal level) 0312 Doesn't know how to handle people (at personal level) 0313 A politician/political person; (too) much in politics; a good politician; part of Washington crowd; politically motivated; just wants to be re-elected 0314 Not a politician; not in politics; above politics; a bad politician 0315 Independent; no one runs him; his own boss 0316 Not independent; run by others; not his own man/boss 0317 Humble; knows his limitations; doesn't pretend to know all the answers 0318 Not humble enough; too cocky/self-confident; can't admit shortcomings; blames others for his/her mistakes ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY -- CANDIDATE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0319 (Too) Careful/Cautious/Good judgment 0320 (Too) Impulsive/Careless/Bad/Poor judgment *0334 Poor at explaining himself/his positions; doesn't answer questions clearly; speaks off the top of his head/doesn't stop to think before he speaks 0321 Helps people in the district on a personal level; has helped R personally with a problem (specific mention); tries to do things for the people 0322 Doesn't help people in the district on a personal level; was not helpful to R with a personal problem (specific mention) 0323 Represents (well) the views of the district; close to people in the district; comes home regularly to chat and mix with people 0324 Does not represent (well) the views of the district; not close to the people in the district; doesn't interact enough with the people 0325 Keeps people well informed about governmental matters; communicates with constituents; any mention of R receiving newsletters or communications from him/her; explains matters well so people can understand 0326 Does not inform people enough about governmental matters; does not send enough newsletters or communications; doesn't explain matters well 0327 Listens to the people/solicits public opinion; any mention of polls or questionnaires; is accessible to constituents (NFS) 0328 Doesn't listen to the people/does not solicit public opinion; isn't accessible to constituents (NFS) 0329 Has helped local (district) economy; brought money, projects, jobs to district 0330 Has not helped local (district) economy; not brought money, projects, jobs to district 0331 Candidate helps the district; watches out for the interests of the district or region in general 0332 Candidate has not protected/watched out for the interests of the district (specific mentions) *0334 Located after 0320 *0335 Located after 0306 0397 Other candidate leadership reason ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY -- PERSONAL QUALITIES³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0401 Honest/Sincere; keeps promises; man of integrity; means what he says; fair; not tricky; open and candid; straightforward; positive Playboy references (1976) 0402 Dishonest/Insincere; breaks promises; no integrity; doesn't mean what he says; tricky; not open and candid; not straightforward 0403 Man of high principles/ideals; high moral purpose; idealistic (if too idealistic, code 0416) 0404 Lacks principles/ideals 0405 Racist/Bigoted/Prejudiced 0406 Not a racist/bigoted/prejudiced 0407 Public servant; man of duty; conscientious; hard-working; would be a full-time President; good attendance record in Congress; dedicated; really interested in serving people 0408 Doesn't take public service seriously; lazy; would be a part-time President; poor attendance record in office; not dedicated; not really interested in serving people 0409 Doesn't use office for personal benefit; not in office to maximize personal benefit 0410 Uses/in office (mostly) for personal benefits (junket trips, big salary, other perks) 0411 Patriotic; (88) like Bush's stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0412 Unpatriotic; (88) dislike Dukakis' stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0413 Understands the nation's/district's problems; well-informed; studies up on issues 0414 Doesn't understand the nation's/district's problems; poorly informed; doesn't study up on issues 0415 Realistic 0416 Unrealistic; too idealistic; (if "idealistic" in positive sense, code 0403) 0417 Uses common sense; makes a lot of sense; pragmatic/ practical/down-to-earth 0418 Not sensible; impractical 0419 (Too) well educated; scholarly 0420 Poorly educated; unschooled 0421 Intelligent/Smart 0422 Unintelligent/Stupid/Dumb *0464 Uninformed; doesn't (seem to) know anything about the issues/what is going on in the country/government 0423 Religious; "moral" (in religious sense); God-fearing; "too" religious 0424 "Irreligious"; "immoral" (in religious sense); Playboy interview (reflects on Carter--1976) ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY -- PERSONAL QUALITIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0425 Self-made; not well off; started out as poor; worked his way up; (started out) unpolished/unrefined/rough 0426 Wealthy; rich; born with silver spoon in mouth; polished/refined/well-mannered 0427 Old hat; has run before; a die-hard; "a loser" (in the past) 0428 Someone new; a fresh face 0429 Don't change horses in midstream 0430 Time for a change;incumbent has been in office too long/long enough [code 174 for mentions of party] 0431 Unsafe/Unstable; dictatorial; craves power; ruthless 0432 Safe/Stable 0433 Sense of humor; jokes a lot (too much) 0434 No sense of humor; humorless (too serious) 0435 Kind/Warm/Gentle 0436 Cold/Aloof 0437 Likeable; gets along with people; friendly; outgoing 0438 Not likeable; can't get along with people 0439 Democratic (in non-partisan sense) 0440 Undemocratic (in non-partisan sense) 0441 High-fallutin'/High-brow; talks in circles; can't talk to common man; can't communicate ideas well 0442 Not high-fallutin'/is low-brow; talks straight; can talk to common man; can communicate ideas well 0443 Well-known; "I know him/her" 0444 Unknown; not well known 0445 Reference to his family (not 0457) 0446 Reference to his wife/spouse 0447 Speaking ability 0448 Health 0449 Appearance/Looks/Face/Appearance on TV; his smile 0450 Age (NA how perceived) 0451 (Too) Old 0452 (Too) Young 0453 Mature 0454 Immature 0455 Regional reference; "he's a Southerner"; "he's a Midwesterner"; he comes from the country/a rural area; area reference 0456 Previous occupation ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY -- PERSONAL QUALITIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0457 He's a family man 0459 Energetic; too energetic 0460 Not energetic 0461 Gender, e.g., "She's a woman" 0462 Racial/Ethnic attribute; "He is a black man" *0464 Located after 0422 0495 Other negative personal qualities 0496 Other positive personal qualities 0497 Other candidate personal qualities 0498 References to Playboy interview--NA direction or neutral; "it's OK," "that is what the Bible says" (not 0401)--1976 ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY--PARTY CONNECTIONS³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0500 A Democrat; good Democrat; typical Democrat 0501 A Republican; good Republican; typical Republican 0502 Controlled by party regulars/bosses/machine 0503 Not controlled by party regulars/bosses 0504 Reference to men around him/staff/followers 0505 Reference to his speeches (exc. 0447), campaign tactics; mud-slinging; (88) dislike Bush's stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0506 Can win; best choice for party victory 0507 Cannot win; not good choice for party victory 0508 Reference to linkage with other party figures (he's close to the Kennedy's; he was close to Eisenhower; etc.) 0509 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic policies (unspecified) 0510 Would change/get rid of " " 0511 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic domestic policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's) 0512 Would change/get rid of " " " 0513 Would continue/keep/follow Democratic foreign policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's) 0514 Would change/get rid of " " " ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³CANDIDATE ONLY--PARTY CONNECTIONS cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0515 Would continue/keep/follow Republican policies (unspecified) 0516 Would change/get rid of " " 0517 Would continue/keep/follow Republican domestic policies(unspecified, not codeable in 0900's) 0518 Would change/get rid of " " " 0519 Would continue/keep/follow Republican foreign policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's) 0520 Would change/get rid of " " " 0531 More liberal than most Democrats; a Northern Democrat 0532 More conservative " " ; a Southern Democrat 0533 More liberal than most Republicans; an Eastern Republican 0534 More conservative " " ; a Midwestern/Western/ Southern Republican 0535 Will bring in/listen to the (party) liberals 0536 Will bring in/listen to the (party) conservatives 0541 References to the physical or mental health of vice-presidential incumbent/candidate; emotional state/stability of vice-presidential incumbern/candidata; [1972] References to the Eagleton affair 0542 Reference to vice-presidential incumbent/candidate, running mate - NEC 0543 References to age/gender/race/ethnic background of vice-presidential incumbent/candidate; [1984] Mondale's selection of a woman for vice-president 0544 Mention of issue(s) that vice-presidential incumbent/candidate is identified with or has taken a leading role in promoting; [1992] Gore's position on the environment 0551 References to link with "Watergate"--positive reference to Watergate 0552 Not associated with "Watergate"--negative reference to Watergate; making too much out of Watergate 0553 Ford's pardon of Nixon--NA direction or against pardon 0554 " " " --pro; brave/right thing to do 0555 Positive references about independent candidacy; maybe the country needs a third party; third parties should have more recognition; the two party system needs buckling 0556 Negative references/liabilities related to independent candidacy; "he's an independent" (NFS); "we don't need a third party"; "he lacks backing from a party" 0597 Other candidate party connection reasons ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0601 Good/Efficient/Businesslike administration; balanced budget; lower/wouldn't increase national debt; cautious spending 0602 Bad/Inefficient/Unbusinesslike administration; wasteful; "bureaucratic"; deficit budget; higher/increased national debt; overspend 0603 Honest government; not corrupt; no "mess in Washington" 0604 Dishonest/Corrupt government; "mess in Washington"; immorality in government; reference to Hayes, Mills, Lance; [1992] writing bad checks on the House of Representatives bank 0605 (Would) Spend less (than other side); (would) spend too little 0606 (Would) Spend more (than other side); (would) spend too much 0607 Has brought/will bring about bureaucratic reform 0608 Has not brought/will not bring about bureaucratic reform 0609 General assessment of job he/they would do/are doing; is good/bad President; are providing good/bad administration *0622 Doesn't work (hard) at job; not involved (enough) in the work of his office/delegates too much authority to others; has chosen poor/incompetent aides; his aides have not performed well 0610 Reference to management/performance in Congress/Supreme Court/other government agency; references to the quality of appointments made to public posts (courts, cabinet, commissions) 0611 He has/has not worked well with (Democratic) Congress; would/could have done better with (Republican) Congress; he kept/would keep Congress in check 0612 He will work well/better with (Democratic) Congress 0613 Gets more done/accomplishes as much/more productive 0614 Gets less done/doesn't accomplish as much/less productive *0625 Mostly approve of/happy with job done so far, but doesn't approve of everything that has been done 0615 Sympathy/understanding expressed for the complexity/ magnitude of the job (e.g., President): tough job 0616 Sympathy/understanding expressed for the difficult situation ("a mess") inherited by the incumbent *0623 Doing the best he can (under the circumstances); doing as good a job as anyone else could do; everyone makes some mistakes 0617 Will face (difficult) issues; faces problems directly; faces up to political reality 0618 Will not face (difficult) issues; will not face problems directly; ignores political reality 0619 Supports the president/works well with the president/would work well with the president 0620 Does not support the president/does not (would not) work well with the president ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVT MANAGEMENT cont'd³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0621 Response to/handling of domestic crisis or natural disaster - riot, hurricane, tornado, earthquake, flood, etc. *0622 Located after 0609 *0623 Located after 0616 *0625 Located after 0614 0624 Opposes term limitations for Congress 0626 Favors term limitations for Congress 0627 The economy is bad, but that is not (necessarily) his fault 0697 Other government management reasons ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--MISCELLANEOUS³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0701 Just like him/them (NA why); like everything about him/them; "I was hoping he would win the (nomination/primaries)" 0702 Just dislike/Don't like him/them (NA why); don't like anything about him/them *0732 Used to like him but don't now; have lost respect for him 0703 Will save America; America needs him/them 0704 Will ruin America; last thing America needs 0705 Will unite Americans/bring people together 0706 Will divide Americans/drive people apart 0707 Speaks of party/candidate as good protector(s); will know what to do; more intelligent 0708 Speaks of party/candidate as bad protector(s); won't know what to do 0709 Good for country (unspecified); trying to do good job; trying; not just out for self/own best interest; has/have country's interest at heart 0710 Bad for country (unspecified); don't have country's interests at heart; only looking out for their own interests 0711 Lesser of two evils 0718 Treatment of Jesse Jackson; didn't offer him the vice-presidenal nomination; didn't use him (effectively) to get out the Black vote; weren't coutreous/respectful toward him; didn't keep promises made to him 0719 References to damaging incidents in candidate's personal life (sexual escapades, financial problems, substance abuse, etc); [1980] Reference to Chappaquiddick; Kennedy's personal problems ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--MISCELLANEOUS cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0720 Reference to Watergate affair (exc. 0551-0554) 0721 The way the incumbent came to office; the people should select President 0722 The incumbent should have a chance (on his own)/another chance/second chance 0723 (I believe in/Necessary for) a two-party system; choice between candidates; opposition; balances power of other party 0724 Vote for the man rather than party; look for more qualified man; don't pay attention to parties 0725 The opponent who the candidate ran against; the candidate was the better/worse of the two in general; the candidate ran against someone I really like/dislike 0726 Splits votes; will elect wrong candidate; "spoiler" 0727 Expression of sympathy/admiration for the candidate's underdog position; trying hard against terrible odds; courageous uphill battle; "I like underdogs"; "they are bucking the guy" (keeping him off ballot, not taking him seriously, not giving him enough publicity) 0728 Negative comments about the candidate's switching parties, being a turncoat, disloyal to his original party 0729 Party selection of a woman for vice-president 0730 Mention of debates; candidate's performance in the debates 0731 Position (vote) on increasing congressional salary; position (vote) on accepting honoraria/outside pay/royalties while in office *0732 Located after 0702 0733 References to candidate's children or extended family [code 446 for references to spouse] 0796 References to unfair/undeserved/excessive criticism by media or public 0797 Other miscellaneous reasons: Other miscellaneous reasons relating to image and candidate/party effect on nation ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY/PHILOSOPHY³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0801 General assessment of ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 0802 Different from other party/candidate 0803 Same as other party/candidate; not different enough 0804 (Too) negative; always tearing down other side; no solutions of his/their own 0805 For government activity; believe government should take care of things; for big government; supports social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907) 0806 Against government activity; believe government involved in too many things; favors reduction in social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907) 0807 Humanistic; favor human beings over property rights 0808 Not humanistic; favor property rights over human beings 0809 Favor social change/reform/progress/improvement of social conditions 0810 Against social change/reform/progress/improvement of social conditions 0811 Socialistic 0812 Anti-socialistic 0813 Communistic/soft/hard-liner on Communism/apologist for Communists/dupe 0814 (Too) anti-communistic/hard-liner on Communism 0815 (Too) liberal (except 0531 or 0533) 0816 (Too) conservative (except 0532 or 0534) 0817 Moderate/middle of the road/for slow change; not an extremist/fanatic 0818 Extremist/fanatic/too far out; not too moderate/not a fence-sitter 0819 Pro-Far Right/Birchers/reactionaries; encouraging fascist/ police state 0820 Anti-Far Right/ " " ; discouraging " 0821 Pro-Far Left/radicals/Yippies/SDS; encouraging anarchy/ guerilla state 0822 Anti-Far Left/ " " " ; discouraging " 0823 Pro-Extremists (NA direction)/nuts/bomb-throwers 0824 Anti-Extremists " " " 0827 Pro-States'/local/community rights; better local government 0828 Anti- " " " " ; worse/weaker local government 0829 For equality; believe everyone should have things equally/ be treated equally 0830 Anti-equality; believe some people should have more than others/people should not be treated equally ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY/PHILOSOPHY cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0831 Generous, compassionate, believe in helping others 0832 Selfish, only help themselves 0833 Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to status quo; more open to new ideas/ways of doing things; flexible, innovative 0834 Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect) status quo; resist new ways of doing things; rigid 0835 Has a well-defined set of beliefs/definite philosophy; does not compromise on principles; has (clear) understanding of goals they stand for 0836 Has poorly defined set of beliefs; lacks a definite philosophy; compromise on principles; has no (clear) understanding of goals they stand for 0837 Favor work ethic; believes in self-reliance/in people working hard to get ahead 0838 Doesn't favor work ethic; believes in people being handed things/in government handouts (if specific policy mentioned, code in 0900's) 0841 Keep track of/control over administration heads, cabinet members, etc.; follow through on policies; determine if programs are working 0842 Don't (as in 0841) 0843 Conditional evaluation: R suggests candidate/party cannot solve problems because not under his/their control (no negative connotations); will he/they be able to do what they say (determining factor outside his/their control); "I like what he says but wonder if he can do it" (if clearly negative, code in 0122 or 0402) 0845 Will involve/wants to involve people/Congress/Cabinet/ advisors/other government officials in government/ decision making 0846 Will not involve people/Congress/Cabinet/advisors/other government officials in government/decision making 0847 Separation of church and state/religion and politics--pro 0848 Separation of church and state/religion and politics--anti 0849 Stand/views on religion (church/state relationship NA) 0897 Other Government Activity/Philosophy reasons ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0900 General assessment of domestic ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 0901 General assessment of economic policy (unspecified) 0902 Government economic controls--NA direction 0903 " " " --Pro; we need planned economy; control of private enterprise 0904 " " " --Anti; we have too much interference in private enterprise 0905 Welfare/Poverty problems--NA direction; give-away 0906 " " " --Pro government aid/activity; pro give-aways 0907 " " " --Anti government aid/activity; anti give-aways; pro self-help 0908 Social Security/Pensions--NA direction 0909 " " " --Pro expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits 0910 " " " --Anti expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease 0911 Unemployment compensation--NA direction 0912 " " --Pro expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits 0913 " " --Anti expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease 0914 Aid to education--NA direction 0915 " " --Pro 0916 " " --Anti 0917 Aid to parochial schools--NA direction 0918 " " " --Pro 0919 " " " --Anti *1052 School choice plans; vouchers -- pro *1053 " " " -- anti *1047 Establish/enforce standards for schools (test teachers, require minimum curricula, regulate class size, etc) -- NA direction *1048 " " " -- Pro *1049 " " " --Anti 0920 Housing--NA direction 0921 " --Pro more public housing 0922 " --Anti more public housing 0923 Aid/Programs for older people/the aged, Medicare, Medicaid, direction -- NA 0924 " " " -- Pro 0925 " " " -- Anti ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0926 Monetary policy--NA direction 0927 " " --Pro loose(r) money; more availability of loans for housing, cars, etc.; lower interest rates 0928 " " --Anti loose(r) money; for tighter money; less availability of loans; higher interest rates *1054 Value of the dollar relative to gold/other currencies; any mentions of gold/currencies *1046 Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. [1990] Involvement in the Savings and Loan scandals 0929 Tax policy--NA direction 0930 " " --Pro lower taxes 0931 " " --Anti lower taxes; for higher taxes 0932 " " --Pro reform/fairer system/end of loopholes/ write-offs/dodges 0933 " " --Anti reform/fairer system/end of loopholes/write-offs/dodges *1055 Line item veto -- pro *1056 Line item veto -- anti *0942 [1990] Candidate voted for the budget agreement which resulted in increased taxes/fees 0934 "The Times"/General conditions/Prosperity/The Economy --better under him/them 0935 " " --worse under him/them 0936 Inflation/Cost of living--lower/better under him/them 0937 " " " --higher/worse under him/them 0938 Wages/Salaries/Income/Employment--higher/better under him/ them 0939 " " " " --lower/worse under him/them 0940 Prices for producers--higher/better under him/them 0941 " " --lower/worse (if farm, see 0943-0945) *0942 Located after 0933 0943 Programs to help farmers -- NA direction 0944 " " " --Pro (greater) help/fairer system, reform in system; higher price supports 0945 " " " -- Anti (greater) help/fairer system, reform in system; higher price supports ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0946 Civil rights/Racial justice/Integration/Desegregation/Voting Rights -- NA direction 0947 " " -- Pro 0948 " " -- Anti *1043 Affirmative Action programs -- NA direction *1044 " " " -- Pro; favors quotas based on race or gender *1045 " " " -- Anti; opposes quotas based on race or gender 0949 Civil liberties/Freedom of expression/First amendment/ Privacy -- NA direction 0950 " -- Pro; against snooping; political trials, etc; (88) like Dukakis' stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0951 " -- Anti; for snooping; political trials; McCarthyite; (88) dislike Republican party stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0952 General assessment of Labor policy (unspecified) 0953 Right to work laws--NA direction 0954 " " " --Pro (i.e., opposes unions [anti-labor, code 1208]) 0955 " " " --Anti (i.e., supports unions [pro-labor, code 1207]) 0956 Strikes--NA direction 0957 " --will have fewer/will handle better 0958 " --will have more/will handle worse 0959 Public power/Utilities/TVA/Atomic reactors/Nuclear power plants/Etc. -- NA direction 0960 " " " -- Pro 0961 " " " -- Anti *1059 Regulation of companies engaged in public communication or transportation -- pro *1060 " " " " -- anti 0962 Ecology/Environment; Air and Water Pollution--NA direction 0963 Will crack down on polluters, will be activist; will protect the environment 0964 Won't crack down on polluters, doesn't care; in league with polluters; not willing to protect the environment 0965 Veterans' Benefits--NA direction 0966 " " --Pro expansion of coverage and/or increase in benefits 0967 " " --Anti expansion of coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0968 Law and order--NA direction 0969 " " --soft line--unspecified 0970 " " " " --blacks 0971 " " " " --campus demonstrators 0972 " " " " --criminals/organized crime/ hoodlums/street crime 0973 " " " " --anti power of police; court interference *1041 " " " " --opposes death penalty 0974 " " --hard line--unspecified 0975 " " " " --blacks 0976 " " " " --campus demonstrators 0977 " " " " --criminals/organized crime/ hoodlums/street crime 0978 " " " " --pro power of police; reduced court interference *1042 " " " " --favors death penalty 0979 Public morality--NA direction 0980 " " --Strict/older/traditionalistic outlook; improve/renew morality of country; pro-family; defends family values 0981 " " --Permissive/newer/modernistic outlook; not (strongly enough) pro-family; doesn't defend (strongly enough) family values 0982 Drugs--NA direction 0983 " --Pro legalization/decriminalization; soft-liner; (88) doesn't support (strongly enough) the war on drugs; not willing to do more to combat drug use/pushers; involvement with Noreiga 0984 " --Anti legalization/decriminalization; hard-liner; (88)supports the war on drugs; willing to do more to combat drug use/pushers 0985 Abortion and birth control--NA direction 0986 " " " --Pro reform/legalization; new outlook 0987 " " " --Anti reform/legalization; traditional outlook 0988 Gun control--NA direction 0989 " " --Pro; controls 0990 " " --Anti; "everyone has the right to own a gun" 0991 Busing--NA direction 0992 " --Pro; against neighborhood school 0993 " --Anti; for neighborhood school 0994 Urban problem/Cities--NA direction 0995 " " " --Pro government aid/activity 0996 " " " --Anti government aid/activity ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 0997 Other domestic policy reasons 1001 National Health Insurance--NA direction 1002 " " " --Pro 1003 " " " --Anti 1004 Energy/Gas shortage--Development of alternative energy source, NA direction 1005 " " " --Pro development of alternative source, better/handled better; more fuel 1006 " " " --Anti development of alternative energy source, worse/handled worse; less fuel ********************************************************************** References to nuclear energy should be coded in 0959, 0960, or 0961. ********************************************************************** 1007 Government plans to make more jobs--NA direction; make-work programs; CETA; WPAL; CCA 1008 " " " " --Pro 1009 " " " " --Anti 1010 Confidence/Trust in government--NA direction 1011 " " " --would handle better; restore confidence 1012 " " " --would handle worse; cause loss of confidence 1013 ERA; Women's rights--NA direction 1014 " " " --Pro 1015 " " " --Anti 1016 Influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians, Mexicans, etc.) --NA direction 1017 " " " --Pro 1018 " " " --Anti 1019 School prayer--NA direction 1020 " " --Pro 1021 " " --Anti 1022 Gay rights--NA direction 1023 " " --Pro 1024 " " --Anti 1025 Health--NA direction 1026 " --Pro government programs/aid for mentally ill, disabled, handicapped 1027 " --Anti " " " " " (except 0923, 0924, 0925) 1028 Space program--NA direction 1029 " " --Pro 1030 " " --Anti 1031 Help to/improvement in a specific industry or occupation--NA direction 1032 " " " " " -- Pro help/ improvement 1033 " " " " " -- Anti help/ improvement ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ *1057 Spending on infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc) -- pro *1058 " " " " -- anti 1035 Polarization of classes/increasing gap between rich and poor--NA direction 1036 " " " " " --will stop trend/handle better 1037 " " " " " --will accelerate trend/ handle better 1038 Day care--NA direction 1039 " " --favors/will expand or extend day care programs 1040 " " --opposes/will not expand or extend (will cut or eliminate) day care programs 1050 Family/maternity leave laws -- pro 1051 " " -- anti *1041 Located after 0973 *1042 Located after 0978 *1043 Located after 0948 *1044 Located after 0948 *1045 Located after 0948 *1046 Located after 0928 *1047 Located after 0919 *1048 Located after 0919 *1049 Located after 0919 *1052 Located after 0919 *1053 Located after 0919 *1054 Located after 0928 *1055 Located after 0933 *1056 Located after 0933 *1057 Located after 1033 *1058 Located after 1033 *1059 Located after 0961 *1060 Located after 0961 ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 1101 General assessment of foreign ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 1102 Foreign policies more clear-cut/decisive; less bungling 1103 Foreign policies less clear-cut/decisive; more bungling ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 1104 Internationalist/Interested in other countries' problems/Interested in world role/Pro-UN and allies; Meddling in other people's problems 1105 Isolationist/America First/Fortress America/Would meddle less in other people's problems *1184 Military/Defense position/spending--NA direction or neutral (not 1106, 1107) 1106 Strong military position/Preparedness/Weapons systems/ Pentagon spending/Overkill; SDI ("Star Wars") 1107 Weak military position/Pentagon spending cutbacks/No overkill/Reduce armed forces; SDI ("Star Wars") 1108 Cold-war oriented; opposed detente; international Communist-fighter 1109 Against cold war/Wants thaw/Detente/Understanding with international communists (if NA whether international, code in 0813-0814) 1110 Military aid to allies--NA direction 1111 " " " --Pro 1112 " " " --Anti 1113 Economic aid/Foreign aid/AID/Non-military aid--NA direction 1114 " " " " " " " --Pro 1115 " " " " " " " --Anti *1116 Located after 1163 *1117 " " " 1118 Mideast--NA direction; any references to oil embargo; boycott of companies dealing with Israel; [1992] References to involvement in Iraqgate/arming of Saddam Hussein 1119 " --handle better/more experience; positive comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty 1120 " --handle worse/less experience; negative comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty 1121 " --Pro-Israel/anti-Arabs 1122 " --Anti-Israel/pro-Arabs; wishy-washy on Israel 1123 Red China--NA direction 1124 " " --handle better/more experience/doing well, better 1125 " " --handle worse/less experience/doing poorly 1126 " " --pro understanding/thaw/detente/new relationships/ recognition/admission to UN 1127 " " --anti understanding/thaw/detente/new relationships/ recognition/admission to UN; defender of Formosa/Chaing/Nationalists ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 1128 Russia--NA direction 1129 " --handle better/more experience 1130 " --handle worse/less experience 1131 " --pro understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of relations; SALT II 1132 " --anti understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of relations; SALT II 1133 Eastern Europe--NA direction 1134 " " --handle better/more experience 1135 " " --handle worse/less experience 1136 " " --pro defense of Iron-Curtain countries 1137 " " --anti " " " *1301 Western Europe -- NA direction *1302 " " -- handling relations with European Community/specific countries well (better) *1303 " " " " badly (worse) 1138 Latin America--NA direction 1139 " " --handle better/more experience 1140 " " --handle worse/less experience 1141 " " --pro-third world posture; reach understanding with Castro/Chile/neutrals; anti-colonialism /European powers; against Contra aid/pro-Sandinista 1142 " " --anti-third world posture; hard anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy; pro-colonialism/ European powers; pro Contra aid/anti-Sandinista *1198 (Involvement in) Diversion of money to the Contras (in violation of the law) 1143 Africa--NA direction 1144 " --handle better/more experience 1145 " --handle worse/less experience 1146 " --pro-third world posture; reach understanding with leftists/neutrals; anti-colonialism/ European powers 1147 " --anti-third world posture; hard anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy; pro-colonialism/European powers 1148 Asia/India--NA direction 1149 " " --handle better/more experience 1150 " " --handle worse/less experience 1151 " " --pro India/Bangladesh 1152 " " --pro Pakistan *1153 Located after 1163 *1154 " " " *1155 " " " *1156 " " " ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 1157 Vietnam/Indochina/Southeast Asia--NA direction 1158 " " " " --better chance for peace 1159 " " " " --poorer chance for peace; failed to end war 1160 " " " " --pro military victory/ preservation of Saigon regime 1161 " " " " --anti military victory/ willing to sacrifice Thieu/Ky; favoring withdrawal *1162 Located after 1163 1163 Vietnam/Indochina/Southeast Asia--will bring policy change (unspecified) *1116 Trouble spots (not specifically coded)--would handle better (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf) *1117 " " " " " --would handle worse (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf) *1162 (88) The invasion of Grenada *1300 (91) The Persian Gulf war/ Desert Storm *1153 Would raise American prestige *1154 Would lower American prestige; not maintain American prestige *1155 Would have better chance for peace (unspecified); not get us into trouble abroad *1156 Would have poorer chance for peace (unspecified); get us into war/trouble abroad 1164 Tariffs--NA direction 1165 " --Pro free trade/reduce tariffs; would not protect US labor from foreign competition 1166 " --Anti free trade; for high tariffs; would protect US labor from foreign competition *1196 Foreign trade/balance of payments deficit--any mention 1167 Trade with communists--NA direction 1168 " " --Pro 1169 " " --Anti 1170 Draft--NA direction 1171 " --Pro volunteer army/abolition of peacetime draft 1172 " --Anti volunteer army; for peacetime draft 1173 " --Pro amnesty/pardon 1174 " --Anti amnesty/draft dodgers/pardon *1178 Amnesty--NA direction 1175 POW-MIA--Will get prisoners back, will not abandon them 1176 POW-MIA--Will not get prisoners back, will abandon them 1177 POW-MIA--NA direction *1178 Located after 1174 1179 Did a good job of getting the boys/country out of Vietnam war; got us out of Vietnam ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 1180 Should have won Vietnam war; gave too much away and then pulled out 1181 Secrecy/deception in U.S. foreign policy; shuttle diplomacy; Kissinger's foreign policy (1976) --NA direction 1182 " " " " --Pro 1183 " " " " --Anti *1184 Located after 1105 1185 Priorities in military/defense spending (not reduction or increase but allocation of existing defense budget--Pro 1186 Priorities in military/defense spending (not reduction or increase but allocation of existing defense budget--Anti 1187 Iranian crisis; American hostages (1980)/Arms sale (1986) --NA direction 1188 " " " " --has handled well/would handle better 1189 " " " " --has handled poorly/would handle worse 1190 Nuclear freeze/Disarmament--NA direction 1191 " " " --Pro 1192 " " " --Anti 1193 Terrorism; dealings with terrorists; hostages (except 1187-1189) -- NA direction; (88) Bombing of Libya 1194 " " " -- has handled/would handle better; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy 1195 " " " -- has handled/would handle worse; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy *1196 Located after 1166 1197 Other foreign policy reasons *1198 Located after 1142 1199 Iran-Contra affair--NFS (NA whether 1187 or 1198) ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GROUP CONNECTIONS³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 1201 Special interests/Privileged people/Influential--Pro 1202 " " " " --Anti 1203 "People like me"--pro, NA whether 1205, 1206 1204 " " " --anti, " " " " ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GROUP CONNECTIONS cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 1205 Common man/People/Little people/Working people--Pro 1206 " " " " --Anti 1207 Labor/Unions/Labor bosses/Racketeers--Pro 1208 " " " " --Anti 1209 Big Business/Corporate rich/The rich individuals/People with power/Wall Street/Industry/Upper classes--Pro 1210 (Same as 1209) --Anti 1211 Small businessman--Pro 1212 " " --Anti 1213 White collar workers/Salaried people/Middle class--Pro 1214 " " " " --Anti 1215 Farmers/Country people--Pro 1216 " " --Anti 1217 Blacks/Black people/Negroes--Pro 1218 " " " --Anti 1219 People on welfare/ADC mothers/"Chiselers"--Pro 1220 " " " " --Anti 1221 Old people/Senior citizens--Pro 1222 " " " --Anti 1223 Young people/Kids/"Freaks"/Hippies--Pro 1224 " " " " " --Anti 1225 Women/Feminists/Womens Liberationists, "sexists"--Pro 1226 " " " " " --Anti 1227 Veterans/Servicemen--Pro 1228 " " --Anti 1229 Ethnic or racial group (exc. 1217-1218); Minority groups (NA composition--Pro 1230 " " " --Anti 1231 Section of the country--Pro 1232 " " --Anti 1233 Poor people/needy people/the unemployed -- Pro 1234 " " " " -- Anti 1235 Civil servants--Pro 1236 " " --Anti 1297 Other group connection reasons ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GROUP CONNECTIONS cont'd.³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ *1300 Located after 1162 *1301 Located after 1137 *1302 Located after 1137 *1303 Located after 1137 ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³EVENTS UNIQUE TO ONE CAMPAIGN ³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 5001 [1992] Perot quit the race/is a quitter - NFS 5002 [1992] Because Perot quit the race he is not trustworthy/dependable/steadfast (enough); he let down his supporters 5003 [1992] Because Perot quit the race and then re-entered it he is indecisive/inconsistent/not stable (enough); mentions of re-entering the race after have left it - NFS 5004 [1992] Perot is not a serious candidate ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³MISSING DATA CODES³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ 9001 R has been influenced by spouse 9002 R has been influenced by someone else 9996 Refused to say 9997 Other miscellaneous 9998 DK 9999 NA 0000 INAP >> 1992 CAMPAIGN POLITICAL ADVERTISMENTS - USED 1992 ONLY - R Pays No Attention To Political Ads 001. R claims not to remember what the ads s/he saw were about - NFS (R says only "nothing", "very little/not much", "can't remember", "don't recall", etc. without further explanation or elaboration). 002. R deliberately and actively avoids watching political ads (I hit the mute button/change the channel; I go to the refrigerator, etc.). 003. R does watch the political ads but indicates s/he chooses to pay no attention to them (I don't pay much attention, they don't register on my mind, goes in one ear and out the other, I just laugh at them, I'm immune to them). R Give General Assessment of Political Ads (No Candidate Specified) 010. Amount/frequency of ads - too many of them; they show too many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over. 011. Provide no information/serve no valuable purpose - too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions. 012. Provide information/serve valuable purpose - talk about (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 013. Dishonest/misleading - (too) deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter wants to hear. 014. Honest/straight-forward - tells the truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense. 015. Negative campaigning - (too negative); (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks on opponent. 016. Positive campaigning - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected. 017. Had negative effect on R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them. 018. Had positive effect on R - helped R understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for. 028. Other positive general assessment of political ads (no candidate specified) 029. Other negative general assessment of political ads (no candidate specified) R Gives General Assessment of Bush Political Ads 030. Amount/frequency of Bush ads - too many of them; they show too many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over. 031. Bush ads provide no information/serve no valuable purpose - too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions. 032. Bush ads provide information/serve valuable purpose - talk about (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 033. Bush ads dishonest/misleading - (too) deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter wants to hear. 034. Bush ads honest/straight-forward - tells the truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense. 035. Negative campaigning by Bush - (too negative); (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks on opponent. 036. Positive campaigning by Bush - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected. 037. Bush ads had negative effect on R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them. 038. Bush ads had positive effect on R - helped R understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for. 039. R refuses to listen to/watch Bush ads specifically 048. Other positive general assessment of Bush political ads 049. Other negative general assessment of Bush political ads R Gives General Assessment of Clinton Political Ads 050. Amount/frequency of Clinton ads - too many of them; they show too many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over. 051. Clinton ads provide no information/serve no valuable purpose - too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions. 052. Clinton ads provide information/serve valuable purpose - talk about (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 053. Clinton ads dishonest/misleading - (too) deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter wants to hear. 054. Clinton ads honest/straight-forward - tells the truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense. 055. Negative campaigning by Clinton - (too negative); (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks on opponent. 056. Positive campaigning by Clinton - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected. 057. Clinton ads had negative effect on R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them. 058. Clinton ads had positive effect on R - helped R understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for. 059. R refuses to listen to/watch Clinton ads specifically 068. Other positive general assessment of Clinton political ads 069. Other negative general assessment of Clinton political ads R Gives General Assessment of Perot Political Ads 070. Amount/frequency of Perot ads - too many of them; they show too many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over. 071. Perot ads provide no information/serve no valuable purpose - too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions. 072. Perot ads provide information/serve valuable purpose - talk about (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 073. Perot ads dishonest/misleading - (too) deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter wants to hear. 074. Perot ads honest/straight-forward - tells the truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense. 075. Negative campaigning by Perot - (too negative); (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks on opponent. 076. Positive campaigning by Perot - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected. 077. Perot ads had negative effect on R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them. 078. Perot ads had positive effect on R - helped R understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for. 079. R refuses to listen to/watch Perot ads specifically 088. Other positive general assessment of Perot political ads 089. Other negative general assessment of Perot political ads R Identifies Specific Bush Political Ads 130. Bush ad - no other details given. 131. Bush ad - no content given, but production details remembered (e.g., closeup of face, sitting on edge of desk, it was green). 132. Bush ad - "Two Faces of Clinton"/Time magazine cover highlighting two faces. 133. Bush ad - computer ad. 134. Bush ad - on Bush's record in general. 135. Bush ad - attacking Clinton's record in Arkansas. 136. Bush ad - on Clinton's draft record/anti-American activities. 137. Bush ad - about taxes; saying Bush won't raise taxes (again). 138. Bush ad - about Bush's economic plan/promises for the economy. 139. Bush ad - Florida relief; giving food to poor countries; Bush portrayed as a caring person. 140. Bush ad - family values; families coming together; Bush portrayed as a family man. 141. Bush ad - foreign policy accomplishments of the Bush administration; Bush shown as commander-in-chief. 142. Bush ad - needs four more years to finish the job. 143. Bush ad - clips from the Republican convention. 144. Bush ad - average people questioning Clinton's willingness and ability to keep his promised. 149. Bush ad - other R Identifies Specific Clinton Political Ads 150. Clinton ad - no other details given. 151. Clinton ad - no content given, but production details remembered (e.g., closeup of face, waving to crowd, flag in background). 152. Clinton ad - attacking Bush's broken promise not to raise taxes; "read my lips -- no new taxes". 153. Clinton ad - attacking Bush's handling of the economy; "we can't afford four more years". 154. Clinton ad - about creating jobs/putting people back to work. 155. Clinton ad - about the need for change; about rebuilding America/putting American on the right course. 156. Clinton ad - defending Clinton's record in Arkansas/record on taxes as governor. 157. Clinton ad - reforming welfare. 158. Clinton ad - showing working people. 159. Clinton ad - defending Clinton's draft record. 160. Clinton ad - giving address to write to for Clinton's economic plan; experts endorsing Clinton's economic plan. 169. Clinton ad - other R Identifies Specific Perot Political Ads 170. Perot ad - no other details given. 171. Perot ad - no content given, but production details remembered (e.g., sitting behind a desk, scroll with writing, 30 minutes long). 172. Perot ad - used a lot of charts and graphs. 173. Perot ad - describing in general terms problems with the economy/the deficit. 174. Perot ad - detailed how the deficit would affect future generations. 175. Perot ad - plans/promises to solve America's problems. 176. Perot ad - Purple Heart ad 189. Perot ad - other R Identifies A Specific Event That Was Not A Presidential Political Ad 190. Other - R describes a new event that clearly was not part of a political ad (e.g., Quayle talking about Murphy Brown; Mary Matalin talking about Hillary Clinton). 191. Other - R describes a political ad, but one for a congressional, state or local candidate or one concerning a controversial issue (e.g., abortion, gay rights, etc.). Miscellaneous 997. Other, miscellaneous 998. DK (except 001-003) 999. NA 000. INAP >> NATIONALITY CODE, 1990-1992 - USED 1990, 1992 - WESTERN HEMISPHERE North America 01. American Indian, tribal mentions 02. Canadian; not specified as French-Canadian (03) 03. Canadian, of French origin 04. Mexican (excluding explicit mention of "Chicano", "Mexican-American") 05. Central American West Indies 07. Barbados 08. Cuban 09. Dominican Republic 10. Haitian 11. Jamaican 12. Puerto Rican 13. West Indian--not from one of the above countries 14. West Indian--NA which country South America 16. South American--any country EUROPE British Isles 18. English British 19. Irish (not specified as from Northern Ireland, Ulster--22) 20. Scottish 21. Welsh 22. From Northern Ireland (Ulster) 23. Scot-Irish 24. From British Isles; from two or more countries of the British Isles Western Europe 26. Austrian 27. Belgian 28. French 29. German; also Pennsylvania Dutch 30. Luxembourg 31. Netherlands, Holland; Dutch 32. Swiss 33. From Western Europe; two or more countries of Western Europe Scandinavia 35. Danish 36. Finn, Finnish 37. Norwegian 38. Swedish 39. Icelander 40. Scandinavian; reference to two or more Scandinavian countries -------------------- 41. REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES FROM COMBINATION OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS: BRITISH ISLES, WESTERN EUROPE, SCANDINAVIA, MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES, GREECE Eastern Europe 43. Czechoslovakian, Slavic 44. Estonian 45. Hungarian 46. Latvian 47. Lithuanian 48. Polish 49. Russian; from U.S.S.R. 50. Ukrainian 51. Eastern Europe; reference to two or more countries of Eastern Europe Balkan Countries 53. Albanian 54. Bulgarian 55. Greek 56. Rumanian 57. Yugoslavian 58. Mention of two or more Balkan Countries Mediterranean Countries 60. Italian 61. Portugese 62. Spanish 63. Maltese -------------------- 64. EUROPEAN; GENERAL MENTION OF EUROPE; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES OF EUROPE NOT CODEABLE ABOVE ASIA (except Near East) 65. Pakistani 66. Afghan 67. Indian (not American Indian, code 01) 68. Southeast Asia--from Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Burma, Philippines, Indonesia 69. Chinese 70. Japanese; Japanese American 71. Korean NEAR EAST 73. Egyptian 74. Iranian, Persian 75. Iraqi 76. Israeli 77. Jordanian 78. Lebanese 79. Arab, Arabian, Saudi Arabian 80. Syrian 81. Turk, Turkish 82. Armenian AFRICA 83. African; from any African country excluding only Egypt (U.A.R.); South African (formerly 90) OCEANIA 85. Australian, New Zealander, Tasmanian ETHNIC GROUPS 86. White, Caucasian 87. Black; Negro; American Black; African American 88. Chicano; Mexican-American; Hispanic; Latin American OTHER, MISCELLANEOUS 90. NEITHER (Y43b only, 1990 and 1992) 91. Catholic 92. Protestant 93. Jewish 94. Mormon 95. Other religious groups 97. Other group; combinations not codeable above 98. DK 99. NA; NONE; "AMERICAN" (1990) NA (1992) >> CAMPAIGN ISSUES CODE, 1990-1992 - USED 1990, 1992 - 001. "Domestic issues" 006. Child care; DAY CARE; child support 045. ABORTION; any reference 010. UNEMPLOYMENT, jobs, retraining -- general or national 011. Unemployment, lack of jobs in specific area/region/ state/industry 012. More help for the unemployed 020. EDUCATION -- any mention, including quality of schools, cost of college, students not learning anything 030. AGED/ELDERLY -- any mention, including Social Security, Medicare, eldercare. 040. HEALTH PROBLEMS -- quality of medical care, cost of medical care, availability of medical care, catastrophic health insurance (except AIDS, code 048) 048. AIDS 050. HOUSING -- providing housing for the poor, the homeless, young people can't buy homes, any mention. 055. INFRASTRUCTURE -- Build/maintain roads, bridges, railroads, mass transit systems; transportation - NFS 060. POVERTY; aid to poor, underprivileged people; help for the (truly) needy; general reference to anti-poverty programs; hunger/help for hungry people 090. SOCIAL WELFARE; "Welfare"; the welfare mess, too many undeserving on welfare 099. OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF DOMESTIC ISSUES 100. Problems of the FARMERS; farm bankruptcies, poor prices for crops, effects of the drought 150. Protecting the ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect. 151. Controlling/REGULATING GROWTH or land development; banning further growth/development in crowded or ecologically sensitive areas; preverving natural areas 154. TOXIC WASTE, RADIOACTIVE WASTE 160. Need to develop ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES 199. Other specific mentions of AGRICULTURE or ENVIRONMENT problems 300. CIVIL RIGHTS/RACIAL PROBLEMS; affirmative action programs; relations between blacks and whites 310. WOMEN'S ISSUES -- ERA, equal pay for equal work, maternity leave (except day care, code 006) 320. DRUGS -- extent of drug use in U.S; "WAR ON DRUGS"; drugs--NFS; ALCOHOLISM, any mention 321. DRUGS -- stopping drugs from coming into this country 340. CRIME/VIOLENCE; streets aren't safe; respect for police; releasing criminals early; not enough jails; death penalty 367. GUN CONTROL - all mentions 370. EXTREMIST GROUPS/TERRORISTS 380. General mention of MORALITY/TRADITIONAL VALUES; sex, bad language, pornography, teenage pregnancy 381. Specific mention of FAMILY VALUES -- latchkey children, divorce; unwed mothers, working mothers 382. Homosexual/gay rights; gays in the military [code 048 for mentions of AIDS) 384. RELIGION (too mixed up in) and politics; prayer in schools 399. OTHER MENTION of race, public order, morality 400. INFLATION, high prices, cost of living 405. WAGES TOO LOW; minimum wage 408. Recession/Depression in specific industries, states or regions -- slump in OIL/STEEL/AUTO INDUSTRY, etc. (except farm, code 101); hard times in this REGION or area 410. RECESSION; DEPRESSION, hard times -- no specific locale or industry 415. THE DEFICIT; BALANCING THE BUDGET; cutting government spending 416. TAXES -- any reference; tax reform 425. TOO MANY IMPORTS -- protectionism, competition, outsourcing, problems of auto industry relating to foreign competition; U.S. makes (too) few exports; (high) tariffs imposed by other nations; free trade; GATT 427. VALUE OF THE DOLLAR -- strengthening or weakening 428. STOCK MARKETS; investments; interest rates 440. CLASS ORIENTED ECONOMIC CONCERNS -- middle class getting squeezed; big business too powerful 453. Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. [1990] Savings and Loan scandals 460. IMMIGRATION 491. ECONOMICS, THE ECONOMY 493. BALANCE OF TRADE; balance of payments; foreign oil dependency (except supply of oil, see 524) 499. OTHER MENTION of economic, business or labor problems 500. FOREIGN POLICY; FOREIGN AFFAIRS 514. LATIN AMERICA, Central America, AID TO CONTRAS (reference to IRAN-CONTRA coded 816) 516. AFRICA -- starving people, overpopulation 517. SOUTH AFRICA -- Apartheid 524. MIDDLE EAST -- Iran hostages, Persian Gulf, supply of mid-east oil (except oil dependency, see 493) 530. RUSSIA -- relations with, arms talks, detente; summit, etc. 540. FIRMNESS in foreign policy 550. U.S. military involvement abroad 560. FOREIGN AID; amount of money given to foreign countries; obligation to take care of our problems at home first 570. AVOID WAR, establish PEACE -- any reference 700. DEFENSE (SPENDING); the military; quality/cost of weapons 710. NUCLEAR ARMS RACE -- disarmament, SALT, INF, threat of nuclear war; arms control 712. STAR WARS 714. SPACE PROGRAM 810. Honesty, sincerity of government officials; corruption 811. Honesty, sincerity of candidates in general; e.g., "just making promises," "saying whatever it takes to get elected" 812. Candidates are just talking (negatively) about each other, MUD SLINGING. 813. How well incumbent represents/candidate would REPRESENT THIS DISTRICT 814. Congressperson's personal life/morality 815. Candidate's ABILITY/EXPERIENCE 816. Candidate's (voting) RECORD 817. PRESIDENT BUSH 818. BUSH and the IRAN-CONTRA affair 819. IRAN-CONTRA affair, mess, scandal, IRAN ARMS DEAL, without reference to Bush 850. Which party will control the House of Representatives; other partisan mentions 851. Need for change/new blood/fresh ideas in Congress; term limits for members of Congress 876. PHILOSOPHICAL DIFFERENCES between the candidates - liberal vs. conservative views; balance of authority between state and federal government; etc. 900. A local issue or concern -- the college, the dam, the auto-insurance initiative, the leak in our nuclear plant 991. OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF CAMPAIGN ISSUES (1992) 995. "THERE WERE NO ISSUES" (except 996), JUST PARTY POLITICS (1990) 996. "THERE WAS NO CAMPAIGN IN MY DISTRICT" (1990) / INAP (1992) 997. OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF CAMPAIGN ISSUES (1990) 998. DK 999. NA >> MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS CODE, 1990-1992 - USED 1990, 1991, 1992 - Asterisks mark codes which are NOT in numerical sequence. SOCIAL WELFARE 001. General reference to domestic issues; rapairing/maintaining the nation's infrastructure (roads, bridges, dams, etc) 005. POPULATION; any mention of population increase; reference to over-population/birth control 006. DAY CARE; child care 010. UNEMPLOYMENT; the number of people with jobs; unemployment rate/compensation; job retraining 013. CREATE JOBS/RECRUIT INDUSTRY in specific area/region/state 020. EDUCATION; financial assistance for schools/colleges/students; quality of education/the learning environment/teaching 030. AGED/ELDERLY; social security benefits; administration of social security; medical care for the aged; medicare benefits; insuring against catastrophic illness 035. Social Security won't be around in the future; paying into a system which won't benefit me/them 040. HEALTH PROBLEMS/COST OF MEDICAL CARE; quality of medical care; medical research/training of doctors and other health personnel; hospitals; National Health insurance program *045. Located after 330 *046. Located after 381 048. Other specific references to health problems; AIDS 050. HOUSING; providing housing for the poor/homeless; ability of young people to afford to buy homes/find homes to buy 060. POVERTY; aid to the poor/underprivileged people; help for the (truly) needy; welfare programs (such as ADC); general reference to anti-poverty programs; hunger/help for hungry people in the U.S. 090. SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS; "welfare"--NFS 091. For general or other social welfare programs; "we need to help people more" 092. Against general or other social welfare programs; "too many give away programs for the people who don't deserve it" 099. Other specific mentions of social welfare problems AGRICULTURE 100. FARM ECONOMICS; payment for crops/price of feed/cost of farming 103. SUBSIDIES/crop payments/government aid to farmers 120. WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS; food shortages/starvation/famine (not 406 or 407) NATURAL RESOURCES 150. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; conservation, ecology; protecting the environment/endangered species 151. Controlling/REGULATING GROWTH or land development; banning further growth/development in crowded or ecologically sensitive areas; preserving natural areas 153. POLLUTION; clean air/water 154. Disposal of RADIOACTIVE/TOXIC waste (dumps, landfills) 160. DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES /ENERGY SOURCES; harbors, dams, canals, irrigation, flood control, navigation, reclamation; location, mining, stock-piling of minerals; water power, atomic power; development of alternative sources of energy (includes mentions of solar or nuclear power) Agriculture OR Natural Resources: 199. OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF AGRICULTURE OR NATURAL RESOURCES PROBLEMS LABOR: UNION-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 200. LABOR/UNION PROBLEMS; union practices; job security provided workers; job safety issues; working conditions 220. Anti-union; unions too powerful 299. Other specific mention of labor or union-management problems RACIAL 300. CIVIL RIGHTS/RACIAL PROBLEMS; programs to enable Blacks to gain social/economic/educational/political equality; relations between Blacks and whites 302. PROTECTION (expansion) OF WHITE MAJORITY; maintenance of segregation; right to choose own neighborhood; right to discriminate in employment 304. Discrimination against whites; preferred treatment given to minorities PUBLIC ORDER 320. NARCOTICS; availability of drugs; extent of drug/alcohol addiction in the U.S.; interdiction of drugs coming to the U.S. from foreign countries; alcohol or drug related crime 330. WOMEN'S RIGHTS; ref. to women's issues; economic equality for women; ERA *045. PRO-ABORTION; pro-choice; the right of a woman to control her body 340. CRIME/VIOLENCE; too much crime; streets aren't safe; mugging, murder, shoplifting; drug related crime 360. LAW AND ORDER; respect for the law/police; support for the police; death penalty; tougher sentences for criminals; need for more prisons 367. Against unregistered ownership of guns; legislative control of guns; "CONTROL OF GUNS"-NFS 368. For gun ownership; right to have guns; against gun control 370. EXTREMIST GROUPS/TERRORISTS; terrorist bombings/hostage-taking; political subversives; revolutionary ideas/approaches 380. General mention of MORAL/RELIGIOUS DECAY (of nation); sex, bad language, adult themes on TV 381. Family problems--divorce; proper treatment of children; decay of family (except 006); child/elder abuse (incl. sexual) *046. ANTI-ABORTION; pro-life; "abortion"--NFS 383. Problems of/with YOUNG PEOPLE; drug/alcohol abuse amoung young people; sexual attitudes; lack of values/discipline; mixed-up thinking; lack of goals/ambition/sense of responsibility 384. Religion (too) mixed up in politics; prayer in school 385. HOMOSEXUALITY; protecting civil rights of gays and lesbians; accepting the lifestyle of homosexuals; granting homosexual couples the same rights and benefits as heterosexual couples Racial OR Public Order OR Other Domestic: 399. OTHER SPECIFIC MENTION OF RACIAL OR PUBLIC ORDER PROBLEMS; OTHER MENTION OF DOMESTIC ISSUES ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS 400. INFLATION; rate of inflation; level of prices; cost of living 401. WAGE AND PRICE CONTROLS/GUIDELINES; freezing prices; control of business profits 403. High price of food, all mentions (exc. 100) 404. High price of other specific items and services 405. MINIMUM WAGE, any mention; any mention of wage levels 407. Food shortages; economic aspects of food shortages, e.g., price of sugar (other references, code 120) 408. Fuel shortages; "energy crisis"; oil companies making excessive profits; depressed condition of the oil industry 410. RECESSION, DEPRESSION; prosperity of the nation; economic growth; GNP 411. MONETARY RESTRAINTS/CONTROLS; level of interest rates; availability of money/the money supply 415. Against (increased) government spending; balancing of the (national) budget; against government stimulation of the economy; the size of the budget deficit 416. TAXES; general reference to tax structure; tax surcharge (NA R's direction); tax reform; other specific tax reference 417. For tax cuts; against tax surcharge; for tax reform 418. Against tax cuts; for tax surcharge; against tax reform 424. PRODUCTIVITY of American industry; "giving a day's work for a day's pay"; revitalizing American industry 425. STOCK MARKET/GOLD PRICES; all references to gold prices, stock brokers, stock fluctuations, etc. 427. VALUE OF THE DOLLAR; strength/weakness of the dollar against other currencies 433. Large businesses taking over small businesses 440. Class oriented economic concerns--middle class, working class (pro); MIDDLE CLASS GETTING SQUEEZED 441. Class oriented economic concerns--big business, monied interests (anti) too powerful 442. Concern for inequitable distribution of wealth; gap between the rich and the poor; concentration of wealth in the hands of a few 451. For the regulation of interstate commerce, transportation, air travel, railways, government auto safety regulations; in favor of increased government regulation of business; mention of problems caused by deregulation 452. Against (increased) regulation of interstate commerce, transportation; AIR TRAVEL, RAILWAYS, etc. 453. Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. [1990] Savings and Loan scandal 460. IMMIGRATION POLICY; establishing limits on how many people from any one nation can enter the U.S.; prohibiting specified types of persons from entering the U.S. 463. Problems relating to the influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians, Mexicans, etc.) 491. Economics--general; "Economics"--NFS 492. International economics--general 493. U.S. foreign trade, balance of payments position; foreign oil dependency 494. Control of FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN U.S.; mention of foreigners buying U.S. assets (businesses, real estate, stocks, etc) 495. PROTECTION OF U.S. INDUSTRIES; imposition of tariffs/reciprocal restrictions on foreign imports; limitation of foreign imports; mention of problems in specific industries competin with foreign manufacturers 496. The economy--not further specified (code specific mention if R clarifies by saying "inflation", etc.; also see 400) 497. International competitiveness; outsourcing; loss of jobs to foreign competition; moving jobs abroad; modernizing plants/equipment/management techniques to meet foreign competition; matching the quality of foreign goods 498. Mention of "twin problems" of a large national debt/budget deficit and unfavorable balance of trade/import-export ratio 499. Other specific mention economic or business problems FOREIGN AFFAIRS 500. FOREIGN RELATIONS/FOREIGN AFFAIRS; foreign policy/relations, prestige abroad 504. Relations with the Third World (no specific country or region mentioned) 505. Relations with WESTERN EUROPE; Great Britain, France, Germany; our allies 510. VIETNAM; general reference to "the war," Indochina, Cambodia; aid 514. Latin America, South America--any references; reference to war/situation in Nicaragua; U.S. support of the Contras 515. Iran; mention of American hostages in Teheran; arms deal 516. African countries; developing areas in Africa (not 518)--any mention; U.S. response to apartheid in South Africa 519. Other specific countries/areas/trouble spots (exc. 520's, 530's) 524. MIDDLE EAST-- support or aid to Israel/Arab states; Arab/Israeli conflict; Iran-Iraq war; hostages in Lebanon/Middle East. [1990] Iraqi aggression in the Persian Gulf 530. RUSSIA/Eastern Europe; relations with Russia/the Communist bloc; detente/trade/negotiations with Russia -- NA whether 531 or 532 531. For PEACEFUL RELATIONS with Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe; for increased TRADE with Russia; talking/resuming negotiations with Russia on arms control/reduction (reaching/concluding a treaty is 711) 532. Against policy of Detente with Russia; COLD WAR; threat of external Communism; need to oppose/be wary of Russia 533. Prevention of Russian (Communist) expansion; mention of Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan-- any reference; references to Soviet activity in Central America/Nicaragua) 539. Other specific references to Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe, etc. (including changing site/boycotting 1980 Moscow Olympics); threat of/preventing war with Russia (exc. 714) 540. FIRMNESS IN FOREIGN POLICY; maintenance of position of MILITARY/DIPLOMATIC STRENGTH (not 710-712) 550. U.S. FOREIGN (MILITARY) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENT, extent of U.S. Foreign involvement; military assistance/aid (exc. 524) 560. U.S. FOREIGN (ECONOMIC) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENTS; extent of U.S. (foreign) economic aid; "foreign aid" 570. Prevention of war; ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE; any reference 585. Obligation to TAKE CARE OF PROBLEMS AT HOME before helping foreign countries 599. Other specific mention of foreign affairs problems NATIONAL DEFENSE 700. NATIONAL DEFENSE; defense budget; level of spending on defense 710. DISARMAMENT; general reference to ENDING OF THE ARMS RACE; nuclear proliferation; test ban treaty (not 540); SALT; INF treaty 711. For DISARMAMENT; for extension of test ban treaty; support toward ending of arms race; against (additional) expenditures on military/arms development; SALT; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty 712. Against (increased) policy of DISARMAMENT; against test ban treaty; for additional WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT; missile program; scientific/technological development in weapons/strategy; atomic bomb testing; increased DEFENSE BUDGET, increased arms expenditure (not 540); SALT; increased pay for military personnel; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty 713. General or specific references to functioning and performance of defense; waste, inefficiency (not codable in 710-712) 714. Nuclear war; the threat of nuclear war; nuclear proliferation 740. The space program; space race (not 711,712) 750. MORALE OF NATION; Patriotism; National spirit; national unity; greed, selfishness of people 760. BENEFITS FOR VETERANS; general reference 765. Allowing/accepting GAYS IN THE MILITARY 799. Other specific mention of national defense problems ISSUES RELATING TO THE FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT 800. POWER OF THE (FEDERAL) GOVERNMENT; power of/control exercised by the federal government 810. (LACK OF) HONESTY IN GOVERNMENT; (LACK OF) ETHICS IN GOVERNMENT--general reference (exc. 811) 811. LACK OF PERSONAL ETHICS/morality of persons related to or part of government 820. CAMPAIGN DONATIONS/PUBLIC FINANCING OF ELECTIONS; any mentions 830. CONFIDENCE/TRUST in political leaders/system; wisdom, ability, responsiveness of political leaders; quality of leadership provided by political leaders 833. QUALITY/EFFICIENCY of public employees, diplomats, civil service; SIZE OF THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY; COST OF GOVERNMENT 836. COMPENSATION; all references to the compensation of government employees, officials, congressmen, judges, local politicians/ bureaucrats 837. Waste in government spending; keeping tabs on where money goes 838. Government BUDGET PRIORITIES are wrong; Congress/President is spending money in the wrong areas/not spending money on the right things 840. SIZE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; the (large) size of government/civil service/bureaucracy; the number of government departments/employees/programs 853. POWER OF CONGRESS--general reference 856. POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT, all other references to the Supreme Court except 857, 858 859. Other specific references to the (federal) balance of power; legislative gridlock in Washington 862. FAIR ELECTION PROCEDURES; prevention of vote manipulation; curbing of political "bosses", smear campaigns 869. Other specific references to problems of representation; term limitations for members of Congress 874. Lack of support for the President; any anti-President comments, negative reference to the PRESIDENT's quality, style, etc. 878. Mention of a specific CANDIDATE or relative of a candidate -- NFS 881. New president/administration geetting started; other references specific to the President 885. PUBLIC APATHY/disinterest--all references 887. Extending/protecting EQUAL RIGHTS, basic freedoms, human rights of all citizens 899. Other specific mention of problems relating to the functioning of government OTHER 995. "THERE WERE NO ISSUES"; "There were no issues, just party politics (1990, 1991) 996. "THERE WAS NO CAMPAIGN in my district" (1990, 1991) 997. Other specific mentions of important problems 998. DK 999. NA 000. INAP, no further mention, no problems (1990, 1991) INAP (1992) >> PARTY DIFFERENCES CODE, 1990-1992 - USED 1990, 1991, 1992 - BROAD PHILOSOPHY - LIBERAL RESPONSES 001. More liberal, progressive--too far left 010. Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to status quo; more open to new ideas; new ways of doing things 020. Quick (rash) response to problems; tackle problems quickly; impetuous; impulsive; too aggressive; take more chances; not cautious enough 030. More extreme, radical (NFS) 040. Socialistic; for welfare state; for social welfare programs; sensitive to social problems; leaves less to (interferes more with) private enterprise 050. Depends (too much) on federal government (rather than state or local government); (too) centralized, paternalism; want Washington to do everything 060. Destroy personal initiative/individual responsibility/individual dignity; recognize individual needs government help 070. Future-oriented; plan ahead; look to the future 085. Freedom to do as one chooses; less interested in strict control of social behavior; not interested in moral standards 086. Not religious 090. Other broad philosophy--liberal BROAD PHILOSOPHY (continued) - CONSERVATIVE RESPONSES 100. More conservative/reactionary; too far right 110. Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect) status quo; traditionalists; resist new ways of doing things; rigid 120. Slow (cautious) response to problems; do-nothing; lets things go 130. Moderate; middle of road (NFS); less extreme 140. For free enterprise capitalism; against socialism (code "help big business" under group references); unaware of social problems; for development of private enterprise; against expansion of government activities into areas of private enterprise 150. For states' rights, local government; less interference from Washington at local level; against powerful federal government 160. Initiative/responsibility/dignity of individual protected 170. Not future-oriented; don't plan ahead; don't worry about the future 185. Definite moral standards/stands; concern for/control of public morality; upholds/fosters family values 186. (Good) Christian; strong religious beliefs 190. Other broad philosophy--conservative GROUP REFERENCES - PARTY SEEN AS GOOD FOR, HELPING, GIVING SPECIAL ADVANTAGE TO: 200. Everybody; nobody; no catering to special interests, "people" (the majority) 210. Working or little people; the common (poor, lowly) people, the working class; "average man" 212. People like me; people like us 220. Unions, "labor", labor leaders 230. Big business; industry, "business(men)", Wall Street (except small businessman, code 240); agribusiness/large farming businesses 231. Rich people; upper classes; wealthy (powerful) people 240. Small businessmen 250. Middle class people; white collar people 260. Farmers 270. Blacks 280. Other racial and ethnic groups 281. The South, some portion of the south 282. The North, some portion of the north 283. White people, white people only 284. Minorities, minority groups (NA which) 285. Old people 286. The educated, intellectuals, students 290. Other groups - GENERAL PARTY DIFFERENCES FOR GROUPS: 299. Group differences codeable in 200 or 300 series--NA which GROUP REFERENCES (continued) - PARTY SEEN AS BAD FOR, ANTI, KEEPING IN CHECK, PUTTING IN PLACE: 300. Divisive (sets class against class, caters to special interests (NA what), plays group politics, not for all the people; (Dems/Reps) only for themselves 310. Working or little people; the common (poor, lowly) people, the working class; "average man" 312. People like me; people like us 320. Unions, "labor", labor leaders 330. Big business; industry, "business(men)", Wall Street (except small businessman, code 340) 331. Rich people; upper classes; wealthy (powerful) people) 340. Small businessmen 350. Middle class people; white collar people 360. Farmers 370. Blacks 371. Racist, prejudiced, bigoted 380. Other racial and ethnic groups; "minority groups" other or not specified 381. The South, some portion of the south 382. The North, some portion of the north 383. White people, white people only 384. Minorities, minority groups (NA which) 385. Old people 386. The educated, intellectuals, students 390. Other groups DOMESTIC POLICY REFERENCES - FISCAL POLICY--EASY SPENDING RESPONSES 400. Spend more freely/high spenders (NFS) 401. Spend much relative to what is accomplished; wasteful, not careful with spending 402. Spend much relative to money available; spend us deeper in debt; deficit spending 403. Spend under special circumstances, such as hard times 404. Bring cheap money; more money circulating 405. Other easy spending response 406. Raise taxes--NFS; keep taxes high; seek to increase government revenues 407. Increse income taxes; will not cut income taxes; rely on increase in/high income tax to provide government revenues - FISCAL POLICY--CAUTIOUS SPENDING RESPONSES 500. Spend less freely; economy in government (NFS) 501. Spend little relative to what is accomplished; less wasteful/more careful with government (taxpayers') money 502. Spend little relative to money available; reduce debt, keep debt from getting higher, balanced budget 503. Spend little even when special circumstances might warrant 504. For sound money/tight money, deflation 505. Other cautious spending response 506. Cut taxes--NFS; keep taxes low; seek to decrease government revenues 507. Cut income taxes; will not increase income taxes; rely on taxes other than income tax to provide government revenue - FISCAL POLICY--GENERAL SPENDING RESPONSES 591. General mention of taxes--neutral or NA direction 599. General mention of spending--neutral or NA direction - ASSOCIATION OF PARTY WITH GOOD/POSITIVE DOMESTIC SITUATIONS 411. Responsible promised (NA what); restraint on promises, realistic, doesn't promise too much 412. Don't have (too much) government control over the economy; or lets business get more involved/handle problems of poverty/unemployment, etc. 413. (Good) government control of the economy, business 415. Good for the nation's economy--general positive reference 420. Prosperity in nation; good times for all, high national production, avoidance of depression, high employment 431. Price inflation held in check; lower cost of living 435. Propose/enact fair taxes; believe everyone should be taxed the same/ that taxes should be even-handed. 436. Give tax breaks to the poor/working/middle class people; tax policies favor the lower/middle classes 440. Local personal good times economically; head of family gets (keeps) better job (wages) when party is in power, family better off economically under this party (no direct government benefits like social security mentioned) 450. Honesty and integrity--characteristics of the party or administration (local or national), other similar characteristics of the party 451. One party has more experience, is better, smarter, more united 480. (Only) party has a philosophy/program/platform; stands for something 490. Other positive domestic associations 491. General mention of unemployment--neutral or NA direction 492. General mention of inflation--neutral or NA direction 493. General mention of economic policy/handling of the economy - GENERAL DOMESTIC POLICY RESPONSES 499. A domestic issue difference is cited which could be coded in the 400 or 500 series, but NA which - ASSOCIATION OF PARTY WITH BAD/NEGATIVE DOMESTIC SITUATIONS 511. Irresponsible promises (NA what); promises too much; unrealistic, pie-in-the sky; can't fulfill promises 512. Have (too much) govt control over the economy; or does not let business get more involved/handle problems of poverty/unemployment, etc. 513. (Poor) government control of the economy 515. Bad for the nation's economy, general negative reference 520. Hard times, depression in nation, much unemployment, low (over) production 531. Create/does not control price inflation; high cost of living in nation 535. Propose/enact unfair taxes; show favoritism/give tax breaks to certain groups or types of people 536. Give tax breaks to the wealth/corporations; tax policies favor the rich/powerful/upper classes 540. Local/personal hard times economically; head of family gets laid off (poorer wages) when party is in power; family worse off economically under this party 550. Dishonesty/corruption (nepotism, graft, patronage) of party or administration (local or national); other similar characteristics of the party; Watergate 551. One party has less experience/is worse/not as smart; party is not (is less) unified 580. Party has no philosophy/programs/platform; doesn't stand for anything 590. Other negative domestic association with party - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES FAVORED BY PARTY 600. Minimum wage legislation; favors raising minimum wage, or favors raising unemployment compensation 601. Social Security; government pension raises 610. Medical (health) insurance; medical card for aged; socialized medicine; medicare 612. Housing; aid to the homeless 620. Government control of utilities; more attention to conservation; public works; mention of ecology, environment 630. Federal aid to education/school-building; teachers' pay higher 631. Busing; forced integration 632. Other fed. control of education/schools response; school choice plans 634. Gun control 640. Civil rights; insist more strongly on civil rights 641. Law and order--hard line (or NA line); wants a police state; support death penalty (88) 642. Law and order--soft line; oppose death penalty (88) 643. Property rights; open housing 644. Policies which would divide country; have civil war; race war 650. Higher tariffs; less free trade 660. "Wet" legislation; anti-prohibition 670. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs" 671. Poverty program 672. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc. 680. Farm policy 681. Abortion 682. Women's rights; ERA 683. Legalization of marijuana; (more) lenient drug laws 684. Homosexual/gay rights 690. Other specific domestic policy favored - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES--NEUTRAL OR NA DIRECTION 605. Minimum wage or unemployment compensation 606. Social Security; government pension 615. Medical (health) insurance; medical card for aged; socialized medicine; medicare 617. Housing; aid to the homeless 625. Government control of utilities; conservation; public works; ecology, environment 635. Federal aid to education; school choice plans 636. Bussing; forced integration 637. Other federal control of education or schools response 639. Gun control 645. Civil rights (legislation) 646. Law and order--hard line (or NA line); death penalty (88) 647. Law and order--soft line; death penalty (88) 648. Property rights; open housing 649. Policies which would divide country; have civil war; race war 655. Higher tariffs; free trade 665. Prohibition; "dry"/"wet" legislation 675. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs" 676. Poverty program 677. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc. 685. Farm policy 686. Abortion 687. Women's rights; ERA 688. Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws 689. Homosexual/gay rights 695. Domestic issues difference, but NA which - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES OPPOSED BY PARTY 700. Minimum wage or unemployment compensation; won't raise minimum wage, won't improve unemployment compensation 701. Social Security; against raising benefits 710. Medical (health) insurance; against medical card for aged; against socialized medicine, medicare 712. Housing; aid to the homeless 720. Government control of utilities; for private power; less interested in conservation; public works; mention of ecology, environment 730. Federal aid to education; against or drag feet on aid to education 731. Bussing; forced integration 732. Other federal control of education or schools response; school choice plans 734. Gun control 740. Civil rights; against or drag feet on civil rights legislation; leave it to states 741. Following a tough or hard line in maintenance of law and order/prevention of crime, etc.; police state; imposing the death penalty (88) 742. Following a soft line in maintenance of law and order/prevention of crime, etc.; imposing the death penalty (88) 743. Property rights; open housing 744. Policies which would divide country; have civil war; race war; want to unite the country 750. High tariffs; want free trade 760. Repeal; want prohibition; "dry" 770. General mention of social welfare; "give away programs" 771. Poverty program 772. Employment (job) training programs, Job Corps, etc. 780. Farm policy 781. Abortion 782. Women's rights; ERA 783. Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws 784. Homosexual/gay rights 790. Other specific domestic policy opposed FOREIGN POLICY REFERENCES 800. War; get us into war (faster); party associated with war; militarist 810. Peace; more likely to keep peace; party associated with peace 820. Internationalist; more for foreign aid, government activities abroad; cooperate with allies, U.N.; "more for foreign aid/trade" 825. Foreign aid/trade, NA direction 830. Isolationist; avoid foreign activities; cut foreign aid (military or economic); "cut foreign aid/trade" 840. National security; for strong national defense (spending); strong (firm) (too aggressive) posture toward communism (Russia); too much defense spending 845. National defense--general, NA or neutral direction 850. Inadequate national security; fail to maintain (spend for) defense; weak posture toward communism (Russia) 860. Specific trouble spots 870. Control of nuclear weapons 880. Strong foreign policy 881. Weak foreign policy 884. Space; space policy 890. Other foreign policy--other substantive foreign policy mentions (direction of response usually indicated) 891. Mention of "foreign policy" difference but no substance or direction given (e.g., usual response is "the two parties or candidates differ on foreign policy, on how they will handle foreign policy") MISCELLANEOUS AND NO PARTY DIFFERENCES RESPONSES 900. Miscellaneous other party differences 901. (Only) one party is more successful than the others; wins elections; is (is not) majority party, etc. 902. (Only) one party is less successful than the others; doesn't win elections much; is the minority party 910. Personality/candidate only mentions--candidate is dangerous, fanatic, aggressive, courageous, honest, untrustworthy, impulsive, outspoken, firm, dishonest, negative, lack of integrity, bad politician, etc.(but code 371 racist, prejudiced, bigoted) 920. Reference to probable inability to get things done, e.g., gain congressional support 930. Leadership mentions--a good (bad) leader, is head of the party (R must specifically mention the candidate as leader or head of the party), or one party has better leadership than another 980. The parties are different; everything about them is different (NA what the differences are) NO DIFFERENCE ("NO" OR "DK") 991. There used to be differences, but not now 992. Indicate dissatisfaction with the lack of differences 993. Favorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are seeking to serve the people 994. Indicates that individual candidates are more important than parties anyhow 995. Unfavorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are just after money 996. On variation within parties 997. Other comments 998. DK (Code in 1st var only) 999. NA (Code in 1st var only) 000. No party differences ("No" or "DK" and no further comment); no further second or third differences >> 1992 LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE CODE - USED 1992 ONLY - GENERAL PHILOSOPHY 010. Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to status quo, more open to new ideas/ways of doing things; flexible, innovative, "modern", progressive 110. Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect) status quo, resist new ways of doing things; rigid, set in ways, old-fashioned ----- 020. Quick (rash) response to problems; tackle problems quickly; impetuous, impulsive, (too) aggressive, take more chances, not cautious (enough) 120. Slow (cautious) response to problems, do-nothing, lets things go, avoid risk ----- 021. Irresponsible; does not worry about consequences; "anything goes" attitude 121. Thoughtful; worries about consequences ----- 030. Independence of thought, ideas; think on their own; don't (always) follow party directives; outspoken activist, go-getters; look at both sides of question; more likely to compromise/give and take on an issue 130. Don't think independently; compliant, disciplined, follow party directives; look at only one side of issues ----- 035. Consistent; takes firm stands; decisive; determined; stubborn 135. Inconsistent, they switch positions/do not take firm stand on issues; are indecisive ----- 040. For equality, equal rights for everybody; "no 'stuffed shirts"'"; talk on people's level; willing to listen to people, people like me 140. Elitist; favors maintaining special privileges for some ----- 050. Extreme, radical, far left (not further specified) 150. Moderate, middle-of-road, less extreme (not further specified) 155. Reactionary, far right (not further specified) ----- 060. Cares about giving to, helping others; compassionate; generous; do-gooder 160. Self-centered, cares primarily about self ----- 061. Sensitive to social problems; concerned with social reform; interested in improving social conditions; for equalizing distribution of income 161. Unaware of social problems; not favoring social reform; not interested in improving social conditions; against equalizing/redistribution of income ----- 070. Future-oriented, plan ahead, look to the future 170. Not future-oriented, don't plan ahead, don't worry about the future; short-sighted ----- 071. Idealist, not realistic about what is possible 171. Pragmatic; down to earth, realistic ----- 080. Socialistic, for welfare state, for social welfare programs, for government intervention in social problems; leaves less to (interferes more with) private enterprise 180. For free enterprise, capitalism, against socialism (code "help big business" under group references); for development of private enterprise, against government expansion into areas of private enterprise; against government intervention in social problems, leaves individuals to fend off on their own ----- 081. Depends (too much) on federal government (rather than state or local government); (too) centralized, paternalism, want Washington to do everything 181. For states' rights, local government, less interference from Washington at local level, against powerful federal government ----- 082. Destroy personal initiative/individual responsibility/individual dignity; recognize individual needs government help 182. Initiative/Responsibility/Dignity of individual protected ----- 083. Humanistic; care (more) about people; for the benefit of the person 183. Less/Not humanistic; less/not concerned about people ----- 084. Patriotic, nationalist; looks out for good of our country; pride in government/country/Constitution; has the country's interest at heart 184. Less patriotic, less nationalist; not enough pride in government/ country/Constitution; willing to take care of other people (e.g., refugees) before taking care of people at home ----- 085. Definite moral standards/stands; concern for/control of public morality 185. Freedom to do as one chooses; less interested in strict control of social behavior; not interested in setting moral standards ----- 086. (Good) Christian; strong religious beliefs 186. Not religious ----- 087. Adhere to/uphold/respect the Constitution; live up to/stick to what the Constitution says 187. Deviate from/ignore/don't respect the Constitution; interpret the Constitution to suit their needs; ignore the Constitution when it suits their purposes ----- 088. Support/uphold/defend the Bill of Rights; protect the right to freedom of speech/press/religion, etc.; support the ACLU 188. Seek to curtail/fail to protect/unwilling to observe the Bill of Rights; willing to put limits in freedom of speech/press/ religion, etc.; doesn't support the ACLU 089. (More) Concerned about human rights; places (greater) importance on the protection of human rights. 189. Less/not concerned about human rights; does not place/places less importance on the protection of human rights. ----- 090. Other general philosophy reference pertaining to liberals 190. Other general philosophy reference pertaining to conservatives FISCAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY REFERENCES - FISCAL POLICY--EASY SPENDING RESPONSES 400. Spend more freely/high spenders (NFS); liberal economic policy; favor government spending 401. Spend much relative to what is accomplished, wasteful, not careful with spending 402. Spend much relative to money available; spend us deeper in debt 403. Spend under special circumstances, such as hard times 404. Bring cheap money, more money circulating 405. Other easy spending responses 406. Want to raise taxes--NFS; want to keep taxes high/increase government revenues 407. Will increase income taxes; will not cut income taxes; will rely on increase in/high income tax to provide government revenues - FISCAL POLICY--CAUTIOUS SPENDING RESPONSES 500. Spend less freely, economize in government (NFS); tight economic policy; oppose government spending 501. Spend little relative to what is accomplished, less wasteful/more careful with government (taxpayers') money 502. Spend little relative to money available, reduce debt; keep debt from getting higher, balanced budget 503. Spend little even when special circumstances might warrant 504. For sound money, tight money, deflation 505. Other cautious spending responses 506. Want to cut taxes--NFS; want to keep taxes low/decrease government revenues 507. Will cut income taxes; will not increase income taxes; will rely on taxes other than income tax to provide government revenue 512. Favor (too much) government control over economy; doesn't let business get more involved/handle problems of poverty/ unemployment, etc. 412. Don't favor (too much) government control over economy; lets business get more involved/handle problems of poverty/ unemployment, etc. 490. Other reference to fiscal and economic policy 435. Propose/enact fair taxes; believe everyone should be taxed the same/that taxes should be even-handed 535. Propose/enact unfair taxes; show favoritism/give tax breaks to certain groups or types of people 436. Give tax breaks to the poor/working/middle class people; tax policies favor the lower/middle classes 536. Give tax breaks to the wealthy/corporations; tax policies favor the rich/powerful/upper classes SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES FAVORED BY LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE 600. Minimum wage legislation; favors raising minimum wage, or favors raising unemployment compensation 601. Social security, government pension rates 603. Full employment policies; government committment to provide a job for everyone who wants to work 610. Medical (health) insurance, medical care for the aged, socialized medicine, Medicare 620. Government control of utilities, more attention to conservation; public works, mention of ecology, environment 630. Federal aid to education/school-building, teachers' pay higher 631. Busing; forced integration 632. Other federal control of education or schools response 633. Prayer in schools 640. Civil rights, insist more strongly on civil rights 641. Law and order--hard line (or NA line); want a police state; support death penalty (88) 642. Law and order--soft line; oppose death penalty (88) 643. Property rights, open housing 644. Policies which would divide country, have civil war, race war 650. Higher tariffs, less free trade 660. "Wet" legislation, anti-prohibition 670. General mention of social welfare, "give-away programs" 671. Poverty program 672. Employment (job) training programs, job corps, etc. 673. Food stamps 674. Provides for/support/spend (more) for child care or parental leave policy; license/fund day care facilities 680. Farm policy 681. Abortion; birth control 682. Women's rights; ERA 683. Legalization of pot, lower penalties/lenient drug laws or enforcement 684. Gay rights, homosexuals 685. Nuclear power, construction of nuclear plants 686. Gun control 690. Other specific domestic policy favored SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES OPPOSED BY LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE 700. Minimum wage or unemployment compensation; won't raise minimum wage, won't improve unemployment compensation 701. Social security, against raising benefits 703. Full employment policies; government committment to provide a job for everyone who wants to work 710. Medical (health) insurance, against medical care for the aged, against socialized medicine, Medicare 720. Government control of utilities, for private power; less interested in conservation; public works, mention of ecology, environment 730. Federal aid to education; against or drag feet on aid to education 731. Busing; forced integration 732. Other federal control of education or schools response 733. Prayer in schools 740. Civil rights, against or drag feet on civil rights legislation, leave it to states 741. Following a tough or hard line in maintenance of law and order; police state; prevention of crime, etc.; imposing the death penalty (88) 742. Following a soft line in maintenance of law and order; police state; prevention of crime, etc.; imposing the death penalty (88) 743. Property rights, open housing 744. Policies which would divide country, have civil war, race war; want to unite the country 750. High tariffs, want free trade 760. Repeal; want prohibition; "dry" 770. General mention of social welfare, "give-away programs" 771. Poverty program 772. Employment (job) training programs, job corps 773. Food stamps 774. Provide for/support/spend (more) for child care or parental leave policy; license/fund day care facilities 780. Farm policy 781. Abortion; birth control 782. Women's rights; ERA 783. Legalization of pot, lower penalties/lenient drug laws 784. Gay rights, homosexuals 785. Nuclear power, construction of nuclear plants 786. Gun control 790. Other domestic policy opposed GROUP REFERENCES - LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE GOOD FOR/HELPS/GIVES SPECIAL ADVANTAGE TO: 200. Everybody; nobody; no catering to special interests, "people" (the majority) 210. Working or little people, the common (poor, lowly) people, the working class, "average man" 212. People like me, people like us 220. Unions, "labor", labor leaders 230. Big business, industry, "business(men)", Wall Street (except small businessman, code 240) 231. Rich people, upper classes, wealthy (powerful) people 240. Small businessmen 250. Middle class people, white collar people 260. Farmers 270. Blacks 280. Other racial and ethnic groups 281. The South, some portion of the south 282. The North, some portion of the north 283. White people, white people only 284. Minorities, minority groups (NA which) 285. Old people 286. The educated, intellectuals, students 290. Other groups 299. Group reference codeable in 200 or 300 series, NA which - LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE BAD FOR/ANTI/KEEPS IN CHECK/PUTS IN PLACE: 300. Divisive, sets class against class, caters to special interests (NA what), plays group politics; not for all the people; (LIBS/CONS) only for themselves 310. Working or little people, the common (poor, lowly) people, the working class, "average man" 312. People like me, people like us 320. Unions, "labor", labor leaders 330. Big business, industry, "business(men)", Wall Street (except small businessman, code 340) 331. Rich people, upper classes, wealthy (powerful) people 340. Small businessmen 350. Middle class people, white collar people 360. Farmers 370. Blacks 371. Racist, prejudiced, bigoted 380. Other racial and ethnic groups; "minority groups," other or NFS 381. The South, some portion of the south 382. The North, some portion of the north 383. White people, white people only 384. Minorities, minority groups (NA which) 385. Old people 386. The educated, intellectuals, students 390. Other groups FOREIGN POLICY REFERENCES 800. War; get us into war (faster); liberal/conservative associated with war, military 810. Peace; more likely to keep peace, liberal/conservative associated with peace (no mention of Vietnam specifically) 820. Internationalist; more for foreign aid/trade, government activities abroad; cooperate with allies; U.N. "more for foreign aid/trade" 830. Isolationist; avoid foreign activities, cut foreign aid/trade (military or economic); "cut foreign aid/trade" 840. National security; for strong national defense (spending); strong (firm) (too aggressive) posture toward communism (Russia); too much defense spending 850. Inadequate national security; fail to maintain (spend for) defense; weak posture toward communism (Russia) 860. Specific trouble spots 870. Control of nuclear weapons 880. Strong foreign policy 881. Weak foreign policy 890. Other foreign policy--other substantive foreign policy mentions (direction of response usually indicated) 891. Mention of "foreign policy" difference, but no substance or direction given (e.g., usually response is "they differ on foreign policy or in how they will handle foreign policy") MISCELLANEOUS 900. Other miscellaneous reference pertaining to liberals 901. Other miscellaneous reference pertaining to conservatives 902. Liberal defined in terms of specific national figure or Democratic party 903. Conservative defined in terms of specific national figure or Republican party 998. DK 999. NA 000. INAP >> CANDIDATE NUMBERS CODE, 1990-1992 - USED 1990, 1992 - FOR USE WITH: RECALL, THERMOMETERS, LIKES/DISLIKES, 'MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM' HOUSE CANDIDATES, INCUMBENCY, ALL CONTACTS, VOTE, NONVOTER PREFERENCE. [NOT FOR USE WITH SUPPORT VAR -- SEE SUPPORT MASTER CODES] SENATE: 10. Third party or independent Senate candidate ** 11. Democratic candidate in open Senate race 12. Republican candidate in open Senate race 13. Democratic Senate incumbent 14. Republican Senate incumbent 15. Democratic Senate challenger 16. Republican Senate challenger 17. Democratic Senator, no race in state 18. Republican Senator, no race in state 19. Democratic Senator, term not up in state with race 21. Democratic Senator--retiring (state with open race) 22. Republican Senator--retiring (state with open race) 27. Democratic Senator, no race in state 28. Republican Senator, no race in state 29. Republican Senator, term not up in state with race HOUSE: 30. Third party or independent House candidate ** 31. Democratic candidate in open House race 32. Republican candidate in open House race 33. Democratic House incumbent 34. Republican House incumbent 35. Democratic House challenger 36. Republican House challenger 41. Democratic Representative--retiring (district with open race) 42. Republican Representative--retiring (district with open race) GOVERNOR: 50. Third party or independent Gubernatorial candidate ** [NOT USED 1992] 51. Democratic candidate in open Gubernatorial race 52. Republican candiate in open Gubernatorial race 53. Democratic Gubernatorial incumbent 54. Republican Gubernatorial incumbent 55. Democratic Gubernatorial challenger 56. Republican Gubernatorial challenger 57. Democratic governor, no race in state 58. Republican governor, no race in state 61. Democratic governor--retiring (state with open race) 62. Republican governor--retiring (state with open race) OTHER: 90. Both Democratic and Republican candidates (USED IN INCUMBENCY VAR ONLY) 97. Name given not on Candidate List [NOT USED 1990--SEE NOTE BELOW] MD: 98. DK; refused to name candidate 99. NA 00. INAP ++VOTED OUTSIDE DISTRICT OF IW: District with no running incumbent: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 81. Democratic candidate 82. Republican candidate District with running incumbent: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 83. Democratic incumbent 84. Republican incumbent 85. Democratic challenger 86. Republican challenger All districts: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 80. Third party or independent candidate ** 91. Democrat--no name given 92. Republican--no name given ++ CODES 80-86,91,92 ARE NOT USED IN VARS OTHER THAN VOTE VARS. ** IN 1992, IF 3RD PARTY/INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE NAMED, THIS CODE WAS USED ONLY IF NAME APPEARS ON CANDIDATE LIST (IF NAME NOT ON CANDIDATE LIST, CODE 97 IS USED). GENERAL NOTE: IN THOSE QUESTIONS WHERE R IS NOT READ NAMES OF CANDIDATES BUT R SUPPLIES A CANDIDATE NAME OF HIS/HER OWN CONSTRUCTION [I.E., IN RECALL AND FOR 'MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM IN DISTRICT' HOUSE CANDIDATE], RESPONDENTS SOMETIMES IN ERROR GIVE NAMES OF CANDIDATES FOR OTHER OFFICES OR NAMES OF NONRUNNING OFFICEHOLDERS. IF SUCH A NAME IS DETERMINED TO BE APPROPRIATE FOR R'S STATE/CD AND THE NAME IS CODEABLE FROM THE CANDIDATE LIST USED, WHEREVER POSSIBLE THE 'INCORRECT' NAME IS STILL CODED. (HOWEVER, IN 1992 SEE ** FOR* 3RD/PARTY AND INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES). [NOTE: IF R NAMES CANDIDATES FROM DISTRICTS OTHER THAN DISTRICT CORRESPONDING TO R'S SAMPLE LOCATION, THOSE CANDIDATES' CODES ARE NOT CODED--97 IS USED.] 1990 NOTE: CODE 97 WAS NOT USED IN 1990. CASES WHICH IN PRIOR YEARS (AND AGAIN IN 1992) HAD BEEN CODED 97 'NAME NOT ON CANDIDATE LIST' WERE IN 1990 FOLDED INTO CODES 10, 30, OR 50 TOGETHER WITH THIRD PARTY AND INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES. 1992 NOTE: IN 1992, CODE 97 INCLUDES INSTANCES WHERE R VOTED STRAIGHT MAJOR PARTY TICKET BUT NO CANDIDATE FOR R'S PARTY RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE (OR: R INSISTS VOTED FOR A MAJOR PARTY'S CANDIDATE BUT NO CANDIDATE RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE REPRESENTING NAMED MAJOR PARTY). >> CANDIDATE SUPPORT CODE, 1990-1992 USED 1990, 1992 (FOR USE WITH Q. G2A) Note: in 1992 codes 3 and 4 were reversed in coding; in previous years code 4 was nonincumbent Republican presidential candidate and code 3 was nonincumbent Democratic candidate. REPUBLICAN: PRESIDENTIAL: 01. Incumbent Presidential candidate, [1992 ONLY] Republican 03. Nonincumbent Presidential candidate, Republican -------------------------------------------------------------- SENATE: 12. US Senate candidate, Republican, in race w/o incumbent 14. US Senate incumbent candidate, Republican 16. US Senate challenger candidate, Republican 18. US Senator, Republican, no race in state +++ 22. Retiring US Senator, Republican +++ 28. US Senator, Republican, no race in state +++ 29. US Senator, Republican, term not up in state w/race +++ --------------------------------------------------------------- HOUSE: 32. US House candidate, Republican, in race w/o incumbent 34. US House incumbent candidate, Republican 36. US House challenger candidate, Republican 42. Retiring US House Representative, Republican +++ --------------------------------------------------------------- GOVERNOR: 52. Gubernatorial candidate, Republican, in race w/o incumbent 54. Gubernatorial incumbent candidate, Republican 56. Gubernatorial challenger candidate, Republican 58. Governor, Republican, no race in state +++ 62. Retiring governor, Republican +++ --------------------------------------------------------------- MISCELLANEOUS: 72. NA which candidate(s), Republican 74. Other candidate not listed above, Republican 76. Republican party DEMOCRATIC: PRESIDENTIAL: 02. Incumbent Presidential candidate, [1992 ONLY] Democratic 04. Nonincumbent Presidential candidate, Democratic --------------------------------------------------------------- SENATE: 11. US Senate candidate, Democratic, in race w/o incumbent 13. US Senate incumbent candidate, Democratic 15. US Senate challenger candidate, Democratic 17. US Senator, Democratic, no race in state +++ 19. US Senator, Democratic, term not up in state w/race +++ 21. Retiring US Senator, Democratic +++ 27. US Senator, Democratic, no race in state +++ --------------------------------------------------------------- HOUSE: 31. US House candidate, Democratic, in race w/o incumbent 33. US House incumbent candidate, Democratic 35. US House challenger candidate, Democratic 41. Retiring US House Representative, Democratic +++ --------------------------------------------------------------- GOVERNOR: 51. Gubernatorial candidate, Democratic, in race w/o incumbent 53. Gubernatorial incumbent candidate, Democratic 55. Gubernatorial challenger candidate, Democratic 57. Governor, Democratic, no race in state +++ 61. Retiring Governor, Democratic +++ --------------------------------------------------------------- MISCELLANEOUS: 71. NA which candidate(s), Democratic 73. Other candidate not listed above, Democratic 75. Democratic party OTHER: 05. Presidential candidate, independent (1992 only) 10. Independent or 3rd party Senate candidate *** 30. Independent or 3rd party House candidate *** 50. Independent or 3rd party Gubernatorial candidate *** 80. Other minor party or minor independent candidate--any office level 85. 3rd/other party 95. Other candidate(s) for state/local offices (office given but party NA), or non-party candidate 96. Other groups/individuals which are neither parties nor organized supporters of specific cands 97. Candidate name given but office and party NA 98. DK 99. NA +++ NAMES USED ONLY IN ERROR BY R *** TO BE USED ONLY WHEN CANDIDATE APPEARS ON CANDIDATE LIST >> TYPE OF RACE CODE, 1990-1992 USED 1990, 1992 HOUSE DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING 12. Democratic incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 13. Democratic incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 14. Democratic incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 19. Democratic incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING 21. Republican incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 23. Republican incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 24. Republican incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 29. Republican incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING 31. Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 32. Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 34. Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED TWO INCUMBENTS RUNNING 45. Two Republican incumbents running due to redistricting [1992 only, LA06] NO INCUMBENT RUNNING 51. Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 52. Democratic incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 53. Democratic incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 55. Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES 56. Democratic incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES 57. Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDIDATES 59. Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES 61. Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 62. Republican incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 63. Republican incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 65. Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES 66. Republican incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES 67. Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDIDATES 69. Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES OTHER 85. Typerace undefined due to redistricting [1992 only] SENATE DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING 12. Democratic incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 13. Democratic incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 14. Democratic incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 19. Democratic incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING 21. Republican incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 23. Republican incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 24. Republican incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 29. Republican incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING 31. Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 32. Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 34. Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED NO INCUMBENT RUNNING 51. Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 52. Democratic incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 53. Democratic incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 55. Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES 56. Democratic incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES 57. Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDIDATES 59. Democratic incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES 61. Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 62. Republican incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 63. Republican incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 65. Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES 66. Republican incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES 67. Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDIDATES 69. Republican incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDIDATES NO RACE IN STATE 81. DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENTS, no race in state 82. REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state 85. DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state TWO RACES IN STATE 95. Regular Senate election (open race, Republican incumbent not running) and special Senate election [1992 only, California] TYPE OF RACE BY STATE AND 1992 CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT st-CD Hse Sen st-CD Hse Sen st-CD Hse Sen st-CD Hse Sen AL03 12 12 AL04 12 12 AL06 12 12 AL07 55 12 AR01 55 12 AR04 55 12 AZ01 21 21 AZ02 55 21 AZ03 21 21 AZ04 21 21 AZ06 85 21 CA04 21 95* CA06 55 95* CA07 12 95* CA08 12 95* CA09 12 95* CA10 85 95* CA12 12 95* CA13 12 95* CA19 12 95* CA24 12 95* CA26 12 95* CA27 21 95* CA28 21 95* CA29 12 95* CA31 12 95* CA32 14 95* CA33 85 95* CA34 12 95* CA35 12 95* CA36 55 95* CA38 55 95* CA39 65 95* CA40 21 95* CA41 85 95* CA42 12 95* CA43 85 95* CA44 21 95* CA45 21 95* CA46 21 95* CA47 21 95* CA48 21 95* CO01 12 55 CO02 12 55 CO06 21 55 CT03 12 12 FL03 85 12 FL04 55 12 FL06 21 12 FL12 65 12 FL17 51 12 FL18 21 12 FL20 55 12 FL21 52 12 FL22 21 12 GA01 55 12 GA02 55 12 GA03 12 12 GA04 55 12 GA05 12 12 GA07 12 12 IA03 21 21 IA04 12 21 IL01 55 55 IL02 55 55 IL03 12 55 IL05 12 55 IL06 21 55 IL07 12 55 IL09 12 55 IL10 21 55 IL11 12 55 IL12 12 55 IL13 21 55 IL14 21 55 IN02 12 21 IN04 12 21 KS01 21 21 KS03 21 21 LA06 45 12 MA01 12 81 MA02 12 81 MA06 12 81 MA07 12 81 MA08 14 81 MA09 12 81 MD02 21 12 MD03 12 12 MD04 85 12 MD05 12 12 MD06 55 12 MD07 12 12 MD08 21 12 MI02 65 81 MI03 21 81 MI04 21 81 MI05 55 81 MI09 12 81 MI10 12 81 MI11 65 81 MI15 12 81 MI16 12 81 MN01 12 85 MN02 65 85 MN04 12 85 MN06 12 85 MO01 12 21 MO02 12 21 MO03 12 21 MO05 12 21 MO06 21 21 NC07 12 12 NC08 12 12 NE01 21 81 NH01 21 65 NJ01 12 81 NJ02 12 81 NJ05 21 81 NJ07 85 81 NJ10 12 81 NJ11 21 81 NY02 12 21 NY03 55 21 NY04 65 21 NY05 12 21 NY06 12 21 NY07 12 21 NY08 85 21 NY09 14 21 NY10 14 21 NY11 14 21 NY14 21 21 NY16 12 21 NY17 12 21 NY19 21 21 NY20 21 21 NY27 21 21 NY29 12 21 NY30 55 21 NY31 21 21 OH03 12 12 OH07 21 12 OH08 21 12 OH18 12 12 OR04 12 21 PA01 12 21 PA02 12 21 PA07 21 21 PA08 12 21 PA13 65 21 PA14 12 21 PA18 21 21 PA20 12 21 TN02 21 81 TN03 12 81 TN04 12 81 TX03 24 85 TX06 21 85 TX11 12 85 TX13 12 85 TX15 12 85 TX18 12 85 TX25 12 85 TX26 21 85 TX29 85 85 TX30 85 85 VA03 85 85 VA04 12 85 VA07 24 85 VA08 12 85 VA09 12 85 VA10 21 85 WA01 65 55 WA02 12 55 WA07 12 55 WA08 65 55 WI04 12 21 WI05 55 21 WI09 21 21 WV01 14 81 WY98 21 82 (* 2 Senate races) >> 1990 RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE MASTER CODE Note: religious preference master code used in 1992 is almost, but not exactly, the same as used in 1990. The 1992 religious preference codes appear within the codebook 1992 religion summary variable. [The minor changes from 1990 to 1992 are provided in the 1992 variable]. GENERAL PROTESTANT 010. Protestant, no denomination given 020. Non-denominational Protestant 030. Community church 040. Inter-denominational Protestant 099. Christian (NFS); "just Christian" ADVENTIST 100. 7th Day Adventist 102. Fundamentalist Adventist (Worldwide Church of God) 109. Adventist (NFS) ANGLICAN 110. Episcopalian; Anglican BAPTIST 120. American Baptist Association 121. American Baptist Churches U.S.A. (inaccurately known as "Northern Baptist") 122. Baptist Bible Fellowship 123. Baptist General Conference 124. Baptist Missionary Association of America 125. Conservative Baptist Association of America 126. General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (G.A.R.B.) 127. National Association of free Will Baptists 128. Primitive Baptists 129. National Baptist Convention in the U.S.A.* 130. National Baptist Convention of America* 131. National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.* 132. Progressive National Baptist Convention* 133. United Free-Will Baptist Church 134. Reformed Baptist (Calvinist) 135. Southern Baptist Convention 147. Fundamental Baptist (no denom. ties) 148. Local (independent) Baptist churches with no denominational ties or links to a national fellowship 149. Baptist (NFS) CONGREGATIONAL 150. United Church of Christ (includes Congregational, Evangelical and Reformed) 151. Congregational Christian EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS) 160. Church of the Brethren 161. Brethren (NFS) 162. Mennonite Church 163. Moravian Church 164. Old Order Amish 165. Quakers (Friends) 166. Evangelical Covenant Church (not Anabaptist in tradition) 167. Evangelical Free Church (not Anabaptist in tradition) 168. Brethren in Christ 170. Mennonite Brethren HOLINESS 180. Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA) 181. Church of God (Anderson, IN) 182. Church of the Nazarene 183. Free Methodist Church 184. Salvation Army 185. Wesleyan Church 199. Holiness (NFS); Church of God (NFS); not Charismatic/Pentecostal in Q.X7 INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST 200. Plymouth Brethren 201. Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America 219. Independent-Fundamentalist (NFS) LUTHERAN 220. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly Lutheran Church in America and The American Lutheran Church); ELCA 221. Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod; LC-MS 222. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; WELS 223. Other Conservative Lutheran 229. Lutheran (NFS) METHODIST 230. United Methodist Church; Evangelical United Brethren 231. African Methodist Episcopal Church* 232. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church* 233. Christian Methodist Episcopal Church* 249. Methodist (NFS) PENTECOSTAL 250. Assemblies of God 251. Church of God (Cleveland, TN) 252. Church of God (Huntsville, AL) 253. International Church of the Four Square Gospel 254. Pentecostal Church of God 255. Pentecostal Holiness Church 256. United Pentecostal Church International 257. Church of God in Christ (incl. NA whether 258)* 258. Church of God in Christ (International)* 260. Church of God of the Apostolic Faith 268. Spanish Pentecostal 269. Pentecostal (NFS); Church of God (NFS); Charismatic/Pentecostal in Q.X7 PRESBYTERIAN 270. Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. 271. Cumberland Presbyterian Church 272. Presbyterian Church in American (PCA) 275. Evangelical Presbyterian 279. Presbyterian (NFS) REFORMED 280. Christian Reformed Church (inaccurately known as "Dutch Reformed") 281. Reformed Church in America 282. Free Hungarian Reformed Church 289. Reformed (NFS) RESTORATIONIST 290. Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 291. Christian Churches and Churches of Christ 292. Churches of Christ; "Church of Christ" (NFS) 293. Christian Congregation NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANTS 300. Christian Scientists 301. Mormons; Latter Day Saints 302. Spiritualists 303. Unitarian; Universalist 304. Jehovah's Witnesses 305. Unity; Unity Church; Christ Church Unity 309. Non-traditional Protestant (NFS) ROMAN CATHOLIC 400. Roman Catholic JEWISH 500. Jewish, no preference 501. Orthodox 502. Conservative 503. Reformed EASTERN ORTHODOX (GREEK RITE CATHOLIC) 700. Greek Rite Catholic 701. Greek Orthodox 702. Russian Orthodox 703. Rumanian Orthodox 704. Serbian Orthodox 705. Syrian Orthodox 706. Armenian Orthodox 707. Georgian Orthodox 708. Ukrainian Orthodox 719. Eastern Orthodox (NFS) NON-CHRISTIAN/NON-JEWISH 720. Muslim; Mohammedan; Islam 721. Buddhist 722. Hindu 723. Bahai 724. American Indian Religions (Native American Religions) 729. Other non-Christian/non-Jewish 790. Religious/ethical cults OTHER/NO RELIGION/MISSING DATA 800. Agnostics 801. Atheists 995. None, no preference 997. Other * = Predominantly Black >> 1991 GULF WAR GOOD/BAD EFFECTS Note: Gulf War good/bad effects codes used in 1992 are almost, but not exactly, the same as used in 1990. The 1992 Gulf War good/bad effects codes appear within the codebook 1992 Gulf War variables 3618-3622, 3624-3628. Good Effects 11. National Unity--united the country; showed we can pull together in a crisis/will support our troops in war 12. National Confidence--raised our self-esteem/self-confidence; showed we are willing to stand up for ourselves/not willing to be pushed around; put to rest the self-doubts/bad feelings over the Viet Nam war. 13. Patriotism--increased pride in the nation/flag; made people proud to be American 16. U.S. Troops--low U.S. casualties; brought soldiers back safely; troops performed well; good leaders emerged during the war 17. The Military--raised the morale/pride of our armed forces; increased respect for the military/veterans; gave the Viet Nam veterans the approval/recognition they deserve 18. Military Victory--we won; proved we are capable of winning a war; showed that we could go into a war to win; demonstrated that we could win a war quickly/with minimum casualties 19. Military Capability--successfully tested our military capability; proved our high technology weapons would work; proved that a volunteer army could fight/defend the U.S.; raised confidence in our defense systems/ program; gave us experience in fighting against Soviet 21. Respect--other nations have more respect for us; it made the U.S. well-liked; demonstrated U.S. leadership in the world; showed the world that we are powerful; strengthened our position in the world; will make other countries think twice before tangling with us 22. Resolution--showed we are willing to back up our words with actions/that we mean what we say/that we keep our promises 23. New World Order--showed we will stand up to aggression/will protect our interests/are willing to fight for what is right; shows we will protect weaker countries from aggression by big countries/that we will defend freedom and democracy throughout the world; brought the U.S. recognition as a peace-keeping nation/force; might deter other dictators from trying the same thing in the future; increased the chances/ opportunity for world peace 24. Collective Security--proved that the nations of the world could work together for the good of mankind; strengthened the United Nations as a force for peace 31. U.S. Economy--strengthened/helped the economy; decreased the trade deficit; unemployment went down/ jobs opened up 32. Oil--secured our oil supply; we can get the oil we need/more oil now; lowered the price of oil/gasoline; kept Saddam Hussein from taking control of the world's oil supply 41. Mideast Stability--increased the stability/prospects for peace in the mideast. 42. Relations with Mideast Nations--improved our relations with Israel/Arab countries/Gulf states 43. Kuwait--helped/liberated Kuwait; drove Iraq/Saddam Hussein from Kuwait 44. Iraq--defeated Iraq; destroyed Saddam Hussein's military strength/ability to make nuclear or biological weapons; stopped Iraq/Saddam Hussein from taking over other countries; cut Iraq/Saddam Hussein down to size 49. Other Good Effects Bad Effects 51. Tarnished U.S. Image (NFS)--projected a bad image of U.S. to the world/in poor countries/in the mideast; lost us the respect of other nations; generated ill will/made enemies for us in other countries 52. Aggressor Nation--gives us the image of being an aggressor/warmonger nation; makes us appear willing to fight for pay for anyone who has the money; makes it easier for us to use force again when faced with an international problem; might make us overconfident in our ability to get our way by use of force 53. International Policeman--made ourselves the international policeman; obligated ourselves to give military protection to all/other (small) countries 61. Foreign Deaths--a lot of innocent people in the mideast were killed, displaced or wounded; deaths in Israel from missile attacks; Iraqis killed during and after the war 62. Environmental Damage--burning oil wells polluting the air; oil released into the Gulf polluting water and beaches; damage done to wild fowl and sealife 63. War Damage--damage done to countries in the mideast; we will have to pay for/be responsible for cleaning up the damage done to Iraq/Kuwait/Israel during the war 64. Deepened Our Involvement--we are now more deeply involved in the politics of the mideast/in the Arab-Israeli problem 71. Hurt the U.S. Economy--caused a recession; people lost their jobs/can't find jobs 72. Energy Costs--increased the cost of oil/gasoline; didn't lower/change the cost of oil/gasoline; will decrease or has decreased the supply of oil in the world/destroyed oil wells 73. Oil Dependency--increased our dependence on (mideast) oil for energy; made us less willing to develop other sources of energy 74. Financial Cost--we spent a lot of money; lost a lot of supplies/armaments/equipment; need to raise taxes to pay for the war; increased our national debt 75. Neglected Domestic Needs--money diverted from domestic programs/needs in order to finance the war 76. Defense Spending--will encourage increased spending on defense; will lessen pressure to cut defense spending 77. Effect on U.S. Civilians--disrupted the lives of people called into the service/sent overseas; caused hardship for families of reservists called to active duty; created stress/emotional problems for children 81. Left Saddam in Power--didn't get rid of/punish Saddam Hussein; didn't finish the job 82. Kuwait Not a Democracy--failure of Kuwait to establish a democratic government; repression/injustice being committed in Kuwait since the end of the war 83. Failed Rebellion--we encouraged Iraqis to rebel against Saddam Hussein then didn't support them/left them to fight alone; Kurdish refugee problem--all mentions 84. Troops Still in Iraq--we still have forces in Iraq; the war is not over yet 87. Solved No Problems--didn't resolve any of the problem in the mideast; didn't cause the countries in the mideast to unite/get along better; didn't bring peace to the mideast 88. Didn't Accomplish Anything (NFS)--everything about the war was bad; nothing good came from the war; nothing (good) was accomplished 89. Other Bad Effects Unspecific or Missing Data (in response to Good or Bad Effects) 95. Nothing that I can pinpoint/think of right now (ONLY answer given by R) 96. I can't explain it/put it into words (ONLY answer given by R) 97. Other Miscellaneous Response 98. DK; haven't really thought about it (first mention only) 99. NA; refused; R only mentions loss of American lives/people losing loved ones in the war (first mention only) 00. Inap >> 1991 SOURCE OF JURORS' NAMES 01. Voter registration/list; voter rolls; "registration list"-- NFS. 02. Drivers license list; car registration list; Bureau of Motor Vehicles; DMV 03. Property/ real estate tax list; property/ home owners list; "taxpayer list/records"-- NFS 04. State/Federal tax list; Internal Revenue Service. 05. Draft registration list. 06. Social Security list. 07. Work force lists; list of employed people. 11. The census. 12. Telephone book. 18. From lists of home/street addresses - NFS. 19. All residents/ people living in the area -- NFS. 21. From banks. 22. From the Board of Education. 23. From the Post Office. 31. Volunteers; you can put your name in to be a juror. 32. Names drawn at random/ by lottery -- NFS. 97. Other 98. DK 99. NA; refused >> Original Documentation for 1990 National Election Study I. General information The NES/CPS American National Election Study 1990 was conducted by the Center for Political Studies of the Institute for Social Research, under the general direction of principal investigators Warren E. Miller, Donald R. Kinder and Steven J. Rosenstone. Santa Traugott is the Project Manager for the National Election Studies. Giovanna Morchio was the 1990 Election Study manager for NES, over-seeing the study from very early planning stages through data release. This is the twenty-first in a series of studies of American national elections produced by the Political Behavior Program of the Survey Research Center and the Center for Political Studies, and it is the seventh such study to be conducted under the auspices of National Science Foundation Grants providing long-term support for the national election studies. Both the 1990 National Election Study and the Vote Validation Study were funded under grant number SES-8808361. Since 1978 the NES election studies have been designed by a National Board of Overseers, the members of which meet several times a year to plan content and administration of the major study components. Board members during the planning of the 1990 National Election Study included: Morris P. Fiorina, Harvard University, Chair; Richard A. Brody, Stanford University; Stanley Feldman, University of Kentucky; Edie N. Goldenberg, University of Michigan; Mary Jackman, University of California at Davis, Gary C. Jacobson, University of California at San Diego; Stanley Kelley, Jr., Princeton University; Thomas Mann, The Brookings Institution; Douglas Rivers, Stanford University; John Zaller, the Univer-sity of California at Los Angeles; Warren E. Miller, Arizona State University, ex officio; Donald R. Kinder, and Steven J. Rosenstone, University of Michigan, ex officio. As part of the planning process, a special planning committee was appointed, a pilot study conducted, and stimulus letters sent to the members of the scholarly community soliciting input on study plans. The 1990 Study Planning Committee included Kinder and Miller, several Board members (Mann, Co-chair; Brody; Feldman; Jackman; Miller, ex officio; and Rosenstone, ex officio and Co-chair), and four other scholars (Jon Krosnick, Ohio State University; Gregory Markus and Vincent Price, University of Michigan; and David Leege, Notre Dame University). A two-wave pilot study was carried out in July and September of 1989 for the purpose of developing new instrumentation for the 1990 Election Study. New items were tested in the rea of religious atti-tudes and denominational affiliation, media exposure and the type of information recalled, and individualism. A significant portion of the studywas devoted to experiments contrasting different instru-mentation for issue questions: seven-point scales versus branching response alternatives; "framed" versus "stripped" questions; unipolar versus bipolar scales; and filtered versus unfiltered questions. Data from the 1989 Pilot Study are available through the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR 9295). Results from the pilot study (as summarized in Pilot Study Reports, page xix) were used by the Planning Committee in formulating recommendations to the Board about study content for the 1990 Election Study. The 1991 membership of the NES Board of Overseers is: Stanley Feldman, State University of New York, Stony Brook; Morris J. Fiorina, Harvard University; Mary Jackman, University of California, Davis; Gary Jacobson, University of California, San Diego; David Leege, Notre Dame University; Thomas Mann, The Brookings Institution; Douglas Rivers, Stanford University; John Zaller, University of California, Los Angeles. II. Survey Content and Administration SURVEY CONTENT The Board of Overseers balanced a number of considerations in selecting content for the Post-Election Survey. There was, as always, the necessity of maintaining continuity with past surveys. All congressional time-series items were evaluated by the Board, and input was solicited from the user community about whether each should be used for the 1990 Study. The items that fall into the time-series, or "core" category, are: campaign attention; likes and dislikes of political parties; likes and dislikes of congressional candidates; contact with Congressperson or candidate; vote for Representative, Senator and Governor; most important problem; campaign activities; system support and efficacy items; feeling thermometer ratings of congressional candidates and groups; retrospective economic evaluations (national and individual); liberal-conservative scale (with proximities); party identification, seven-point issue scales with placements; federal budget preferences; views on abortion; and the standard and extensive battery of demographic questions. A number of questions are new or relatively new to the Study. Some came from the piloting work described above-- e.g., the new measures of denominational affiliation; individualism; and attitudes toward abortion and discrimination against women. Others were designed to reflect topical concerns of the campaign. Items in this category include some foreign policy issue items relating to changes in Eastern Europe and to events in the Persian Gulf; and knowledge of and attitudes about the failures of the savings and loans financial institutions and about the federal budget deficit. SURVEY ADMINISTRATION Two forms were used in order to incorporate the maximum amount of content. (Even so, the average length of the survey interview was 78 minutes.) Half of the study sample was randomly assigned to Form A, and the other half to Form B. More than 75 percent of the questionnaire content was the same in both forms; Form A had additional questions relating to values and individualism; Form B had additional content relating to foreign relations. In addition, there was a question form experiment (branching alternatives vs. a seven-point scale). In the Post-election survey, respondents are asked lengthy series of questions bout their particular Congresspersons and Senators. Interviewers must pre-edit questionnaires to fill in the names appro priate for the state and congressional district in which the respondent is living (or was living during the pre-election interview). Interviewers are sent "candidate lists" for each congressional district in the sample segments in which they are interviewing. Each candidate and Senator on that list is assigned a particular number that reflects his or her incumbency status and party. (See Candidate Number Code.) Particular questions in the survey require the insertion by the interviewer during pre-editing of the names of candidates with specific numbers. See, for example, Q. B13, the Feeling Thermometer. The Candidate Lists used by the interviewers, which show which candidates are associated with which congressional district and with which numbers they are tagged, can be found within this complete set of documentation.NOTES ON CONFIDENTIAL VARIABLES Starting with the 1986 Election Study, occupation code variables have been released in somewhat less detail than in years past. The dataset includes a two-digit code with 71 categories corresponding to Census Bureau occupational groupings. Those who have need of the full occupation code for their research should contact the NES project staff for information about the conditions under which access to these data may be provided. Similarly, the National Election Studies have not included information for census tracts or minor civil divisions since 1978. Permission to use the more detailed geographic information for scholarly research may be obtained from the Board of Overseers. More information about this is available from NES project staff. Coding of the new religious denomination variable is in some cases based on an alphabetic "other, please specify" variable (Variable 541). This variable is restricted for reasons of confidentiality, but access may be provided to legitimate scholars under established NES procedures. OPEN-ENDED MATERIALS Traditionally, the Election Studies have contained several minutes of open-ended responses (for example, the congressional candidates likes and dislikes). These questions are put into Master Codes by the SRC coding section. Other scholars have developed alternative or supplemental coding schemes for the questions (for example, the levels of conceptualization, released as ICPSR #8151). The Board of Overseers wishes to encourage these efforts but in ways that respect the NES and SRC obligation to protect the privacy and anonymity of respondents. Circumstances under which individuals may have access to transcribed versions of these questions have been worked out and those interested should contact the NES project staff for further details. Table 1 ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³ FIELD ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION ³ ³ ³ ³ Response Rate: 71.4% ³ ³ ³ ³ Length of Interview: 78.0 min ³ ³ ³ ³ No. of Respondents: 2000 ³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ Table 2 ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³ NUMBER AND CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF INTERVIEWS IN ³ ³ TWO-WEEK INTERVALS FROM ELECTION DAY, 1990 ³ ³ ³ ³ Nov. 07-Nov. 17 836 42% ³ ³ ³ ³ Nov. 18-Dec. 01 594 72% ³ ³ ³ ³ Dec. 02-Dec. 22 413 92% ³ ³ ³ ³ Dec. 23-Jan. 05 106 97% ³ ³ ³ ³ Jan. 06-Jan. 26 51 100% ³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ III. Sampling Information[1] STUDY POPULATION The study population for the 1990 NES is defined to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before the 1990 Election Day. Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units, other than on military reservations, in the 48 coterminous states. This definition excludes persons living in Alaska or Hawaii and requires eligible persons to have been both a United States citizen and 18 years of age on or before the 6th of November 1990. MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN The 1990 NES is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected from the Survey Research Center's (SRC) National Sample design. Identification of the 1990 NES sample respondents was conducted using a four-stage sampling process--a primary stage sampling of U.S. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) and counties, followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a third stage sampling of housing units within sampled area segments, and concluding with the random selection of a single respondent from selected housing units. A detailed documentation of the SRC National Sample is provided in the SRC publication titled 1980 SRC National Sample: Design and Development. PRIMARY STAGE SELECTION The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSU's),[2] which depending on the sample stratum are either SMSA's, single counties or groupings of small counties, is based on the county-level 1980 Census Reports of Population and Housing. Primary stage units were assigned to 84 explicit strata based on SMSA/Non-SMSA status, PSU size, and geographic location. Sixteen of the 84 strata contain only a single self-representing PSU, each of which is included with certainty in the primary stage of sample selection. The remaining 68 nonself-representing strata contain more than one PSU. From each of these nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with probability proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1980 occupied housing units. The full SRC National Sample of 84 primary stage selections was designed to be optimal for surveys roughly two times the size of the 1990 NES. To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller survey samples, the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily partitioned into smaller subsamples of PSU's. Each of the partitions represents a stratified subselection from the full 84 PSU design. The sample for the 1990 NES is selected from the "one-half" partition of the 1980 SRC National Sample. The "one-half sample" includes 11 of the 16 self-representing SMSA PSU's and a stratified subsampling of 34 (of the 68) nonself-representing PSU's of the SRC National Sample. Table 3 identifies the PSU's for the 1990 National Election Study by SMSA status and Region. SECOND STAGE SELECTION OF AREA SEGMENTS The second stage of the 1980 National Sample was selected directly from computerized files that were prepared from the 1980 Census summary tape file series (STF1-B). The designated second-stage sampling units (SSU's), termed "area segments," are comprised of census blocks in the metropolitan primary areas and enumeration districts (ED's) in the rural non-SMSA's and rural areas of SMSA primary areas. Each SSU block, block combination or enumeration district was assigned a measure of size equal to the total 1980 occupied housing unit count for the area (minimum = 50). Second stage Table 3 PSU'S IN THE 1990 NES POST-ELECTION SURVEY by: SMSA Status and Region Self-representing SMSAs Non-self-representing SMSAs Non-SMSAs NORTHEAST New York, NY-NJ Boston, MA* Schuyler, NY Philadelphia, PA-NJ Pittsburgh, PA* Buffalo, NY New Haven, CT Atlantic City, NJ Manchester, NH N. CENTRAL Chicago, IL St. Louis, MO* Sanilac, MI Detroit, MI Milwaukee, WI Phillips, KS Dayton, OH Mower, MN Des Moines, IA Grand Rapids, MI Fort Wayne, IN Steubenville, OH SOUTH Houston, TX* Bulloch, GA Baltimore, MD* Hale, TX Birmingham, AL Monroe, AR Columbus, GA-AL Bedford, TN Miami, FL Robeson, NC Lakeland, FL McAllen, TX Wheeling, WV Knoxville, TN Richmond, VA WEST Los Angeles, CA Seattle, WA Eldorado-Albine, CA San Francisco, CA Denver, WY Carbon, WY Anaheim, CA Fresno, CA Eugene, OR NOTE: THE PSU'S MARKED WITH AN ASTERISK (*) ARE SELF-REPRESENTING FOR SAMPLE DESIGNS THAT USE THE TWO-THIRDS OR LARGER PORTION OF THE SAMPLE. FOR THE HALF-SAMPLE DESIGN, ONLY 6 OF THE 16 SELF-REPRESENTING AREAS REMAIN SELF-REPRESENTING. THE OTHER TEN SELF-REPRESENTING PSU'S ARE PAIRED AND ONLY FIVE ARE USED IN THE HALF-SAMPLE DESIGN, EACH REPRESENTING BOTH ITSELF AND THE PSU IT IS PAIRED WITH. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities proportionate to the assigned measures of size. A three-step process of ordering the SSU's within the primary areas produced an implicit stratification of the area segments in the second stage sampling frame, stratified at the county level by geographic location and population. Area segments were stratified within county at the Minor Civil Division (MCD) level by size and income, and at the block and ED level by location within the MCD or county. (For details, refer to the SRC publication, 1980, 'National Sample: Design and Development.) Systematic PPS sampling was used to select the area segments from the second stage sampling frame for each county. In the self-representing (SR) PSU's the number of sample area segments varied in proportion to the size of the primary stage unit, from a high of b=18 area segments in the SR New York SMSA to a low of b=7 area segments in the smaller SR PSU's such as San Francisco. A total of b=6 area segments was selected from each of the a=39 nonself-representing (NSR) PSU's (except Houston that had 7 segments selected). A total of 303 segments were selected, 68 in the six self-representing PSU's and 235 in the nonself-representing PSU's. THIRD STAGE SELECTION OF HOUSING UNITS For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing was made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the segment. For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, all housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed. The final equal probability sample of housing units for the 1990 NES was systematically selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area segments. The overall probability of selection for 1990 NES households was f=.00003761 or .3761 in 10,000. The equal probability sample of households was achieved by using the standard multi-stage sampling technique of setting the sampling rate for selecting housing units within area segments to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities (see above) used to select the PSU and area segment. FOURTH STAGE RESPONDENT SELECTION Within each sampled housing unit, the SRC interviewer prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members. Using an objective procedure described by Kish[3] (1949), a single respondent was then selected at random to be interviewed. Regardless of circumstances, no substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent. SAMPLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Table 4 ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³ 1990 NATIONAL POST-ELECTION SURVEY ³ ³ ORIGINAL SAMPLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS ³ ³ AND ACTUAL SAMPLE DESIGN OUTCOMES ³ ³ ³ ³ Original ³ ³ Specifications Actual ³ ³ and Assumptions Outcome ³ ³ ³ ³ Completed interviews 1,750 2,004 ³ ³ ³ ³ Response Rate .68 .714 ³ ³ ³ ³ Eligible sample households 2,573 2,808 ³ ³ ³ ³ Occupancy/Eligibility Rate* .87 .802 ³ ³ ³ ³ Final sample HU listings 3,256 3,503 ³ ³ ³ ³ Sample growth from update** 1.05 1.068 ³ ³ ³ ³ Sample listings from frame 3,100 3,280 ³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ * EXPECTED ELIGIBILITY (.97) X OCCUPANCY (.90) ** SINCE THE UPDATING PROCESS PRODUCES ABOUT A 5% INCREASE IN SAMPLE LINES OVER THE COUNT ELECTED FROM THE NATIONAL SAMPLE SYSTEM, THE UPDATE INFLATION FACTOR WAS SET AT 1.05. The targeted minimum completed interview sample size for the 1990 NES Post-Election Survey was n=1,750 cases. In the original sample size computation, the following assumptions were made: response rate = .68, combined occupancy/eligibility rate = .83. These assumptions were derived from survey experience in the 1986 NES Post Election Survey. Table 4 provides a full description of the original sample design specifications. SAMPLE DESIGN OUTCOMES In comparing the design stage expectations in the first column of Table 4 with the actual survey outcomes in the second column, it can be seen that the sample growth from the update procedure was slightly higher than expected. Also, the original sample design specifications overestimated the occupancy/eligibility rates and underestimated the response rate for the actual survey. Design stage assumptions for the study response rate and occupancy/eligibility rate were based on the rates obtained in the 1986 Post-Election Survey. The actual occupancy/eligibility rate for the 1990 NES Post- Election Survey (.802) was somewhat lower than the rate obtained in the 1986 NES Post-Election Survey (.835). The response rate for 1990 (.714) was higher than the 1986 NES Post-Election Survey response rate of .677 or the 1988 NES Pre-election response rate of .705. The original area probability sample for the 1990 NES was selected as a basic sample replicate of 3280 sample HU listings. n the Post-Election surveys the elapsed time between Election Day and the date of interview is a critical design consideration. Since timing is so critical, the option of using a replicated sample approach to control final study sample size has little utility. In order to ensure that no fewer than a minimum of 1750 completed interviews would be obtained within the study time frame, the initial size of the basic sample replicate was increased from the expected 3100 to 3280 listings (approximately a 5% increase). In addition, 6.8% sample growth from SRC's standard sample update procedure increased the size of the final sample to n=3503 housing units listings. Due to the deliberate increase in sample size and higher than expected response rate, the final number of completed interviews (n=2004) was approximately 14.5% higher than the minimum interview target specified for the survey. WEIGHTED ANALYSIS OF 1990 NES DATA The area probability sample design for the 1990 NES results in an equal probability sample of U.S. households. However, within sample households a single adult respondent is chosen at random to be interviewed. Since the number of eligible adults may vary from one household to another, the random selection of a single adult introduces inequality into respondents' selection probabilities. In analysis, a respondent selection weight should be used to compensate for these unequal selection probabilities. The value of the respondent selection weight is exactly equal to the number of eligible adults in the household from which the random respondent was selected. The use of the respondent selection weight is strongly encouraged, despite past evaluations that have shown these weights to have little significant impact on the values of NES estimates of descriptive statistics. The current policy of the National Election Studies is not to include in public use data sets special analysis weights designed to compensate for nonresponse or to post-stratify the sample to known population distribution controls. Analysts interested in developing their own nonresponse or post-stratification adjustment factors must request access to the necessary sample control data from the NES Board. SAMPLING ERRORS OF 1990 NES ESTIMATES Sampling Error Calculation Programs The probability sample design for the 1990 National Election Study permits the calculation of estimates of sampling error for survey statistics. For calculating sampling errors of statistics from complex sample surveys, the OSIRIS statistical analysis and data management software system offers the PSALMS and REPERR programs. PSALMS is a general purpose sampling error program that incorporates the Taylor Series approximation approach to the estimation of variances of ratios (including means, scale variables, indices,proportions) and their differences. REPERR is an OSIRIS program that incorporates algorithms for replicated approaches to variance estimation. Both Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) and Jackknife Repeated Replication (JRR) are available as program options. The current version of REPERR is best suited for estimating sampling errors and design effects for regression and correlation statistics. Sampling Error Codes and Calculation Model Estimation of variances for complex sample survey estimates requires a computation model. Individual data records must be assigned sampling error codes that reflect thecomplex structure of the sample and are compatible with the computation algorithms of the various programs. The sampling error codes for the 1990 NES are included as a variable in the ICPSR Public Use data set. The assigned sampling error codes are designed to facilitate sampling error computation according to a paired selection model for both Taylor Series approximation and Replication method programs. Table 5 provides a description of how individual sampling error code values are to be paired for sampling error computations. Thirty (30) pairs or strata of sampling error computation units (SECU's) are defined. Each SECU in a stratum pair includes cases assigned to a single sampling error code value. The exceptions are the second SECU in stratum 27 that is comprised of cases assigned sampling code values 36 and 55 and the second SECU in stratum 29 that is comprised of cases with SECU's 61 and 63. Generalized Sampling Error Results for the 1990 NES To assist NES data analysts, the OSIRIS PSALMS program was used to compute sampling errors for a wide-ranging set of means and proportions estimated from NES survey data sets. For each estimate, sampling errors were computed for the total sample and for fifteen demographic and political affiliation subclasses of NES samples. The results of these sampling error computations were then summarized and translated into the general usage sampling error table provided in Table 6. Incorporating the pattern of "design effects" observed in the extensive set of example computations, Table 6 provides approximate standard errors for percentage estimates based on the 1990 NES. To use the table, examine the column heading to find the percentage value that best approximates the value of the estimated percentage that is of interest.[4] Next, locate the approximate sample size base (denominator for the proportion) in the left-hand row margin of the table. To find the approximate standard error of a percentage estimate, simply cross-reference the appropriate column (percentage) and row (sample size base). Note: the tabulated values represent approximately one standard error for the percentage estimate. To construct an approximate confidence interval, the analyst should apply the appropriate critical point from the "z" distribution (e.g. z=1.96 for a two-sided 95% confidence interval half-width). Furthermore, the approximate standard errors in the table apply only to single point estimates of percentages, not to the difference between two percentage estimates. The generalized variance results presented in Table 6 are a useful tool for initial, cursory examination of the NES survey results. For more in-depth analysis and reporting of critical estimates, analysts are encouraged to compute exact estimates of standard errors using the appropriate choice of a sampling error program and computation model. ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔ Table 5 ΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³ 1990 NES POST-ELECTION SURVEY ³ ³ PAIRED SELECTION MODEL FOR SAMPLING ERROR COMPUTATIONS ³ ³ ³ ³ Pair (SECU) (SECU) ³ ³ (Stratum) 1 of 2 2 of 2 ³ ³ Codes Codes ³ ³ ³ ³ 1 103 104 ³ ³ 2 105 106 ³ ³ 3 99 100 ³ ³ 4 101 102 ³ ³ 5 95 96 ³ ³ 6 97 98 ³ ³ 7 93 94 ³ ³ 8 91 92 ³ ³ 9 89 90 ³ ³ 10 83 84 ³ ³ 11 81 82 ³ ³ 12 77 78 ³ ³ 13 75 76 ³ ³ 14 73 74 ³ ³ 15 2 6 ³ ³ 16 7 8 ³ ³ 17 14 16 ³ ³ 18 17 18 ³ ³ 19 19 21 ³ ³ 20 24 28 ³ ³ 21 63 65 ³ ³ 22 30 33 ³ ³ 23 37 43 ³ ³ 24 40 48 ³ ³ 25 42 45 ³ ³ 26 50 51 ³ ³ 27 52 36 + 55 ³ ³ 28 57 64 ³ ³ 29 60 61 + 63 ³ ³ 30 67 68 ³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ ΪΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔ Table 6 ΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΏ ³ 1990 NES POST-ELECTION SURVEY -- GENERALIZED VARIANCE TABLE ³ ³ APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES ³ ³ ³ ³ For percentage estimates near: ³ ³ ³ ³ Sample n 50% 40% or 30% or 20% or 10% or ³ ³ 60% 70% 80% 90% ³ ³ ³ ³ The approximate standard error of the percentage is: ³ ³ ³ ³ 100 5.385 5.277 4.933 4.308 3.231 ³ ³ 200 3.912 3.824 3.581 3.128 2.343 ³ ³ 300 3.278 3.210 3.006 2.260 1.962 ³ ³ 400 2.905 2.846 2.661 2.324 1.743 ³ ³ 500 2.663 2.603 2.437 2.128 1.593 ³ ³ 750 2.294 2.244 2.094 1.657 1.250 ³ ³ 1000 2.078 2.039 1.907 1.657 1.250 ³ ³ 1500 1.846 1.803 1.688 1.474 1.102 ³ ³ 2000 1.722 1.691 1.568 1.368 1.030 ³ ³ 2040 1.716 1.685 1.561 1.298 1.020 ³ ΐΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΔΩ IV. Vote Validation and Election Administration Survey Data The Vote Validation study was conducted by the National Election Studies in July of 1991 on respondents to the 1990 National Election Study (NES). The vote validation process basically involves sending name and address information for respondents who say they areregistered to vote, to a Survey Research Center (SRC) field interviewer. She is instructed to check with the local office at which respondents report being registered for the purpose of locating the registration records of these respondents and ascertaining whether or not the records show that the respondents voted in the most recent general election. This is the eighth time that NES has done a voter validation study. Previous validations were done for the 1964, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1984, 1986, and 1988 Post Election Studies. A. The Election Administration Survey Variables In order to conduct elections honestly, lists of eligible voters are generated by each election office, with each voter assigned to one and only one precinct. Therefore, for the purpose of registration and voting, an individual must be associated with one and only one address, belonging in one and only one electoral jurisdiction. Since NES respondents come from a national area probability sample, a large number of different election offices are included in the validation study, usually over 100. The jurisdiction of these election offices is usually the county but in New England and a few other states, registration and voting records are maintained at a local level, including townships. Because of the diversity in record keeping and access across these many offices, the vote validation data has two conceptual parts. The most obvious part is the result of the record check for individual respondents. The other part may perhaps be labeled "contextual" data, for these variables describe the search procedure and the records themselves. Variables describing the records and the search procedure are included because the relationship between the respondent's report and what is found or not found in official records is not necessarily a straightforward one. One view of the matching process is that the official records are always correct, and that in the event of discrepancy, the respondent must have "misreported" his or her behavior. Another view is that the records themselves are but another form of measurement of a particular behavior, and as such, are subject to measurement error. So, for example, the computerized transcription of poll records, which are the records that have been checked in most offices, could be inaccurate. The situation is made more complex by the fact that there appears to be an irreducible minimum proportion of respondents for whom a record of registration cannot be located at all, and logically, it is difficult if not impossible to say that this negative finding demonstrates beyond doubt that respondents are NOT registered. It is always possible that with a "better" search, a more accurate spelling of the person's name, a correct understanding of where the person is actually registered, the record would have been located. It is important to note also that the search is conducted by human beings, specifically by SRC interviewers, who are trained in survey methods but not in records management, and who may themselves vary in terms of their understanding of the records, their pertinacity, the thoroughness by which every avenue in the records is explored, and so on. In an attempt to understand the role of the interviewer herself in this process, NES RE-validated the 1988 respondents as part of the 1991 vote validation study. The notion was that if there are interviewer effects, these would show up as different interviewers conduct record checks on the same people in the same offices. The re-validation of 1988 respondents will be released in a separate study, but the 1988 vote information was gathered for 1990 respondents as well, and is included in this dataset. In summary, it seemed imperative to give the user information not only about WHAT was found, but what the records themselves and the search was like, so that the user can make some evaluation of whether record-respondent discrepancies cluster in particular patterns of record keeping or search.[5] Information about the records, and the search process, was coded from several sources. First, the SRC interviewer who did the records check administered a brief (10-15 minute) questionnaire to an official in the records office asking specifically about how the records were organized. The purpose of this interaction was for the interviewer to gain information to enable her to conduct the records search efficiently. Second, as the interviewer went on to fill out the forms recording the results of individual record checks, that is, to actually use the records that had been described, her understanding of the records often changed, sometimes by the discovery of additional sources not originally described to her. These discoveries were annotated on the forms themselves, rather than on the office interview. The NES staff reviewed all of the individual record check forms from a particular office in conjunction with the election official's questionnaire. A third source of information, used somewhat tentatively because of the possibility of change in the intervening time, was the previous interviews conducted in the same office. (NES has been in the same sample frame since 1984, and many of these offices have been visited three previous times.) These interviews were used to elucidate points that were not clear. Finally, for between 20-30% of the offices, various points remained unclear and the offices and/or the SRC interviewers were called by the NES staff for further information. All of these sources were used in the coding of the election office variables (757-803). The chief focus of the office variables is in what sources were actually used by the interviewer, and how they were used. The data do not describe in detail all of the records that the office keeps. These election administration variables differ in focus from previous codings of office variables, where the interest was in describing the office records themselves, rather than those used. The reason for this is that as staff read through the materials, they were struck by how frequently sources that were theoretically available were not used because they were not readily accessible. For example, the office might have a computerized system for keeping track of registrants. But, it is in another building, and interviewers don't have access to it on anything but printouts. Or, the computer is "down." Often, poll books are stored off-site, and offices are reluctant to retrieve them for inspection, claiming that "everything on them is on the computer." Hence, while the office interview schedule itself is attached as part of the documentation, the user should be aware that the office variables are not a direct transcription from this questionnaire, but rather address the somewhat different question of what sources were actually used. B. Preparation of the Record Check Forms for each Respondent Coversheets are prepared for each respondent who is to be "validated" and one individual record check form is filled out for each coversheet sent to the field. Coversheets are assigned to particular offices. Starting with the validation study conducted in 1984, NES has attempted to locate the registration record only for those respondents who tell staff that they are registered. In thinking about locating those who do claim to be registered, staff know that people are registered at one and, in theory, only one locality, under a specific name.[6] Therefore, staff need to know exactly where a person is registered, and to have a "good-enough" spelling of the person's name so that they can be located. When a registration record can't be found for a person, the conclusion that therefore they are not registered is difficult to defend against the proposition that the respondent is not findable because staff do not have the correct NAME for the respondent or that the respondent is for some reason registered in a different locality than where h/she was interviewed. The best way, perhaps the only way, to defend against this threat to the external validity of the record check, is to reduce the number of persons claiming to be registered for whom staff cannot find a record. That in turn has come to mean in practice: a) questions on the interview schedule about exactly where a person is registered and where h/her polling place is; b) intensive review by staff of this information plus recontact information and of the spelling of a person's name as it was entered when the coversheet was originally logged in; and c) preparation of "coversheets" for each respondent that also include information about whether the person has recently changed their name, has a listed telephone number, family composition and residential mobility. (Interviewers are NOT told whether or not the respondent reported voting.)[7] C. Special Problems in Assignment of Respondents to Offices For a variety of reasons, 5-10% of those saying that they are registered to vote also tell staff that they are not registered in the jurisdiction in which they were interviewed. In our mobile society, it sometimes takes a while for registration address to catch up with actual living address. Or, as in the case of college students or live-in domestic help, people may have a different perception of where they actually live, where their home is, than is contemplated in the rules of sample selection (does this person spend most nights in a week at this address, etc., etc.) Some people are registered in counties that do not fall in our sample. Appropriate offices for these individuals were identified and the respondent's record check was conducted by an SRC field interviewer calling that office. Usually but not always, the offices so contacted were cooperative, but the user should be aware that this form of checking is necessarily less thorough than that done in person in an election office in which an interview has been conducted. A code of "999" in variable Variable 714 indicates that the record check was conducted over the telephone. Occasionally, staff sent out a record check form to more than one office for a single individual, when it was difficult to tell in which locale a person was most likely to be registered. If this happened, the differences between the forms were reconciled so that the data contain only one validation record per respondent. D. The Lookup Process If election offices share a common central mission, that of conducting elections without fraud, they also display a bewildering variety of terms for similar procedures, to say nothing of widely different procedures to achieve the same ends. There are places with numerous versions of sophisticated computer tracking, and places with one set of poll ledgers. The supervisors of these offices can be highly professional, or, in one or two cases, obvious political appointees. Some offices boast the latest in computer technology, including digitized signatures and bar codes over which a wand can be passed to register that a person has voted; while others make do with signatures and initials on the original registration card. We have validated in jurisdictions having voters numbering in the millions and thousands of precincts and in places where there is one precinct with several hundred registrants. Each year staff face the difficulty of trying to train survey interviewers how to diagnose the intricacies of records management in the offices they are likely to encounter, so that they can efficiently use ALL the sources potentially available to them in the actual lookup process. In 1984, staff hit upon the strategy of conducting an interview with an election official, prior to actually looking up the records, so that the look-up person would have a detailed idea of what records were available to her. Each time this is done, staff struggle to improve the office questionnaire so that it will better lead the naive interviewer through the maze of different office procedures. Although NES staff is somewhat removed from the complexities of each individual office, they try to write some general instructions to guide the interviewers in the lookup process. For this study, the task of the interviewer was described to them as first FINDING a record that they were reasonably sure was the respondent's; then, ascertaining what the record showed about whether the respondent voted or did not vote in the general elections of 1990 and 1988. It was explained that all offices maintain a list of who is registered in their jurisdiction. From this master list, all offices send to each polling place a list in some form of who is eligible to vote at that voting place. When people vote, some mark is made to indicate that they have done so (to reduce the possibility of fraud, following the time honored rule of one person, one vote.) Information about whether a person did or did not vote may or may not be posted back to the master office list of who is registered. There are many variations on this schemata; for example, some offices divide the master list (which is on cards) into precinct binders and send these out to the polls where they are marked.) Thus, the master list is also the poll book. The general outline, however, is simple. Based on this general outline, and assuming that most offices post vote information back to the registration record, interviewers were to look first at the master registration record for evidence that R had voted. If the record did not show that R voted, they were to look at the original poll books, to the extent they were available, for some further indication of vote. (Historiographers will recognize the distinction between primary and secondary sources, one that has been slow to dawn on staff as survey researchers.) One example will illustrate the importance of primary sources. An interviewer happened to be a registered voter in a county where she was looking up 1990 respondents. She noted that many more respondents appeared to have voted in 1990 than in 1988. She thought this was strange. Accordingly, she looked up her own record for 1988, and found that the computer did not show her as voting, although she had. It didn't show her son or husband as voting either, although they voted with her. The original poll records, however, showed she and her family as voting. It turned out that there had been a sizeable transcription error in this office in 1988. As the NES staff evaluated what was received back from interviewers, both record check forms and election official interviews, it was clear that in many offices original sources were not used, ei ther because they were not made available to the interviewer (sometimes they are destroyed after information has been posted to the computer) or because the interviewer did not press for access to these sources. Also, some interviewers went about their task in a way exactly contrary to instructions, i.e., they looked first at the poll records, and then searched the registration records for people they couldn't locate. Thet rouble with this strategy is that some nontrivial proportion of people are not registered to vote in the precinct in which they were interviewed; rather they vote somewhere else in the same jurisdiction. Starting with the poll books means considerably more going back and forth between registration records and poll records; in this process, it is much more difficult for the interviewer with a sizeable number of cases in an office to keep track of exactly which sources she has or has not used in a particular case.[8] The post-fieldwork staff evaluation process was extremely time-consuming and inefficient. When NES next undertakes voter validation, hopefully in 1993, they are convinced that the process of training interviewers to work in specific offices will have to be significantly revised, building both on the knowledge gained over the last several vote validations of the way in which registration records are managed and with the assistance of records management specialists. As staff come closer to the real possibility of a 1992 vote validation study, they intend also, to the extent that the budget permits, to seek advice from a planning committee consisting of scholars interested in this topic. E. Contents of the Data Records for 1990 respondents who were not validated have been "padded" with missing data codes. The data contain variables from several sources. These are: 1. Variables from the individual record check form filled out by the interviewer in the election office. (Variables 712-755) 2. Summary variables combining self-report and the result of the record check. (Variable 756) 3. Variables describing the sources used and the search procedure in the election records office in which the respondent's record was looked up. (Variables 757-803). F. Vote Validation Study Staff Santa Traugott NES Project Manager Giovanna Morchio Study Manager, NES Fran Eliot Research Assistant, NES Heather Hewett Study Manager, SRC/Field Section ------------------ FOOTNOTES: [1] Technical description of the 1990 National Election Study Sample Design prepared by the Sampling Section of the Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, February 1991. [2] In SRC publications and survey materials, the term "primary area" is used interchangeably with the more common "primary stage unit" terminology. [3] L. Kish, "A Procedure for Objective Respondent Selection Within the Household" JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION 44 (1949): 380-387. [4] The standard error of a percentage is a symmetric function with its maximum centered at p=50%; i.e., the standards errors of p=40% and p=60% estimates are equal. [5] This view has been evolving within NES for some period of time. The following technical reports, papers, and other memoranda trace this development: Traugott, S. (1989) "Validating Self-Reported Vote, 1964-1988"; Presser, S., S. Traugott, and M. Traugott (1990), "Vote 'Over' Reporting in Surveys: The Records or the Respondents"; Presser, S., M. Traugott, and S. Traugott (1991), "Extending Methodological Development of Survey Response Errors for Voting"; and Traugott, S. and G. Morchio (1991), "1990 Vote Validation." Any of these papers or reports are available by contacting NES project staff. [6] A few respondents told interviewers that they were registered, but were very vague about exactly where, e.g., "in upstate New York where I used to live." No attempt was made to locate records for such respondents. In a few other cases, the interviewers misunderstood instructions about which offices they were to contact to validate the respondent. These cases are treated as "non-validated." [7] In 1990, staff actually sent out records for respondents who had not given their names but who had indicated that they were registered. In many cases, it was possible to find someone of matching age and gender living at the same address at which the respondent was interviewed. If no such match was made, however, the person's validation data was treated as "missing." [8] In fairness to the interviewers, it should be said that they are entirely dependent on the good will of the people assisting them in any given office. Often, these people had an understandable interest in minimizing the time devoted to helping the interviewers and the interviewers were reluctant to press them with time-consuming requests for original sources. In retrospect, the NES staff needed to do much more to prepare the offices and the interviewers regarding resources needed to complete the lookup task. >> Original 1991 Study Introductory Documentation A. STUDY DESCRIPTION 1. The Panel Study on the Political Consequences of War This study was intitially thought about as the 1991 Pilot Study, the next in sequence in a series of NES Pilot Studies which have been conducted in the biennial "off-years" since 1979, and which have become the standard mode by which new areas of interest are explored and new instrumentation developed. (See November 26, 1990 stimulus letter from Chair Tom Mann.) Pilot Studies typically involve re-interviews with a subset of respondents from the most recently completed Post-Election study. When the Board of Overseers met in early February of 1991, to consider responses to this stimulus letter, a consensus rapidly developed that with the 1990 National Election Studies Post-Election study completed before the outbreak of hostilities in the Persian Gulf, NES was particularly well positioned to carry out a panel study of the consequences of war. Accordingly, the NES Board of Overseers reconceptualized the 1991 study as the second wave of a panel study focusing on the political consequences of the war, with the first wave of the study being the 1990 Post-Election Study. By interviewing respondents before the war broke out, a few months after hostilities ended, and hopefully again in the weeks after the 1992 elections (Additional funding will be sought for a third wave of the panel) we have a powerful opportunity to assess the short term and the longer term impact of war on national politics and public opinion. As NES Board Chair, Thomas Mann, stated in his stimulus letter of February 25, 1991 (see letter for full text): "...Understanding the public's assessment of the war is a way station on the road to the more important objective of understanding how war shapes the future course of national politics. The implications are many. The war might affect isolationist sentiment; the military's claim on the federal budget; views on dissent and protest; patriotism; the level of internal discord; the relative appeal of various democratic challengers in 1992; confidence in government; alterations in national priorities; racial and ethnic conflict; and more." A panel study committee was convened in early April to lay out thirty minutes of content for the Consequences of War study. This committee, chaired by David Leege, University of Notre Dame, (See full list of study committee members) decided upon a subset of questions from the 1990 study which needed to be repeated in the 1991 Study:  APPROVAL RATINGS OF BUSH/SENATORS/REP./CONGRESS  THERMOMETERS  PARTY ID  MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS FACING THE COUNTRY  DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PARTIES  WHETHER OR NOT THE COLD WAR IS ENDING  ASSISTANCE TO E. EUROPE  WAS IT THE RIGHT THING TO SEND MILITARY TO GULF  BUSH HANDLING OF GULF CRISIS  PARTY DIFFERENCES ON TAXES, THE ECONOMY, AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS  LIBERAL/CONSERVATIVE PLACEMENTS  PERSONAL AND NATIONAL ECONOMIC WELL-BEING  DEFENSE SPENDING PLACEMENTS  HAS THE U.S. POSITION IN THE WORLD GROWN WEAKER OR STRONGER  TRUST IN GOVERNMENT  WORRY ABOUT CONVENTIONAL AND NUCLEAR WAR The Panel Study Committee crafted for the 1991 Study a number of additional items especially relevant to the Gulf War conflict:  FOREIGN POLICY GOALS * CONGRESSIONAL TERM LIMITATIONS  DID ONE PARTY SUPPORT USE OF FORCE MORE THAN THE OTHER * RECALL OF RESPONDENT'S OWN POSITION ON THE WAR RESOLUTION  RESPONDENT'S PERSONAL FEELINGS DURING THE WAR * MORALITY OF BOMBING NEAR CIVILIANS  ATTENTION PAID TO THE WAR * ATTENTION TO RELIGIOUS BROADCASTS  OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS ON GOOD/BAD OUTCOMES OF THE WAR * WAS WAR WORTH THE COSTS  FRIENDS OR RELATIVES IN THE PERSIAN GULF CRISIS * AID TO THE KURDS  CORRECT TO STOP WHILE SADDAM STILL IN POWER * DID SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVE VOTE FOR OR AGAINST WAR RESOLUTION 2. The 1991 Pilot Study While placing special emphasis on the panel study of the political consequences of war, the Board of Overseers explicitly did not wish to forego the pilot aspects of the off-year study, so a full-fledged pilot study is also embedded within the 1990-1991 Panel study. This was made possible by the decision to empanel every (or almost every -- see below, Study Administration) respondent to the 1990 Election Study. With an estimated minimum of 1200 respondents, it was possible to have three Forms for the Pilot Study, each of which would be about 10 minutes in length and a ministered to about 400 respondents. The average interview length (assuming Panel study content administered to all respondents of 30 minutes) would then be 40 minutes, a tolerable respondent burden which would produce, over the three forms, 30 minutes of Pilot Study content. Chaired by Mary Jackman of the University of California at Davis, the Pilot Committee designed the three sections to include the material listed below. FORM ONE includes items related to Ethnic Politics, as proposed by Prof. Jack Citrin. These include:  Qualities that make someone an American  Make English the official language  Bilingual education  Reserving jobs for minorities  Should immigration levels be increased/decreased/left the same  Impact of growing Hispanic population  Should racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinct identities, or blend into the larger society FORM TWO items related to Gender and were proposed by Profs. Virginia Sapiro and Pam Conover, in consultation with a number of other scholars. They include:  Attention paid to issues affecting women  Feminist identification  Ways for women to improve their position  Women and the draft  Requiring business to provide paid maternity leave  Does respondent focus attention mostly on home or work  Views on the actual and the desired levels of power and influence of men and women in gov.and politics; business and industry; and families. FORM THREE items are a potpourri from several sources, as noted below.  Favor building more nuclear power plants; protecting endangered species or jobs (BOARD)  Social Security and Medicaid/medical care for the elderly (Prof. Leonie Huddy)  Social Altruism (Mr. Steven Knack): - Charitable contributions - Did respondent participate voluntarily in the Census - Does respondent do any volunteer work - Trust in people - Did Respondent vote in last election - Social interaction with neighbors/friends/family - Would respondent serve on a jury if called  Political knowledge (Profs. Michael Delli Carpini and Scott Keeter) In addition to the above data, the study staff has added a number of contextual variables to the dataset. A group of summary variables combine the respondent's recall of his/her Senator's and Representative's vote on the use of force with that Congressperson's actual vote. Also, 1980 county-level census data on race have been added to assist in analysis of the Form One data. These variables focus on the Hispanic population in the county. B. STUDY CHARACTERISTICS AND ADMINISTRATION The 1990-1991 Panel/1991 Pilot Study was a telephone reinterview of respondents to the NES 1990 Post-Election Study. Interviewing for the study was carried out by the Telephone Facility of the Survey Research Center, the Institute for Social Research.  Field period was June 4, 1991 -- July 31, 1991  Average interview length was 42 minutes  1385 interviews were taken  Survey cooperation (response rate) was 78% (See below)  An experiment in response incentives was done (See below, Response Incentives)  Three Forms were used (see below, Form Assignment)  The study was CATI -- there is no paper version of the Questionnaire 1. Response Rate calculations This is a Panel Study, and response rate calculations are somewhat different than those for an initial contact study. In one sense, there is no "non-sample" since every one of the 2000 persons we originally interviewed in 1990 is, by definition, eligible for a reinterview. We reinterviewed 1385 of these 2000 respondents to the 1990 study, for a strictly construed reinterview rate of 69.3%. Some of the 615 respondents who were not reinterviewed are accounted for by "panel mortality" -- respondents who move and cannot be located, or die. Some are effectively non-sample for the purposes of a telephone reinterview: they are extremely hard of hearing, or we cannot reach them by telephone (unlisted and refused telephone numbers; no telephone in the home and no recontact person with a telephone, et al.) Those who needed to be interviewed in a language other than English were also treated as non-sample. Of the 615 respondents we did NOT reinterview, 223 are "non-sample." 392 respondents from the 1990 Study either refused to be reinterviewed, or could not cooperate because they were ill or for some other reason physically unable to complete a telephone interview. It should be noted that included among these 392 respondents are some who did not have a telephone and who we attempted to reach by passing messages through a recontact person for whom we did have a telephone number. (Respondents to NES interviews are routinely asked to give us the name of someone who will know how to reach them.) Cases such as these are normally not included in the Pilot Study samples, but were included for this study in the interests of maximizing the number of cases interviewed now and available for reinterview in 1992. A cooperation rate, which excludes the 223 unlocatable cases, is calculated at 78% (1385/1777). This cooperation, or response rate, compares very favorably with those of past pilot studies, in which respondents deemed hard to interview over the telephone and/or without telephones in their homes were eliminated in advance from the sample. While we don't know what accounts for "good" response rates, we did do some carefuladvance contacting of respondents, to ensure that a) they could be located in June and July and b) they would be predisposed to give us a reinterview. A "Thank-You" letter for their participation in the 1990 Study was mailed in early March. A respondent report (a brief description of some 1990 study results) reached them in early May. Finally, a response incentives experiment was performed, which involved still a third contact with about 1200 of the 2000 respondents to the 1990 study. This experiment is described below. 2. Response Incentives Experiment At the suggestion of the Survey Operations Group in the Survey Research Center, the Board of Overseers agreed to implement a small response incentives experiment in the Pilot Study. We eliminated from the experiment those who did not have good mailing addresses, or who we would normally have eliminated from an RDD sample -- i.e., they had no phones. The remaining respondents were divided into four roughly equal groups: those who received no advance communication from NES; those who received a letter saying that we would be calling for an interview shortly; those who received a letter and a pen with a University of Michigan logo and 4) those who received an advance letter and $1. An analysis of the results will be forthcoming from the Survey Operations Group and will be part of the NES 1991 Pilot Study Reports. 3. Form Assignment When the Board began planning for this study, we were budgeted for about 40 minutes of interview time. Since we needed 30 minutes for the Panel component of the study, and had about 30 minutes of suggested new instrumentation, we had to divide the pilot study instrumentation into 3 forms of 10 minutes apiece. This form assignment was based on the assignment to forms in the 1990 election study, which itself had a Form A and a Form B. Form A, in the 1990 study, incorporated batteries of items on "values" -- individualism, equalitarianism, attitudes toward racial matters, etc. Form B included items relating to partisan differences, and some foreign policy questions. Also, it contained the standard "women's role" seven-point scale. It was decided by the Pilot Study Committee that analysis of Form One items (those relating to attitudes toward immigration) on the Pilot required respondents from Form A of the 1990 Post Election Study, and that analysis of Form Two (gender-related) instrumentation should be done on respondents to Form B of the Post-Election Study. Accordingly, the form assignment was done such that two/thirds of the Form A respondents were assigned to Form One in the Pilot Study; two/thirds of the Form B respondents were assigned to Form Two; and the remaining one/third in each of 1990 Study's Form A and Form B were assigned to the Pilot Study Form Three. The partitioning of the Forms A and B into thirds was done randomly, and the initial assignment to Form A and Form B in the 1990 study was random. 4. Organization and Documentation of the Dataset Data for all of the variables and all of the cases in the first wave of the panel, i.e., the 1990 Post-election Study, are included in this dataset. Please note that this means that although there are 1385 respondents to the second wave of this panel, there are actually 2000 records in the Panel/Pilot dataset; one for each respondent to the 1990 Post-election Study Survey. Respondents in the 1990 study who were not re-interviewed in the 1991 wave are assigned missing data codes on the 1991 variables. The 1990-1991-1992 Election Studies Panel This dataset consists of the 1,980 National Election Study respondents who were interviewed following the November 1990 general election, and subsequently reinterviewed one, two, or three timesin the 1991 Panel/Pilot Study and/or the 1992 Pre/Post National Election Study. (1) Of the original 1,980 respondents to the 1990 Election Study, 1,359 were reinterviewed in the i992 Pre/Post Election Study, in order to trace the fortunes of the Bush Presidency, from the post Gulf- war heights to his November defeat and to be in a position to study the the origins of the Clinton and Perot coalitions. The 1991 Pilot Study, another in the series of research Bud development instrumentation studies conducted by the NES in odd-numbered years and based typically on empaneling a subset of the previous Election study's respondents, became a full-nedged peel study on the Consequences of War. We attempted to reinterview every respondent in the 1990 Election Study. Thus, each participant in the 1991 Panel/Pilot study fN = 1383) was a respondent in the 1990 Election Study. That study was carried out in June-July 1991, with the stated intent of studying the Political Consequences of the Gulf War, in combination with piloting new items for the 1992 study. All of the 1991 respondents received 30 minutes of questions centering Mound their reactions to the Gulf Wu. The pilot component was handled by dividing the sample into thirds Bud administering each third about 10 minutes of content. Content ureas were gender, ethnicity, medical care for the elderly and social altruism. It is important to understand that, for the 1992 Pre/Post Election Study, an attempt was made to reinterview all of the 1990 respondents, regardless of whether they hod given us on intcrvtew in 1991. Thus, while there were 1383 panel respondents in 1991 Bud 1359 peel respondents in 1992, only 106O respondents were interviewed in all three studies. Variable 7002 assigns values to each of these combinations. TABLE 1: Distribution of Panel Cases by Waves 1990 NES only 298 1990 NES and 1991 Panel/Pilot 323 1990 NES and 1992 NES (Pre Only) 34 1990 NES and 1992 NES (Pre&Post) 265 1990,1991,1992 NES (Pre-only in 1992) 75 1990,1991,1992 NES (Pre&Post) 985 TOTAL 1980 (l) During the conduct of the 1992 Eleclion Study, it was determined that, with the exception of one case, the enire production of 1990 interviews by one interviewer was very likely fabricated in whole or in part. Also, several 1990 respondents were actually not eligible lo be interviewed, since they were not citizens. In total, 20 respondents were dropped from the dataset. Their case numbers are given at Variable 4, in the documentation. Panel file versus 1992 Pre/Post Enhanced File The 1992 Pre/Post Election Study itself was not simply an extension of the 1990/1991 panel study. Instead, panel respondents were supplemented with fresh cross-section sample of respondents drawn from the same sample frame. (The cross-section Pre election N is 1126.) Together, the fresh cross section and panel respondents form a national cross-section, in which the design difference between the 1992 cross-section and, for example, the 1988 NES Pre/Post Election Study is that 609 of the 1992 respondents have been interviewed once, or twice, previously. In the 1992 Pre/Post Enhanced file flCPSR #6067; released in October, 1993) the study N is 2485 (panel plus cross-section respondents) and panel respondents have data included from their survey variables in the 1990 and 1991 studies. Thus, it is possible to use the Enhanced File to study panel change over time. The addition of the fresh cross-section elements, however, allows the analyst to study panel effects -- the "training" and increased attention to politics often presumed to follow from repeated interviewing, as well as the affects of panel mortality -- by making comparisons with the fresh cross section respondents, who had not been previously interviewed. On the other hand, the 1992 Pre/Post Enhanced file does not include respondents from 1990 who were not reinterviewed in 1992. Thus, the traditional assessment of panel attrition cannot be carried out in the 1992 Enhanced file, but requires the 1990-1991-1992 Panel Studies File, which basically was produced for those who are only interested in panel analsyses, of which panel attrition is an important component. (2) The second major difference between the 1992 Pre/Post Enhanced File and the 1990-1991-1992 Panel file is that the Punel file includes the Pilot component of the 199l study and the 1992 Enhanced file does not. File Organization and Structure -- Variable numbering reflects the year in which the interview was taken Variable numbers are identical between the panel file arid the 1992 Enhanced file. -- Variables 1-802 Me from the 1990 Study (including Vote Validation) Vuiable numbers have not been changed from the ICPSR Release of the 1990 NES. -- Variables 2002-2926 are from the 1990-1991 Puel/Pilot Study. There are gaps in the variable numbers. --Variables 3004-4237 me the 1992 Pre-election Study Variables; Variables 5001-7002 are 1992 Post-Election Study Variables There are gaps in the variable number series. If a respondent was not interviewed in 1991 or 1992, his/her record is padded with missing data for variables from that year. (2) It would, of course, have been possible lo make en imegnted file consisfing of the union of respondents to the 1990 and 1992 studies; past NES experience with such integrated file, shows much user resistance to the inevitable complexities of documentation and format. Users can, of course, creste their own integrated file, by using file merging programs which allow union option. Study Documentation In Part 111 of the documemafion, a filil codebook for each wave of the panel is inch~ded. There is one datamap (giving variable names and tape locations); and the appendices combine and collate the studard NES Master Coda, candidate lists and ballot cards, and lists of papers and reports. Two elements of the documentation differ from NES usual practice: 1) Copies of the questionnaires themselve have not been included, fbut may be found in the individual year codebooks, or requested From NES project staff) and 2) this introductory section is elaborated by the inclusion of the original introductory documentation for each study in Section V of the documentation, Addenda. In reviewing the original introductory materials, please be aware that study N's have changed slightly From the original releases (20 cases were deleted From the 1990 study, with ripple effects in 1991 and 1992). Various tables and calculations of, for example, response rate, will be very slightly off. 4. Organization and Documentation of the Dataset Data for all of the variables and all of the cases in the first wave of the panel, i.e., the 1990 Post-election Study, are included in this dataset. Please note that this means that althought there are 1385 respondents to the secdond wave of this panel, there are actually 2000 records in the Panel/Pilot dataset; one for each respondent to the 1990 Post-election Study Survey. Respondents in the 1990 study who were not re-interviewed in the 1991 wave are assigned missing data codes on the 1991 variables Documentation for the 1991 Study is separate from the documentation (i.e., codebook) for the 1990 Election Study and is available in hard copy only. >> BOARD OF OVERSEERS NATIONAL ELECTION STUDIES MEMO, 1990 Center for Political Studies of The University of Michigan Reply to: Center for Political Studies, Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 Fax. 313/764-3341 Bitnct: USERSGZP@UMlCHUM.BITNET November 26, 1990 TO: Colleagues Interested in the National Election Studies FROM: Thomas Mann In anticipation of its study of the 1992 election, the NES Board plans to conduct in 1991 a national pilot study similar to those done in odd-numbered years since 1983. Like its predecessors, the--l991 pilot study will be designed to provide systematic empirical assessments of new and old measures to be considered for future National Election Studies, in particular, of course, the 1992 survey. Previous pilot work has proven indispensable to the intellectual vitality of NES. Indeed, virtually all of the new questions that have been added to the National Election Studies in recent years have first been developed and tested in pilot work. (In all likelihood, the pilot study will re-interview, by telephone about 450 persons randomly selected from among respondents to the 1990 NES post election study. The empaneled respondents will be reinterviewed in July and again in September. Two forms of the instrument will be used to accommodate experiments). The Board must soon begin formal planning for the 1991 pilot study. With that in mind, we are soliciting your advice. Recommendations of all sorts are welcome though the Board is particularly interested in proposals that take up one or more of the following topics: Public Policy Issues. Our conclusions about the role that issues play in electoral choice hinges on the quality of our measures. We envision three initiatives. First, the Board seeks recommendations on how we should refurbish existing measures of policy preferences and where new investments in instrumentation should be made. We are most interested in suggestions within the domains of the environment, social welfare policy (including health care), social policy, tax policy' and foreign Political, economic, and demographic trends will affect the kinds of issues that are likely to grow in salience over the next decade. The Board also seeks your help in developing instrumentation in new issue domains including immigration policy, bilingualism, care of the elderly, social security, energy policy, and hazardous waste disposal. Although the refinement and development of new measures of public policy preferences is important, enhancement of the over time comparability in the measurement of issues remains a central mission of NES. Simply asking the identical survey questions year- to-year does not ensure comparability if the meaning and relevance of issues change, if the words no longer have the same political meaning they once did, or if the relevant issues within a policy domain shift. We need your advice on the strategies NES should employ for enhancing the comparability of policy questions over time. Gender. The core NES item on "Women's Rights" (variable #387 in 1988) is outmoded and insensitive to contemporary gender issues. Although only 6 percent of the 1988 sample could bring themselves to endorse the sentiment that "women's place is in the home," many analysts of gender politics have the feeling that equality has not arrived. Issues revolving around gender equality and relations between men and women seem important in politics and NES lacks good measures in this domain. We would welcome your suggestions for pilot work on three fronts: new instrumentation to measure public support for the principle of gender equality; measures of gender consciousness; and measures of opinion on gender-related policy disputes (such as equal pay, abortion rights, child care, and gender discrimination in the work place). Retrospective / Performance Evaluations. Among other things, American presidential elections are referenda on the incumbent's performance in office. Up to this point, NES, and the literature on retrospective voting in general, have been preoccupied with economic performance. Of course, prosperity is important, but so are peace, domestic tranquility, adherence to high moral standards, and perhaps more. The Board invites proposals to develop retrospective performance questions that cover the full range of activities for which administrations are held accountable. Values and Predispositions. In recent years, NES has added batteries of questions to measure what could be called core political values or political predispositions. These include measures of egalitarianism, individualism, moral conservatism, patriotism, prejudice, anti-communism, personal autonomy, and belief in limited government. The Board is interested in evaluations of the various domains that have appeared on the 1988 and 1990 studies. Has this investment been worthwhile? What is the relative contribution of these various values to understanding preferences on public policy questions and evaluations of public figures? How could particular measures be improved? Which items or domains can be safely dropped from future studies; which should be retained? The Board is more interested in the assessment of past efforts than in proposals for new measures, but would entertain the latter as well. Media and Commotion Effects. NES survey respondents are embedded within a political environment defined, in part, by the media and electoral campaigns. There are good reasons to suspect that political campaigns, as interpreted and transmitted by the media, have profound effects on the information that citizens have at their disposal, on the ways that citizens think about candidates and issues, and on the kinds of considerations that ultimately enter voters' decisions. The Board welcomes suggestions for new instrumentation that would better position the 1992 study to assess these effects. Electoral Participation. Voter turnout in U.S. national elections has plummeted over the last three decades at the same time that the level of formal schooling has increased, voter registration laws have been liberalized, and the electorate's interest in politics and sense of civic obligation to vote have remained fairly constant. Although turnout has dropped, other forms of electoral participation have not. Compared to their counterparts in the 1950s, citizens in the 1950s were more likely to have worked for a party or candidate, contributed money to a political campaign, or tried to influence the votes of others. Current theories of electoral participation seem unable to solve this puzzle. The Board would like to support the development and testing of new theories of electoral participation. We also welcome specific suggestions for ways to improve the measurement of electoral participation and its causes. Theories of the Survey Response. Surveys not only measure public opinion but also shape, provoke, and occasionally create it. These are problems, but also opportunities. Because surveys are necessarily intrusive and public opinion is malleable, surveys can become useful tools in the investigation of how opinion is shaped and how it changes. In previous pilot studies, the Board has sponsored several ventures of this sort. Some have involved experimental alterations in question formulation or question order; others have included probes that go "underneath" the survey response to the ingredients of opinion. The Board invites proposals in this spirit that are intended to illuminate both how NES should put its questions and how citizens formulate their opinions. This is a long and varied list of topics. Quite clearly it will be impossible to embrace all of them in full scope in 1991, but the Board will do its best to accommodate as many proposals as is possible. If you are interested in contributing to the 1991 pilot study effort, please submit a memorandum of interest for Board consideration. Your memo should preferably take the form of a brief research proposal that outlines analysis of existing data that should be conducted, or justifies a new line of inquiry in theoretical or conceptual terms, or argues that current practice is unsatisfactory and suggests the new questions that might profitably be tested in the 1991 national pilot study. If you are proposing new instrumentation, it would be helpful if you sketched the kinds of analysis you would carry out with the pilot data to demostrate the efficacy of your items. Based on the submitted memorandas, the Board expects to invite some members of the NES community to assist directly in the detailed planning of the 1991 Pilot study, the analysis of the pilot data, and the subsequent presentation of reports and recommendations to the Board. A memo on a single topic or a number of topics of a separate memorandum for each topid would be equally welcome. Memoranda must reach the Board by January 30, 1991. They should be mailed or Faxed to: Santa Traugott National Election Studies Institute for Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 Fax: (313) 764-3341 >> BOARD OF OVERSEERS NATIONAL ELECTION STUDIES MEMO, 1991 NATIONAL ELECTION STUDIES Center for Political Studies of The University of Michigan Reply to: Center for Political Studies, Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 Fax 313/764-3341 Bitnet: USERSGZP@UMICHUM.BITNET February 25 1991 TO: Colleagues Interested in the National Election Studies FROM: Thomas Mann In response to the extraordinary events taking place in the Persian Gulf, the NES Board of Overseers has decided to expand the 1991 Pilot Study the second leg on a larger, three wave study focusing on the electoral consequences ot the war. The plan is to empanel every respondent to the 1990 NES Post-Election Study, interviewing them in 1991, and again immediately following the 1992 presidential election. Additional funding from private foundations is being sought to support the expansion of the 1991 data gathering efforts and the 1992 wave of the panel study. Although a substantial portion of the 1991 interview schedule will be dedicated to this purpose, interview time also will be devoted to piloting new survey questions. We are writing to inform you of these developments, to sketch out the substantive themes that will be the focus of the pilot work and that are likely to be central to the panel study, to --describe the anticipated study design, and most importantly, to invite your suggestions and comments. Given our tight planning schedule, we need to hear from you within the next few weeks. Substantive Themes for the 1991 NES Pilot Work In response to my letter of November 16, 1990, 45 scholars submitted 26 separate proposals for pilot work to the NES Board of Overseers. The proposals focused on a very diverse set of topics, three of which the Board selected to be the central focus of the 1991 pilot effort: gender (gender equality, gender consciousness, and measures of opinion on gender-related policy disputes); ethnic politics (American and ethnic identity as well as opinion on immigration and language rights); and political participation (particularly the impact of social connectedness). New questions on old age policy and knowledge of political institutions will also be piloted. Some Proposed Substantive Themes for the 1990-91-92 Panel Study on the Electoral Consequences of War Naturally one important element of the panel study will be a detailed investigation of the public's assessment of the war itself. When the dust from Desert Storm settles, and elites and media begin to sort things out and disagree, what does the American public think happened? What do citizens know about the war? What did it accomplish? At what price? What are the lessons, as citizens make them out, of the Gulf War? In important respects, understanding the public's assessment of the war is a way station on the road to the more important objective of understanding how the war shapes the future course of national politics. The potential implications for public opinion radiate out in many directions. The war might well affect the strength of isolationist sentiment the military's claim on the federal budget; views on dissent and protest; patriotism; the level of internal discord; the relative appeal of various Democratic challengers in 1992; confidence in government; alterations in national priorities; racial and ethnic conflict; and more. These are important topics, and are included within the portfolio of study objectives. But two other themes might serve as the center of analytic attention. First is the risk run by George Bush. Will the war strengthen the Bush Presidency? The success of the Bush Presidency and Bush's chances for reselection in 1992 depend enormously on voters' interpretations of the events in the Gulf. The second major theme is change in partisanship. Will the war accelerate or reverse the drift towards a Republican majority? The partisan debate that preceded the war as well as the debate that might follow could alter perceptions of the two parties and thus tip the balance of strength between them, a result that would hold consequences for national politics well beyond the particular outcome in 1992. NES turns out be extraordinarily well-positioned to carry out this kind of study. Although the leading edge of the conflict was visible in the fall of 1990, it did not make a real impression on the general public until after the 1990 NES Post-Election Study had finished its business. This means that the 1990 NES Post-Election Study provides excellent baseline data, providing as it does in-person interviews with a representative sample of 2,000 Americans taken before the war began to hit home. The second attraction of the 1990 NES is that it does in fact supply pre-war measurements ; of opinions that are essential to understanding the electoral consequences of the Persian Gulf War. Most important for present purposes, the 1990 NES interview included detailed measures of Americans' assessments of the Bush Presidency, their attachments to the political parties, their engagement in public affairs, their opinions on foreign policy and defense related issues, as well as their initial position on U.S. policy in the Persian Gulf. In short, the timing and content of the 1990 study puts NES in a uniquely strong position to carry out a study of the electoral consequences of the Persian Gulf War. We have so far pretended that the only thing going on these days is war, a drastic simplification. President Bush also confronts problems on the domestic front: while at war in the Gulf, the national economy has slipped into recession, the federal budget continues to hemorrhage, and a great number of domestic needs go unaddressed. Moreover, these problems are intertwined. Although war is now crowding the domestic problems off the agenda, the media, members of Congress, and the general public are unlikely to remain quite so preoccupied for long. We need to know your reactions to these themes. What should the priorities be? Study Design Cost considerations require that the 1991 and 1992 waves of the panel study be conducted by telephone. Turning to the telephone, however, produces a problem: ignoring the 14 percent of the 1990 sample that is inaccessible by phone (either because the respondent doesn't have a phone, won't give us the number, or is unable to complete a telephone interview) would underrepresent the very young and the very old, non-whites, the less educated, the poor and the politically disengaged. To maintain the sample's integrity, we plan to conduct face-to-face interviews with those respondents who cannot be re-contacted by phone. We will do our best to keep panel attrition as low as possible (about 20 percent per wave). (We have already begun to track our 1990 respondents to catch those who have moved since our November interview.) Also keep in mind that there will be a fresh national sample in 1992 as part of the usual presidential election year National Election Study that will provide analysts with the leverage needed to estimate panel effects due both to repeated interviews and sample attrition. If we are able to raise the additional funds needed to carry out this study, and if all goes well with its implementation, we anticipate conducting about 1,600 reinterviews in 1991 and 1,280 reinterviews in 1992. The 1991 interview schedule will be partitioned to accommodate both questions on the electoral consequences of the war as well as the 1991 pilot work. We anticipate a 40-45 minute questionnaire. Part I, will carry questions needed for the 1990-91-92 panel study and will run for about 25-30 minutes. Because the pilot work can be sustained on a fewer number of cases, Part II of the questionnaire will be divided into three random samples. Each subsample will get a different form of the pilot questionnaire creating a total of 30-45 munutes of interview time for pilot work. (Administrative practicality mandates that the pilot questions be administered only to those respondents contacted by phone. We anticipate that each subsample will contain about 458 cases.) The fluid events in the Persian Gulf make it difficult to set the precise date on which to begin the 1991 field work. Our plan is to wait until the war is over, when its repercussions have begun to settle in a bit, when preferences are more likely to be considered and less likely to be bouncing around in response to the headlines of the day, when the post-war debate has begun -- in short a few months after the fighting is over. We suspect that interviewing will begin in early summer. However, we would greatly appreciate your advice on the timing and the post-war interview. Study Planning Committees The Board of Overseers has designated two committees to lead in the planning of the 1991 effort. Professor Mary Jackman will chair the committee responsible for setting the pilot content. Three members of the NES community -- Professors Jack Citrin, Steven Knack and Virginia Sapiro -- will join Professor Jackman and a subset of the NES Board in drafting the pilot portion of the 1991 interview schedule. A second committee, chaired by Professor David Leege, will design the portion of the 1991 questionnaire focusing on the electoral consequences of the war. The Board of Overseers has invited three scholars -- Professors Thomas W. Graham, Everett Carl Ladd, and John Mueller -- to join a subset of the Board in planning this component of the 1991 study. We welcome your comments and suggestions about the substantive themes we have identified (as well as those we may have missed) for the 1990-91-92 panel study on the electoral consequences of the war. No doubt a portion of the '91 interview schedule will re-ask questions that appeared on the '90 Post-Election Study. Suggestions about which specific items should be empaneled and what new questions might be added to the '91 wave would also be appreciated. Your suggestions should reach us by March 25 and should be mailed to: Santa Traugott National Election Studies Institute for Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, MI. 48106-1248 >> MEMBERSHIP OF THE NES BOARD OF OVERSEERS, February, 1991 Stanley Feldman State University of New York, Stony Brook Morris J. Fiorina Harvard University Mary Jackman University of California, Davis Gary Jacobson University of California, San Diego David Leege Notre Dame University Thomas Mann The Brookings Institution Douglas Rivers Stanford University John Zaller University of California, Los Angeles PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS Warren E. Miller Arizona State University Donald R. Kinder University of Michigan Steven J. Rosenstone University of Michigan STUDY STAFF Associated with the 1991 Panel/Pilot Study Santa Traugott NES Project Manager Thomas M. Ivacko Study Manager, NES Fran Eliot Research Assistant, NES Zoanne Blackburn Study Manager, SRC/Telephone Facility ATTENDEES AT THE APRIL 1991 PLANNING MEETING FOR THE 1991 NES PANEL STUDY David Leege (Chair) Notre Dame University Stanley Feldman SUNY, Stony Brook Morris J. Fiorina Harvard University Thomas W. Graham University of California, San Diego Thomas M. Ivacko NES Staff, Center for Political Studies, Univ. of Michigan Gary Jacobson University of California, San Diego Donald Kinder University of Michigan Warren Miller Arizona State Univerity John Mueller Rochester University. Doug Rivers Stanford University Steven J. Rosenstone University of Michigan Santa Traugott NES staff, Center for Political Studies, Univ. of Mich. John Zaller University of California, Los Angeles >> Original Documentation from 1992 National Election Study NOTE: the section of 1992 introductory materials "Sample Design" is not included here since the 1992 sample in its entirety is not represented in the Panel File. Note also that weight var V3008 is not applicable to the Panel file. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1992 The 1992 American National Election Study 1992 was conducted by the Center for Political Studies of the Institute for Social Research, under the general direction of Warren E. Miller, Donald R. Kinder and Steven J. Rosenstone. Santa Traugott was the Director of Studies for the National Election Studies. Giovanna Morchio was the Study Manager, overseeing the study from very early planning stages through release of the 1992 data collection. This is the twenty-second in a series of studies of American national elections produced by the Political Behavior Program of the Survey Research Center and the Center for Political Studies, and it is the eighth traditional time-series study to be conducted under the auspices of National Science Foundation Grants (SOC77-08885, SES-8341310, and SES-8808361) providing long-term support for the National Election Studies. Since 1978, the National Election Studies have been designed by a national Board of Overseers, the members of which meet several times a year to plan content and administration of the major study components. Board members during the planning of the 1992 National Election Study included: Thomas Mann, The Brookings Institution (Chair); Stanley Feldman, University of Kentucky; Morris Fiorina, Harvard University; Mary Jackman, University of California at Davis; Gary C. Jacobson, University of California, San Diego; David Leege, Notre Dame University; Douglas Rivers, Stanford University; Virginia Sapiro, University of Wisconsin; John Zaller, the University of California at Los Angeles; Warren E. Miller, Arizona State University, ex officio; Donald R. Kinder and Steven J. Rosenstone, University of Michigan, ex officio. As part of the study planning process, a special planning committee was appointed, a pilot study conducted, and stimulus letters sent to members of the scholarly community soliciting input on study plans. David Leege chaired the 1992 Study Planning Committee which included from the board Stanley Feldman, Mary Jackman, Douglas Rivers, Virginia Sapiro, and three other scholars: Paul Beck, Ohio State University; Jack Citrin, University of California at Berkeley; and Leonie Huddy, State University of New York at Stony Brook. A pilot study was carried out in June-July of 1991 for the purpose of developing new instrumentation for the 1992 Election Study. New items were tested in the area of ethnic politics, gender consciousness and social altruism. It should be noted that the 1991 Pilot Study was simultaneously the 1990-1991 Panel Study on the Political Consequences of War. Data from the 1991 Pilot Study are available through the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR 9673). Results from the pilot study (summarized in "List of 1991 Pilot Study Reports") were used by the Planning Committee in formulating recommendations to the Board about study content for the 1992 Pre- and Post-Election Surveys. Copies of the Pilot Study reports may be obtained by contacting the NES project staff. STUDY DESIGN, CONTENT AND ADMINISTRATION Study Design The 1992 National Election Study entailed both a pre-election interview and a post-election re-interview. Approximately half of the 1992 cases are comprised of empaneled respondents who were first interviewed in the 1990 National Election Study and later in the 1991 Political Consequences of War Study. The other half of the cases are a freshly drawn cross-section sample. The panel component of the study design provides an opportunity to trace how the changing fortunes of the Bush presidency, from the high levels of approval at the start of the Gulf War, through the decline after the onset of a recession, affected voting in the November 1992 presidential election. It also permits analysts to investigate the origins of the Clinton and Perot coalitions as well as changes in the public's political preferences over the two years preceding the 1992 election. Altogether, 2487 citizens were interviewed in the 9 weeks prior to the November 3, 1992 election. To permit analysis of the impact of the unfolding election campaign, a random half of the sample was released to the field on September 1 and the other half on October 1st. 1361 of the pre-election interviews were conducted with panel respondents; 1126 with cross-section respondents. In the weeks following the election, 2255 pre-election respondents were reinterviewed; 1250 panel, 1005 cross-section. Further details of the administration of the surveys are given in "Study Administration". Please note that the two components of the study, panel and cross-section, were designed to be easily used together to create a combined nationally representative sample, but a case weight -- v3008 -- should be used to compensate for differences in response rates. A separate weight -- v3009 -- should be used when panel respondents are being analyzed alone. Study Content Substantive Themes The content for the 1992 Election Study reflects its double duty, both as the traditional presidential election year time-series data collection and as a panel study. The substantive themes represented in the 1992 questionnaires include: - interest in the political campaigns; concern about the outcome; and attentiveness to the media's coverage of the campaign - information about politics - evaluation of the presidential candidates and placement of presidential candidates on various issue dimensions - partisanship and evaluations of the political parties - knowledge of, contact with, and evaluation of House candidates (including questions on how their Representative voted on the Persian Gulf War resolution and whether he/she was implicated in the House banking scandal) ; opinions on term limitations - political participation: turnout in the Presidential primaries and in the November general election; other forms of electoral campaign activity - vote choice for President, the U.S. House, and the U.S. Senate, including second choice for President - personal and national economic well-being, with particular attention to the impact of the recession - positions on social welfare issues including: social security; government health insurance; federal budget priorities, and the role of the government in the provision of jobs and good standard of living - positions on social issues including: abortion, the death penalty; prayer in the schools; the rights of homosexuals; sexual harassment and women's rights - racial and ethnic stereotypes; opinions on school integration and affirmative action; attitudes towards immigrants (particularly Hispanics and Asians); opinions on immigration policy and bilingual education - opinions about the nation's most important problem and the most important issues discussed during the local congressional campaign - political predispositions: moral traditionalism; patriotism; political efficacy; egalitarianism; individualism; trust in government; racial prejudice; and feminist consciousness - social altruism and social connectedness - assessments of U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War and of U.S. foreign policy goals - feeling thermometers on a wide range of political figures and political groups; affinity with various social groups - detailed demographic information and measures of religious affiliation and religiosity Congressional Ballot Cards, Candidate Lists, and Candidate Numbers, 1990-1992 In the usual NES Post-Election survey, and for 1992, in the Pre-Election survey as well, respondents are asked several questions about their particular Congres persons and Senators. Interviewers pre-edited questionnaires to fill in the names appropriate for the state and congressional district in which the respondent was living (or was living during the pre-election interview). Each candidate and Senator is assigned a unique number that reflects his or her incumbency status and party. (See Candidate Number master code. ) Particular questions in the survey require the insertion by the interviewer during pre-editing of the names of candidates. See, for example, post-election question B1, which includes feeling thermometers for the various candidates. The Candidate Lists used by the interviewers, which show which candidates are associated with which congressional district and with which numbers they are tagged, can be found in this codebook. Asking questions about incumbent candidates is somewhat more problematic in a year when redistricting occurred, and for the Pre-Election survey there is the additional complication that a number of states held their Congressional primaries after the Pre-Election field work had started. Further details can be found at the documentation for Pre-Election questions J10-J11. Handling of Congressional Incumbency Where Redistricting has Occurred Throughout, whenever the word "incumbent" is used, its referent is a representative who was a member of the 102nd Congress; i.e., the Congress in session prior to the November 1992 General Election. Due to redistricting as a result of the 1990 U.S. Census, any given incumbent's district for the 103rd Congress may consist of a fairly different geographical area from the area covered by the district prior to the boundary changes. Therefore, prior to 1992, the "incumbent" may or may not have been the representative for the particular piece of geography (the sample segment or census tract) in which the respondent lives. For each sample segment, we have included in the dataset its 1992 congressional district number, v3019, and its congressional district number in 1990, v3020. Bycomparing the two, it can be determined whether the "incumbent" in question was actually the respondent's incumbent prior to the 1992 general election. "Lagged" Measures Obtained from 1990 and 1991 Interviews Slightly more than half of the respondents in the 1992 study were also interviewed in 1990 and 1991. Therefore, all of the variables associated with the 1990 Post-Election Study (ICPSR 9548) and the 1991 Political Consequences of War Study (ICPSR 9673) will be made available for use as "lagged" measures. THEY ARE NOT IN THE CURRENT RELEASE OF THE DATA, BUT WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE IN TWO RELEASES TO FOLLOW SHORTLY. In the meantime, users can merge this version of the 1992 dataset with either of these two datasets by using the 1990 case identification number, v3006 in this dataset. Study Administration Pre-election Study Release of Sample To permit analysis of the impact of the unfolding election campaign and to minimize the relationship between interviews taken late in the campaign period and the difficulty of obtaining an interview, NES divided the Pre-Election study sample into two random parts. Administration of the first random half occurred between September 1 and September 30; the second half between October 1 and October 31st, with the first two days of November as "cleanup." The two part division applied to both panel and cross-section samples. Note that the study period began before Labor Day, the traditional start of the Election Studies (and Presidential campaigns). The combination of a late date for Labor Day (Sept. 7) and an early date for Election Day (Nov. 3rd) would have shortened our standard field period by about a week, which would have reduced the overall response rate. Sample "Replicates" To more closely tailor the field effort to the actual sample performance during this study, both parts of the sample (panel and cross-section) were randomly subdivided into five replicates, each of which is a proper, random subsample of the NES sample. Replicates 1 and 2 were considered the "base sample," certain to be released, with three replicates being held in reserve to be released for fieldwork October 1, 1992, if it was decided they were needed. Replicates 4 and 5 were released at that time. Survey Modes: Design and Implementation One of the administrative problems in fielding a panel study is that respondents have had an intervening period of time in which to relocate, perhaps at some remove from areas where field staff is maintained. Additionally, some of the SRC sample primary areas were replaced between 1990 and 1992, and therefore potentially some of the 1990 Election Study respondents lived in areas where SRC interviewers were no longer on staff. We estimated that between 50 and 125 respondents might have moved to areas in which SRC did not have interviewers, or might be living in their 1990 residence, in a place where SRC no longer maintained interviewing capability. (As it turned out, the total number of panel respondents that we interviewed who were "out of range" for either of these two reasons was 43.) It was our intention to interview as many panel respondents as possible, but we did not want to incur the additional costs associated with interviewer travel. Therefore, we prepared a truncated version of both Pre- and Post-Election Survey questionnaires, (the "Short-Form") to be administered over the telephone to those panel respondents who had moved out of range. Interviews, both in the Pre- and in the Post-Election surveys, were also administered over the telephone to many respondents, both panel and cross-section, who did not meet the "panel out-of-range" criteria for telephone interviewing. The mis-implementation of the design also entailed the inappropriate use of the full-length questionnaire. Table 1, below, sums up the situation. In total, 86 percent of the interviews (91 percent before the election and 81 percent of those conducted after the election) were administered as mandated by the study design: face-to-face with the full length questionnaires or by phone for those panel respondents who moved out of range. Survey Forms: Design and Implementation There were two forms of both the Pre- and the Post-Election Study questionnaire: a short form, to be administered over the phone to panel respondents who were "out of range," as described above, and a standard, or full-length questionnaire to be administered to everyone else. The questions on the short-form were a subset of those on the full length questionnaires whose 70 minutes in length was thought to be unacceptably long for telephone interview. 50 minutes worth of content was selected for the short form, both Pre- and Post-Election Suveys. The criteria for inclusion were that the questions were "core," i.e., questions part of the NES time-series, as opposed to recently piloted or topical items, or that they related to the focus of the 1991 Political Consequences of War Study. We decided not to repeat most of the demographics items for the approximately 100 panel respondents we expected would be interviewed with the short form, relying instead on their responses in the 1990 survey. Additionally, some congressional content was deleted, because of the difficulty in assigning respondents over the phone to the newly drawn congressional districts. Because we estimated the number of cases affected to be few and randomly scattered across the country, we did not design the instrument for the telephone. Except for the income question, we made no adjustments to the questionnaire for the difference in mode. In general, interviewers were expected to read response options to the respondent and to repeat them as necessary until they were clear to the respondent. All interviews with a short form questionnaire, except for Spanish language, and including "legitimate" or "out-of-range" panel respondent interviews, have been designated as partial interviews, in the result code variables for the Pre- and Post-Election Studies (v3033 and v5012). Evaluation of Problems in Study Implementation The problems mentioned above did not become fully evident until coding was virtually completed, in the last week of Feburary. At its March 1 meeting, the NES Board of Overseers, to whom these problems were reported, instructed the Principal Investigators to assess the signficance of these problems with respect to data quality. This work was carried out by the Principal Investigators and members of the Study Staff in consultation with Board members, SRC methodologists and Center for Political Studies personnel as appropriate. The findings are available in NES Technical Report No. 43, available from NE Project Staff. TABLE 1 MODE AND FORM ADMINISTRATION IN THE 1992 PRE-/POST ELECTION STUDIES Panel Respondents Mode Question- Pre- Post- naire Election Election Face-to-face(A) Full 1155 84.8% 951 76.1% Phone(B) Short 149 11.0% 186 14.9% Phone Full 57 4.2% 113 9.0% SUBTOTAL 1361 100.0% 1250 100.0% Cross Section Respondents Mode Question- Pre- Post- naire Election Election Face-to-face(C) Full 1053 93.6% 830 82.6% Phone (D) Short 5 .4% 4 .4% Phone Full 68 6.0% 171 17.0% SUBTOTAL 1126 100.0% 1005 100.0% Total Respondents Mode Question- Pre- Post- naire Election Election Face-to-face Full 2208 88.8% 1781 79.0% Phone Short 154 6.2% 190 8.4% Phone Full 125 5.0% 284 12.6% TOTAL 2487 100.0% 2255 100.0% A. The 1155 Pre-election respondents in this category include 16 Panel interviews taken F-T-F using the Spanish version of the questionnaire. B. The Pre-election respondents in this category include 1 Spanish language panel interview, taken by phone. C. The pre-election total includes 4 Spanish version questionnaires taken F-T-F. D. The 5 cases in the Pre-election category consist of 1 F-T-F and 3 Phone short-form, plus 1 Spanish language cross-section case. As the Technical Report documents in detail, the inappropriate use of the telephone and the short-form questionnaire thankfully had only a negligible impact on the quality of the 1992 data. When the short-form questionnaire was used, it of course generated missing data on those items that appeared on the full-length questionnaire but not on the short-form. But this resulted in a very slight increase (less than .05 percentage points) in the standard errors of the affected variables. The pattern of missing data (from use of the short-form questionnaire) is unrelated to the demographic or political characteristics of respondents. Instead, interviewers turned to the short form when it appeared they would have difficulty securing an interview for other reasons having to do with the field administration of the study. The same holds for use of phone instead of face-to-face interviewing. Respondents interviewed over the phone are politically indistinguishable from those interviewed face-to-face. Attributes of the study administration, not attributes of the individual respondents, are associated with the propensity of interviewers to conduct some of their interviews over the phone. Finally, although some survey questions perform differently across the two modes of interviewing, the distribution of responses and the relationship among variables are substantively the same among phone and face-to-face respondents. Response Rates The Pre-Election study response rate for the cross-section sample was 74.0%. Recalculating the response rate to eliminate 4 short-form, cross-section interviews (partials) results in a response rate of 73.7%. For the panel sample, the response (or reinterview) rate is 77.7% when partials, or short form interviews, are included, but drops to 69.2% when they are excluded. Post-Election reinterview rates are 91.8% for the panel, including partials, and 85.0% excluding the partial or short-form interviews. The cross-section Post-Election reinterview rate was 89.3% including 4 partials; 88.9% excluding them. These calculations do not differentiate between face-to-face and telephone modes of interviewing. Interview Completion Rate Table 2 lays out the number of interviews taken for each week elapsing after the Nov. 3 General Election. In 1992, 25.8% of the interviews were completed in the first two weeks after the election; 53.1% in the first four weeks. For comparison, in 1988, 55% of the interviews were taken in the first two weeks after the election, and 82% in the first four weeks. TABLE 2. NUMBER OF AND CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF INTERVIEWS TAKEN IN THE POST-ELECTION STUDY BY WEEK OF INTERVIEW DATES NUMBER OF CUMULATIVE NUMBER CUMULATIVE INTERVIEWS NUMBER OF INTERVIEWS PERCENT OF INTERVIEWS Nov. 4-Nov.10 237 237 10.5% Nov.11-Nov.17 344 581 25.8 Nov.18-Nov.24 372 953 42.3 Nov.25-Dec. 1 245 1198 53.1 Dec. 2- Dec. 8 348 1546 68.6 Dec. 9-Dec.15 278 1824 80.9 Dec.16-Dec.22 175 1999 88.7 Dec.23-Dec.29 86 2085 92.5 Dec.30-Jan. 5 125 2210 98.0 Jan. 6-Jan.1 45 2255 100.0% >> SAMPLE BALLOT CARD, 1990-1992 ΙΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝ» Ί Ί Ί BALLOT CARD Ί Ί Ί Ί Ί ΘΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΝΌ For the November General Election ================================= State: New York Congressional District: 14 Democratic Republican Party Party CANDIDATES FOR THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: Carolyn Maloney Bill Green CANDIDATES FOR THE U.S. SENATE: Robert Abrams Alfonse M. D'Amato >> 1990 CANDIDATE LISTS STATE: ALABAMA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Howell Heflin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Cabaniss Republican challenger 19. Richard C. Shelby Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Glen Browder Democratic incumbent 36. Don Sledge Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Paul R. Hubbert Democratic challenger 54. Guy Hunt Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: ALABAMA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Howell Heflin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Cabaniss Republican challenger 19. Richard C. Shelby Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Tom Bevill Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Paul R. Hubbert Democratic challenger 54. Guy Hunt Republican incumbent ========================================================================= STATE: ALABAMA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 06 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Howell Heflin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Cabaniss Republican challenger 19. Richard C. Shelby Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Ben Erdreich Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Paul R. Hubbert Democratic challenger 54. Guy Hunt Republican incumbent ========================================================================= STATE: ALABAMA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Howell Heflin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Cabaniss Republican challenger 19. Richard C. Shelby Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Claude Harris Democratic incumbent 36. Michael D. Barker Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Paul R. Hubbert Democratic challenger 54. Guy Hunt Republican incumbent ======================================================================== STATE: ARKANSAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. David Pryor Democratic incumbent 19. Dale Bumpers Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Bill Alexander Democratic incumbent 36. Terry Hayes Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Bill Clinton Democratic incumbent 56. Sheffield Nelson Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 05 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Nancy Pelosi Democratic incumbent 36. Alan Nichols Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. George Miller Democratic incumbent 36. Roger A. Payton Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 09 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican--term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Fortney H. 'Pete' Stark Democratic incumbent 36. Victor Romero Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 10 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Don Edwards Democratic incumbent 36. Mark Patrosso Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 11 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Tom Lantos Democratic incumbent 36. Bill Quraishi Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 14 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 31. Patricia Malberg Democratic candidate 32. John T. Doolittle Republican candidate 42. Norman D. Shumway Republican -- retiring (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 15 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Gary Condit Democratic incumbent 36. Cliff Burris Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 17 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Calvin Dooley Democratic challenger 34. Charles 'Chip' Pashayan, Jr. Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 18 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Richard H. Lehman Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 22 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. David Bayer Democratic challenger 34. Carlos J. Moorhead Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 24 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Henry A. Waxman Democratic incumbent 36. John N. Cowles Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 25 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Edward R. Roybal Democratic incumbent 36. Steven J. Renshaw Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 26 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Howard L. Berman Democratic incumbent 36. Roy Dahlson Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 27 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Mel Levine Democratic incumbent 36. David Barrett Cohen Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 29 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 31. Maxine Waters Democratic candidate 32. Bill DeWitt Republican candidate 41. Augustus F. 'Gus' Hawkins Democratic -- retiring C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 30 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Matthew G. Martinez Democratic incumbent 36. Reuben D. Franco Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 33 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Georgia Houston Webb Democratic challenger 34. David Dreier Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 34 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Esteban E. Torres Democratic incumbent 36. John Eastman Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 38 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Barbara Jackson Democratic challenger 34. Robert K. Dornan Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 40 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Eugene C. Gratz Democratic challenger 34. C. Christopher Cox Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 42 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Guy C. Kimbrough Democratic challenger 34. Dana Rohrabacher Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: CALIFORNIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 43 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Alan Cranston Democratic -- term not up 18. Pete Wilson Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 34. Ron Packard Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Dianne Feinstein Democratic candidate 52. Pete Wilson Republican candidate 62. George Deukmejian Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: COLORADO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 11. Josie Heath Democratic candidate 12. Hank Brown Republican candidate 19. Timothy E. Wirth Democratic -- term not up 22. William L. Armstrong Republican -- retiring (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Patricia Schroeder Democratic incumbent 36. Gloria Gonzales Roemer Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Roy R. Romer Democratic incumbent 56. John Andrews Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: COLORADO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 02 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 11. Josie Heath Democratic candidate 12. Hank Brown Republican candidate 19. Timothy E. Wirth Democratic -- term not up 22. William L. Armstrong Republican -- retiring (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. David E. Skaggs Democratic incumbent 36. Jason Lewis Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Roy R. Romer Democratic incumbent 56. John Andrews Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: COLORADO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 06 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 11. Josie Heath Democratic candidate 12. Hank Brown Republican candidate 19. Timothy E. Wirth Democratic -- term not up 22. William L. Armstrong Republican -- retiring (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Don Jarrett Democratic challenger 34. Dan Schaefer Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Roy R. Romer Democratic incumbent 56. John Andrews Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: CONNECTICUT CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Christopher J. Dodd Democratic -- term not up 27. Joseph I. Lieberman Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 31. Rosa DeLauro Democratic candidate 32. Thomas Scott Republican candidate 41. Bruce Morrison Democratic -- retiring (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 50. Lowell Weicker Independent candidate 51. Bruce Morrison Democratic candidate 52. John Rowland Republican candidate 61. William A. O'Neill Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: FLORIDA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 10 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Bob Graham Democratic -- term not up 18. Connie Mack III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 34. Andy Ireland Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Lawton Chiles Democratic challenger 54. Bob Martinez Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: FLORIDA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 16 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Bob Graham Democratic -- term not up 18. Connie Mack III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Lawrence J. Smith Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Lawton Chiles Democratic challenger 54. Bob Martinez Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: FLORIDA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 18 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Bob Graham Democratic -- term not up 18. Connie Mack III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Bernard Anscher Democratic challenger 34. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Lawton Chiles Democratic challenger 54. Bob Martinez Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: FLORIDA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 19 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Bob Graham Democratic -- term not up 18. Connie Mack III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Dante B. Fascell Democratic incumbent 36. Bob Allen Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Lawton Chiles Democratic challenger 54. Bob Martinez Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: GEORGIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Sam Nunn Democratic incumbent 19. Wyche Fowler Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Lindsay Thomas Democratic incumbent 36. Chris Meredith Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Zell Miller Democratic candidate 52. Johnny Isakson Republican candidate 61. Joe Frank Harris Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: GEORGIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Sam Nunn Democratic incumbent 19. Wyche Fowler Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Richard Ray Democratic incumbent 36. Paul Broun Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Zell Miller Democratic candidate 52. Johnny Isakson Republican candidate 61. Joe Frank Harris Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: IOWA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Tom Harkin Democratic incumbent 16. Tom Tauke Republican challenger 29. Charles E. Grassley Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Neal Smith Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Donald D. Avenson Democratic challenger 54. Terry E. Branstad Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: ILLINOIS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Paul Simon Democratic incumbent 16. Lynn M. Martin Republican challenger 19. Alan J. Dixon Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Marty Russo Democratic incumbent 36. Carl L. Klein Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Neil F. Hartigan Democratic candidate 52. Jim Edgar Republican candidate 62. James R. Thompson Republican -- retiring ========================================================================= STATE: ILLINOIS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Paul Simon Democratic incumbent 16. Lynn M. Martin Republican challenger 19. Alan J. Dixon Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. George E. Sangmeister Democratic incumbent 36. Manny Hoffman Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Neil F. Hartigan Democratic candidate 52. Jim Edgar Republican candidate 62. James R. Thompson Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: ILLINOIS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Paul Simon Democratic incumbent 16. Lynn M. Martin Republican challenger 19. Alan J. Dixon Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Cardiss Collins Democratic incumbent 36. Michael Dooley Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Neil F. Hartigan Democratic candidate 52. Jim Edgar Republican candidate 62. James R. Thompson Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: ILLINOIS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 08 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Paul Simon Democratic incumbent 16. Lynn M. Martin Republican challenger 19. Alan J. Dixon Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Dan Rostenkowski Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Neil F. Hartigan Democratic candidate 52. Jim Edgar Republican candidate 62. James R. Thompson Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: ILLINOIS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 13 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Paul Simon Democratic incumbent 16. Lynn M. Martin Republican challenger 19. Alan J. Dixon Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. John L. Grandin Democratic challenger 34. Harris W. Fawell Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Neil F. Hartigan Democratic candidate 52. Jim Edgar Republican candidate 62. James R. Thompson Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: ILLINOIS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 14 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Paul Simon Democratic incumbent 16. Lynn M. Martin Republican challenger 19. Alan J. Dixon Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Donald J. Westphal Democratic challenger 34. Dennis Hastert Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Neil F. Hartigan Democratic candidate 52. Jim Edgar Republican candidate 62. James R. Thompson Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: ILLINOIS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 22 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Paul Simon Democratic incumbent 16. Lynn M. Martin Republican challenger 19. Alan J. Dixon Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Glenn Poshard Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Neil F. Hartigan Democratic candidate 52. Jim Edgar Republican candidate 62. James R. Thompson Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: INDIANA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Daniel R. Coats Republican incumbent 15. Baron P. Hill Democratic challenger 29. Richard G. Lugar Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Jill Long Democratic incumbent 36. Richard W. 'Rick' Hawks Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. Evan Bayh Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: KANSAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Nancy Landon Kassebaum Republican incumbent 15. Dick Williams Democratic challenger 29. Robert Dole Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Duane West Democratic challenger 34. Pat Roberts Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Joan Finney Democratic challenger 54. Mike Hayden Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: MASSACHUSETTS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 05 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16. Jim Rappaport Republican challenger 19. Edward 'Ted' Kennedy Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Chester G. Atkins Democratic incumbent 36. John F. MacGovern Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. John Silber Democratic candidate 52. William F. Weld Republican candidate 61. Michael Dukakis Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: MASSACHUSETTS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 06 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16. Jim Rappaport Republican challenger 19. Edward 'Ted' Kennedy Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Nicholas Mavroules Democratic incumbent 36. Edgar L. Kelley Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. John Silber Democratic candidate 52. William F. Weld Republican candidate 61. Michael Dukakis Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: MASSACHUSETTS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16. Jim Rappaport Republican challenger 19. Edward 'Ted' Kennedy Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Edward J. Markey Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. John Silber Democratic candidate 52. William F. Weld Republican candidate 61. Michael Dukakis Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: MASSACHUSETTS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 08 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16. Jim Rappaport Republican challenger 19. Edward 'Ted' Kennedy Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Joseph P. Kennedy II Democratic incumbent 36. Glenn W. Fiscus Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. John Silber Democratic candidate 52. William F. Weld Republican candidate 61. Michael Dukakis Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: MASSACHUSETTS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 09 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16. Jim Rappaport Republican challenger 19. Edward 'Ted' Kennedy Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Joe Moakley Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. John Silber Democratic candidate 52. William F. Weld Republican candidate 61. Michael Dukakis Democratic -- retiring ============================================================================== STATE: MARYLAND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 02 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Barbara A. Mikulski Democratic -- term not up 27. Paul S. Sarbanes Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Ronald P. Bowers Democratic challenger 34. Helen Delich Bentley Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. William Donald Schaefer Democratic incumbent 56. William S. Shepard Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MARYLAND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Barbara A. Mikulski Democratic -- term not up 27. Paul S. Sarbanes Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Benjamin L. Cardin Democratic incumbent 36. Harwood Nichols Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. William Donald Schaefer Democratic incumbent 56. William S. Shepard Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MARYLAND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Barbara A. Mikulski Democratic -- term not up 27. Paul S. Sarbanes Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Tom McMillen Democratic incumbent 36. Robert P. Duckworth Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. William Donald Schaefer Democratic incumbent 56. William S. Shepard Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MARYLAND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 06 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Barbara A. Mikulski Democratic -- term not up 27. Paul S. Sarbanes Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Beverly B. Byron Democratic incumbent 36. Christopher P. Fiotes, Jr. Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. William Donald Schaefer Democratic incumbent 56. William S. Shepard Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MARYLAND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Barbara A. Mikulski Democratic -- term not up 27. Paul S. Sarbanes Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Kweisi Mfume Democratic incumbent 36. Kenneth Kondner Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. William Donald Schaefer Democratic incumbent 56. William S. Shepard Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MICHIGAN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 05 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Schuette Republican challenger 19. Donald Riegle Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Thomas Trzybinski Democratic challenger 34. Paul B. Henry Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. James J. Blanchard Democratic incumbent 56. John Engler Republican challenger ========================================================================= STATE: MICHIGAN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 08 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Schuette Republican challenger 19. Donald Riegle Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Bob Traxler Democratic incumbent 36. James White Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. James J. Blanchard Democratic incumbent 56. John Engler Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MICHIGAN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 09 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Schuette Republican challenger 19. Donald Riegle Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Geraldine Greene Democratic challenger 34. Guy Vander Jagt Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. James J. Blanchard Democratic incumbent 56. John Engler Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MICHIGAN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 12 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Schuette Republican challenger 19. Donald Riegle Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. David E. Bonior Democratic incumbent 36. Jim Dingeman Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. James J. Blanchard Democratic incumbent 56. John Engler Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MICHIGAN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 13 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Schuette Republican challenger 19. Donald Riegle Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 31. Barbara-Rose Collins Democratic candidate 32. Carl R. Edwards, Sr. Republican candidate 41. George W. Crockett, Jr. Democratic -- retiring (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. James J. Blanchard Democratic incumbent 56. John Engler Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MICHIGAN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 16 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Schuette Republican challenger 19. Donald Riegle Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. John D. Dingell Democratic incumbent 36. Frank Beaumont Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. James J. Blanchard Democratic incumbent 56. John Engler Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MICHIGAN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 18 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16. Bill Schuette Republican challenger 19. Donald Riegle Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Walter O. Briggs IV Democratic challenger 34. William S. Broomfield Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. James J. Blanchard Democratic incumbent 56. John Engler Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MINNESOTA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Rudy Boschwitz Republican incumbent 15. Paul Wellstone Democratic challenger 29. David Durenberger Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Timothy J. Penny Democratic incumbent 36. Doug Andersen Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Rudy Perpich Democratic incumbent 56. Arne Carlson Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: MISSOURI CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Christopher 'Kit' Bond Republican -- term not up 28. John C. Danforth Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. William L. 'Bill' Clay Democratic incumbent 36. Wayne G. Piotrowski Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 58. John Ashcroft Republican -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: MISSOURI CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 02 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Christopher 'Kit' Bond Republican -- term not up 28. John C. Danforth Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Joan Kelly Horn Democratic challenger 34. Jack Buechner Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 58. John Ashcroft Republican -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: MISSOURI CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Christopher 'Kit' Bond Republican -- term not up 28. John C. Danforth Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Richard A. Gephardt Democratic incumbent 36. Malcolm L. Holekamp Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 58. John Ashcroft Republican -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: MISSOURI CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 09 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Christopher (Kit) Bond Republican -- term not up 28. John C. Danforth Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Harold L. Volkmer Democratic incumbent 36. Don Curtis Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 58. John Ashcroft Republican -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: NORTH CAROLINA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Jesse Helms Republican incumbent 15. Harvey B. Gantt Democratic challenger 19. Terry Sanford Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Charlie Rose Democratic incumbent 36. Robert C. Anderson Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 58. James G. 'Jim' Martin Republican -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: NEW HAMPSHIRE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 11. John A. Durkin Democratic candidate 12. Robert C. Smith Republican candidate 22. Gordon J. Humphrey Republican -- retiring 29. Warren Rudman Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 31. Joseph F. Keefe Democratic candidate 32. Bill Zeliff Republican candidate 42. Robert C. Smith Republican -- retiring (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. J. Joseph Grandmaison Democratic challenger 54. Judd Gregg Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: NEW JERSEY CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Bill Bradley Democratic incumbent 16. Christine Todd Whitman Republican challenger 19. Frank Lautenberg Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 31. Robert E. Andrews Democratic candidate 32. Daniel J. Mangini Republican candidate (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. James J. Florio Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: NEW JERSEY CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 02 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Bill Bradley Democratic incumbent 16. Christine Todd Whitman Republican challenger 19. Frank Lautenberg Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. William J. Hughes Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. James J. Florio Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 06 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Floyd H. Flake Democratic incumbent 36. William Sampol Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Gary L. Ackerman Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 10 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Charles E. Schumer Democratic incumbent 36. Patrick J. Kinsella Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 11 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Ed Towns Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 12 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Major R. Owens Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 15 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Frances L. Reiter Democratic challenger 34. Bill Green Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 17 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Ted Weiss Democratic incumbent 36. William W. Koeppel Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 18 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Jose E. Serrano Democratic incumbent 36. Joseph Chiavaro Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 19 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Eliot L. Engel Democratic incumbent 36. William J. Gouldman Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 20 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Nita M. Lowey Democratic incumbent 36. Glenn D. Belitto Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 22 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. John G. Dow Democratic challenger 34. Benjamin A. Gilman Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 31 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Kevin P. Gaughan Democratic challenger 34. Bill Paxon Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 32 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. John J. LaFalce Democratic incumbent 36. Michael T. Waring Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 33 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Henry J. Nowak Democratic incumbent 36. Thomas K. Kepfer Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: NEW YORK CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 34 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic -- term not up 18. Alfonse M. D'Amato Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Joseph P. Leahey Democratic challenger 34. Amo Houghton Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mario M. Cuomo Democratic incumbent 56. Pierre A. Rinfret Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: OHIO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. John H. Glenn Democratic -- term not up 27. Howard M. Metzenbaum Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Tony P. Hall Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Anthony J. Celebrezze, Jr Democratic candidate 52. George V. Voinovich Republican candidate 61. Richard F. Celeste Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: OHIO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 06 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. John H. Glenn Democratic -- term not up 27. Howard M. Metzenbaum Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Ray Mitchell Democratic challenger 34. Bob McEwen Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Anthony J. Celebrezze, Jr Democratic candidate 52. George V. Voinovich Republican candidate 61. Richard F. Celeste Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: OHIO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. John H. Glenn Democratic -- term not up 27. Howard M. Metzenbaum Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 31. Jack Schira Democratic candidate 32. David L. Hobson Republican candidate 42. Michael DeWine Republican -- retiring (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Anthony J. Celebrezze, Jr Democratic candidate 52. George V. Voinovich Republican candidate 61. Richard F. Celeste Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: OHIO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 08 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. John H. Glenn Democratic -- term not up 27. Howard M. Metzenbaum Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 31. Gregory V. Jolivette Democratic candidate 32. John A. Boehner Republican candidate 42. Donald E. 'Buz' Lukens Republican -- retiring (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Anthony J. Celebrezze, Jr Democratic candidate 52. George V. Voinovich Republican candidate 61. Richard F. Celeste Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: OHIO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 18 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. John H. Glenn Democratic -- term not up 27. Howard M. Metzenbaum Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Doug Applegate Democratic incumbent 36. John A. Hales Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Anthony J. Celebrezze, Jr Democratic candidate 52. George V. Voinovich Republican candidate 61. Richard F. Celeste Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: OREGON CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Mark O. Hatfield Republican incumbent 15. Harry Lonsdale Democratic challenger 29. Robert W. 'Bob' Packwood Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Peter A. DeFazio Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Barbara Roberts Democratic candidate 52. Dave Frohnmayer Republican candidate 61. Neil Goldschmidt Democratic -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Thomas M. Foglietta Democratic incumbent 36. James Love Jackson Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. John Innelli Democratic challenger 34. Curt Weldon Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 08 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Peter H. Kostmayer Democratic incumbent 36. Audrie Zettick Schaller Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 12 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. John P. Murtha Democratic incumbent 36. Willeam Choby Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 13 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Bernard Tomkin Democratic challenger 34. Lawrence Coughlin Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 14 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. William J. Coyne Democratic incumbent 36. Richard Edward Caligiuri Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 18 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Doug Walgren Democratic incumbent 36. Rick Santorum Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 20 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Joseph M. Gaydos Democratic incumbent 36. Robert C. Lee Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: PENNSYLVANIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 22 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 18. Arlen Specter Republican -- term not up 28. H. John Heinz III Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Austin J. Murphy Democratic incumbent 36. Suzanne Hayden Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Robert P. Casey Democratic incumbent 56. Barbara Hafer Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: TENNESSEE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 02 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Al Gore Democratic incumbent 16. William R. Hawkins Republican challenger 19. James R. 'Jim' Sasser Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 34. John 'Jimmy' Duncan, Jr. Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Ned McWherter Democratic incumbent 56. Dwight Henry Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: TENNESSEE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Al Gore Democratic incumbent 16. William R. Hawkins Republican challenger 19. James R. 'Jim' Sasser Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Marilyn Lloyd Democratic incumbent 36. Grady L. Rhoden Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Ned McWherter Democratic incumbent 56. Dwight Henry Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: TENNESSEE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. Al Gore Democratic incumbent 16. William R. Hawkins Republican challenger 19. James R. 'Jim' Sasser Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Jim Cooper Democratic incumbent 36. Claiborne 'Clay' Sanders Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Ned McWherter Democratic incumbent 56. Dwight Henry Republican challenger ========================================================================== STATE: TEXAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 08 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Phil Gramm Republican incumbent 15. Hugh Parmer Democratic challenger 19. Lloyd Bentsen Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 34. Jack Fields Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Ann Richards Democratic candidate 52. Clayton Williams Republican candidate 62. William (Bill) Clements Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: TEXAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 15 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Phil Gramm Republican incumbent 15. Hugh Parmer Democratic challenger 19. Lloyd Bentsen Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. E. 'Kika' De La Garza Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Ann Richards Democratic candidate 52. Clayton Williams Republican candidate 62. William 'Bill' Clements Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: TEXAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 18 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Phil Gramm Republican incumbent 15. Hugh Parmer Democratic challenger 19. Lloyd Bentsen Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Craig Washington Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Ann Richards Democratic candidate 52. Clayton Williams Republican candidate 62. William 'Bill' Clements Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: TEXAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 19 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Phil Gramm Republican incumbent 15. Hugh Parmer Democratic challenger 19. Lloyd Bentsen Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 34. Larry Combest Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Ann Richards Democratic candidate 52. Clayton Williams Republican candidate 62. William 'Bill' Clements Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: TEXAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 22 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Phil Gramm Republican incumbent 15. Hugh Parmer Democratic challenger 19. Lloyd Bentsen Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Bruce Director Democratic challenger 34. Tom DeLay Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Ann Richards Democratic candidate 52. Clayton Williams Republican candidate 62. William (Bill) Clements Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: TEXAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 25 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Phil Gramm Republican incumbent 15. Hugh Parmer Democratic challenger 19. Lloyd Bentsen Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Michael A. Andrews Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 51. Ann Richards Democratic candidate 52. Clayton Williams Republican candidate 62. William (Bill) Clements Republican -- retiring ========================================================================== STATE: VIRGINIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 03 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. John W. Warner Republican incumbent 19. Charles S. Robb Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Jay Starke Democratic challenger 34. Thomas J. Bliley, Jr. Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. L. Douglas Wilder Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: VIRGINIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. John W. Warner Republican incumbent 19. Charles S. Robb Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Norman Sisisky Democratic incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. L. Douglas Wilder Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: WASHINGTON CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Brock Adams Democratic -- term not up 18. Slade Gorton Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Cynthia Sullivan Democratic challenger 34. John Miller Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. William Booth Gardner Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: WASHINGTON CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 02 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Brock Adams Democratic -- term not up 18. Slade Gorton Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Al Swift Democratic incumbent 36. Doug Smith Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. William Booth Gardner Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: WASHINGTON CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 07 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Brock Adams Democratic -- term not up 18. Slade Gorton Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Jim McDermott Democratic incumbent 36. Larry Penberthy Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. William Booth Gardner Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: WASHINGTON CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 08 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Brock Adams Democratic -- term not up 18. Slade Gorton Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. David E. Giles Democratic challenger 34. Rod Chandler Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. William Booth Gardner Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: WISCONSIN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 04 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Herbert H. Kohl Democratic -- term not up 18. Robert W. Kasten Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Gerald D. Kleczka Democratic incumbent 36. Joseph L. Cook Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Thomas Loftus Democratic challenger 54. Tommy G. Thompson Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: WISCONSIN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 05 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Herbert H. Kohl Democratic -- term not up 18. Robert W. Kasten Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Jim Moody Democratic incumbent 36. Donalda Arnell Hammersmith Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Thomas Loftus Democratic challenger 54. Tommy G. Thompson Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: WISCONSIN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 09 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 17. Herbert H. Kohl Democratic -- term not up 18. Robert W. Kasten Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 34. F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 55. Thomas Loftus Democratic challenger 54. Tommy G. Thompson Republican incumbent ========================================================================== STATE: WEST VIRGINIA CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 13. John 'Jay' Rockefeller Democratic incumbent 16. John Yoder Republican challenger 19. Robert C. Byrd Democratic -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 33. Alan B. Mollohan Democratic incumbent 36. Howard K. Tuck Republican challenger (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 57. Gaston Caperton Democratic -- term not up ========================================================================== STATE: WYOMING CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: 01 (A) NAMES FOR U.S. SENATE 14. Alan K. Simpson Republican incumbent 15. Kathy Helling Democratic challenger 29. Malcolm Wallop Republican -- term not up (B) NAMES FOR U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 35. Pete Maxfield Democratic challenger 34. Craig Thomas Republican incumbent (C) NAMES FOR STATE GOVERNOR 53. Mike Sullivan Democratic incumbent 56. Mary Mead Republican challenger >> 1991 LIST OF OFFICEHOLDERS List of Senators and Representatives By ICPSR State Code, with Gulf War Vote, Authorizing Use of Force in the Persian Gulf (Senate Joint Resolution 2 and House Joint Resolution 77, January 12, 1991) (Y) = Vote for use of force (N) = Vote against use of force ICPSR STATE CD Senator #1 Senator #2 Representative 1 03 Joseph Lieberman (Y) Christopher Dodd (N) Rosa DeLauro (N) 3 05 Edward Kennedy (N) John Kerry (N) Chester Atkins (N) 3 06 Edward Kennedy (N) John Kerry (N) Nicholas Mavroules (N) 3 07 Edward Kennedy (N) John Kerry (N) Edward Markey (N) 3 08 Edward Kennedy (N) John Kerry (N) Joseph Kennedy (N) 3 09 Edward Kennedy (N) John Kerry (N) Joe Moakley (N) 4 01 Robert Smith (Y) Warren Rudman (Y) Bill Zeliff (Y) 12 01 Frank Lautenberg (N) Bill Bradley (N) Robert Andrews (N) 12 02 Frank Lautenberg (N) Bill Bradley (N) William Hughes (Y) 13 06 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Floyd Flake (N) 13 07 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Gary Ackerman (Y) 13 10 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Charles Schumer (N) 13 11 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Edolphus Towns (N) 13 15 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Bill Green (Y) 13 17 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Ted Weiss (N) 13 18 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Jose Serrano (N) 13 19 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Elliot Engel (Y) 13 20 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Nita Lowey (N) 13 22 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Benjamin Gilman (Y) 13 31 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Bill Paxon (Y) 13 32 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) John LaFalce (N) 13 33 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Henry Nowak (N) 13 34 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (N) Alfonse D'Amato (Y) Amo Houghton (Y) 14 01 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) Thomas Foglietta (N) 14 07 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) Curt Weldon (Y) 14 08 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) Peter Kostmayer (N) 14 12 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) John Murtha (Y) 14 13 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) Lawrence Coughlin (Y) 14 14 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) William Coyne (N) 14 18 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) Rick Santorum (Y) 14 20 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) Joseph Gaydos (N) 14 22 John Heinz/Harris Wofford (Y) Arlen Specter (Y) Austin Murphy (N) 21 03 Paul Simon (N) Alan Dixon (N) Marty Russo (N) 21 04 Paul Simon (N) Alan Dixon (N) George Sangmeister (N) 21 07 Paul Simon (N) Alan Dixon (N) Cardiss Collins (N) ICPSR STATE CD Senator #1 Senator #2 Representative 21 08 Paul Simon (N) Alan Dixon (N) Dan Rostenkowski (Y) 21 13 Paul Simon (N) Alan Dixon (N) Harris Fawell (Y) 21 14 Paul Simon (N) Alan Dixon (N) Dennis Hastert (Y) 21 22 Paul Simon (N) Alan Dixon (N) Glenn Poshard (N) 22 04 Richard Lugar (Y) Dan Coats (Y) Jill Long (N) 23 05 Donald Riegle (N) Carl Levin (N) Paul Henry (Y) 23 08 Donald Riegle (N) Carl Levin (N) Bob Traxler (N) 23 09 Donald Riegle (N) Carl Levin (N) Guy Vander Jagt (Y) 23 12 Donald Riegle (N) Carl Levin (N) David Bonier (N) 23 13 Donald Riegle (N) Carl Levin (N) Barbara-Rose Collins (N) 23 16 Donald Riegle (N) Carl Levin (N) John Dingell (Y) 23 18 Donald Riegle (N) Carl Levin (N) William Broomfield (Y) 24 03 Howard Metzenbaum (N) John Glenn (N) Tony Hall (N) 24 06 Howard Metzenbaum (N) John Glenn (N) Bob McEwen (Y) 24 07 Howard Metzenbaum (N) John Glenn (N) David Hobson (Y) 24 08 Howard Metzenbaum (N) John Glenn (N) John Boehner (Y) 24 18 Howard Metzenbaum (N) John Glenn (N) Douglas Applegate (N) 25 04 Herbert Kohl (N) Robert Kasten (Y) Kleczka (N) 25 05 Herbert Kohl (N) Robert Kasten (Y) Jim Moody (N) 25 09 Herbert Kohl (N) Robert Kasten (Y) James Sensenbrenner (Y) 31 04 Tom Harkin (N) Charles Grassley (N) Neal Smith (N) 32 01 Nancy Landon Kassebaum (Y) Bob Dole (Y) Pat Roberts (Y) 33 01 David Durenberger (Y) Paul Wellstone (N) Timothy Penny (N) 34 01 John Danforth (Y) Christopher Bond (Y) William Clay (N) 34 02 John Danforth (Y) Christopher Bond (Y) Joan Kelly Horn (N) 34 03 John Danforth (Y) Christopher Bond (Y) Richard Gephardt (N) 34 09 John Danforth (Y) Christopher Bond (Y) Harold Volkmer (Y) 40 03 Charles Robb (Y) John Warner (Y) Thomas Bliley (Y) 40 04 Charles Robb (Y) John Warner (Y) Norman Sisisky (Y) 41 03 Howell Heflin (Y) Richard Shelby (Y) Glen Browder (Y) 41 04 Howell Heflin (Y) Richard Shelby (Y) Tom Bevill (Y) 41 06 Howell Heflin (Y) Richard Shelby (Y) Ben Erdreich (Y) 41 07 Howell Heflin (Y) Richard Shelby (Y) Claude Harris (Y) 42 01 David Pryor (N) Dale Bumpers (N) Bill Alexander (N) 43 10 Connie Mack (Y) Bob Graham (Y) Andy Ireland (Y) 43 16 Connie Mack (Y) Bob Graham (Y) Lawrence Smith (N) 43 18 Connie Mack (Y) Bob Graham (Y) Ileana Ros-Lehtine (Y) 43 19 Connie Mack (Y) Bob Graham (Y) Dante Fascell (Y) 44 01 Sam Nunn (N) Wyche Fowler (N) Lindsay Thomas (Y) 44 03 Sam Nunn (N) Wyche Fowler (N) Richard Ray (Y) 47 07 Jesse Helms (Y) Terry Sanford (N) Charlie Rose (N) 49 08 Lloyd Bentsen (N) Phil Gramm (Y) Jack Fields (Y) 49 15 Lloyd Bentsen (N) Phil Gramm (Y) Kika De La Garza (Y) 49 18 Lloyd Bentsen (N) Phil Gramm (Y) Craig Washington (N) ICPSR STATE CD Senator #1 Senator #2 Representative 49 19 Lloyd Bentsen (N) Phil Gramm (Y) Larry Combest (Y) 49 22 Lloyd Bentsen (N) Phil Gramm (Y) Tom DeLay (Y) 49 25 Lloyd Bentsen (N) Phil Gramm (Y) Michael Andrews (Y) 52 02 Paul Sarbanes (N) Barbara Mikulski (N) Helen Delich Bentley (Y) 52 03 Paul Sarbanes (N) Barbara Mikulski (N) Benjamin Cardin (N) 52 04 Paul Sarbanes (N) Barbara Mikulski (N) Tom McMillen (Y) 52 06 Paul Sarbanes (N) Barbara Mikulski (N) Beverly Byron (Y) 52 07 Paul Sarbanes (N) Barbara Mikulski (N) Kweisi Mfume (N) 54 02 James Sasser (N) Al Gore (Y) John 'Jimmy' Duncan (Y) 54 03 James Sasser (N) Al Gore (Y) Marylin Lloyd (Y) 54 04 James Sasser (N) Al Gore (Y) Jim Cooper (Y) 56 01 Robert Byrd (N) John 'Jay' Rockefeller (N) Alan Mollohan (Y) 62 01 Hank Brown (Y) Timothy Wirth (N) Patricia Schroeder (N) 62 02 Hank Brown (Y) Timothy Wirth (N) David Skaggs (N) 62 06 Hank Brown (Y) Timothy Wirth (N) Dan Scheaffer (Y) 68 98 Malcolm Wallop (Y) Alan Simpson (Y) Craig Thomas (Y) 71 05 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Nancy Pelosi (N) 71 07 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) George Miller (N) 71 09 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Pete Stark (N) 71 10 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Don Edwards (N) 71 11 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Tom Lantos (Y) 71 14 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) John Doolittle (Y) 71 15 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Gary Condit (Y) 71 17 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Calvin Dooley (N) 71 18 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Richard Lehman (Y) 71 22 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Carlos Moorhead (Y) 71 24 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Henry Waxman (N) 71 25 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Edward Roybal (N) 71 26 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Howard Berman (Y) 71 27 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Mel Levine (Y) 71 29 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Maxine Waters (N) 71 30 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Matthew Martinez (N) 71 33 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) David Dreier (Y) 71 34 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Estaban Torres (N) 71 38 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Robert Dornan (Y) 71 40 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Christopher Cox (Y) 71 42 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Dana Rohrabacher (Y) 71 43 John Seymour (Y) Alan Cranston (No Vote) Ron Packard (Y) 72 04 Mark Hatfield (N) Bob Packwood (Y) Peter DeFazio (N) 73 01 Slade Gorton (Y) Brock Adams (N) John Miller (Y) 73 02 Slade Gorton (Y) Brock Adams (N) Al Swift (N) 73 07 Slade Gorton (Y) Brock Adams (N) Jim McDermott (N) 73 08 Slade Gorton (Y) Brock Adams (N) Rod Chandler (Y) >> 1992 STATE PRIMARY BALLOT CARDS BALLOT CARD FOR ALABAMA Candidates for the June 2nd Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Other Uncommitted Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR ARIZONA Candidates for the March 7th Caucus March 7th Caucus Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. No Caucus, or Primary Bill Clinton Tom Harkin Paul Tsongas Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR ARKANSAS Candidates for the May 26th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Lyndon H. LaRouche H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR CALIFORNIA Candidates for the June 2nd Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Unc/Other BALLOT CARD FOR COLORADO Candidates for the March 3rd Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Tom Harkin Other Bob Kerry Paul E. Tsongas Others/Unc BALLOT CARD FOR CONNECTICUT Candidates for the March 24th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas David Duke Other Uncommitted Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR FLORIDA Candidates for the March 10th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. George Bush Bill Clinton Patrick J. Buchanan Tom Harkin Paul E. Tsongas Other BALLOT CARD FOR GEORGIA Candidates for the March 3rd Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Tom Harkin Bob Kerry Paul E. Tsongas Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR ILLINOIS Candidates for the March 17th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas Others Uncommitted Others BALLOT CARD FOR INDIANA Candidates for the May 5th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Bob Kerrey Paul E. Tsongas BALLOT CARD FOR IOWA Candidates for the February 10th Caucus Democrats Republicans ------------ -------------- Edmund G. Brown Jr. George Bush Bill Clinton Uncommitted Tom Harkin Bob Kerrey Paul E. Tsongas Others Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR KANSAS Candidates for the April 7th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas David Duke Others Others Uncommitted Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR KENTUCKY Candidates for the May 26th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. George Bush Bill Clinton Uncommitted Paul E. Tsongas H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Others Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR LOUISIANA Candidates for the March 10th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Pat Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Tom Harkin David Duke Paul E. Tsongas Other Other BALLOT CARD FOR MARYLAND Candidates for the March 3rd Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Tom Harkin Bob Kerry Paul E. Tsongas Others BALLOT CARD FOR MASSACHUSETTS Candidates for the March 10th Primary Democrats Republicans -------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Pat Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Tom Harkin David Duke Paul E. Tsongas Other Other Uncommitted Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR MICHIGAN Candidates for the March 17th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Tom Harkin David Duke Bob Kerry Uncommitted Paul E. Tsongas Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR MINNESOTA Candidates for the April 7th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas Harold E. Stassen Uncommitted/Others Uncommitted/Others BALLOT CARD FOR MISSOURI March 10th Caucus April 14th Caucus Democrats Republicans ------------ -------------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. George Bush Bill Clinton Pat Buchanan Paul E. Tsongas Uncommitted Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR NEBRASKA Candidates for the May 12th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown, Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas David Duke H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Other Other Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR NEW HAMPSHIRE Candidates for the February 18th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. Brown Jr. George Bush Bill Clinton Patrick J. Buchanan Tom Harkin Jim Lennane Bob Kerrey Bill Clinton (Write-in) Tom Laughlin Ralph Nader (Write-in) Paul E. Tsongas Paul E. Tsongas (Write-in) Charles Woods (Others) Mario M. Cuomo (Write-in) Ralph Nader (Write-in) Others BALLOT CARD FOR NEW JERSEY Candidates for the June 2nd Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Unc/Other BALLOT CARD FOR NEW MEXICO Candidates for the June 2nd Primary Democrats Republican --------- ---------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Uncommitted Unc/other BALLOT CARD FOR NEW YORK Candidates for the April 7th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown No Primary Bill Clinton Paul E. Tsongas Others BALLOT CARD FOR NORTH CAROLINA Candidates for the May 5th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas No Preference Others No Preference BALLOT CARD FOR OHIO Candidates for the June 2nd Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Unc/Other BALLOT CARD FOR OREGON Candidates for the May 19th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas David Duke H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Others BALLOT CARD FOR PENNSYLVANIA Democrats: April 28th Primary Reps: April 28th Caucus ----------------------------- ----------------------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas Others BALLOT CARD FOR TENNESSEE Candidates for the March 10th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Pat Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Tom Harkin David Duke Paul E. Tsongas Uncommitted Other Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR TEXAS Candidates for the March 10th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Pat Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Tom Harkin David Duke Paul E. Tsongas Other Other BALLOT CARD FOR VIRGINIA Democrats: Apr. 11, 13 Caucuses Republicans: No Caucus ------------------------------ ------------------------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Bill Clinton Uncommitted BALLOT CARD FOR WASHINGTON Candidates for the May 19th Primary Democrats Republicans ---------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas David Duke H. Ross Perot (write-in) Steven Michael Others H. Ross Perot (write-in) BALLOT CARD FOR WEST VIRGINIA Candidates for the May 12th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Angus McDonald Jack Fellure Paul E. Tsongas H. Ross Perot (write-in) H. Ross Perot (write-in) Others BALLOT CARD FOR WISCONSIN Candidates for the April 7th Primary Democrats Republicans --------- ----------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. Patrick J. Buchanan Bill Clinton George Bush Paul E. Tsongas David Duke Other Uncommitted Uncommited BALLOT CARD FOR WYOMING Democrats: March 7 Caucus Republicans: March 7-31 Caucuses ------------------------- --------------------------------- Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. George Bush Bill Clinton Uncommitted Tom Harkin Paul E. Tsongas Uncommitted >> FOOTNOTES FOR CONTEXTUAL DATA, 1991 Pilot Panel Study [1980 CENSUS, COUNTY LEVEL] 01 VACANT SEASONAL/MIGRATORY UNITS ARE EXCLUDED FROM ALL MATRICES EXCEPT AS NOTED SPECIFICALLY IN THE DOCUMENTATION. 02 THE FARM POPULATION IS DEFINED AS PERSONS LIVING IN RURAL TERRITORY ON PLACES FROM WHICH S1,000 OR MORE OF FARM PRODUCTS WERE SOLD IN 1979. IN 1970, THE DEFINITION ItlCLUDED ALL RURAL PLACES WITH SALES OF $250 OR MORE, PLUS RURAL PLACES OF 10 OR MORE ACRES WITH SALES OF $50 TO $249. 03 THE COUNT OF HOUSEHOLDS IN SAMPLE TABULATIONS MAY DIFFER FROM THE NUMBER OF OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS. THIS IS A RESULT OF THE WEIGHTING PROCESS USED TO MINIMIZE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPLETE COUNTS AND SAMPLE ESTIMATES. AN INDICATION OF THE TYPE OF WEIGHT (POPULATION OR HOUSING) FOR EACH MATRIX IS LISTED IN FOOTNOTE 50. 04 "ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER," IN THE 100-PERCENT TABULATIONS, INCLUDES "JAPANESE," "CHINESE," "FILIPINO," "KOREAN, " "ASIAN INDIAN, " "VIETNAMESE," "HAWAIIAN," "GUAMANIAN," AND "SAMOAN." "ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER," IN SAMPLE TABULATIONS, INCLUDES THE GROUPS LISTED ABOVE AND THOSE PERSONS WHO HAVE A WRITE-IN ENTRY OF AN ASIAN OR PACIFIC ISLANDER GROUP IN THE "OTHER" CATEGORY. 05 FOR DATA TABULATED ON A 100-PERCENT BASIS, INCLUDES ALL PERSONS IN THE CATEGORY "OTHER." FOR DATA TABULATED FROM THE SAMPLE, EXCLUDES THOSE PERSONS WHO HAVE A WRITE-IN ENTRY OF AN ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER GROUP IN THE "OTHER" CATEGORY. 06 THIS CATEGORY REFERS TO WRITE-IN ENTRIES OF SPANISH GROUPS IN THE RACE QUESTION. SUCH ENTRIES ARE NOT NECESSARILY CONSISTENT WITH RESPONSES IN THE SPANISH ORIGIN QUESTION. 07 TABULATIONS OF "PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD" BASED ON 100-PERCENT DATA BY DEFINITION ARE THE SAME AS TABULATIONS OF "PERSONS IN UNIT." THE PHRASE "PERSONS IN HOUEHOLD" IS USED UNLESS THE MATRIX IS STRATIFIED BY A HOUSING ITEM SUCH AS TENURE, PLUMBING FACILTIES, ETC., IN WHICH CASE, THE PHRASE "PERSONS IN UNIT" IS USED. TABULATIONS OF "PERSONS IN HOUSEHOLD" AND "PERSONS IN UNIT" BASED ON SAMPLE DATA ARE NOT NECESSARILY THE SAME BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCES IN THE PROCEDURES USED TO INFLATE SAMPLE POPULATION AND HOUSING DATA. 08 RELATIVES INCLUDE HOUSEHOLDER, SPOUSE, AND THE QUESTIONNAIRE CATEGORIES, "SON/DAUGHTER," BROTHER/SISTER," "FATHER/MOTHER," AND "OTHER RELATIVES" INCLUDE ALL CATEGORIES NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY IN THE MATRIX. 09 "NONRELATIVES" INCLUDE THE QUESTIONNAIRE CATEGORES: "ROOMER, BOARDER," "PARTNER, ROOMMATE," "PAID EMPLOYEE," AND "OTHER NONRELATIVE," TABULATIONS OF "NONRELATIVES" INCLUDE ALL CATEGORIES NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY IN THE MATRIX. 10 A "CHILD OF HOUSEHOLDER" INCLUDES ANY SON, DAUGHTER, STEPCHILD, OR APOTED CHILD OF THE HOUSEHOLDER. AN "OWN CHILD OF HOUSEHOLDER" IS A NEVER-MARRIED CHILD UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE WHO IS A SON, DAUGHTER, STEPCHILD, OR ADOPTED CHILD OF THE HOUSEHOLDER. "RELATED CHILDREN" INCLUDE NOT ONLY OWN CHILDREN BUT ALSO ALL OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS, REGARDLESS OF MARITAL STATUS, WHO ARE UNDER 18 YEARS OLD, EXCEPT THE HOUSEHOLDER OR SPOUSE. FOSTER CHILDREN ARE INCLUDED IN THE "NONRELATIVE" CATEGORY. IN SUBFAMILIES AN "OWN CHILD" IS A NEVER- MARRIED CHILD UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE WHO IS A SON, DAUGHTER, STEPCHILD, OR ADOPTED CHILD OF A MOTHER IN A MOTHER-CHILD SUBFAMILY, A FATHER IN A FATHER-CHILD SUBFAMILY, OR EITHER SPOUSE IN A MARRIED-COUPLE SUBFAMILY. 11 TABULATIONS FOR HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE RACE AND SPANISH ORIGIN OF THE HOUSEHOLDER. 12 THIS AGGREGATE, ALONG WITH THE RELEVANT COUNT, WILL PREMIT THE COMPUTATION OF A MEAN. FOR EXAMPLE, THE AGGREGATE VALUE FOR SPECIFIED OWNER-OCCUPIED NONCONDOMINIUM UNITS WILL YIELD THE MEAN VALUE WHEN DIVIDED BY THE COUNT OF SPECIFIED OWNER-OCCUPIED NONCONDOMINIUM UNITS, AND THE AGGREGATE ROOMS FOR OCCUPIED AND VACANT YEAR-ROUND UNITS DIVIDED BY THE COUNT OF OCCUPIED AND VACANT YEAR-ROUND UNITS YIELDS MEAN ROOMS. (SEE FOOTNOTE 35 PRIOR TO COMPUTING MEAN VALUE OR PRICE ASKED.) 13 INCLUDES RESONSES INDICATING RELIGIOUS GROUPS AND UNCLASSIFIABLE RESPONSES. 14 PERSONS MAY BE COUNTED MORE THAN ONCE IN THIS TABULATION. 15 "EVER MARRIED" INCLUDES THE QUESTIONNAIRE CATEGORES: "NOW MARRIED," "SEPARATED," "WIDOWED," AND "DIVORCED." 16 "NOT REPORTED" MEANS PLACE OF WORK WAS NOT REPORTED AT ALL OR WAS NOT REPORTED AT LEAST TO THE COUNTY LEVEL. ONE EXCEPTION TO THIS IS IN THE TREATMENT OF NEW YORK CITY, WHERE A RESPONSE OF "NEW YORK CITY" WITHOUT REPORTING COUNTY (BOROUGH) IS TREATED AS REPORTED. IN TABULATIONS, "REPORTED" CASES THAT ARE NOT REPORTED TO THE AREA REQUIRED FOR A SPECIFIC TABULATION ARE TREATED AS REPORTED BUT AS WORKING OUTSIDE OF THAT AREA. FOR EXAMPLE, FOR PLACE-OF-WORK TABULATIONS AT THE PLACE LEVEL, IN A CASE WHERE THE PLACE OF WORK WAS REPORTED ONLY TO THE STATE AND COUNTY LEVELS, THE RESPONSE IS TALLIED AS WORKING OUTSIDE OF THE PLACE. 17 AN IDENTIFIED PLACE IS A PLACE, WITH A POPULATION OF 2,500 OR MORE (1,000 OR MORE INALASKA AND HAWAII) GENERALLY BASED ON 1977 POPULATION ESTIMATES, THAT WAS RECOGNIZED IN PRECENSUS GEOGRAPHY. IN MAIL ENUMERATION AREAS, IDENTIFIED PLACES WERE THOSE RECOGNIZED AS OF JANUARY 1, 1978; IN CONVENTIONAL ENUMERATION AREAS, IDENTIFIED PLACES WERE THOSE RECOGNIZED AS OF JANUARY 1, 1979. POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR IDENTIFIED PLACES WHICH INCORPORATED AFTER 1977 ARE BASED ON TIIE BEST AVAILABLE INFOR- MATION. 18 "PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION" INCLUDES "BUS OR STREETCAR," "RAILROAD," "SUBWAY OR ELEVATED," AND "TAXICAB." 19 "MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION TO WORK" INCLUDE "CAR," "TRUCK," "VAN," "BUS OR STREETCAR," "RAILROAD," "SUBWAY OR ELEVATED," "TAXICAB," "MOTORCYCLE," "BICYCLE," "WALKED ONLY," "WORKED AT HOME," AND "OTHER." TABULATIONS OF "OTHER MEANS" INCLUDE ALL CATEGORIES NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY IN THE MATRIX OR NOT SPECIFIED AS "PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION." (SEE FOOTNOTE 18.) 20 VETERANS ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE MOST RECENT PERIOD OF SERVICE, EXCLUDING PEACE TIME SERVICE. 21 HOUSEHOLDS MAY BE COUNTED MORE THAN ONCE IN THIS TABULATION. 22 IN THIS MATRIX, THE AGGREGATE INCOME FIGURES REFER TO THE AMOUNT OF INCOME FOR EACH SPECIFIC TYPE SEPARATELY (E.G., THE FIRST AGGRE- GATE SHOWS THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGE OR SALARY INCOME RECEIVED BY HOUSEHOLDS IN 1979). 23 Tabulations of poverty atotua exclude inmates of institutions, persons in military group quarters and in college dormitories and unrelated individuals under 15 years. (See footnote 54.) 24 VACANT HOUSING UNITS INCLUDE THE QUESTIONNAIRE CATEGORIES "FOR RENT," "FOR SALE ONLY," "RENTED OR SOLD, NOT OCCUPIED," "HELD FOR OCCASIONAL USE," AND "OTHER VACANT." TABULATIONS OF "OTHER VACANTS" INCLUDE ALL CATE- GORIES NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY IN THE MATRIX. 25 "Units in structure" includes "A mobile home or trailer," "A one-family house detached from any other house," "A one-family house attached to one or more houses," "A building for 2 families," "A building for 3 to 4 families," "A building for 5 to 9 families," "A bulldlng for 10 to 19 families," A building for 20 to 49 families," "A building for 50 or more families," "A boat, tent, van, etc." Tabulations of "Mobile home or trailar, etc." include "A mobile home or trailer," and "A boat, tent, van, etc." 26 "UTILITY GAS" INCLUDES "GAS" FROM UNDERGROUND PIPES SERVING THE NEIGHBORHOOD." Z7 FUELS INCLUDE "UTILITY GAS" (SEE FOOTNOTE 26), BOTTLED, TANK OR LP GAS," "ELECTRICITY," "FUEL OIL, KEROSENE, ETC.," "COAL OR COKE," "WOOD," "OTHER FUEL, " AND "NO FUEL USED." TABULATIONS OF "OTHER" INCLUDE ALL CATEGORIES NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY IN THE MATRIX. 28 "Vehicles" includes automoblles, trucks, and vans. 29 GROSS RENT AND CONTRACT RENT ARE TABULATED FOR ALL "RENTEK-OCCUPIED" UNITS EXCEPT ONE-FAMlLY HOMES ON A PROPERTY OF 10 OR MORE ACRES. UNITS TABULATED IN THE "NO CASH RENT" CATEGORY ALSO EXCLUDE ONE FAMILY HOMES ON 10 OR MORE ACRES. A UNIT CLASSIFIED AS "NO CASH RENT" IN CONTRACT RENT WILL REMAIN NO CASH RENT IN THE GROSS RENT DISTRIBUTION EVEN IF THE UNIT'S OCCUPANTS PAY FOR UTILITIES THEM- SELVES. GROSS RENT IS THE SUM OF CONTRACT RENT AND UTILITY COSTS. RENT ASKED IS TABULATED FOR "VACANT- FOR-RENT" UNITS EXCEPT ONE-FAMlLY HOMES ON 1O OR MORE ACRES. 30 "UTILITIES" INCLUDE "ELECTRICITY," "GAS," "WATER." AND "OIL COAL, KEROSENE, WOOD, ETC." 31 INCLUDES HOUSEHOLDS WITH ZERO OR NEGATIVE INCOME AND UNITS TABULATED IN THE "NO CASH RENT" CATEGORY. 32 "SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS" IS THE SUM OF PAYMENTS FOR REAL ESTATE TAXES, PR0PERTY INSURANCE, UTILITITES (SEE FOOTNOTE 30), AND REGULAR MORTGAGE PAYMENTS. 33 VALUE AND PRICE ASKED ARE TABULATED SEPARATELY FOR NONCONDOMINIUM AND CONDOMINIUM UNITS. THE NONCONDOMINIUM VALUE DISTRIBUTION IS RESTRICTED TO CERTAIN KINDS OF "OWNER- OCCUPIED" UNITS; THE NONCONDOMINIUM PRICE ASKED DISTRIBUTION IS RESTRICTED TO CERTAIN KINDS OF "VACANT-FOR-SALE-ONLY" UNITS. THE NONCONDOMINIUM SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS DISTRIBUTION IS RESTRICTED TO CERTAIN KINDS OF OWNER-OCCUPIED UNITS. THE FOLLOWING ARE EXCLUDED FROM THE TABULATIONS ON VALUE, PRICE ASKED, AND SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS FOR NONCONDOMINIUM UNITS: A. UNITS AT AN ADDRESS WITH TWO 0R MORE UNITS B. UNITS ON 10 OR MORE ACRES C. UNITS WITH A COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENT OR MEDICAL OFFICE ON THE PROPERTY D. MOBILE HOME OR TRAILER THE CONDOMINIUM VALUE DISTRIBUTION IS TABULATED FOR ALL "OWNER-OCCUPIED" CONDOMINIUM UNITS; THE CONDOMINIUM PRICE ASKED DISTRIBUTION IS TABULATED FOR ALL "VACANT-FOR- SALE-ONLY" CONDOMINIUM UNITS. SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS ARE NOT ACCUMULATED FOR CONDOMINIUM UNITS. 34 INCLUDES HOUSEHOLDS WITH ZERO OR NEGATIVE INCOME. 35 MULTIPLY THE AGGREGATE VALUE AND PRICE ASKED BY $250 TO OBTAIN THE TRUE VALUE OR PRICE ASKED. THE TABULATION WAS SCALED BY A FACTOR OF 350 FOR TALLY PURPOSES. 36 "WITH CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM" INCLUDES "STEAM OR HOT WATER SYSTEM," "CENTRAL WARM-AIR FURNACE," "ELECTRIC HEAT PUMP," "OTHER BUILT- IN ELECTRIC UNITS," AND "FLOUR, WALL, OR PIPELESS FURNACE." "LACKING CENTRAL HEATING SOME BUT NOT ALL PLUMBING FACILTIES, OR NO PLUMBING FACILITIES. 38 THESE COUNTS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR SUMMARY LEVELS ON STF 3, FILE B. ZERO (S) WILL BE SHOWN. 39 SEE APPENDIX B2 FOR LANGUAGE CODES. 40 SEE APPENDIX B3 FOR ANCESTRY CODES AND FOR DEFINITION OF SINGLE AND MULTIPLE ANCESTRY. 41 SEE APPENDIX B4 FOR DEFINITION OF INMATE STATUS (NONINSTITUTIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL) AND FOR TYPE OF GROUP QUARTERS CODES. 42 SEE APPEIIDIX B5 FOR INDUSTRY CODES. 43 SEE APPEIIDIX B6 FOR OCCUPATION CODES. 44 PER CAPITA INCOME IS CALCULATED BY DIVIDING THE AGGREGATE INCOME FOR PERSONS 15 YEARS AND OVER BY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THE GROUP. 45 SEE APPENDIX B7 FOR DEFINITIONS OF LABOR FORCE STATUS CATEGORIES. 46 PERIOD OF SERVICE INCLUDES "MAY 1975 OR LATER," "VIETNAM ERA," "FEBRUARY 1955 TO JULY 1964," "KOREAN CONFLICT," "WORLD WAR II," "WORLD WAR I," AND "OTHER SERVICE." TABULATIONS OF "OTHER" INCLUDE ALL CATEGORIES NOT SHOWN SEPARATELY IN THE MATRIX. 47 SEE APPEIIDIX B5 FOR RACE CODES. 50 EACH SAMPLE PERSON AND HOUSING UNIT WAS ASSIGNED A WEIGHT AS THE RESULT OF A COMPLEX RATIO ESTIMATION PROCEDURE. SAMPLE HOUSING UNITS WERE ASSIGNED ONE WEIGHT EACH AND SAMPLE PERSONS WERE ASSIGNED TWO TYPES OF WEIGHTS. THE FIRST WEIGHT fOR PERSONS APPLIES TO SAMPLE DATA EXCEPT PLACE OF WORK, TRAVEL TIME TO WORK, AND MIGRATION (I.E., RESIDENCE IN 1975) TABULATIONS; THIS WEIGHT WAS ASSIGNED TO ALL SAMPLE PERSONS. THE SECOND WEIGHT FOR PERSONS, WHICH APPLIES TO PLACE OF WORK, TRAVEL TIME TO WORK, AND MIGRATION DATA, WAS ASSIGNED TO THOSE SAMPLE PERSONS WHO WERE INCLUDED IN THE PLACE OF WORK AND MIGRATION CODING OPERATION. THESE WEIGHTS VARY FROM PERSON TO PER- SON AND FROM HOUSING UNIT TO HOUSING UNIT, BUT ON THE AVERAGE THEY ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE INVERSE OF EACH RECORDS SAMPLE SELECTION PROBABILITY. THE TABULATIONS IN THIS FILE ARE BASED ON SUMMING THE WEIGHTS OF THE APPROPRIATE PERSONS OR HOUSING UNITS RELATING TO THE TABULATION. FOR SPECIFIED AGGREGATES, INDICATED BELOW, THE CHARACTERISTIC DATA ARE MULTIPLIED BY THE WEIGHT; FOR EXAMPLE, IN AGGREGATE INCOME FOR PERSONS THE AMOUNT OF INCOME IS MULTIPLIED BY THE WEIGHT. IN MEDIANS, THE WEIGHTS ARE BROUGHT TO BEAR INDIRECTLY THROUGH THE DISTRIBUTI0N USED TO CALCULATE THE MEASURE. FOR FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD TABULATIONS (POPULATION TYPE). ONLY THE WEIGHTS OF THE HOUSEHOLDER ARE USED. FOR SUBFAMILY TABULATIONS, THE WEIGHTS USED ARE THOSE ASSIGNED) TO THE SUBFAMILY REFERENCE PERSON (I.E., THE PERSON WHO IS THE EQUIVALENT OF A HOUSEHOLDER FOR THE SUBFAMILY). THE FOLLOWING IS A LISTING Of THE WEIGHTD USED IN PRODUCING EACH TABULATION: PERSONS WEIGHT5 -- TABULATIONS 1, 7, 6, 12-17, 19, 22, 24-67, 81-85, AND 90-95. NOTE: TABULATIONS 31, 60, 64, 83, AND 84 ARE AGGREGATES. TABULATIONS 34-39, 41, AND 42 USE THE PLACE OF WORK, TRAVEL TIME TO WORK, AND MIGRATION WEIGHT EXCLUSIVELY. TABULATION 42 IS AN AGGREGATE. TABULATIONS 82 AND 85 ARE DERIVED MEASURES. HOUSEHOLDER (PERSON) WEIGHTS -- TABULATIONS 9, 10, 18, 20, 21, 68-80, AND 86-89. NOTE: TABULATIONS 70, 72, 77, 78, AND 80 ARE AGGREGATES. TABULATIONS 69 AND 74 ARE DERIVED MEASURES. SUBFAMILY REFERENCE PERSON WEIGHT -- TABULATION 23. HOUSING UNIT WEIGHTS -- 4, 11, AND 96-150. NOTE: TABULATIONS 100, 101, 104, 128, 129, 137, 140, AND 141 ARE AGGREGATES. TABULATIONS 127 AND 134 ARE DERIVED MEASURES. UNWEIGHTED COUNTS -- TABULATIONS 2, 3, 5, AND 6. NOTE: TABULATIONS 2 AND 5 ARE ACTUAL (UNIT) COUNTS OF PERSONS AND HOUSING UNITS IN THE SAMPLE. TABULATIONS 3 AND 6 ARE 100-PERCENT COUNTS OF PERSONS AND HOUSING UNITS. 51 INCLUDES FEMALES WH0 ARE A HOUSEHOLDER A SPOUSE OF HOUSEHOLDER, A MOTHER IN A MOTHER-CHILD SUB- FAMILY, OR A FEMALE SPOUSE IN A MARRIED-COUPLE SUBFAMILY. 52 NOT USED. 53 CODE RANGES MAY INCLUDE CODES WHICH ARE NOT USED. 54 "UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS" INCLUDE NONRELATIVES 1N FAMILY HOUSE- HOLDS. PERSONS IN NONFAMILY HOUSEHOLDS. AND NONINMATES IN GROUP QUARTERS . >> Reports and Papers, 1990-1992 1. List of NES Working Papers 1. Sanchez, Maria. (July 1982) "7-Point Scales." 2. Shanks, J. Merrill, Maria Sanchez, and Betsy Morton. (March 1983). "Alternative Approaches to Survey Data Collection for the National Election Studies." 3. Lake, Celinda. (September 1983) "Similarity and Representativeness of 1983 Pilot Samples." 4. Lake, Celinda. (November 1983) "Comparison of 3-point, 5-point, and 7-point Scales from the CATI Experiment 1982 Election Study." 5. NES Staff. (December 1983) "1980 Precinct Data Returns Project." 6. Lake, Celinda. (February 1984) "Coding of Independent/Independents and Apoliticals in the Party Identification Summary Code and Apoliticals in the Rolling Cross-Section." 7. Morchio, Giovanna and Maria Sanchez. (February 1984) "Creation of a Filter Variable to be Used When Analyzing Questions about Congressional Candidates in the 1982 Integrated Personal/ISR CATI/Berkeley CATI Dataset: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 8. Morchio, Giovanna and Maria Sanchez. (March 1984) "Comparison of the Michigan Method of District Assignment on the Telephone with the Personal Interview Simulated Data: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 9. Traugott, Santa. (June 1984) "Two Versions of the Abortion Question." 10. Sanchez, Maria.(July 1984) "Branching versus 7-point scale measurements." 11. NES Staff. (August 1984) "Weekly Field Report for the National Election Studies Continuous Monitoring, Jan. 11 - Aug. 3, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 12. NES Staff. (August 1984) "Questions and Versions in NES Continuous Monitoring, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 13. NES Staff. (n.d) "Years of Schooling." 14. NES Staff. (n.d) "Newspaper Code." 15. Traugott, Santa. (n.d.) "The Political Interest Variable on the 1984 Election Study." Unpublished Staff Memo to NES Planning Committee. 16. Sanchez, Maria and Giovanna Morchio. (n.d.) Probing Don't Know Answers -- Do We Always Want to Do This?" 17. NES Staff. (February 1985) "Progress of the Rolling Cross Section." 18. Traugott, Santa. (February 1985) "Production for the Pre-Post" 19. Traugott, Santa. (February 1985) "Some Analysis of Hard-to-Reach Rolling Thunder Respondents." 20. Traugott, Santa. (April 1985) "Sample Weighting in NES Continuous Monitoring, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 21. Traugott, Santa. (April 1985). "Sample Weighting in NES Pre-Post Election Survey,1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 22. Brehm, John. (June 1985) "Report on Coding of Economic Conditions Series in the 1984 Pre-Post Election Study" 23. Brehm, John. (July 1985). "Question Ordering Effects on Reported Vote Choice. 24. Traugott, Santa. (July 1985) "Assessment of Media Measures in RXS." 25. Traugott, Santa. (July 1985) "Assessment of Media Measures in Pre-Post" 26. Brehm, John. (August 1985). "Analysis of Result Code Disposition for Continuous Monitoring by Time in Field: Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 27. Morchio, Giovanna, Maria Sanchez and Santa Traugott. (November 1985). "Mode Differences: DK Responses in the 1984 Post-Election Survey: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 28. Morchio, Giovanna and Santa Traugott. (February 1986) "Congressional District Assignment in an RDD Sample: Results of 1982 CATI Experiment." 29. Brehm, John and Santa Traugott. (March 1986) "Similarity and Representativeness of the 1985 Pilot Half-samples." 30. Gronke, Paul. (September 1986) "NES Question C2: R's Party Registration." 31. Brehm, John. (March 1987) "How Representative is the 1986 Post-Election Survey?" 32. Morchio, Giovanna. (May 1987) "Trends in NES Response Rates." 33. Brehm, John. (December 1987) "Who's Missing? an Analysis of NonResponse in the 1986 Election Study: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 34. Traugott, Santa. (August 1989) "Validating Self-Reported Vote: 1964-1988." 35. NES Staff. (February 1990) "Possible Bias Due to Attrition and Sample Selection in the 1989 Pilot." 36. Traugott, Santa and Giovanna Morchio. (March 1990) "Assessment of Bias Due to Attrition and Sample Selection in the NES 1989 Pilot Study." 37. Downes-Le Guin, Theodore. (May 1990) "Nonresponse in the 1988 National Election Studies" 38. Gronke, Paul. (May 1990) "Assessing the Sample Quality of the 1988 Senate Election Study: A response to Wright." 39. Presser, Stanley, Michael W. Traugott and Santa Traugott. (November 1990). "Vote 'Over' Reporting in Surveys: The Records or the Respondents?" 40. Bloom, Joel. (March 1991) "Sources of Pro-incumbent Bias in NES Survey Estimates for U.S. House Races since 1978: A Second Look." 41. Mayer, Russell. (November 1991) "Identifying Bias in Voting Models." 42. Traugott, Michael W., Santa Traugott and Stanley Presser. (May 1992) "Revalidation of Self-Reported Vote." 43. Rosenstone, Steven J., Margaret Petrella and Donald R. Kinder. (June 1993) "The Consequences of Substituting Telephone for Face-to-Face Interviewing in the 1992 National Election Study." 2. List of 1989 Pilot Study Reports Abelson, Robert. Results of Vote Validation Experiment. February 23, 1990 Calvo, Maria Antonia and Steven J. Rosenstone. The Re-Framing of the Abortion Debate. February 20, 1990. Kinder, Donald R. And Thomas Nelson. Experimental Investigations of Opinion Frames and Survey Responses: A report to the NES Board. February, 1990. Knight, Kathleen. Comparisons of Liberal-Conservative Items in the ANES 1989 Pilot Study. February 1, 1990. Krosnick, Jon and Matthew K. Berent. Impact of Verbal Labeling of Response Alternatives and Branching on Attitude Measurement Reliability. February 22, 1990. Leege, David, Ken Wald and Lyman Kellstedt. Religion and Politics: A report on Measures of Religiosity in the 1989 NES Pilot Study. February, 1990. Markus, Gregory. Measuring Popular Individualism. February, 1990. ___________Supplement. May 22, 1990. Price, Vincent and John Zaller. Evaluation of Media Exposure Items in 1989. March 1, 1990. Appendix 1: [Price and Zaller] Measuring individual differences... Appendix 2: [Zaller and Price] In One Ear and Out the Other... Rosenstone, Steven J. and Gregory A. Diamond. Measuring Public Opinion on Political issues. February 20, 1990. Traugott, Michael. Memo to Pilot Study Committee: Understanding Campaign Effects on Candidate Recall and Recognition. February 22, 1990. Zaller, John. Experimental Tests of the Question Answering Model of the Mass Survey Response. February 22, 1990. 3. List of 1991 Pilot Study Reports Beebe, Tim. The Effects of Pre-Notification and Incentive on Panel Attrition. Undated. Brady, Henry E. Report on Feeling Thermometer for "Moderates." January 13, 1992. Citrin, Jack, Donald P. Green, Beth Reingold and David O. Sears. A Report on Measures of American Identity and New "Ethnic" Issues in the 1991 NES Pilot Study. Undated. Conover, Pamela J., and Virginia Sapiro. Gender Consciousness and Gender Politics in the 1991 Pilot Study: A Report to the ANES Board of Overseers. January, 1992. Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. An Analysis of Information Items on the 1990 and 1991 NES Surveys: A Report to the Board of Overseers for the National Election Studies. January 14, 1992. Highton, Benjamin, and Raymond E. Wolfinger. Estimating the Size of Minority Groups. January 13, 1992. Huddy, Leonie. Analysis of Old-Age Policy Items in the 1991 Pilot Study. Undated. __________. Addendum. February 2, 1992. Knack, Stephen. Social Connectedness and Voter Participation: Evidence from the 1991 NES Pilot Study. January 1992. ____________. Social Altruism and Voter Turnout: Evidence from the 1991 NES Pilot Study. January, 1992. ____________. Performance and Recommendations Summary for 1991 NES Pilot Variables #2828-2847. January 24, 1992. ____________. Deterring Voter Registration Through Juror Source Practices: Evidence from the 1991 NES Pilot Study. January, 1992. Oliver, Eric, and Raymond E. Wolfinger. Jury Duty as a Deterrent to Voter Registration. January 22, 1992. Zaller, John. Report on 1991 Pilot Items on Environment. February 2, 1992.