Version 01 Codebook ------------------- CODEBOOK APPENDIX FILE 1997 PILOT STUDY (1997.PN) >>1997 NES Pilot Technical Note - Randomization Problem April 24, 1998 The Surveycraft CATI system's 'Random Number Generation' features and their Effects on Analysis of the 1997 NES Pilot "Group threat" Experiment. Steve Heeringa, Division of Survey Technologies, Survey Research Center Executive Summary: A problem has been identified in the random assignment of treatments in an experimental question module of the 1997 NES Pilot survey instrument. The randomization problem has been linked to unexpected correlation in sequences of random number calls made within the Surveycraft computer-assisted interviewing system. The problem does produce an unbalanced distribution of sample cases to the cells of the factorial experimental design but does not lead to a bias in the interpretation of the experimental results. Details are provided below. A report that analyzes these items is the 1997 pilot study report by J. Bowers. A portion of the 1997 NES Pilot questionnaire (section 'J') includes a "group threat" factorial experimental design to study question order and 'threat level' treatment effects in a series of items that explore respondent views and prejudices toward African-Americans and Christian Fundamentalists. The full design involves 2 question sequence orderings - African-Americans first or Christian Fundamentalists first; 2 levels of intended "threat" - high and low; and 3 'threat domains': political, social and economic. The Survey Craft computer assisted interview (CAI) application used an internal random number generator to determine each subject's assignment to target group order and threat level for the questions about each target group. A different Surveycraft function was used to randomize the order of the three threat domains, once the group and threat level were determined. The intent of the CAI programming was to randomly assign the group order, threat level by group and threat domain for each respondent. Complete randomization of choice for each of these three experimental components is expected to yield equal numbers of cases at each combination of treatment for the 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design. In practice, due to sampling variability inherent in the randomization process, the actual counts in each experimental cell will be distributed about the expected sample size for each experimental cell. Within the Surveycraft CAI questionnaire for the 1997 NES Pilot, the random assignment of group order and threat level was determined by a call to an internal system random number generator. Examination of the final sample size distribution across the cells of this experimental question module suggests significant departures from the equal sample size per cell assumption. Specifically, there appears to be a problem in the randomization assignment for group order and threat level. Table 1 compares the expected and actual distributions of 1997 NES Pilot sample to experimental cells: Table 1 1997 NES Pilot Section J Question Experiment. Expected and Actual Distribution of Respondents to Treatment Categories. Target Group Order Threat Expected Actual Level Respondents Respondents First Series African Americans High 138 181 Low 138 116 Christian Fundamentalists High 138 53 Low 138 202 Second series African Americans High 138 100 Low 138 197 Christian Fundamentalists High 138 114 Low 138 141 Through analysis of actual random numbers generated in the course of the 1997 NES Pilot computer-assisted interviews and communication with the authors of Surveycraft, the randomization problem has been traced to Surveycraft's handling of random number seeds in sequential calls of the random number function. Our review finds that the initial random number draws to determine the target group for the first question sequence were performed correctly. Observed variation in numbers of cases assigned at random to the African-American (n=297) and Christian Fundamentalists (n=255) target group question order are due to sampling error in the random draws of binomial (0,1) indicator variables. Since the random draws to determine threat level in the first and second question sequences are correlated with this initial random draw they also are pure random numbers (albeit not independent of the initial draw). The randomization of the experiment is therefore not affected by the problem-the joint probability that a respondent receives a particular configuration of experimental treatments is independent of respondent characteristics or the sample design. Unfortunately, the correlated sequence of random numbers does affect the balance of the distribution of subjects to the experimental design cells. This will have an unspecified, but negative effect on the power to detect effects of target group ordering and threat level that are the object of the factorial experimental design. The third factor in the experimental design, random ordering of each question representing a threat domain, was performed by a separate Surveycraft internal function. To the best of our ability to test the mechanism, this dimension of the experiment appears free of the randomization problem identified for the group order and threat level experimental conditions. ISR/SRC has corrected the problem which created this situation, working with Surveycraft authors to identify programming changes and conventions that now permit independent random number sequence generation directly within the system. Random numbers to determine assignments to experimental treatment in question sequences were drawn in advance, tested for independence and preloaded for use by the interviewing application. These simulations demonstrated that sequences of independent random assignments to treatments are now functioning within the SRC Surveycraft CATI system. >> 1997 CONTACT ISSUE MASTER CODE Codes below were used for "what was the issue involved" follow-ups to contact with six categories of public officials and two questions on mobilization via direct mail and mass media advertising. Codes were applied for up to 3 mentions each: Health and Social Welfare 01. Social Security, saving Social Security. Help to get benefits. (All mentions of aid to the elderly except Medicaid.); Aged/Elderly mentions; retirement. 02. Medicaid/Medicare issues; saving the Medicare system. 03. Veterans Administration; benefits/issues. Getting help from the VA. 04. Welfare; getting public assistance; food stamps. 05. Availability of Medical Care; need for national health insurance; health issues. 06. Drugs; efforts against the spread of drugs; war on drugs. 07. Smoking/tobacco issues. Regulation of the industry; taxes on cigarettes. Support for the tobacco industry. 08. Pro-life issues; anti-abortion; anti partial-birth abortions. Right to life.; abortion, partial-birth abortions. 09. Abortion rights; pro partial-birth abortions; from Planned Parenthood. 10. Womens rights; ERA; equal pay in the workplace. 11. Gay/Lesbian rights. 12. Religious issues; religious rights or freedom. 13. Minority issues; affirmative action; minority rights. 14. Childrens issues; childrens welfare; child abuse; programs for at risk youth. 15. Rights of the disabled/handicapped. Economic/Employment Issues 20. Budget deficit; government spending; the Balanced Budget Amendment. 21. Taxes; taxes are too high; Tax credit for children/family. Tuition tax credits. 22. Deregulation of business/industry; airline, banking, telephone. Keeping prices low through competition. Anti-trust mentions; taxes on a specific industry (non-tobacco). 23. Unions; power and stature of unions (all mentions); labor issues; strikes. 24. Employment; how hard it is to find a job. 25. Work related; having to do with ones own job/business/industry. 26. Housing affordability; ability to get a mortgage. Other Specific Issues 40. Environmental; ecology; pollution. 41. Rapid transit. 42. Immigration; against foreigners taking jobs or being on welfare, etc. 43. English as national/state language. 44. Gun control. Brady Bill mentions; from the NRA. 45. Burning Flags; desecrating the flag. 46. Farm issues (all mentions). 47. Natural disaster relief. Help/aid from floods, hurricanes, etc. 48. Television content; what's on TV; harmful to young minds; children having access to the Internet. 49. Foreign Policy (all mentions). Foreign aid; international. All nations or hotspots; NAFTA; foreign trade; being in the UN. 50. Military/defense matters. Weapons; military budget (too much or too little). 51. Term limits. 52. Fine art funding. 53. Prayer in school. 54. Animal rights. 55. Police protection/Public Safety. 56. Fishing rights (between US and Canada). Boundary problem. 57. Casinos/gambling. The Indian casino. 58. Funding of money to city/state from federal government (NA what for). 59. Mandates to cities/states without funding (NA what for). Primarily Local Issues 70. Budgets; spending concerns (local only). 71. Education; need for better schools. (All mentions except sex education). 72. Sex education. 73. Local ordinances; signs, zoning, drainage, land use; growth management; Beautification laws; residency laws for employment. 74. Taxes (local level only). School or property taxes. 75. Better roads/ local infrastructure. 76. Community problems or issues- NA what. Community affairs. 77. Car insurance rates. 78. Tolls on freeways. 79. Local legislation; bill being passed (NA what). 80. Structure/function of local government. E.g. Village being annexed. Miscellaneous 90. Voting Record; what politician has done in the past (NA what). 91. For a flag; one that has flown over the Capitol. 92. Tour tickets; information on tourism. 93. Just to talk; touch base with representative or politician (NA on what). 94. Issues/topics (NA what). Unspecified. Current events.; or invitation to contact elected official; giving input (NA what); all mentions of surveys and questionnaires. 95. Elections/voting/campaigns; getting out the vote, (no issues mentioned). 96. Appointments made; (comments on individuals appointed.) 97. OTHER >> 1997 MASTER CODES FOR GOVERNMENT WASTE General 01. Pork barrel legislation. Spending in one state to get votes for something else. Deal making. Trade-offs. 02. Building projects ( without mention of political deal making). Roads, infrastructure. 03. Overspending in general. Waste in general. (If say government or similar term code as government operations.) Social Welfare Programs; Education 10. Medicare or Medicaid. Medical assistance to the needy. 11. Welfare, Public assistance. Food stamps. Welfare to work program. All mentions of receiving assistance from the government. 12. Education (all mentions). Student loans; aid to education. 13. Housing/Urban Development. Housing assistance or subsidies. 14. Social programs, NFS. Liberal programs. Social concerns. 15. Affirmative Action/Minority rights programs. 16. Social Security. 17. Programs for Children. Other Specific Programs 20. Environmental programs, ecology, protecting nature, fighting pollution. 21. Space Projects. NASA. Putting things in space. 22. Funding for the Arts, PBS, NEA funding. 23. Research, studies, experiments (all mentions). 24. Farm subsidies; including the tobacco industry. 25. Prisoners (paying them); cost of incarceration. 26. Illegal immigrants; supporting them, giving them assistance. 27. Policies/Programs (NA what, but not social programs); subsidies (NA what). 28. War on drugs. 29. Law enforcement. War on crime, (all mentions non-drug related). 30. Taxes (all mentions). Government Operations 50. Government operations in general. The bureaucracy. Duplication of effort. Overspending for toilet seats, hammers. 51. Salaries; they get paid too much; giving themselves a raise. 52. Travel/junkets/perks (too many/too expensive). Eating out, limousines, luxuries, etc; pensions. 53. Cost of elections. 54. Government investigations. Investigating itself. Whitewater investigation. 55. Land management (with regard to mining, timber, cattle or other interests taking Advantage of the government). Defense; Foreign Affairs 60. Foreign aid, give away too much, take care of problems at home first. 61. Defense spending;spending on weapons; military budget is too high. Miscellaneous 70. Too much partying; socializing; celebrating. 71. Tax breaks to corporations. Government letting big business off. 72. What lobbyists/special interests want. (All mentions of waste because of lobbying or outside political pressure.) 73. Entitlements (no further explanations). 74. Corruption/Kickbacks/Patronage jobs. (All mentions of a criminal nature.) 75. Political Party fundraising. Fundraising. 97. Other >> 1997 C1/C1a GROUPS ('GROUPS THAT ARE LIKE R') -------- RELIGION -------- -CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIANS 10 Christian Coalition 11 Conservative Christian 12 Evangelicals; Evangelical Presbyterian church groups; Evangelical ministers 13 Born Again Christians -CHRISTIANS (NO FURTHER SPECIFICATION) 14 Christians; Christian people; Judeo-Christian beliefs; Christian families; Groups that believe in Christian value; Christian groups that believe the second coming is coming soon; Non-evangelical Christian See Also: 15 American Christians 16 Liberal Christian 17 Christian Friends 18 Christian Women -OTHER CHRISTIANS 19 (Other Protestants); Lutherans; Unitarian church; Protestant; Quakers See Also: 20 White Protestants 21 Catholics -OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS 22 Jews 23 Pagans -OTHER REFERENCES TO RELIGION OR CHURCH 25 (People in R's Church); Church friends; People that are in my church; People that go to my parish 26 Church Group; Church groups; Church (Note: This category differs from 25 in that R does not specifically state that the church group or church is R's own.) 27 (Other References to Religion or Church, no further specification); Religion groups; Church people; People of faith; People that go to church; The Church -------------- CLASS / INCOME -------------- -UPPER MIDDLE CLASS 30 Upper Middle Class; Affluent; Medium to upper income -MIDDLE CLASS 31 Middle Class; Financial the middle; Medium class; Middle income type of people; Middle class citizens; Middle class society See Also: 32 Middle Class America 33 Middle Class Whites 34 Middle Class White Americans -WORKING MIDDLE CLASS 36 Working Middle Class people; Middle class working See Also: 37 Middle Class Working Americans 38 Middle-Class Blue Collar Group; Upper blue collar middle class -LOWER MIDDLE CLASS 39 Lower Middle Class; Lower middle income. -WORKING CLASS / WORKING PEOPLE 40 Working Class; Working public; The working people; People that work everyday; Wage earners; The common worker; Normal everyday working group See Also: 41 Working Class Females 42 Working American 43 Middle Age Working Class America 126 Working parents 127 Working couples where both work outside of the home 130 Working mother 161 Blue Collar Workers -POOR PEOPLE 44 Poor People; People with low incomes; People with modest income; Underclass; Lower income; People without a whole lot of money 45 (People on welfare) -OTHER REFERENCES TO ECONOMIC STATUS 46 (Same income as R) 47 People Well paid 48 Homeowners 49 Taxpayers; Frustrated taxpayers; Taxpayers' association --------------------------------- POLITICAL IDEOLOGY / PARTISANSHIP --------------------------------- -PARTY IDENTIFICATION 50 Conservative Republicans; Right wing Republican 51 Republicans; The Republican Party 52 Moderate Republicans; Weak Republicans; Republican, but I don't agree with everything they say so I'm not strictly Republican 53 Conservative Democrat 54 Moderate Democrats 55 Democrats; Clinton supporters 56 Other Party References; The responsibility party; Independent party; Independents -IDEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION 57 Conservatives; Anyone who would have conservative ideas See Also: 58 White Conservative 59 Moderate Conservatives. 60 Moderates; I'm in the middle of the road; Not people with strong ideology 61 Less Conservative 62 Moderate Liberal; Somewhat liberal 63 Liberal -OTHER POLITICAL IDENTIFICATIONS 64 Angry White Male 65 The KKK, Christian Militia 66 Pro gun rights; NRA 67 Pro-life 68 Pro-choice 69 Feminist 70 Environmentalist; People interested in saving the different species of animals in rain forests...; Green party; conservation; Not polluting the air or environment; People that try to clean up the environment 71 Labor Unions; Trade unionist; Organized labor 73 (Political Participant); Activist; Trying to get involved; People who are trying to make a difference in their own small way; Volunteers; Supporters of causes 74 (General Reference to Political Groups, no further specification); Sometimes in social activities we speak about politics; Political 75 (Apolitical); People who don't care much about politics; Not political involved; People who are somewhat jaded by the way things are right now 76 (Patriot); People who care about the country --- AGE --- -YOUNG 80 Young People; Generation X; The 19-25 age group; People who are 25-30 See Also: 116 Caucasian Young Females 121 Young Marrieds 124 Young Parents -MIDDLE AGE 81 Middle Age; Baby Boomers; The yuppie-type age people between 35-45; The hippy generation; People in the forties, like my daughter See Also: 43 Middle age Working Class America 102 Middle Aged Caucasians 112 Middle Aged White Males -OLDER 82 (Pre-Boomers); 50 Something; Over age 55 See Also: 115 50-Something Women 83 Senior Citizens; Seniors; Older people; Elderly; Anyone who graduated from high schools in the 1930s See Also: 84 White Elderly Population 85 Older White Americans 86 Senior Community Complex 87 Retired people; AARP; People concerned with pensions -OTHER REFERENCE TO AGE 88 (Same age as R) --------- EDUCATION --------- 91 Less educated people; Not highly educated but not dumb 92 College groups; College students 93 Recent college graduates; Recent grads; Younger college educated people 94 Well-educated people; Educated; College educated; College grads; highly educated 95 (General reference to school and education); Students; Working to get education; School; Education 96 (Education-related issues); Education is very important; People interested in Education; Friends of education; PTA's; People interested in the schools ---------------- RACE / ETHNICITY ---------------- 100 Whites. See Also: 20 White Protestants 33 Middle Class Whites 34 Middle Class White Americans 58 White Conservative 64 Angry White Male 84 White Elderly Population 85 Older White Americans 101 Anglo Saxon White Americans 102 Middle aged Caucasians 103 Anglo Saxon 104 Irish 111 Caucasian Males 112 Middle Aged White Males 116 Caucasian Young Females 105 African Americans; Afro-Americans; Black 106 Hispanics; Latinos 107 (Asian Americans); The Asian Community 108 Native Americans 109 (Other References to Race); Multiracial --------------------------- GENDER / SEXUAL ORIENTATION --------------------------- -GENDER / SEXUAL ORIENTATION 110 Men See Also: 64 Angry White Male 111 Caucasian Males 112 Middle Aged White Males 113 Women See Also: 18 Christian Women 41 Working class females 114 Working Women; Professional working women; Career women 115 50-Something Women; Women 45-50; Older women; Women in menopause in their 50s 116 Caucasian Young Females 132 Single women 151 Business Women 117 Gay ------ FAMILY ------ -FAMILY 120 Married See Also: 121 Young Marrieds 122 Married Families 163 Housewife 123 Parents; People with families; Family groups; Couples who have children and families See Also: 122 Married Families 124 Young Parents; Young couples with children; Parents of school age children 125 Parents that take time off work to work with their kids 126 Working parents 128 Single Parents 129 Mothers 130 Working mother 131 Single mothers 127 Working couples where both work outside of the home; Couples where both people work 132 Single women -OTHER REFERENCES TO FAMILY 133 R's Family; Family members; My children 134 People who are family-oriented; Focus on the families ---------- OCCUPATION ---------- -PROFESSIONALS / MEDIA / TECHNOLOGY / BUSINESS 140 Professionals; Professional people with college education 141 White Collar Worker 142 Doctors 143 Engineers 144 Teachers; Professors; Educators 145 Entertainers and artists 146 News Commentators 147 Politicians 148 Technology Groups 149 Technical People; Professional technical people; Technical people with advanced degrees 150 Business People; People in the business world; Businessmen; Business groups; Chamber of Commerce; Business owners; Investors; Entrepreneurs See also: 151 Business Women 152 Small Businessperson; Small independent businessman 153 People in Real Estate 154 Salespeople -LAW ENFORCEMENT / FARMERS / CONSTRUCTION / BLUE COLLAR 155 Criminal Justice People 156 Farmers 157 Construction Workers 158 Truck Driver; People that make their living on the highway 159 Railroad 160 Military Personnel 161 Blue Collar Workers; High paid blue collar worker See Also: 38 Middle-Class Blue Collar Group -OTHER OCCUPATION REFERENCE 162 Self-employed 163 Housewife 164 Peace Corp volunteer --------- GEOGRAPHY --------- 170 Neighbors; My neighborhood; People in the neighborhood 171 Rural; Rural area people; The country people 172 Urban; The city; Inner city person 173 Suburban 174 (Reference to a State); Texans 175 People in my Community See Also: 86 Senior Community Complex -AMERICANS 176 (Reference to America or Americans); Middle American; Americans in general See Also: 15 American Christians 32 Middle Class America 34 Middle Class White Americans 37 Middle Class Working Americans 42 Working American. 43 Middle age Working Class America 85 Older White Americans 101 Anglo Saxon White Americans ----------------------------- HOBBIES / ACTIVITIES / SPORTS ----------------------------- 180 (Media-related Interests); Those who listen to radio part time; Newspaper readers; People who listen to public radio; NPR 181 (Reading-related Interests); Readers of science fiction; Interested in reading, fiction reading mainly; Literary group (like friends of the library) 182 (Sports Activities or Fans); Ohio State Football Fan; Golfing league; Bowling; Eastern Stars camping group; Sporting groups, hunting and fishing 183 (Arts-related Interests); Actively involved in the theater; Music and theater; People who are interested in the arts 184 (Other group activities); Masonic Fraternity; Health (food groups); Woman's club group; Luncheon groups; Men's group; Cooking groups; Veterans group that is non political 185 (Traveling); World travelers ------------------------- PEOPLE R HAS CONTACT WITH ------------------------- 190 Friends; Close friends See Also: 17 Christian friends. 191 Co-workers; People that I work [with]; My office mate 192 (Other Contact references); People I associate with; People I come in contact with day by day; Most people you deal with; I'm comfortable with everybody I talk to, I can talk to the highest and lowest in life, doesn't make any difference to me; People that I talk to from all age groups and financial backgrounds ------------------- PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES ------------------- 200 Hard-working / Financially motivated; People who have had a rough time in life, really worked for what they have; People who want a high quality of life; Trying to get out of welfare; The ones that work hard but get little reward in the end 201 Independent thinkers; Rugged individualist 202 Realists; More down to earth 203 Optimists; People that try to have a positive attitude toward life; Positive thinking group 204 People with morals; Traditional 205 (Other Personal Attributes); Open-minded people; Easy-going; Creative; Artistic; Caring; Honest people; Well-informed intelligent people ----- OTHER ----- 210 Average / Common Person; Plain down to earth person; Joe average; Just everyday people; Middle group; Just regular people like me 220 Many Groups or People; A lot of groups; About half the people...most of the people 230 None, No groups. 998 Don't Know. 999 No Answer, Refused. >> ACCESSING GROUP-SPECIFIC DATA IN THE POST-ELECTION SURVEY, 1996 Please also see related paragraphs in the Introductory section of the codebook for general information about the 'Groups' section in the Post. For data users interested in a greater level of detail for the Post 'Groups' section (R3-R7w), the raw data for the 1996 Study includes additional data which are not represented in the codebook and are not included in the SAS and SPSS data definition files provided with the Study data. To access these additional variables, the column numbers may be cut and pasted from the listings below and then inserted into the SAS or SPSS data definition file that the user is submitting. SAS and SPSS missing data assignments also may be cut and pasted into the user's file. This additional information provides the specific responses to questions about individual groups in each category--Group1, Group2, Group3 or Group4. GROUP SPECIFIC DATA For the question on group membership, the category summary variable identifies the specific groups of which R is a member and additional group-specific vars are not necessary. For the questions on dues/contributions, meetings/activities, and political discussion, however, more than 2 responses were possible and the summary variables could not identify the particular response for an individual group. The responses categories are: "In the past 12 months have you paid dues or given any money to this group? Which is that? (Dues, contributions, or both?)" 1. Dues 3. Contributions 5. Both 7. Other (specify) 8. DK 9. NA 0. Inap, R is not involved with any group in this category; no further group mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW "In the last 12 months have you taken part in any activities sponsored by this group or attended a meeting of this group?" 1. Attended a meeting 3. Taken part in activities 5. Both 8. DK 9. NA 0. Inap, R is not involved with any groups in this category; no further group mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW "How often does this group discuss politics-- often, sometimes, rarely, or never?" 1. Often 2. Sometimes 3. Rarely 4. Never 8. DK 9. NA 0. Inap, R is not involved with any groups in this category; no further group mentioned in this category (Groups 2-4 only); no post IW COMPLETE SET OF COLUMN LOCATIONS (Within each group category, Group 1 is identified in the "A" variable, Group 2 in the "B" variable, Group 3 in the "C" variable", and Group 4 in the "D" variable). SEE MISSING DATA HEADINGS BELOW TO IDENTIFY QUESTIONS WITHIN GROUP CATEGORIES. V961344 1875 V961345 1876-1879 V961346 1880-1883 V961346A 1884 V961346B 1885 V961346C 1886 V961346D 1887 V961347 1888-1891 V961347A 1892 V961347B 1893 V961347C 1894 V961347D 1895 V961348 1896-1899 V961348A 1900 V961348B 1901 V961348C 1902 V961348D 1903 V961349 1904 V961350 1905-1908 V961351 1909-1912 V961351A 1913 V961351B 1914 V961351C 1915 V961351D 1916 V961352 1917-1920 V961352A 1921 V961352B 1922 V961352C 1923 V961352D 1924 V961353 1925-1928 V961353A 1929 V961353B 1930 V961353C 1931 V961353D 1932 V961354 1933 V961355 1934-1937 V961356 1938-1941 V961356A 1942 V961356B 1943 V961356C 1944 V961356D 1945 V961357 1946-1949 V961357A 1950 V961357B 1951 V961357C 1952 V961357D 1953 V961358 1954-1957 V961358A 1958 V961358B 1959 V961358C 1960 V961358D 1961 V961359 1962 V961360 1963-1966 V961361 1967-1970 V961361A 1971 V961361B 1972 V961361C 1973 V961361D 1974 V961362 1975-1978 V961362A 1979 V961362B 1980 V961362C 1981 V961362D 1982 V961363 1983-1986 V961363A 1987 V961363B 1988 V961363C 1989 V961363D 1990 V961364 1991 V961365 1992-1995 V961366 1996-1999 V961366A 2000 V961366B 2001 V961366C 2002 V961366D 2003 V961367 2004-2007 V961367A 2008 V961367B 2009 V961367C 2010 V961367D 2011 V961368 2012-2015 V961368A 2016 V961368B 2017 V961368C 2018 V961368D 2019 V961369 2020 V961370 2021-2024 V961371 2025-2028 V961371A 2029 V961371B 2030 V961371C 2031 V961371D 2032 V961372 2033-2036 V961372A 2037 V961372B 2038 V961372C 2039 V961372D 2040 V961373 2041-2044 V961373A 2045 V961373B 2046 V961373C 2047 V961373D 2048 V961374 2049 V961375 2050-2053 V961376 2054-2057 V961376A 2058 V961376B 2059 V961376C 2060 V961376D 2061 V961377 2062-2065 V961377A 2066 V961377B 2067 V961377C 2068 V961377D 2069 V961378 2070-2073 V961378A 2074 V961378B 2075 V961378C 2076 V961378D 2077 V961379 2078 V961380 2079-2082 V961381 2083-2086 V961381A 2087 V961381B 2088 V961381C 2089 V961381D 2090 V961382 2091-2094 V961382A 2095 V961382B 2096 V961382C 2097 V961382D 2098 V961383 2099-2102 V961383A 2103 V961383B 2104 V961383C 2105 V961383D 2106 V961384 2107 V961385 2108-2111 V961386 2112-2115 V961386A 2116 V961386B 2117 V961386C 2118 V961386D 2119 V961387 2120-2123 V961387A 2124 V961387B 2125 V961387C 2126 V961387D 2127 V961388 2128-2131 V961388A 2132 V961388B 2133 V961388C 2134 V961388D 2135 V961389 2136 V961390 2137-2140 V961391 2141-2144 V961391A 2145 V961391B 2146 V961391C 2147 V961391D 2148 V961392 2149-2152 V961392A 2153 V961392B 2154 V961392C 2155 V961392D 2156 V961393 2157-2160 V961393A 2161 V961393B 2162 V961393C 2163 V961393D 2164 V961394 2165 V961395 2166-2169 V961396 2170-2173 V961396A 2174 V961396B 2175 V961396C 2176 V961396D 2177 V961397 2178-2181 V961397A 2182 V961397B 2183 V961397C 2184 V961397D 2185 V961398 2186-2189 V961398A 2190 V961398B 2191 V961398C 2192 V961398D 2193 V961399 2194 V961400 2195-2198 V961401 2199-2202 V961401A 2203 V961401B 2204 V961401C 2205 V961401D 2206 V961402 2207-2210 V961402A 2211 V961402B 2212 V961402C 2213 V961402D 2214 V961403 2215-2218 V961403A 2219 V961403B 2220 V961403C 2221 V961403D 2222 V961404 2223 V961405 2224-2227 V961406 2228-2231 V961406A 2232 V961406B 2233 V961406C 2234 V961406D 2235 V961407 2236-2239 V961407A 2240 V961407B 2241 V961407C 2242 V961407D 2243 V961408 2244-2247 V961408A 2248 V961408B 2249 V961408C 2250 V961408D 2251 V961409 2252 V961410 2253-2256 V961411 2257-2260 V961411A 2261 V961411B 2262 V961411C 2263 V961411D 2264 V961412 2265-2268 V961412A 2269 V961412B 2270 V961412C 2271 V961412D 2272 V961413 2273-2276 V961413A 2277 V961413B 2278 V961413C 2279 V961413D 2280 V961414 2281 V961415 2282-2285 V961416 2286-2289 V961416A 2290 V961416B 2291 V961416C 2292 V961416D 2293 V961417 2294-2297 V961417A 2298 V961417B 2299 V961417C 2300 V961417D 2301 V961418 2302-2305 V961418A 2306 V961418B 2307 V961418C 2308 V961418D 2309 V961419 2310 V961420 2311-2314 V961421 2315-2318 V961421A 2319 V961421B 2320 V961421C 2321 V961421D 2322 V961422 2323-2326 V961422A 2327 V961422B 2328 V961422C 2329 V961422D 2330 V961423 2331-2334 V961423A 2335 V961423B 2336 V961423C 2337 V961423D 2338 V961424 2339 V961425 2340-2343 V961426 2344-2347 V961426A 2348 V961426B 2349 V961426C 2350 V961426D 2351 V961427 2352-2355 V961427A 2356 V961427B 2357 V961427C 2358 V961427D 2359 V961428 2360-2363 V961428A 2364 V961428B 2365 V961428C 2366 V961428D 2367 V961429 2368 V961430 2369-2372 V961431 2373-2376 V961431A 2377 V961431B 2378 V961431C 2379 V961431D 2380 V961432 2381-2384 V961432A 2385 V961432B 2386 V961432C 2387 V961432D 2388 V961433 2389-2392 V961433A 2393 V961433B 2394 V961433C 2395 V961433D 2396 V961434 2397 V961435 2398-2401 V961436 2402-2405 V961436A 2406 V961436B 2407 V961436C 2408 V961436D 2409 V961437 2410-2413 V961437A 2414 V961437B 2415 V961437C 2416 V961437D 2417 V961438 2418-2421 V961438A 2422 V961438B 2423 V961438C 2424 V961438D 2425 V961439 2426 V961440 2427-2430 V961441 2431-2434 V961441A 2435 V961441B 2436 V961441C 2437 V961441D 2438 V961442 2439-2442 V961442A 2443 V961442B 2444 V961442C 2445 V961442D 2446 V961443 2447-2450 V961443A 2451 V961443B 2452 V961443C 2453 V961443D 2454 V961444 2455 V961445 2456-2459 V961446 2460-2463 V961446A 2464 V961446B 2465 V961446C 2466 V961446D 2467 V961447 2468-2471 V961447A 2472 V961447B 2473 V961447C 2474 V961447D 2475 V961448 2476-2479 V961448A 2480 V961448B 2481 V961448C 2482 V961448D 2483 V961449 2484 V961450 2485-2488 V961451 2489-2492 V961451A 2493 V961451B 2494 V961451C 2495 V961451D 2496 V961452 2497-2500 V961452A 2501 V961452B 2502 V961452C 2503 V961452D 2504 V961453 2505-2508 V961453A 2509 V961453B 2510 V961453C 2511 V961453D 2512 ........................................................... GROUP-SPECIFIC MISSING DATA ************************************************************ ************************************************************ FOR PAYMENT OF DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS: the group-specific data may be found in the columns below. For each group category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention, the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc. LABOR UNIONS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961346a =0 then v961346a =.; if v961346b =0 then v961346b =.; if v961346c =0 then v961346c =.; if v961346d =0 then v961346d =.; v961346a (0) v961346b (0) v961346c (0) v961346d (0) BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961351a =0 then v961351a =.; if v961351b =0 then v961351b =.; if v961351c =0 then v961351c =.; if v961351d =0 then v961351d =.; v961351a (0) v961351b (0) v961351c (0) v961351d (0) VETERANS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961356a =0 then v961356a =.; if v961356b =0 then v961356b =.; if v961356c =0 then v961356c =.; if v961356d =0 then v961356d =.; v961356a (0) v961356b (0) v961356c (0) v961356d (0) CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961361a =0 then v961361a =.; if v961361b =0 then v961361b =.; if v961361c =0 then v961361c =.; if v961361d =0 then v961361d =.; v961361a (0) v961361b (0) v961361c (0) v961361d (0) OTHER RELIGIOUS DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961366a =0 then v961366a =.; if v961366b =0 then v961366b =.; if v961366c =0 then v961366c =.; if v961366d =0 then v961366d =.; v961366a (0) v961366b (0) v961366c (0) v961366d (0) ELDERLY/SENIOR DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961371a =0 then v961371a =.; if v961371b =0 then v961371b =.; if v961371c =0 then v961371c =.; if v961371d =0 then v961371d =.; v961371a (0) v961371b (0) v961371c (0) v961371d (0) ETHNIC/NATIONALITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961376a =0 then v961376a =.; if v961376b =0 then v961376b =.; if v961376c =0 then v961376c =.; if v961376d =0 then v961376d =.; v961376a (0) v961376b (0) v961376c (0) v961376d (0) WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961381a =0 then v961381a =.; if v961381b =0 then v961381b =.; if v961381c =0 then v961381c =.; if v961381d =0 then v961381d =.; v961381a (0) v961381b (0) v961381c (0) v961381d (0) POLITICAL ISSUE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961386a =0 then v961386a =.; if v961386b =0 then v961386b =.; if v961386c =0 then v961386c =.; if v961386d =0 then v961386d =.; v961386a (0) v961386b (0) v961386c (0) v961386d (0) NONPARTISAN OR CIVIC DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961391a =0 then v961391a =.; if v961391b =0 then v961391b =.; if v961391c =0 then v961391c =.; if v961391d =0 then v961391d =.; v961391a (0) v961391b (0) v961391c (0) v961391d (0) LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961396a =0 then v961396a =.; if v961396b =0 then v961396b =.; if v961396c =0 then v961396c =.; if v961396d =0 then v961396d =.; v961396a (0) v961396b (0) v961396c (0) v961396d (0) POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961401a =0 then v961401a =.; if v961401b =0 then v961401b =.; if v961401c =0 then v961401c =.; if v961401d =0 then v961401d =.; v961401a (0) v961401b (0) v961401c (0) v961401d (0) CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961406a =0 then v961406a =.; if v961406b =0 then v961406b =.; if v961406c =0 then v961406c =.; if v961406d =0 then v961406d =.; v961406a (0) v961406b (0) v961406c (0) v961406d (0) LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961411a =0 then v961411a =.; if v961411b =0 then v961411b =.; if v961411c =0 then v961411c =.; if v961411d =0 then v961411d =.; v961411a (0) v961411b (0) v961411c (0) v961411d (0) HOBBY OR LEISURE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961416a =0 then v961416a =.; if v961416b =0 then v961416b =.; if v961416c =0 then v961416c =.; if v961416d =0 then v961416d =.; v961416a (0) v961416b (0) v961416c (0) v961416d (0) NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961421a =0 then v961421a =.; if v961421b =0 then v961421b =.; if v961421c =0 then v961421c =.; if v961421d =0 then v961421d =.; v961421a (0) v961421b (0) v961421c (0) v961421d (0) SERVICE/FRATERNAL DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961426a =0 then v961426a =.; if v961426b =0 then v961426b =.; if v961426c =0 then v961426c =.; if v961426d =0 then v961426d =.; v961426a (0) v961426b (0) v961426c (0) v961426d (0) SERVICE TO NEEDY DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961431a =0 then v961431a =.; if v961431b =0 then v961431b =.; if v961431c =0 then v961431c =.; if v961431d =0 then v961431d =.; v961431a (0) v961431b (0) v961431c (0) v961431d (0) EDUCATIONAL DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961436a =0 then v961436a =.; if v961436b =0 then v961436b =.; if v961436c =0 then v961436c =.; if v961436d =0 then v961436d =.; v961436a (0) v961436b (0) v961436c (0) v961436d (0) CULTURAL SERVICE DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961441a =0 then v961441a =.; if v961441b =0 then v961441b =.; if v961441c =0 then v961441c =.; if v961441d =0 then v961441d =.; v961441a (0) v961441b (0) v961441c (0) v961441d (0) SELF-HELP DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961446a =0 then v961446a =.; if v961446b =0 then v961446b =.; if v961446c =0 then v961446c =.; if v961446d =0 then v961446d =.; v961446a (0) v961446b (0) v961446c (0) v961446d (0) OTHER DUES/CONTRIBUTIONS if v961451a =0 then v961451a =.; if v961451b =0 then v961451b =.; if v961451c =0 then v961451c =.; if v961451d =0 then v961451d =.; v961451a (0) v961451b (0) v961451c (0) v961451d (0) ************************************************************ ************************************************************ FOR MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES: the group-specific data may be found in the columns below. For each group category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention, the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc. LABOR UNIONS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961347a =0 then v961347a =.; if v961347b =0 then v961347b =.; if v961347c =0 then v961347c =.; if v961347d =0 then v961347d =.; v961347a (0) v961347b (0) v961347c (0) v961347d (0) BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961352a =0 then v961352a =.; if v961352b =0 then v961352b =.; if v961352c =0 then v961352c =.; if v961352d =0 then v961352d =.; v961352a (0) v961352b (0) v961352c (0) v961352d (0) VETERANS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961357a =0 then v961357a =.; if v961357b =0 then v961357b =.; if v961357c =0 then v961357c =.; if v961357d =0 then v961357d =.; v961357a (0) v961357b (0) v961357c (0) v961357d (0) CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961362a =0 then v961362a =.; if v961362b =0 then v961362b =.; if v961362c =0 then v961362c =.; if v961362d =0 then v961362d =.; v961362a (0) v961362b (0) v961362c (0) v961362d (0) OTHER RELIGIOUS MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961367a =0 then v961367a =.; if v961367b =0 then v961367b =.; if v961367c =0 then v961367c =.; if v961367d =0 then v961367d =.; v961367a (0) v961367b (0) v961367c (0) v961367d (0) ELDERLY/SENIOR MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961372a =0 then v961372a =.; if v961372b =0 then v961372b =.; if v961372c =0 then v961372c =.; if v961372d =0 then v961372d =.; v961372a (0) v961372b (0) v961372c (0) v961372d (0) ETHNIC/NATIONALITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961377a =0 then v961377a =.; if v961377b =0 then v961377b =.; if v961377c =0 then v961377c =.; if v961377d =0 then v961377d =.; v961377a (0) v961377b (0) v961377c (0) v961377d (0) WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961382a =0 then v961382a =.; if v961382b =0 then v961382b =.; if v961382c =0 then v961382c =.; if v961382d =0 then v961382d =.; v961382a (0) v961382b (0) v961382c (0) v961382d (0) POLITICAL ISSUE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961387a =0 then v961387a =.; if v961387b =0 then v961387b =.; if v961387c =0 then v961387c =.; if v961387d =0 then v961387d =.; v961387a (0) v961387b (0) v961387c (0) v961387d (0) NONPARTISAN OR CIVIC MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961392a =0 then v961392a =.; if v961392b =0 then v961392b =.; if v961392c =0 then v961392c =.; if v961392d =0 then v961392d =.; v961392a (0) v961392b (0) v961392c (0) v961392d (0) LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961397a =0 then v961397a =.; if v961397b =0 then v961397b =.; if v961397c =0 then v961397c =.; if v961397d =0 then v961397d =.; v961397a (0) v961397b (0) v961397c (0) v961397d (0) POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961402a =0 then v961402a =.; if v961402b =0 then v961402b =.; if v961402c =0 then v961402c =.; if v961402d =0 then v961402d =.; v961402a (0) v961402b (0) v961402c (0) v961402d (0) CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961407a =0 then v961407a =.; if v961407b =0 then v961407b =.; if v961407c =0 then v961407c =.; if v961407d =0 then v961407d =.; v961407a (0) v961407b (0) v961407c (0) v961407d (0) LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961412a =0 then v961412a =.; if v961412b =0 then v961412b =.; if v961412c =0 then v961412c =.; if v961412d =0 then v961412d =.; v961412a (0) v961412b (0) v961412c (0) v961412d (0) HOBBY OR LEISURE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961417a =0 then v961417a =.; if v961417b =0 then v961417b =.; if v961417c =0 then v961417c =.; if v961417d =0 then v961417d =.; v961417a (0) v961417b (0) v961417c (0) v961417d (0) NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961422a =0 then v961422a =.; if v961422b =0 then v961422b =.; if v961422c =0 then v961422c =.; if v961422d =0 then v961422d =.; v961422a (0) v961422b (0) v961422c (0) v961422d (0) SERVICE/FRATERNAL MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961427a =0 then v961427a =.; if v961427b =0 then v961427b =.; if v961427c =0 then v961427c =.; if v961427d =0 then v961427d =.; v961427a (0) v961427b (0) v961427c (0) v961427d (0) SERVICE TO NEEDY MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961432a =0 then v961432a =.; if v961432b =0 then v961432b =.; if v961432c =0 then v961432c =.; if v961432d =0 then v961432d =.; v961432a (0) v961432b (0) v961432c (0) v961432d (0) EDUCATIONAL MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961437a =0 then v961437a =.; if v961437b =0 then v961437b =.; if v961437c =0 then v961437c =.; if v961437d =0 then v961437d =.; v961437a (0) v961437b (0) v961437c (0) v961437d (0) CULTURAL SERVICE MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961442a =0 then v961442a =.; if v961442b =0 then v961442b =.; if v961442c =0 then v961442c =.; if v961442d =0 then v961442d =.; v961442a (0) v961442b (0) v961442c (0) v961442d (0) SELF-HELP MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961447a =0 then v961447a =.; if v961447b =0 then v961447b =.; if v961447c =0 then v961447c =.; if v961447d =0 then v961447d =.; v961447a (0) v961447b (0) v961447c (0) v961447d (0) OTHER MEETINGS/ACTIVITIES if v961452a =0 then v961452a =.; if v961452b =0 then v961452b =.; if v961452c =0 then v961452c =.; if v961452d =0 then v961452d =.; v961452a (0) v961452b (0) v961452c (0) v961452d (0) ************************************************************ ************************************************************ FOR POLITICAL DISCUSSION: the group-specific data may be found in the columns below. For each group category, the first variable corresponds to the response for Group1 mention, the second variable corresponds to the response for Group2 mention, etc. LABOR UNIONS POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961348a =0 then v961348a =.; if v961348b =0 then v961348b =.; if v961348c =0 then v961348c =.; if v961348d =0 then v961348d =.; v961348a (0) v961348b (0) v961348c (0) v961348d (0) BUSINESS OR WORK-RELATED POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961353a =0 then v961353a =.; if v961353b =0 then v961353b =.; if v961353c =0 then v961353c =.; if v961353d =0 then v961353d =.; v961353a (0) v961353b (0) v961353c (0) v961353d (0) VETERANS POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961358a =0 then v961358a =.; if v961358b =0 then v961358b =.; if v961358c =0 then v961358c =.; if v961358d =0 then v961358d =.; v961358a (0) v961358b (0) v961358c (0) v961358d (0) CHURCH/SYNAGOGUE POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961363a =0 then v961363a =.; if v961363b =0 then v961363b =.; if v961363c =0 then v961363c =.; if v961363d =0 then v961363d =.; v961363a (0) v961363b (0) v961363c (0) v961363d (0) OTHER RELIGIOUS POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961368a =0 then v961368a =.; if v961368b =0 then v961368b =.; if v961368c =0 then v961368c =.; if v961368d =0 then v961368d =.; v961368a (0) v961368b (0) v961368c (0) v961368d (0) ELDERLY/SENIOR POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961373a =0 then v961373a =.; if v961373b =0 then v961373b =.; if v961373c =0 then v961373c =.; if v961373d =0 then v961373d =.; v961373a (0) v961373b (0) v961373c (0) v961373d (0) ETHNIC/NATIONALITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961378a =0 then v961378a =.; if v961378b =0 then v961378b =.; if v961378c =0 then v961378c =.; if v961378d =0 then v961378d =.; v961378a (0) v961378b (0) v961378c (0) v961378d (0) WOMEN'S RIGHTS OR WELFARE POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961383a =0 then v961383a =.; if v961383b =0 then v961383b =.; if v961383c =0 then v961383c =.; if v961383d =0 then v961383d =.; v961383a (0) v961383b (0) v961383c (0) v961383d (0) POLITICAL ISSUE POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961388a =0 then v961388a =.; if v961388b =0 then v961388b =.; if v961388c =0 then v961388c =.; if v961388d =0 then v961388d =.; v961388a (0) v961388b (0) v961388c (0) v961388d (0) NONPARTISAN OR CIV96IC if v961393a =0 then v961393a =.; if v961393b =0 then v961393b =.; if v961393c =0 then v961393c =.; if v961393d =0 then v961393d =.; v961393a (0) v961393b (0) v961393c (0) v961393d (0) LIBERAL OR CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961398a =0 then v961398a =.; if v961398b =0 then v961398b =.; if v961398c =0 then v961398c =.; if v961398d =0 then v961398d =.; v961398a (0) v961398b (0) v961398c (0) v961398d (0) POLITICAL PARTY OR CAND SUPPORT POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961403a =0 then v961403a =.; if v961403b =0 then v961403b =.; if v961403c =0 then v961403c =.; if v961403d =0 then v961403d =.; v961403a (0) v961403b (0) v961403c (0) v961403d (0) CHILDRENS' ACTIVITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961408a =0 then v961408a =.; if v961408b =0 then v961408b =.; if v961408c =0 then v961408c =.; if v961408d =0 then v961408d =.; v961408a (0) v961408b (0) v961408c (0) v961408d (0) LITERARY, ART OR DISCUSSION POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961413a =0 then v961413a =.; if v961413b =0 then v961413b =.; if v961413c =0 then v961413c =.; if v961413d =0 then v961413d =.; v961413a (0) v961413b (0) v961413c (0) v961413d (0) HOBBY OR LEISURE POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961418a =0 then v961418a =.; if v961418b =0 then v961418b =.; if v961418c =0 then v961418c =.; if v961418d =0 then v961418d =.; v961418a (0) v961418b (0) v961418c (0) v961418d (0) NEIGHBORHOOD OR COMMUNITY POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961423a =0 then v961423a =.; if v961423b =0 then v961423b =.; if v961423c =0 then v961423c =.; if v961423d =0 then v961423d =.; v961423a (0) v961423b (0) v961423c (0) v961423d (0) SERVICE/FRATERNAL POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961428a =0 then v961428a =.; if v961428b =0 then v961428b =.; if v961428c =0 then v961428c =.; if v961428d =0 then v961428d =.; v961428a (0) v961428b (0) v961428c (0) v961428d (0) SERVICE TO NEEDY POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961433a =0 then v961433a =.; if v961433b =0 then v961433b =.; if v961433c =0 then v961433c =.; if v961433d =0 then v961433d =.; v961433a (0) v961433b (0) v961433c (0) v961433d (0) EDUCATIONAL POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961438a =0 then v961438a =.; if v961438b =0 then v961438b =.; if v961438c =0 then v961438c =.; if v961438d =0 then v961438d =.; v961438a (0) v961438b (0) v961438c (0) v961438d (0) CULTURAL SERVICE POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961433a =0 then v961433a =.; if v961433b =0 then v961433b =.; if v961433c =0 then v961433c =.; if v961433d =0 then v961433d =.; v961443a (0) v961443b (0) v961443c (0) v961443d (0) SELF-HELP POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961448a =0 then v961448a =.; if v961448b =0 then v961448b =.; if v961448c =0 then v961448c =.; if v961448d =0 then v961448d =.; v961448a (0) v961448b (0) v961448c (0) v961448d (0) OTHER POLITICAL DISCUSSION if v961453a =0 then v961453a =.; if v961453b =0 then v961453b =.; if v961453c =0 then v961453c =.; if v961453d =0 then v961453d =.; v961453a (0) v961453b (0) v961453c (0) v961453d (0) >> 1996 NATIONAL PRE/POST-ELECTION STUDY SAMPLE DESIGN STUDY POPULATION ---------------- The study population for the 1996 National Pre/Post-Election Study (NES) is defined to include all United States citizens of voting age on or before the 1996 Election Day. Eligible citizens must have resided in housing units in the forty-eight coterminous states. This definition excludes persons living in Alaska or Hawaii and requires eligible persons to have been both a United States citizen and eighteen years of age on or before the 5th of November 1996. MULTI-STAGE AREA PROBABILITY SAMPLE DESIGN ------------------------------------------ The 1996 NES is based on a multi-stage area probability sample selected from the Survey Research Center's (SRC) National Sample design. Identification of the 1996 NES sample respondents was conducted using a four stage sampling process--a primary stage sampling of U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) or New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs)[1] and counties, followed by a second stage sampling of area segments, a third stage sampling of housing units within sampled area segments and concluding with the random selection of a single respondent from selected housing units. A detailed documentation of the 1980 SRC National Sample, from which the 1996 NES Panel was originally drawn is provided in the SRC publication titled 1980 SRC National Sample: Design and Development. A detailed documentation of the 1990 SRC National Sample, from which the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement was drawn, is provided in the SRC publication titled 1990 SRC National Sample: Design and Development. The 1996 NES sample design called for a 1996 NES Panel component consisting of all respondents to the 1994 NES study, originally drawn from the 1980 SRC National Sample, and a 1996 NES Cross-section component drawn from the 1990 SRC National Sample. Although both of these SRC National Samples are multi-stage area probability samples as described above, there are differences in specific details at the various stages of the two SRC National Samples which will be described below. Figure 1 shows in schematic detail the original sources of the components of the 1996 NES Sample. On this figure the "n" indicated in the 1992 and 1994 boxes is actually the number of Respondents from that year and component that became the Panel component two years later. Of course the "n" shown for the 1996 NES Panel and Cross-section components does not refer to 1996 Respondents but, for the 1996 Panel, to the total number of sample eligible households (i.e. the total of the Respondents from both components of 1994) and, for the Cross-section supplement, to the total selected number of listed housing units used in the 1996 NES. --------------- 1 NECMAs are used in the 1996 NES Cross-section component only, which is drawn from the 1990 SRC National Sample. Figure 1: Source of 1996 NES Sample Cases 1980 SRC 1990 SRC National Sample National Sample 1992 NES Cross-section (n=1,005) 1994 NES 1994 NES Panel Cross-section (n=759) (n=1,036) 1996 NES 1996 NES Panel Cross-section (n=1,795) (n=803)[2] Both 1980 & 1990 National Samples 1996 NES Combined Sample (n=2,598) .............. 2 The 730 listed housing units projected to be necessary to produce the 430 interviews from the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement were increased by 10% (73) for reserve releases. The 803 listed housing units selected for this component of the 1996 NES Sample actually yielded 666 eligible households within which an interview was attempted. SELECTION STAGES FOR THE 1996 NES PANEL COMPONENT: 1980 SRC NATIONAL SAMPLE[3] Primary Stage Selection: 1996 NES Panel Component The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs), which depending on the sample stratum are either MSAs, single counties or groupings of small counties, is based on the county-level 1980 Census Reports of Population and Housing. Primary stage units were assigned to 84 explicit strata based on MSA/non-MSA status, PSU size, and geographic location. Sixteen of the 84 strata contain only a single self-representing PSU, each of which is included with certainty in the primary stage of sample selection. The remaining 68 nonself-representing strata contain more than one PSU. From each of these nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with probability proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1980 occupied housing units. The full SRC National Sample of 84 primary stage selections was designed to be optimal for surveys roughly two to three times the size of the 1994 NES. To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller survey samples, the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily partitioned into smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or two-thirds sample partition. Each of the partitions represents a stratified subselection from the full 84 PSU design. The one-half partition of the 1980 National Sample (i.e., the "A" primary sampling units or PSUs) includes 11 of the 16 self-representing MSA PSUs and a stratified subsampling of 34 of the 68 nonself-representing PSUs of the SRC National Sample. The two-thirds partition includes all of the "A" PSUs plus "B1" PSUs, i.e., 5 additional self-representing PSUs and 11 additional nonself-representing PSUs. Since the 1994 NES desired comparison of data over time from 1992 NES respondents, as well as a representative sample of eligible 1994 respondents, the 1994 NES sample design included both a Panel and a Cross-section component. The Panel component of the 1994 design consisted of all[4] respondents from the NES Cross-section component of the 1992 NES sample. The 1994 NES Cross-section component was a new selection of respondents from an area probability sample of households taken from the two-thirds partition of the SRC National Sample. The Panel component of the 1996 NES sample consists of all 1994 respondents from both of these 1994 NES components. See Figure 1. ........... 3 Further description of the 1994 sample design can be found in "Sample Design: Technical Memoranda, 1994 Election Study" pp. 882-905 in Steven J. Rosenstone, Donald R. Kinder, Warren E. Miller and the National Election Studies. AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1994: POST-ELECTION SURVEY. 4 The 1994 NES Panel consisted of all 1005 Respondents from the 1992 NES Cross-section sample. Of these, 925 were recontacted in the 1993 NES Pilot Study (a follow-up of the 1992 NES survey), of which 750 were re-interviewed, 98 refused to be re-interviewed and 77 could not be re-interviewed at that time due to some 'permanent' condition. 80 of the 1005 1992 NES Cross-section respondents could not be found for re-interview in 1993. Due to sample design decisions in 1992, when the NES sample moved from using the one-half sample partition to the two-thirds sample partition of the SRC National Sample, the Cross-section portion of the 1992 NES sample included a disproportionate number of selections from segments in "B1" PSUs (see Table 1). This same disproportionate distribution was, of course, reflected in the Panel component of the 1994 NES sample and, thus carried to the 1996 NES Panel. While this led to some statistical inefficiency in the form of increased variance of survey estimates relative to that of an even distribution across the two-thirds partition primary areas, since the "BI" PSU areas do represent a proper subsample of the 1980 National Sample design, separate longitudinal analysis of the 1996 NES Panel (i.e., analysis of combined 1994 Panel and 1994 Cross-section data)[5] can be undertaken. Table 1 identifies the PSUs for the Panel component of the 1996 National Election Study by MSA status and Region. The "B1" PSUs in the Panel portion of the sample design which received the disproportionate allocation in 1992 to supplement the half-sample are also indicated on this table as well as the number of area segments carried over to the 1996 NES Panel component (see next section); all PSUs on this table are proportionately represented in the 1994 NES two-thirds Cross-section Sample. Second Stage Selection of Area Segments: 1996 NES Panel Component The second stage of the 1994 NES National Sample was selected directly from computerized files that were prepared from the 1990[6] Census file (PL94-171 file on CD Rom) which contains the block-level 1990 Census total housing unit (HU) data. The designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs), termed "area segments", are comprised of census blocks in the metropolitan (MSA) primary areas and either census blocks or enumeration districts (EDs) in the rural areas of non-MSA primary areas. Each SSU block, block combination or enumeration district for non-MSA PSUs was assigned a measure of size equal to the total 1980 occupied housing unit count for the area. MSA SSU block(s) were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 total HUs per SSU; non-MSA SSU blocks were assigned a minimum measure of 50 1980 occupied HUs per SSU. Second stage sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities proportionate to the assigned measures of size (PPS). ........... 5 Analysis of pooled data from respondents from both components of the 1994 NES sample requires a strong assumption about the nature of the attrition of the 1992 NES Cross-section sample. It must be assumed that Panel attrition is not correlated with variables under consideration in the analysis. 6 Non-MSA segments were selected from the 1980 Census summary tape file series STF1B file, with minimum SSU size of 50 occupied HUs. A three-step process of ordering the SSUs within the primary areas produced an implicit stratification of the area segments in the second stage sampling frame, stratified at the county level by geographic location and population. Area segments were stratified within county at the Minor Civil Division (MCD) level by size and income, and at the block and ED level by location within the MCD or county. (For details, refer to the SRC publication, 1980 National Sample: Design and Development.) For the 1994 NES combined Panel/Cross-section sample the number of area segments used in each PSU varied. In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the number of sample area segments varied in proportion to the size of the primary stage unit, from a high of 12 Cross-section and 7 Panel area segments in the self-representing New York MSA, to a low of 4 Cross-section and no Panel area segments in the smaller self-representing PSUs such as Pittsburgh and Boston MSAs. Most Nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs were represented by 6 Cross-section and 2 Panel area segments except for "B1" PSUs for which there are either 5 or 6 Panel segments. A total of 554 area segments were selected for the 1994 NES, 191 Panel and 363 Cross-section segments, 157 in the sixteen self-representing PSUs and 397 in the nonself-representing PSUs as shown in the last column of Table 1. In most cases, both 1994 NES Cross-section and 1994 NES Panel selections were made from the same area segments within each PSU, so in actual fact a total of 376 distinct 1980 National Sample area segments were used for the 1994 NES Post-election Study. Of these, 364 segments had respondents in 1994 and were carried over to the Panel component of the 1996 NES Study. Table 1: PSU Name and Number[7] of Panel Area Segments in the 1996 NES Sample Showing 1980 SRC National-Sample Stratum, Partition and MSA Status National Sample National Sample # of 1996 NES PSU Number and PSU Name Panel Segments Partition Six Largest Self-representing PSUs 501 A New York, NY-NJ 11 502 A Los Angeles, CA 10 503 A Chicago, IL 8 504 A Philadelphia, PA-NJ 6 505 A Detroit, MI 6 506 A San Francisco, CA 6 Ten Remaining Self-representing PSUs 507 B1 Washington, DC-MD-VA 6 508 B1 Dallas-Ft Worth, TX 6 509 A Houston, TX 5 510 A Boston, MA 3 511 B1 Nassau-Suffolk, NY 4 512 A St Louis, MO-IL 3 513 A Pittsburgh, PA 4 514 A Baltimore, MD 4 515 B1 Minneapolis, MN-WI 4 516 B1 Atlanta, GA 4 Nonself-representing MSAs: Northeast 517 A Buffalo, NY 5 518 B1 Newark, NJ 6 521 A New Haven, CT 5 523 A Atlantic City, NJ 5 524 A Manchester, NH 6 Nonself-representing MSAs: Midwest (North Central in 1980 Census) 526 A Milwaukee, WI 6 527 A Dayton, OH 5 528 B1 Kansas City, MO-KS 6 529 A Des Moines, IA 6 531 A Grand Rapids, MI 6 532 A Fort Wayne, IN 6 533 A Steubenville, OH-WV 6 534 B1 Saginaw, MI 6 Nonself-representing MSAs: South 536 A Birmingham, AL 6 539 A Columbus, GA-AL 6 540 A Miami, FL 6 542 B1 Jacksonville, FL 6 543 A Lakeland, FL 6 544 A McAllen, TX 6 545 B1 Waco, TX 6 547 A Wheeling, WV-OH 6 549 A Knoxville, TN 6 550 A Richmond, VA 6 Nonself-representing MSAs: West 553 A Seattle, WA 6 555 A Denver, CO 6 556 A Anaheim, CA 5 557 B1 Riverside-San Bernardino, CA 6 558 A Fresno, CA 6 559 A Eugene, OR 6 560 B1 Phoenix, AZ 6 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Northeast 463 A Schuyler County, NY 8 464 B1 Gardner County, MA 8 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest (North Central in 1980 Census) 465 A Sanilac County, MI 5 466 B1 Decatur County, IN 8 468 A Saline County, NE 7 470 A Mower County, MN 6 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: South 473 A Bulloch County, GA 7 474 B1 Sabine County, LA 6 476 A Hale County, TX 5 477 A Ashley County, AR 7 478 A Bedford County, TN 6 480 B1 Montgomery County, VA 8 481 A Robeson County, NC 7 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: West 482 A El Dorado-Alpine Counties, CA 6 484 A Carbon County, WY 5 Total Number of Segments 364 ---------- 7 The number of segments shown for the 1996 NES Panel is the expected count; it is based on the number of 1994 NES Cross-section and Panel segments having selected lines. It is possible that some of these segments yielded no 1994 interviews and so do not actually show up in the 1996 Panel. Third Stage Selection of Housing Units: 1996 NES Panel Component For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing was made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the segment. For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, all housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed. The final equal probability sample of housing units for the 1994 NES was systematically selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area segments. The Cross-section component of the 1994 NES sample design was selected from the 1980 SRC National Sample to yield an equal probability sample of households. The distribution of the 1994 NES Cross-section sample is that required by the two-thirds design of the 1980 SRC National Sample. The overall probability of selection for 1994 NES Cross-section households was f=0.00001885 or 0.1885 in 10,000. The equal probability sample of households was achieved for the 1994 NES Cross-section design by using the standard multi-stage sampling technique of setting the sampling rate for selecting housing units within area segments to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select the PSU and area segment.[8] The 1994 NES Panel consisted of all 1005 respondents for whom a complete interview was obtained in the 1992 NES Cross-section sample. Respondents in 1994 from both the 1994 Cross-section and the 1994 Panel comprise the 1996 NES Panel. Fourth Stage Respondent Selection: 1996 NES Panel Component Within each sampled 1994 NES Cross-section housing unit, the SRC interviewer prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members. Using an objective procedure described by Kish (1949)[9] a single respondent was then selected at random to be interviewed. Regardless of circumstances, no substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent. This technique had also been used in 1992 to select the original Panel respondents. In 1994 the same Panel respondent (R) was sought for interview as had been interviewed in 1992. The 1996 Panel consists of all 1994 NES respondents for whom a complete interview was obtained in the 1994 NES Combined Cross-section and Panel sample. 1795 interviewed respondents make up the 1996 NES Panel component. ........... 8 Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 9 Kish, L. (1949). "A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol 44, pp. 380-387. SELECTION STAGES 1996 NES CROSS-SECTION SUPPLEMENT: 1990 SRC NATIONAL SAMPLE Primary Stage Selection: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement The selection of primary stage sampling units (PSUs) for the 1990 SRC National Sample, which depending on the sample stratum are either MSAs, New England County Metropolitan Areas (NECMAs), single counties, independent cities, county equivalents or groupings of small counties, is based on the county-level 1990 Census Reports of Population and Housing.[10] Primary stage units were assigned to 108 explicit strata based on MSA/NECMA or non-MSA/NECMA status, PSU size, Census Region and geographic location within region. Twenty-eight of the 108 strata contain only a single self-representing PSU, each of which is included with certainty in the primary stage of sample selection. The remaining 80 nonself-representing strata contain more than one PSU. From each of these nonself-representing strata, one PSU was sampled with probability proportionate to its size (PPS) measured in 1990 occupied housing units. The full 1990 SRC National Sample of 108 primary stage selections was designed to be optimal for surveys roughly three to five times the size of the 1996 NES. To permit the flexibility needed for optimal design of smaller survey samples, the primary stage of the SRC National Sample can be readily partitioned into smaller subsamples of PSUs such as a one-half sample or a three-quarter sample partition. Each of the partitions represents a stratified subselection from the full 108 (representing the coterminous United States as does the NES study) PSU design. The one-half sample partition of the 1990 National Sample was designed to be roughly comparable in number of PSUs to the two-thirds partition of the 1980 National Sample. The one-half partition of the 1990 National Sample (i.e., the "A" primary sampling units or PSUs) includes 18 of the 28 self-representing MSA PSUs and a stratified subsampling of 40 of the 80 nonself-representing PSUs of the SRC National Sample. The remaining PSUs are divided in half and designated as either B1 or B2. The three-quarter partition includes all of the "A" PSUs plus "B1" PSUs, i.e., five additional self-representing PSUs and twenty additional nonself-representing PSUs. ........... 10 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 1990 definitions of MSAs, NECMAs, county, parish, independent city. These, of course, differ in some respects from the primary stage unit (PSU) definitions used in the 1980 SRC National Sample so will not be strictly comparable to the 1996 NES Panel PSUs--particularly in New England where MSAs were used as PSUs in the 1980 National Sample and NECMAs were used as PSUs in the 1990 National Sample. Since the 1996 NES desired comparison of data over time from 1994 NES respondents, as well as a supplement of eligible 1996 respondents, the 1996 NES sample design includes both a Panel and a Cross-section component. The Panel component of the 1996 NES design consists of all respondents from the both the Panel and the Cross-section components of the 1994 NES sample.[11] The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement component is a new selection of respondents from an area probability sample of households taken from the one-half partition of the new 1990 SRC National Sample. Since emphasis in the 1996 NES Study was to be on the Panel component and a rather small number of 1996 NES Cross-section respondents was sought, a subselection was made from the non-self representing PSUs in the 1990 half-sample partition; seven nonself-representing MSA PSUs and seven non-MSA PSUs were randomly eliminated. Table 2 identifies the 44 PSUs in the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement by MSA status and Region and also indicates the number of area segments used for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement (see next section on second stage selection). Second Stage Selection of Area Segments: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement The second stage of the 1990 SRC National Sample, used for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement, was selected directly from computerized files that were extracted for the selected PSUs from the 1990 U.S. Census summary file series STF1-B. These files (on CD Rom) contain the 1990 Census total population and housing unit (HU) data at the census block level. The designated second-stage sampling units (SSUs), termed "area segments", are comprised of census blocks in both the metropolitan (MSA) primary areas and in the rural areas of non-MSA primary areas. Each SSU block or block combination was assigned a measure of size equal to the total 1990 occupied housing unit count for the area; SSU block(s) were assigned a minimum measure of 72 1990 total HUs per MSA SSU and a minimum measure of 48 total HUs per non-MSA SSU. Second stage sampling of area segments was performed with probabilities proportionate to the assigned measures of size (PPS). Prior to the second-stage selection, the SSUs were ordered or implicitly stratified within each selected PSU. Block Groups were stratified by household income and, within these income groups, by geography (county, tract, and block). Counties within MSA PSUs having more than one county were ordered by size and distance from the central city of the MSA. (For details, refer to the SRC publication, 1990 National Sample: Design and Development.) For the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement the number of area segments used in each PSU varies. In the self-representing (SR) PSUs the number of area segments varies in proportion to the size of the primary stage unit, from a high of 13 area segments in the self-representing New York MSA and 12 area segments in Los Angeles MSA, to a low of 4 area segments in the smaller self-representing PSUs such as Cleveland, Miami-Hialeah or Nassau-Suffolk MSAs. All nonself-representing (NSR) PSUs were represented by 4 area segments each. A total of 210 NES Cross-section area segments were selected, 106 in the 18 self-representing PSUs and 104 in the nonself-representing PSUs as shown in Table 2. ---------- 11 For more detailed description of original Panel component selection, see pages 3-7 of this documentation. Table 2: PSU Name and Number of Area Segments in the 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement Showing 1990 SRC National-Sample Stratum, Partition, and MSA Status National Sample National Sample # of 1996 NES PSU Number and PSU Name Panel Segments Partition Eight Largest Self-representing PSUs 120 A New York, NY MSA 13 190 A Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA 12 130 A Chicago, IL MSA 9 121 A Philadelphia, PA-NJ MSA 7 131 A Detroit, MI MSA 6 150 A Washington DC-MD-VA MSA 6 110 A Boston, MA NECMA 6 171 A Dallas and Ft Worth, TX CMSA 6 Ten Remaining Self-representing PSUs 170 A Houston, TX MSA 5 191 A Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA 4 141 A St Louis, MO-IL MSA 4 152 A Baltimore, MD MSA 4 122 A Nassau-Suffolk, NY MSA 4 194 A Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA MSA 4 132 A Cleveland, OH MSA 4 154 A Miami-Hialeah, FL MSA 4 181 A Denver, CO MSA 4 196 A San Francisco, CA MSA 4 Nonself-representing MSAs: Northeast 211 A New Haven-Waterbury-Meriden, CT NECMA 4 213 A Manchester-Nashua NH NECMA 4 220 A Buffalo, NY MSA 4 226 A Atlantic City, NJ MSA 4 Nonself-representing MSAs: Midwest 230 A Milwaukee, WI MSA 4 236 A Madison, WI MSA 4 239 A Steubenville-Wheeling, OH[12] 4 240 A Des Moines, IA MSA 4 Nonself-representing MSAs: South 250 A Richmond-Petersburg, VA MSA 4 255 A Columbus, GA-AL MSA 4 257 A Jacksonville, FL MSA 4 258 A Lakeland, FL MSA 4 260 A Knoxville TN MSA 4 262 A Birmingham, AL MSA 4 273 B1[13] Waco, TX MSA 4 274 A McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA 4 ........... 12 In the 1990 SRC National Sample, U.S. Census Region boundaries were maintained for purposes of stratification at the Primary Stage of selection. Since some MSA definitions cross Region boundaries, such MSAs were split and the MSA counties recombined in ways that maintained the Region boundary. This PSU actually contains the Ohio counties from both the Steubenville- Wierton, OH-WV MSA (Jefferson County, OH) and the Wheeling, WV-OH MSA (Belmont County, OH) and although it is made up of MSA counties--it is not a cohesive MSA by OMB 1990 definition. 13 For efficiency of field work the substitution of two "B1" PSUs was allowed for the "A" areas in the normal 1990 half-sample -- Waco, TX MSA for Oklahoma City, OK MSA and Jim Wells County, TX for Lavaca County, TX. Nonself-representing MSAs: West 280 A Salt Lake City-Ogden etc, UT MSA 4 292 A Fresno, CA MSA 4 293 A Eugene-Springfield, OR MSA 4 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Northeast 320 A Elk County, PA 4 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: Midwest 332 A Switzerland County, IN 4 342 A Taney County, MO 4 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: South 351 A Harrisonburg IC, VA 4 354 A Whitfield County, GA 4 370 B1 Jim Wells County, TX 4 Nonself-representing Non-MSAs: West 381 A Sandoval County, NM 4 Total Number of Segments 210 Third Stage Selection of Housing Units: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement For each area segment selected in the second sampling stage, a listing was made of all housing units located within the physical boundaries of the segment. For segments with a very large number of expected housing units, all housing units in a subselected part of the segment were listed. The final equal probability sample of housing units for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement was systematically selected from the housing unit listings for the sampled area segments. The Cross-section supplement of the 1996 NES sample design was selected from the 1990 SRC National Sample to yield an equal probability sample of 803 listed housing units. The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement drawn was ten percent larger than the expected required sample size of 730 lines to allow for additional "reserve" sample replicates to be released if necessary to meet interview goals. The overall probability of selection for 1996 NES Cross-section households was f=0.000007500 or 0.07500 in 10,000. The equal probability sample of households was achieved for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement by using the standard multi-stage sampling technique of setting the sampling rate for selecting housing units within area segments to be inversely proportional to the PPS probabilities used to select the PSU and area segment.[14] Fourth Stage Respondent Selection: 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement Within each sampled 1996 NES Cross-section housing unit, the SRC interviewer prepared a complete listing of all eligible household members. Using an objective procedure described by Kish (1949)[15] a single respondent was then selected at random to be interviewed. Regardless of circumstances, no substitutions were permitted for the designated respondent. This technique had also been used in 1992 and 1994 to select the original Panel respondents. In 1996 the same Panel respondent (R) was sought for interview as had been interviewed in 1992 and 1994. 1996 NES SAMPLE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ------------------------------------- The 1996 Pre/Post-election Study sought a total of 1750 interviews in the Pre-election phase, all of which were to be contacted for reinterview in the Post-election phase. THE PRE-ELECTION PHASE: The 1996 NES sample design included both Panel and Cross-section components for the Pre-election phase, but emphasis in the 1996 NES design was on obtaining a maximum number of Panel interviews. To this end, the 1996 NES Panel component included the full set of 1795 1994 NES respondents, 1036 from the 1994 NES Cross-section component and 759 from the 1994 NES Panel component. Given sample design assumptions for the 1996 NES Panel of an eligibility rate of 0.98 and response rate of 0.75, this component was expected to yield 1320 interviews in 1996. The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement was intended to yield 430 interviews. It was estimated that this would require a NES Cross-section sample draw of 730 housing units. This assumed an occupancy/growth rate of 0.86, an eligibility rate of 0.95 and a response rate of 0.72. The overall 1996 NES Pre-election sample Design is set out in Table 3, below. .......... 14 Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 15 Kish, L. (1949). "A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol 44, pp. 380-387. Table 3: Sample Design Specifications and Assumptions 1996 Pre/Post-election Survey Cross-section Panel Component Total Component Completed Interviews 430 1320 1750 Response Rate 0.72 0.75 Eligible Sample Households 597 1760 2357 Eligibility Rate 0.95 NA Panel Recontact Rate NA 0.98 Occupied Households 628 1795 2423 Occupancy/growth Rate 0.86 1.0 Total Sample Lines 730 1795 2525 Sample Design, and Assignment of Replicates The Cross-section supplement of the 1996 NES sample was drawn from the recently listed "A" or half-sample partition of the 1990 SRC National Sample. Because of the small size of this NES sample component, both the number of PSUs (selected primary areas) and the Secondary Selection Units (area segments) in the National half-sample were reduced by subselection for the 1996 NES sample design.[16] The 18 self-representing areas in the 1990 SRC National half-sample were all retained for the Cross-section supplement (8 of these remained self-representing in the half-sample and 10 represent not only their own MSA but their "pair" among the twenty additional self-representing primary areas of the full 1990 SRC National Sample design). Nineteen of the 26 non-selfrepresenting MSAs and 7 of the 14 non-MSAs were retained for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement (or 26 of 40 NSR PSUs). The number of second stage units (SSUs or area segments) was also reduced for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement. In self-representing PSUs, the number of segments was reduced by one-half with a minimum of four segments in any PSU. In the nonself-representing PSUs, the number of segments was reduced to two-thirds, from six to four segments per PSU. This resulted in a total of 210 segments or SSUs from which the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement was selected. There could be no reduction of the total number of segments or of persons in the 1996 NES Panel component since all 1994 NES respondents were to be recontacted for interview in 1996. The number of area segments represented by the 1795 respondents to the 1994 study eligible for the 1996 NES Panel was 364. ........... 16 See pages 8-12 of this report for details of the Cross-section supplement of the 1996 NES sample. Both the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement and the 1996 NES Panel were divided by segment into two replicate samples. Replicates 1 and 2 of the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement each included 105 segments. The original replicate assignment of Panel segments also resulted in an even division of those segments by replicate. 1996 NES Cross-section Supplement Selection and Assignment of Releases The 1996 NES Cross-section supplement drawn was ten percent larger than the expected required sample size of 730 listed housing units to allow for additional "reserve" sample replicates. Final number of housing units in the Cross-section supplement was 803 spread over the 210 area segments as outlined below. Selected lines in each of the two replicates were divided into two equal parts to accommodate 4 quarterly releases. The quarterly releases were designed to assess effect on voter opinion formation of news events which occurred at various times over the course of the study. The first replicate sample was divided into release 1 and 2; the second replicate sample into release 3 and 4. An additional two reserve releases (5 and 6) equal to 73 lines, or 10% of the total 1996 NES Cross-section supplement, were also drawn from Replicate 2 to be released with releases 3 and 4, if necessary to meet study interview goals. Both reserve releases 5 and 6 were, in fact, released. Although Replicates 1 and 2 are each made up of different area segments (except as modified by the request to include Panel Rs needing tracking in Releases 1 and 2), all 1996 NES Cross-section and Panel Primary Areas are included in each Replicate if they contained more than a single segment. In contrast to the assignment of replicates by area segment, releases were originally specified in the 1996 NES sample design to be assigned across the HU-level file, rather than by area segment so any segment having more than one selection will have the selections distributed across Releases 1 and 2 (or 3, 4, 5 and 6 for Replicate 2 segments). In order to increase the efficiency of the field interviewing effort, original releases 3 and 4 were later revised such that their assignment was based on area segment, rather than across all Replicate 2 segments. 1996 NES PRE-ELECTION SAMPLE OUTCOME: Table 4: 1996 NES Pre-Election Sample Design Specifications and Assumptions Compared to Sample Outcome. 1996 Pre/Post-election Survey [17] Cross-section Panel Component Total Component Design Outcome Design Outcome Design Outcome Completed Interviews 430 398 1320 1316 1750 1714 Response Rate 0.72 0.60 0.75 0.76 Eligible Sample Households 597 666 1760 1741 2357 2407 Eligibility Rate 0.95 0.96 NA NA Panel Recontact Rate NA NA 0.98 0.98 Occupied Households 628 692 1795 1781 2423 2473 Occupancy/growth Rate 0.86 0.85 1.00 1.00 Total Sample Lines 730 817 1795 1788 2525 2605 A comparison of the total design figures compared to the Pre-election outcome figures in Table 4 indicates the following: for the 1996 NES Panel component, where there was no option for reserve releases, and where primary field effort was placed, eligibility and response rates equal to those anticipated resulted in a number of completed interviews very close to that projected by the sample design. On the other hand, for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement, even with the release of reserve replicates, a lower than expected response rate resulted in a seven percent shortfall in number of completed interviews. Since the Cross-section supplement made up less than one-quarter of the total sample design, the overall shortfall in number of completed interviews was only two percent. THE POST-ELECTION PHASE: The study design for the 1996 Post-election component of the NES Study called for recontact of all respondents to the 1996 NES Pre-election survey (both those originally in the Panel component and those in the Cross-section supplement.) The Post-election phase of the 1996 NES included a mode experiment which called for the random assignment, by area segment, of the majority of these respondents, to be recontacted after the election for an ---------- 17 Outcome figures are from the 1996 National Pre-election Study Field Progress Report, February 28, 1997. interview either by phone or in person. Those to be excluded from this mode experiment were those respondents either 1) who were interviewed by phone during the Pre-election study or 2) who were known to not have a phone. The assignment to either the phone or the in-person mode was made on the basis of segment, such that approximately half of the Post-election recontacts made by phone and the other half in person. Since the Post-election phase of the study involved no new respondents--all respondents were considered Panel respondents for this phase. A combined recontact and response rate of 85% was assumed for the Post-election phase of the 1996 NES to yield a total of 1460 interviews. Of the total of 1714 interviews completed for the 1996 Pre-election study, the sample released for Post-election recontact was distributed as shown in Table 5. Post-election interview outcome is also shown on this table. The combined recontact and response rate exceeded expectations resulting in a total number of Post-election interviews over the 1460 goal. Table 5. Post-election Mode Distribution and Interview Outcome for 1996 NES.[18] Mode # Released NI NIP Refusal Interviews Recontact/ Response Rate Face-to-Face: 875 35 23 42 774 0.89 Include in Experiment 742 22 17 34 668 0.90 Exclude from Experiment 133 13 6 8 106 0.80 Telephone: 839 25 17 37 760 0.90 Include in Experiment 759 21 16 33 689 0.91 Exclude from Experiment 80 4 1 4 71 0.89 Total 1714 60 40 79 1534 0.90 ---------- 18 Figures in this table are from the 1996 National Post-Election Study Field Progress Report, April 18, 1997. >> 1996 WEIGHTED ANALYSIS OF 1996 NES DATA The 1996 NES data set includes two final person-level analysis weights which incorporate sampling, nonresponse and post-stratification factors. One weight (variable #4) is for longitudinal micro-level analysis using the 1996 NES Panel. The other weight (variable #3) is for analysis of the 1996 NES combined sample (Panel component cases plus Cross-section supplement cases). In addition, a Time Series Weight (variable #5) which corrects for Panel attrition was constructed. This weight should be used in analyses which compare the 1996 NES to earlier unweighted National Election Study data collections. Analysts interested in developing their own nonresponse or post-stratification adjustment factors must request access to the necessary sample control data from the NES Board. CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYSIS WEIGHTS Sample Selection Weight The area probability sample design for the 1996 NES results in an equal probability sample of U.S. households. However, within sample households a single adult respondent is chosen at random to be interviewed. Since the number of eligible adults may vary from one household to another, the random selection of a single adult introduces inequality into respondents' selection probabilities. In analysis, a respondent selection weight should be used to compensate for these unequal selection probabilities. The value of the respondent selection weight is exactly equal to the number of eligible adults in the household from which the random respondent was selected. The use of the respondent selection weight is strongly encouraged, despite past evaluations which have shown these weights to have little significant impact on the values of NES estimates of descriptive statistics. Household Nonresponse Adjustment Factor Nonresponse adjustment factors were constructed at the household level separately for Panel and Cross-section component cases. Nonresponse adjustment cells for the relatively small 1996 NES Cross-section supplement were formed by crossing PSU type (Self-representing, Nonself-representing MSA or non-MSA) by the four Census regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). A nonresponse factor equal to the inverse of the response rate in each cell was applied to the interview cases. For the larger number of Panel cases, 1996 nonresponse adjustment cells were initially formed by crossing PSU type by the nine Census divisions (New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Mountain and Pacific). However, in order to have a minimum of approximately 25 cases in each nonresponse adjustment cell, some cells were collapsed across Census Divisions in the same Census Region. Tables 6 and 7 show the 1996 nonresponse adjustment factors for the Cross-section supplement and for the Panel respectively. The 1996 NES Panel nonresponse prior to 1996 was reflected in the 1994 full sample weight which was used to construct 1996 NES Panel final sample weights. Table 6 Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- 1996 NES Cross Section Supplement Nonresponse PSU Type Census Region Response Adjustment Rate (%) Weight SR-MSA Northeast 42.31 2.364 Midwest 53.33 1.875 South 53.85 1.857 West 50.70 1.972 NSR-MSA Northeast 52.63 1.900 Midwest 67.80 1.475 South 64.55 1.549 West 62.50 1.600 NSR-non MSA Northeast 60.00 1.667 Midwest 72.09 1.387 South 68.67 1.456 West 80.95 1.235 Table 7 Computation of Nonresponse Adjustment Weights -- 1996 NES Panel Component Nonresponse PSU Type Census Division Response Adjustment Rate (%) Weight SR-MSA New England & Middle Atlantic 72.90 1.372 East North 72.50 1.379 Central West North 86.05 1.162 Central South Atlantic 77.91 1.284 West South 63.64 1.571 Central Pacific 65.85 1.519 NSR-MSA New England & Middle Atlantic 71.96 1.390 East North 76.03 1.315 Central West North 70.77 1.413 Central South Atlantic 76.71 1.304 East South 64.71 1.545 Central West South 70.59 1.417 Central Mountain 76.98 1.299 Pacific 76.67 1.304 NSR-non MSA New England & 81.82 1.222 Middle Atlantic East North 84.62 1.182 Central West North 72.73 1.375 Central South Atlantic 84.96 1.177 East South 76.53 1.307 Central & West South Central Mountain & 70.73 1.414 Pacific 1996 Combined NES Post-stratification Factor As a first step in post-stratifying the sample to 1990 Census proportions, an intermediate weight for the 1996 NES combined sample (Cross-section plus Panel cases) was constructed as follows. First an intermediate weight for Cross-section supplement cases was constructed by multiplying the 1996 Cross-section nonresponse adjustment (Table 6) by the number of eligible persons in the sample household[19] by an inflation factor which is the 1995 estimated U.S. households divided by the number of eligible households (97,061,000/661). This initial weight was used to produce a weighted sex by age group by Census Region table for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement. The age categories used were: 18-44 years, 45-64 years, and 65+ years. Post-stratification factors were constructed to match the sample proportions in the 24 sex by age by Region cells to the July 1995 Census population projections (Current Population Reports, P25-1111, Table 4) by dividing the Census total by the weighted sample estimate for each post- stratification cell. Because of the small number of Cross-section supplement cases, it is not intended that Cross-section only analysis be undertaken. An intermediate weight factor for the 1996 NES Panel cases was similarly constructed by multiplying the 1996 nonresponse adjustment (Table 7) by the 1994 full sample weight times the reciprocal of the constant used to center the 1994 weights (1993 estimated U.S. population 18 or more years of age / number of 1994 respondents).[20] For the 1996 NES Panel respondents, the number of eligible persons in the household and nonresponse prior to 1996 was reflected in the 1994 full sample weight. The last element in this computation was necessary to restore the Panel intermediate weight to its full representation of the population. This intermediate weight was used for Panel cases to produce a weighted sex by age group by Census Region table as described above. Again, post-stratification weights were constructed to match the sample proportions in the 24 sex by age group by Census Region cells to the July 1995 Census population projections. ---------- 19 In constructing the analysis weight, a maximum of three eligible adults was allowed. 20 See 1994 NES sample weight documentation. 1996 NES Panel Post-Stratification Factor For 1996 NES combined Panel and Cross-section analysis, the proportion of respondents contributed to the total sample was adjusted for by multiplying the Panel case intermediate weight by the proportion of Panel cases (1316/1714) and multiplying the Cross-section case intermediate weight by the proportion of Cross-section cases (398/1714). Thus a combined Cross-section and Panel post-stratification weight was produced, by dividing the 1995 Census estimated totals in the 24 sex by age group by Census Region cells by the corresponding weighted estimates for the combined sample. The figures for this combined post-stratification factor are shown in Table 8. It is these figures, centered as explained below, which are used for the final 1996 combined sample weight (V3). The final analysis weight (V4 ) for longitudinal analysis of the 1996 NES Panel is the product of the 1994 full sample weight, the 1996 Panel household nonresponse adjustment factor, and the Panel post-stratification factor. FINAL ANALYSIS WEIGHTS The final analysis weights are the product of the household level non-response adjustment factor, the number of eligible persons, the sample selection (inflation) weight and the post-stratification factor. The final analysis weight for the Panel-only analysis (V4) is centered so that the sum of the weights is equal to the total number of Panel respondents, 1316. The final analysis weights for the combined 1996 NES sample (V3) sums to 1714, the total number of respondents. These weights were constructed using the 1996 NES Pre-election data set. The nonresponse and attrition between the Pre and Post-election studies are not incorporated. Table 8: 1996 NES Combined (Cross-section and Panel) Sample Post-Stratification Factor Census Age Census Est. 1996 NES Post- Sex Region Group July 1, 1995 Weighted[21] Stratification Factor Male Northeast 18-44 10,440,000 9,885,067 1.056 45-64 5,019,000 5,329,059 0.942 65+ 2,892,000 3,152,420 0.917 Midwest 18-44 12,645,000 10,248,770 1.234 45-64 5,870,000 7,553,155 0.777 65+ 3,310,000 3,215,352 1.029 South 18-44 18,919,000 15,799,320 1.197 45-64 8,691,000 8,455,024 1.028 65+ 4,789,000 5,216,866 0.918 West 18-44 12,778,000 9,478,170 1.348 45-64 5,298,000 5,349,446 0.990 65+ 2,708,000 2,347,394 1.154 Female Northeast 18-44 10,630,000 8,990,888 1.182 45-64 5,503,000 5,895,540 0.933 65+ 4,378,000 3,556,867 1.231 Midwest 18-44 12,749,000 11,606,790 1.098 45-64 6,234,000 6,622,310 0.941 65+ 4,871,000 4,952,220 0.984 South 18-44 19,077,000 20,443,010 0.933 45-64 9,397,000 9,362,888 1.004 65+ 7,016,000 6,738,762 1.041 West 18-44 12,169,000 11,691,630 1.041 45-64 5,454,000 5,937,677 0.919 65+ 3,686,000 3,664,183 1.006 Totals 194,523,000 185,492,800 ---------- 21 Weighted by `Intermediate factor' for Cross-section and Panel cases weighted proportionately as described above for 1996 NES combined Cross-section and panel analysis. CONSTRUCTION OF TIME SERIES WEIGHT The 1996 NES Panel consists of 759 respondents originally selected for the 1992 NES Pre-election Study (1994 NES Panel) and 1036 respondents originally selected for the 1994 NES Study (1994 NES Cross-section). All of the 1005 1992 Post-election respondents were eligible for the 1994 NES Panel and 759 of these responded in 1994 and remained eligible for the 1996 NES Panel. Of these 759 respondents from the 1992 NES (1994 Panel), 597 were interviewed for the 1996 NES. Of the 1036 respondents from the 1994 Cross-section, 719 were interviewed in 1996 for an overall 1996 NES Panel response rate of 1316/1795 or 0.733.[22] Table 9: Time Series Weight Factors Years of Education Level Age Group Time Series Residence Weight Factor < 3 < HS Graduate 18-24 1.168 25-39 1.087 40-64 1.284 65 + 1.073 HS Graduate 17-24 1.169 25-39 1.060 40-64 0.897 65 + 1.748 > HS Graduate 17-24 0.958 25-39 0.978 40-64 0.950 65 + 0.791 3+ < HS Grad 17-39 1.205 40-64 0.917 65-74 1.018 75+ 1.605 HS Graduate 17-24 1.171 25-39 1.172 40-64 0.990 65-74 1.010 75+ 0.960 > HS Graduate 17-24 1.236 25-39 0.931 40-64 0.908 65-74 0.761 75+ 1.057 ---------- 22 This 1996 Panel response rate appears lower than the 0.76 reported on Table 4 which was computed based on recontacted households having the eligible R from the 1994 study and actual 1996 NES sample release and interview figures from the 1996 NES final field report. >> 1996 PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING ERROR ESTIMATION The 1996 NES sample design is based on a stratified multi-stage area probability sample of United States households. Although smaller in scale, the NES sample design is very similar in it basic structure to the multi-stage designs used for major federal survey programs such as the Health Interview Survey (HIS) or the Current Population Survey (CPS). The survey literature refers to the NES, HIS and CPS samples as complex designs, a loosely-used term meant to denote the fact that the sample incorporates special design features such as stratification, clustering and differential selection probabilities (i.e., weighting) that analysts must consider in computing sampling errors for sample estimates of descriptive statistics and model parameters. This section of the 1996 NES sample design description focuses on sampling error estimation and construction of confidence intervals for survey estimates of descriptive statistics such as means, proportions, ratios, and coefficients for linear and logistic linear regression models. Standard analysis software systems such SAS, SPSS, OSIRIS assume simple random sampling (SRS) or equivalently independence of observations in computing standard errors for sample estimates. In general, the SRS assumption results in underestimation of variances of survey estimates of descriptive statistics and model parameters. Confidence intervals based on computed variances that assume independence of observations will be biased (generally too narrow) and design-based inferences will be affected accordingly. Sampling Error Computation Methods and Programs Over the past 50 years, advances in survey sampling theory have guided the development of a number of methods for correctly estimating variances from complex sample data sets. A number of sampling error programs which implement these complex sample variance estimation methods are available to NES data analysts. The two most common approaches to the estimation of sampling error for complex sample data are through the use of a Taylor Series Linearization of the estimator (and corresponding approximation to its variance) or through the use of resampling variance estimation procedures such as Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR) or Jackknife Repeated Replication(JRR). New Bootstrap methods for variance estimation can also be included among the resampling approaches. See Rao and Wu (1988). 1. Linearization Approach If data are collected using a complex sample design with unequal size clusters, most statistics of interest will not be simple linear functions of the observed data. The objective of the linearization approach is to apply Taylor's method to derive an approximate form of the estimator that is linear in statistics for which variances and covariances can be directly estimated. (Kish, 1965; Woodruff, 1971). Linearized variance approximations are derived for estimators of ratio means (Kish and Hess, 1959); finite population regression coefficients and correlation coefficients (Kish and Frankel, 1974); and many other non-linear statistics. Software packages such as SUDAAN and PC CARP (see below) use the Taylor Series linearization method to estimate standard errors for the coefficients of logistic regression models. In these programs, an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm is used to compute maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters. At each step of the model fitting algorithm, a Taylor Series linearization approach is used to compute the variance/covariance matrix for the current iteration's parameter estimates (Binder, 1983). Available sampling error computation software that utilizes the Taylor Series linearization method includes: STATA, SUDAAN and PC SUDAAN, SUPERCARP AND PC CARP, and CLUSTERS. PC SUDAAN, PC CARP and STATA include procedures for estimation of sampling error both for descriptive statistics such as means, proportions, totals and for parameters of commonly used multivariate models (least squares regression, logistic regression). 2. Resampling Approaches In the mid-1940's, P.C. Mahalanobis (1946) outlined a simple replicated procedure for selecting probability samples that permits simple, unbiased estimation of variances. The practical difficulty with the simple replicated approach to design and variance estimation is that many replicates are needed to achieve stability of the variance estimator. Unfortunately, a design with many independent replicates must utilize a coarser stratification than alternative designs--to achieve stable variance estimates, sample precision must be sacrificed. Balanced Repeated Replication (BRR), Jackknife Repeated Replication (JRR) and the Bootstrap are alternative replication techniques that may be used for estimating sampling errors for statistics based on complex sample data. The BRR method is applicable to stratified designs in which two half-sample units (i.e., PSUs) are selected from each design stratum. The conventional "two PSU-per-stratum" design in the best theoretical example of such a design although in practice, collapsing of strata (Kalton, 1977) and random combination of units within strata are employed to restructure a sample design for BRR variance estimation. The half-sample codes prepared for the 1994 NES data set require the collapsing of nonself-representing strata and the randomized combination of selection units within self-representing (SR) strata. When full balancing of the half-sample assignments is employed (Wolter, 1985), BRR is the most computationally efficient of the replicated variance estimation techniques. The number of general purpose BRR sampling error estimation programs in the public domain is limited. The OSIRIS REPERR program includes the option for BRR estimation of sampling errors for least squares regression coefficients and correlation statistics. Westat, Inc. has developed the Westvar PC for BRR estimation of standard errors. Another option is to use SAS or SPSS Macro facilities to implement the relatively simple BRR algorithm. The necessary computation formulas and Hadamard matrices to define the half-sample replicates are available in Wolter (1985). With improvements in computational flexibility and speed, jackknife (JRR) and bootstrap methods for sampling error estimation and inference have become more common (Rao and Wu, 1988 ). Few general purpose programs for jackknife estimation of variances are available to analysts. OSIRIS REPERR has a JRR module for estimation of standard errors for regression and correlation statistics. Other stand alone programs may also be available in the general survey research community. Like BRR, the algorithm for JRR is relatively easy to program using SAS, SPSS or S-Plus macro facilities. BRR and JRR are variance estimation techniques, each designed to minimize the number of "resamplings" needed to compute the variance estimate. In theory, the bootstrap is not simply a tool for variance estimation but an approach to actual inference for statistics. In practice, the bootstrap is implemented by resampling (with replacement) from the observed sample units. To ensure that the full complexity of the design is reflected , the selection of each bootstrap reflects the full complexity of the stratification, clustering and weighting that is present in the original sample design. A large number of bootstrap samples are selected and the statistic of interest is computed for each. The empirical distribution of the estimate that results from the large set of bootstrap samples can then be used to a variance estimate and a support interval for inference about the population statistic of interest. In most practical survey analysis problems, the JRR and Bootstrap methods should yield similar results. Most survey analysts should choose JRR due to its computational efficiency. NES data analysts interested in the bootstrap technique are referred to LePage and Billard (1992) for additional reading and a bibliography for the general literature on this topic. One aspect of BRR, JRR and bootstrap variance estimation that is often pushed aside in practice is the treatment of analysis weights. In theory, when a resampling occurs (i.e., a BRR half sample is formed), the analysis weights should be recomputed based only on the selection probabilities, nonresponse characteristics and post-stratification outcomes for the units included in the resample. This is the correct way of performing resampling variance estimation; however, in practice acceptable estimates can be obtained through use of the weights as they are provided on the public use data set. Sampling Error Computation Models Regardless of whether linearization or a resampling approach is used, estimation of variances for complex sample survey estimates requires the specification of a sampling error computation model. NES data analysts who are interested in performing sampling error computations should be aware that the estimation programs identified in the preceding section assume a specific sampling error computation model and will require special sampling error codes. Individual records in the analysis data set must be assigned sampling error codes which identify to the programs the complex structure of the sample (stratification, clustering) and are compatible with the computation algorithms of the various programs. To facilitate the computation of sampling error for statistics based on 1996 NES data, design-specific sampling error codes will be routinely included in all public-use versions of the data set. Although minor recoding may be required to conform to the input requirements of the individual programs, the sampling error codes that are provided should enable analysts to conduct either Taylor Series or Replicated estimation of sampling errors for survey statistics. Table 10 defines the sampling error coding system for 1996 NES sample cases. Two sampling error code variables are defined for each case based on the sample design primary stage unit (PSU) and area segment in which the sample household is located. Sampling Error Stratum Code (Variable #2125). The Sampling Error Computation Stratum Code is the variable which defines the sampling error computation strata for all sampling error analysis of the NES data. With the exception of the New York, Los Angeles and Chicago MSAs, each self-representing (SR) design stratum is represented by one sampling error computation stratum. Due to their population size, two sampling error computation strata are defined for each of the three largest MSAs. Pairs of similar nonself-representing (NSR) primary stage design strata are "collapsed" (Kalton, 1977) to create NSR sampling error computation strata. For both the 1980 and 1990 SRC National Sample design controlled selection and a "one-per-stratum" PSU allocation are used to select the primary stage of the 1996 NES national sample. The purpose in using controlled selection and the "one-per-stratum" sample allocation is to reduce the between-PSU component of sampling variation relative to a"two-per-stratum" primary stage design. Despite the expected improvement in sample precision, a drawback of the "one-per-stratum" design is that two or more sample selection strata must be collapsed or combined to form a sampling error computation stratum. Variances are then estimated under the assumption that a multiple PSU per stratum design was actually used for primary stage selection. The expected consequence of collapsing design strata into sampling error computation strata is the overestimation of the true sampling error; that is, the sampling error computation model defined by the codes contained in Table 14 will yield estimates of sampling errors which in expectation will be slightly greater than the true sampling error of the statistic of interest. SECU - Stratum-specific Sampling Error Computation Unit code (Variable #2126) is a half sample code for analysis of sampling error using the BRR method or approximate "two-per-stratum" Taylor Series method (Kish and Hess, 1959). Within the SR sampling error strata, the SECU half sample units are created by dividing sample cases into random halves, SECU=1 and SECU=2. The assignment of cases to half-samples is designed to preserve the stratification and second stage clustering properties of the sample within an SR stratum. Sample cases are assigned to SECU half samples based on the area segment in which they were selected. For this assignment, sample cases were placed in original stratification order (area segment number order) and beginning with a random start entire area segment clusters were systematically assigned to either SECU=1 or SECU=2. In the general case of nonself-representing (NSR) strata, the half sample units are defined according to the PSU to which the respondent was assigned at sample selection. That is, the half samples for each NSR sampling error computation stratum bear a one-to-one correspondence to the sample design NSR PSUs. The particular sample coding provided on the NES public use data set is consistent with the "ultimate cluster" approach to complex sample variance estimation (Kish, 1965; Kalton, 1977). Individual stratum, PSU and segment code variables may be needed by NES analysts interested in components of variance analysis or estimation of hierarchical models in which PSU-level and neighborhood-level effects are explicitly estimated. Table 10 shows the sampling error stratum and SECU codes to be used for the paired selection model for sampling error computations for any 1996 NES analyses; the same codes can be used when using the 1996 NES combined Cross-section/Panel data or when using 1996 NES Panel data separately. The first 42 strata reflect the two-thirds 1980 National Sample design used in 1994 and apply to the 1996 NES Panel. Strata 51 through 89 reflect the half sample 1990 National Sample design used for the 1996 NES Cross-section supplement. It can be seen from this table that the three-digit 1996 SE code is comprised of: first, the two-digit SE Stratum code followed by the one-digit SECU code. Table 10: 1996 National Election Study Sampling Error Codes SE SEC SE PSU Segment #s Total Stratum U Code Panel Respondents (1992,1994) (In 1996) 01 1 011 501 103 119 135 8 2 012 501 107 123 139 3 02 1 021 501 111 127 143 13 2 022 501 115 131 148 8 03 1 031 502 110 123 136 4 2 032 502 101 114 4 04 1 041 502 117 129 4 2 042 502 107 120 133 5 05 1 051 503 112 129 7 2 052 503 117 134 12 06 1 061 503 103 120 8 2 062 503 107 125 7 07 1 071 504 102 110 117 13 2 072 504 106 113 121 9 08 1 081 505 105 112 119 10 2 082 505 101 108 115 14 09 1 091 506 104 110 116 8 2 092 506 101 107 113 2 10 1 101 507 105 111 115 17 2 102 507 103 107 113 24 11 1 111 508 101 107 110 13 2 112 508 103 109 114 6 12 1 121 509 104 114 4 2 122 509 101 107 111 5 13 1 131 510 101 111 2 2 132 510 107 1 SE SEC SE PSU Segment #s Total Stratum U Code Panel Respondents (1992,1994) (In 1996) 14 1 141 511 105 111 6 2 142 511 102 108 8 15 1 151 512 102 3 2 152 512 105 111 4 16 1 161 513 101 107 2 2 162 513 104 110 5 17 1 171 514 104 110 4 2 172 514 101 107 2 18 1 181 515 105 111 15 2 182 515 102 108 15 19 1 191 516 102 108 10 2 192 516 105 111 10 20 1 201 517 103 105 13 107 109 111 2 202 518 101 103 105 28 107 109 111 21 1 211 521 103 105 107 12 109 111 2 212 523 103 105 107 13 109 111 22 1 221 524 102 104 106 11 108 110 112 2 222 534 102 104 106 18 108 110 112 23 1 231 526 101 103 105 19 107 109 111 2 232 527 101 103 105 13 109 111 24 1 241 528 102 104 106 30 108 110 112 2 242 529 102 104 106 16 108 110 112 25 1 251 531 102 104 106 29 108 110 112 2 252 532 102 104 106 18 108 110 112 26 1 261 533 102 104 106 14 108 110 112 2 262 547 101 103 105 12 107 109 111 27 1 271 536 101 103 105 14 107 109 111 2 272 539 101 103 105 17 107 109 111 SE SEC SE PSU Segment #s Total Stratum U Code Panel Respondents (1992,1994) (In 1996) 28 1 281 540 101 103 105 11 107 109 111 2 282 542 102 104 106 31 108 110 112 29 1 291 543 102 104 106 29 108 110 112 2 292 545 103 105 107 42 109 111 30 1 301 544 101 103 105 18 107 109 111 2 302 476 001 004 006 9 007 012 31 1 311 549 101 103 105 18 107 109 111 2 312 550 101 103 105 24 107 109 111 32 1 321 553 102 104 106 15 108 110 112 2 322 555 101 103 105 30 107 109 111 33 1 331 556 101 105 107 18 109 111 2 332 557 102 104 106 33 108 110 112 34 1 341 558 102 104 106 24 108 110 112 2 342 559 101 103 105 25 107 109 111 35 1 351 560 104 108 112 44 2 352 560 102 106 110 23 36 1 361 463 001 002 003 005 14 007 008 009 011 2 362 464 001 002 004 005 31 008 009 010 012 37 1 371 465 001 005 22 007 009 011 2 372 466 001 002 004 005 44 008 010 011 012 38 1 381 468 001 002 006 23 007 008 011 012 2 382 470 002 003 005 25 007 011 012 SE SEC SE PSU Segment #s Total Rs (1996) Stratum U Code (1996 Cross Section) 39 1 391 473 001 005 006 008 31 009 011 012 2 392 474 001 002 004 007 20 008 011 40 1 401 477 001 003 005 006 26 007 010 012 2 402 478 002 005 006 20 008 010 012 41 1 411 480 002 005 006 007 44 008 010 011 012 2 412 481 001 004 005 007 21 008 009 011 42 1 421 482 002 004 005 18 007 009 012 2 422 484 001 004 009 11 011 012 1996 NES Cross-section Segments (from 1990 National Sample Frame): SE SEC SE PSU Segment #s Total Rs (1996) Stratum U Code (1996 Cross Section) 51 1 511 120 003, 019, 035, 051 4 067, 083, 099 2 512 120 011, 027, 043, 4 059, 075, 091 53 1 531 190 003, 019, 035, 4 196[23] 051, 067, 083 002, 014 2 532 011, 027, 043, 3 190 059, 075, 091 196[24] 010, 022 ---------- 23 The four San Francisco (separated from Oakland, CA in the 1990 OMB definition), CA MSA area segments were considered as part of the Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA MSA for purposes of SE Code assignment to avoid having empty SE CODE cells since there were very few 1996 NES Cross-section respondents in this MSA. 24 See footnote #23. SE SEC SE PSU Segment #s Total Rs (1996) Stratum U Code (1996 Cross Section) 55 1 551 130 008, 024, 040, 4 056, 072 2 552 130 016, 032, 048, 3 064 57 1 571 121 006, 022, 038, 054 4 2 572 121 014, 030, 046 3 58 1 581 131 004, 020, 036 2 2 582 131 012, 028, 044 4 60 1 601 150 003, 019, 035 1 2 602 150 011, 027, 043 2 61 1 611 171 006, 022, 038 1 2 612 171 014, 030, 046 3 62 1 621 170 003, 019, 035 9 2 622 170 011, 027 5 63 1 631 110 008, 024, 040 2 2 632 110 016, 032, 048 3 64 1 641 122 004, 020 1 2 642 122 012, 028 1 65 1 651 141 008, 024 4 2 652 141 016, 032 4 66 1 661 132 001, 013 2 2 662 132 009, 021 1 67 1 671 152 008, 024 1 2 672 152 016, 032 4 68 1 681 154 003, 015 1 2 682 154 007, 019 1 69 1 691 194 004, 020 4 2 692 194 012, 028 3 70 1 701 191 005, 013, 021, 029 14 2 702 181 005, 009, 017, 021 8 71 1 711 220 005, 009, 017, 021 13 2 712 226 002, 006, 014, 018 9 72 1 721 211 003, 011, 015, 023 1 2 722 213 004, 008, 016, 020 7 73 1 731 230 002, 010, 014, 022 12 2 732 236 002, 010, 014, 022 12 76 1 761 239 001, 005, 013, 017 7 2 762 240 006, 010, 018, 022 9 77 1 771 262 002, 010, 014, 022 19 2 772 255 008, 012, 020, 024 10 78 1 781 257 004, 012, 016, 024 5 2 782 258 002, 006, 014, 018 12 79 1 791 273 003, 011, 015, 023 4 2 792 274 002, 006, 014, 018 5 81 1 811 260 003, 011, 015, 023 9 2 812 250 007, 011, 019, 023 7 SE SEC SE PSU Segment #s Total Rs (1996) Stratum U Code (1996 Cross Section) 84 1 841 292 001, 009, 013, 021 10 2 842 293 007, 011, 019, 023 10 85 1 851 280 002, 014 6 2 852 280 006, 018 4 86 1 861 320 006, 018 5 2 862 320 010, 022 7 87 1 871 332 004, 008, 016, 020 22 2 872 342 008, 012, 020, 024 9 88 1 881 351 001, 009, 013, 021 32 2 882 354 008, 012, 020, 024 13 89 1 891 370 005, 009, 017, 021 12 2 892 381 001, 005, 013, 017 17 Total: 1714 Generalized Sampling Error Results for the 1996 NES To assist NES analysts, the PC SUDAAN program was used to compute sampling errors for a wide-ranging example set of proportions estimated from the 1996 NES Pre-election Survey data set. For each estimate, sampling errors were computed for the total sample and for twenty demographic and political affiliation subclasses of the 1996 NES Pre-election Survey sample. The results of these sampling error computations were then summarized and translated into the general usage sampling error table provided in Table 11. The mean value of deft, the square root of the design effect, was found to be 1.346. The design effect was primarily due to weighting effects (Kish, 1965) and did not vary significantly by subclass size. Therefore the generalized variance table is produced by multiplying the simple random sampling standard error for each proportion and sample size by the average deft for the set of sampling error computations. Incorporating the pattern of "design effects" observed in the extensive set of example computations, Table 11 provides approximate standard errors for percentage estimates based on the 1996 NES. To use the table, examine the column heading to find the percentage value which best approximates the value of the estimated percentage that is of interest.[25] Next, locate the approximate sample size base (denominator for the proportion) in the left-hand row margin of the table. To find the approximate standard error of a percentage estimate, simply cross-reference the appropriate column (percentage) and row (sample size base). Note: the tabulated values represent approximately one standard error for the percentage estimate. To construct an approximate confidence interval, the analyst should apply the appropriate critical point from the "z" distribution (e.g., z=1.96 for a two-sided 95% confidence interval half-width). Furthermore, the approximate standard errors in the table apply only to single point estimates of percentages not to the difference between two percentage estimates. ---------- 25 The standard error of a percentage is a symmetric function with its maximum centered at p=50%; i.e., the standard error of p=40% and p=60% estimates are equal. The generalized variance results presented in Table 11 are a useful tool for initial, cursory examination of the NES survey results. For more in depth analysis and reporting of critical estimates, analysts are encouraged to compute exact estimates of standard errors using the appropriate choice of a sampling error program and computation model. Table 11: Generalized Variance Table. 1996 NES Pre/Post-election Survey. APPROXIMATE STANDARD ERRORS FOR PERCENTAGES For percentage estimates near: Sample n 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% or 60% or 70% or 80% or 90% The approximate standard error of the percentage is: 100 6.730 6.594 6.168 5.384 4.038 200 4.759 4.663 4.362 3.807 2.855 300 3.886 3.807 3.561 3.108 2.331 400 3.365 3.297 3.084 2.692 2.019 500 3.010 2.949 2.758 2.408 1.806 750 2.475 2.408 2.252 1.966 1.474 1000 2.128 2.085 1.951 1.703 1.277 1250 1.904 1.865 1.745 1.523 1.142 1500 1.738 1.703 1.593 1.390 1.043 1714 1.626 1.593 1.490 1.300 0.975 References Binder, D.A. (1983), "On the variances of asymptotically normal estimators from complex surveys," International Statistical Review, Vol. 51, pp. 279-292. Kalton, G. (1977), "Practical methods for estimating survey sampling errors," Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, Vol 47, 3, pp. 495-514. Kish, L. (1949). A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 44, pp. 380-387. Kish, L. (1965), Survey Sampling. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kish, L., & Frankel, M.R. (1974), "Inference from complex samples," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, Vol. 36, pp. 1-37. Kish, L., & Hess, I. (1959), "On variances of ratios and their differences in multi-stage samples," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54, pp. 416-446. LePage, R., & Billard, L. (1992), Exploring the Limits of Bootstrap. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mahalanobis, P.C. (1946), "Recent experiments in statistical sampling at the Indian Statistical Institute," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol 109, pp. 325-378. Rao, J.N.K & Wu, C.F.J. (1988.), "Resampling inference with complex sample data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, pp. 231-239. Rosenstone, Steven J., Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren E., & the National Election Studies Sample Design: Technical Memoranda, 1994 Election Study pp. 882-905 in Rosenstone, Steven J.,Kinder, Donald R., Miller, Warren E., & the National Election Studies, AMERICAN NATIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 1994: POST-ELECTION SURVEY (ENHANCED WITH 1992 AND 1993 DATA) (Computer file). Conducted by University ofMichigan Center for Political Studies. 2nd ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies, and Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (producer), 1995. Ann Arbor MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor), 1995. Wolter, K.M. (1985 ). Introduction to Variance Estimation. New York: Springer-Verlag. Woodruff, R.S. (1971), "A simple method for approximating the variance of a complicated estimate," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 66, pp. 411-414. >> 1996 NES TECHNICAL REPORTS AND OTHER OCCASIONAL PAPERS 1. Sanchez, Maria. (July 1982) "7-Point Scales." 2. Shanks, J. Merrill, Maria Sanchez, and Betsy Morton. (March 1983). "Alternative Approaches to Survey Data Collection for the National Election Studies." 3. Lake, Celinda. (September 1983) "Similarity and Representativeness of 1983 Pilot Samples." 4. Lake, Celinda. (November 1983) "Comparison of 3-point, 5-point, and 7-point Scales from the CATI Experiment 1982 Election Study." 5. NES Staff. (December 1983) "1980 Precinct Data Returns Project." 6. Lake, Celinda. (February 1984) "Coding of Independent/Independents and Apoliticals in the Party Identification Summary Code and Apoliticals in the Rolling Cross-Section." 7. Morchio, Giovanna and Maria Sanchez. (February 1984) "Creation of a Filter Variable to be Used When Analyzing Questions about Congressional Candidates in the 1982 Integrated Personal/ISR CATI/Berkeley CATI Dataset: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 8. Morchio, Giovanna and Maria Sanchez. (March 1984) "Comparison of the Michigan Method of District Assignment on the Telephone with the Personal Interview Simulated Data: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 9. Traugott, Santa. (June 1984) "Two Versions of the Abortion Question." 10. Sanchez, Maria.(July 1984) "Branching versus 7-point scale measurements." 11. NES Staff. (August 1984) "Weekly Field Report for the National Election Studies Continuous Monitoring, Jan. 11 - Aug. 3, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 12. NES Staff. (August 1984) "Questions and Versions in NES Continuous Monitoring, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 13. NES Staff. (n.d) "Years of Schooling." 14. NES Staff. (n.d) "Newspaper Code." 15. Traugott, Santa. (n.d.) "The Political Interest Variable on the 1984 Election Study." Unpublished Staff Memo to NES Planning Committee. 16. Sanchez, Maria and Giovanna Morchio. (n.d.) "Probing Don't Know Answers -- Do We Always Want to Do This?" 17. NES Staff. (February 1985) "Progress of the Rolling Cross Section." 18. Bowers, Jake. (February 1995) NES Pilot Study Efforts to Measure Values and Predispositions. Full text of paper in WordPerfect 6.0 is available via the NES FTP server. 19. Traugott, Santa. (February 1985) "Some Analysis of Hard-to-Reach Rolling Thunder Respondents." 20. Traugott, Santa. (April 1985) "Sample Weighting in NES Continuous Monitoring, 1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 21. Traugott, Santa. (April 1985). "Sample Weighting in NES Pre-Post Election Survey,1984: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 22. Brehm, John. (June 1985) "Report on Coding of Economic Conditions Series in the 1984 Pre-Post Election Study" 23. Brehm, John. (July 1985). "Question Ordering Effects on Reported Vote Choice." 24. Traugott, Santa. (July 1985) "Assessment of Media Measures in RXS." 25. Traugott, Santa. (July 1985) "Assessment of Media Measures in Pre-Post" 26. Brehm, John. (August 1985). "Analysis of Result Code Disposition for Continuous Monitoring by Time in Field: Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 27. Morchio, Giovanna, Maria Sanchez and Santa Traugott. (November 1985). "Mode Differences: DK Responses in the 1984 Post-Election Survey: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 28. Morchio, Giovanna and Santa Traugott. (February 1986) "Congressional District Assignment in an RDD Sample: Results of 1982 CATI Experiment." 29. Brehm, John and Santa Traugott. (March 1986) "Similarity and Representativeness of the 1985 Pilot Half-samples." 30. Gronke, Paul. (September 1986) "NES Question C2: R's Party Registration." 31. Brehm, John. (March 1987) "How Representative is the 1986 Post-Election Survey?" 32. Morchio, Giovanna. (May 1987) "Trends in NES Response Rates." 33. Brehm, John. (December 1987) "Who's Missing? an Analysis of NonResponse in the 1986 Election Study: A Report to the Board of Overseers, National Election Studies." 34. Traugott, Santa. (August 1989) "Validating Self-Reported Vote: 1964-1988." 35. -- open -- 36. Traugott, Santa and Giovanna Morchio. (March 1990) "Assessment of Bias Due to Attrition and Sample Selection in the NES 1989 Pilot Study." 37. -- open -- 38. Gronke, Paul. (May 1990) "Assessing the Sample Quality of the 1988 Senate Election Study: A response to Wright." 39. Presser, Stanley, Michael W. Traugott and Santa Traugott. (November 1990). "Vote 'Over' Reporting in Surveys: The Records or the Respondents?" 40. Bloom, Joel. (March 1991) "Sources of Pro-incumbent Bias in NES Survey Estimates for U.S. House Races since 1978: A Second Look." 41. Mayer, Russell. (November 1991) "Identifying Bias in Voting Models." 42. Traugott, Michael W., Santa Traugott and Stanley Presser. (May 1992) "Revalidation of Self-Reported Vote." 43. Rosenstone, Steven J., Margaret Petrella and Donald R. Kinder. (April 1993) "The Consequences of Substituting Telephone for Face-to-Face Interviewing in the 1992 National Election Study." 44. Luevano, Patricia. (March 1994) "Response Rates in the National Election Studies, 1948-1992." 45. Traugott, Santa and Steven J. Rosenstone. (Nov. 1994) "Panel Attrition Among the 1990-1992 Panel Respondents." 46. Traugott, Santa and Steven J. Rosenstone. (Nov. 1994) "Demographic Characteristics of Respondents to the 1980, 1984 and 1988 NES Pre-Election Studies by Week of Interview." 47. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Candidate Traits Used in NES Studies, 1979-1994." 48. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Affects Towards Candidates Used in NES Studies, 1979-1994." 49. Traugott, Santa. (Nov. 1994) "Candidate Placements Used in NES Studies, 1968-1994." 50. Sheng, Shing-Yuan. (Jan. 1995) "NES Measurements of Values and Pre-Dispositions, 1984-1992." 51. Traugott, Santa. (Feb. 1995) "NES Question Batteries: Measuring Values and Dispositions, 1983-1994." 52. Tolleson-Rinehart, Sue, et.al. (May 1994) "The Reliability, Validity, and Scalability of Indicators of Gender Role Beliefs and Feminismin the 1992 National Election Study: A Report to the ANES Board of Overseers." >> 1995 PILOT STUDY REPORTS Alvarez, R. Michael. Survey Measures of Uncertainty: a Report to the National Election Studies Board on the Use of Certainty Questions to Measure Uncertainty about Candidate Traits and Issue Positions. Bartels, Larry M. Budget Items on 1995 Pilot Study. ________. Entertainment Television Items on 1995 Pilot Study. ________. Humanitarianism Items on 1995 Pilot Study. ________. Issue Scales Versus Effort Items on the 1995 Pilot Study ________. Talk Radio Items on 1995 Pilot Study. ________. Television News Items on 1995 Pilot Study. Berinsky, Adam and Steven Rosenstone. Evaluation of Environmental Policy Items on the 1995 NES Pilot Study. Buhr, Tami, Ann Crigler and Marion Just. Media Questions on the 1996 election study and related content analysis of media cover of the presidential campaign. Hansen, John Mark. Revealed Preference Budget Items on the 1995 National Election Pilot Study: a Report. Marcus, George E. And Michael Mackuen. Measuring Mood in the 1995 NES Pilot Study. Rabinowitz, George and Stuart Elaine Macdonald. New Issues on the 95 Pilot Study. Rahn, Wendy W. And John Transue. The Political Significance of Fear of Crime. Richardson, Amy. Questions on Public Attitudes Toward the Environment. Steenbergen, Marco R. Compassion and American Public Opinion: An Analysis of the NES Humanitarianism Scale. Zaller, John. Analysis of News Exposure Items from the 1995 Pilot ------------ MASTER CODES ------------ >> 1996 TYPE OF RACE HOUSE DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING 12 Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 13 Dem incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 14 Dem incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 19 Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING 21 Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 23 Rep incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 24 Rep incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 29 Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING 31 Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 32 Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 34 Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED NO INCUMBENT RUNNING 51 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 52 Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 53 Dem incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 55 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 56 Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 57 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 59 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS 61 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 62 Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 63 Rep incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 65 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 66 Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 67 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 69 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS 71 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 72 Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 73 Other incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 75 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 76 Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 77 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 79 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS SENATE DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENT RUNNING 12 Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 13 Dem incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 14 Dem incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 19 Dem incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CHALLENGERS REPUBLICAN INCUMBENT RUNNING 21 Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 23 Rep incumbent running -- OTHER CHALLENGER 24 Rep incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED 29 Rep incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CHALLENGERS OTHER INCUMBENT RUNNING 31 Other incumbent running -- DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER 32 Other incumbent running -- REPUBLICAN CHALLENGER 34 Other incumbent running -- UNOPPOSED NO INCUMBENT RUNNING 51 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 52 Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 53 Dem incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 55 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 56 Dem incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 57 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 59 Dem incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS 61 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 62 Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 63 Rep incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 65 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 66 Rep incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 67 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 69 Rep incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS 71 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 72 Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 73 Other incumbent not running -- OTHER CANDIDATE UNOPPOSED 75 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CANDS 76 Other incumbent not running -- REPUBLICAN AND OTHER CANDS 77 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC AND OTHER CANDS 79 Other incumbent not running -- DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLICAN, OTHER CANDS NO RACE IN STATE 81 DEMOCRATIC INCUMBENTS, no race in state 82 REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state 85 DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN INCUMBENTS, no race in state >> 1996 CANDIDATE NUMBERS SENATE: 10 Third party or independent Senate candidate ** 11 Democratic candidate in open Senate race 12 Republican candidate in open Senate race 13 Democratic Senate incumbent 14 Republican Senate incumbent 15 Democratic Senate challenger 16 Republican Senate challenger 17 Democratic Senator, no race in state 18 Republican Senator, no race in state 19 Democratic Senator, term not up in state with race 21 Democratic Senator--retiring (state with open race) 22 Republican Senator--retiring (state with open race) 27 Democratic Senator, no race in state 28 Republican Senator, no race in state 29 Republican Senator, term not up in state with race HOUSE: 30 Third party or independent House candidate ** 31 Democratic candidate in open House race 32 Republican candidate in open House race 33 Democratic House incumbent 34 Republican House incumbent 35 Democratic House challenger 36 Republican House challenger 41 Democratic Representative--retiring (district with open race) 42 Republican Representative--retiring (district with open race) GOVERNOR: [NOT USED 1996] 50 Third party or independent Gubernatorial candidate ** 51 Democratic candidate in open Gubernatorial race 52 Republican candiate in open Gubernatorial race 53 Democratic Gubernatorial incumbent 54 Republican Gubernatorial incumbent 55 Democratic Gubernatorial challenger 56 Republican Gubernatorial challenger 57 Democratic governor, no race in state 58 Republican governor, no race in state 61 Democratic governor--retiring (state with open race) 62 Republican governor--retiring (state with open race) OTHER: 90 Both Democratic and Republican candidates (used in incumbency var only) 97 Name given not on Candidate List MISSING DATA: 98 DK; refused to name candidate 99 NA 00 INAP ++VOTE QUESTION ONLY, VOTED OUTSIDE DISTRICT OF IW: DISTRICT WITH NO RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 81 Democratic candidate 82 Republican candidate DISTRICT WITH RUNNING INCUMBENT: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 83 Democratic incumbent 84 Republican incumbent 85 Democratic challenger 86 Republican challenger ALL DISTRICTS: (VOTE VAR ONLY) 80 Third party or independent candidate ** 91 Democrat--no name given 92 Republican--no name given ** IF 3RD PARTY/INDEPENDENT CANDIDATE NAMED, THIS CODE IS USED ONLY IF NAME APPEARS ON CANDIDATE LIST (IF NAME NOT ON CANDIDATE LIST, CODE 97 IS USED). NOTE: CODE 97 INCLUDES INSTANCES WHERE R VOTED STRAIGHT MAJOR PARTY TICKET BUT NO CANDIDATE FOR R'S PARTY RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE (OR: R INSISTS VOTED FOR A MAJOR PARTY'S CANDIDATE BUT NO CANDIDATE RAN FOR GIVEN OFFICE REPRESENTING NAMED MAJOR PARTY). ++ CODES 80-86,91,92 ARE NOT USED IN VARS OTHER THAN VOTE VARS. >> 1996 PARTY-CANDIDATE PARTY ONLY -- PEOPLE WITHIN PARTY 0001 Johnson 0002 Kennedy, John; JFK 0003 Kennedy, Robert; RFK 0004 Kennedy, Edward; "Ted" 0005 Kennedy, NA which 0006 Truman 0007 Roosevelt; "FDR" 0008 McGovern 0009 Carter 0010 Mondale 0011 McCarthy, Eugene 0012 Humphrey 0013 Muskie 0014 Dukakis, Michael 0015 Wallace 0016 Jackson, Jesse 0017 Clinton, Bill 0018 Clinton, Hillary 0031 Eisenhower; Ike 0032 Nixon 0034 Rockefeller 0035 Reagan 0036 Ford 0037 Bush 0038 Connally 0039 Kissinger 0040 McCarthy, Joseph 0041 Buchanan, Pat 0042 Dole, Robert 0051 Other national party figures (Senators, Congressman, etc.) 0052 Local party figures (city, state, etc.) 0053 Good/Young/Experienced leaders; like whole ticket 0054 Bad/Old/Inexperienced leaders; dislike whole ticket 0055 Reference to vice-presidential candidate 0097 Other people within party reasons PARTY ONLY -- PARTY CHARACTERISTICS 0101 Traditional Democratic voter: always been a Democrat; just a Democrat; never been a Republican; just couldn't vote Republican 0102 Traditional Republican voter: always been a Republican; just a Republican; never been a Democrat; just couldn't vote Democratic 0111 Positive, personal, affective terms applied to party--good/nice people; patriotic; etc. 0112 Negative, personal, affective terms applied to party--bad/lazy people; lack of patriotism; etc. 0121 Can trust them; they keep their promises; you know where they stand 0122 Can't trust them; they break their promises; you don't know where they stand 0131 Party is well-organized, sticks together, is united; members are disciplined; votes party line 0132 Party is poorly-organized/really two parties/divided/ factionalized; members not disciplined; doesn't vote party line 0133 Party is (more) representative/good cross-section of the country; encompasses a wider variety of views/people; is more at the center of the country's views 0134 Party is less/not representative;bad cross-section of the country; encompasses more restricted views; is less at the center of the country's views 0135 Reference to participation of minority/women candidate(s) 0141 Reference to party's most recent National Convention; party's process/method of selecting presidential/vice-presidential candidates 0151 Performance of local branch of party; how they've done in this state/county/town 0161 Reference to the predominant faction that R sees as being in control of the party (NA which faction); "I don't like the people running it" 0162 Reference to Northerners/Liberals (as in control) of Democratic Party 0163 Reference to Southerners/Conservatives (as in control) of Democratic Party 0164 Reference to Easterners/Liberals/Moderates (as in control) of Republican Party 0165 Reference to Midwesterners/Westerners/Southerners/ Conservatives/[1996] "party old boy network" (as in control) of Republican Party 0166 [1996] Reference to Christian/religious right (as in control) of Republican Party 0167 Can't win; doesn't have a chance 0168 Can win; party can't be beat 0169 Too big a party; there are too many of them; party is too powerful 0170 Too small a party; there are not enough of them; party is too weak 0171 Listens (more) to people; takes (more) into consideration the needs and wants of people; understands (better) the people/the majority of the people 0172 Doesn't listen to/understand the needs and wants of the people/the majority of the people 0173 Campaign tactics, uses too much money in campaigns, slings mud 0174 Party has been in office/controlled Congress/held the White House too long/long enough; we need a change (of party) [code 430 for mentions of candidate] 0197 Other party-characteristic reasons CANDIDATE ONLY -- EXPERIENCE, ABILITY 0201 General reference to him as "a good/bad man or a good/bad guy"; R has heard good/bad things about him; qualifications; general ability; reference to his "personality" 0203 Not qualified for the office; the job is too big for him to handle 0211 Experienced (NA what kind) (see 0217, 0218, 0220 for specific kinds of experience; if in foreign policy see 1100's) 0212 Inexperienced 0213 Dependable/Trustworthy/Reliable; a man you can trust with the responsibilities of government ("trust" in the capability sense, rather than the honesty sense) 0214 Undependable/Untrustworthy/Unreliable; a man you can't trust with the responsibilities of government 0215 A military man; a good military/war record 0216 Not a military man; bad military/war record; no military/war record 0217 His record in public service; how well he's performed in previous offices; voting record in Congress 0218 Has government experience/political experience/seniority/ incumbency 0219 Lacks government experience/political experience 0220 A statesman; has experience in foreign affairs 0221 Not a statesman; lacks experience in foreign affairs 0222 "He has done a good job so far"; he has brought us through hard times"; has gotten things done has some good ideas; trying to do right things 0223 Hasn't done anything; hasn't produced any results (general); has not been able to get programs off the ground 0224 Has fulfilled/Sept (campaign) promises 0225 Has not fulfilled/Sept (campaign) promises 0297 Other candidate experience/ability reasons CANDIDATE ONLY -- CANDIDATE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES 0301 Dignified/has dignity 0302 Undignified/lacks dignity 0303 Strong/decisive/self-confident/aggressive; will end all this indecision 0304 Weak/indecisive/lacks self-confidence/vacillating; [1996] waffles, wishy washy 0305 Inspiring; a man you can follow; "a leader"; [1996] charisma 0306 Uninspiring; not a man you can follow; not a leader; [1996] lacks charisma *0335 Makes people feel good about America/being Americans; is patriotic/loves the country 0307 People have confidence in him 0308 People don't have confidence in him 0309 Good at communicating with blacks, young people, other "problem" groups 0310 Bad at communicating with blacks, young people, other "problem" groups (if communicate in general, see 0441, 0442) 0311 Knows how to handle people (at personal level) 0312 Doesn't know how to handle people (at personal level) 0313 A politician/political person; (too) much in politics; a good politician; part of Washington crowd; politically motivated; just wants to be re-elected 0314 Not a politician; not in politics; above politics; a bad politician 0315 Independent; no one runs him; his own boss 0316 Not independent; run by others; not his own man/boss 0317 Humble; knows his limitations; doesn't pretend to know all the answers 0318 Not humble enough; too cocky/self-confident; can't admit shortcomings; blames others for his/her mistakes 0319 (Too) Careful/Cautious/Good judgment 0320 (Too) Impulsive/Careless/Bad/Poor judgment *0334 Poor at explaining himself/his positions; doesn't answer questions clearly; speaks off the top of his head/doesn't stop to think before he speaks 0321 Helps people in the district on a personal level; has helped R personally with a problem (specific mention); tries to do things for the people 0322 Doesn't help people in the district on a personal level; was not helpful to R with a personal problem (specific mention) 0323 Represents (well) the views of the district; close to people in the district; comes home regularly to chat and mix with people 0324 Does not represent (well) the views of the district; not close to the people in the district; doesn't interact enough with the people 0325 Keeps people well informed about governmental matters; communicates with constituents; any mention of R receiving newsletters or communications from him/her; explains matters well so people can understand 0326 Does not inform people enough about governmental matters; does not send enough newsletters or communications; doesn't explain matters well 0327 Listens to the people/solicits public opinion; any mention of polls or questionnaires; is accessible to constituents (NFS) 0328 Doesn't listen to the people/does not solicit public opinion; isn't accessible to constituents (NFS) 0329 Has helped local (district) economy; brought money, projects, jobs to district 0330 Has not helped local (district) economy; not brought money, projects, jobs to district 0331 Candidate helps the district; watches out for the interests of the district or region in general 0332 Candidate has not protected/watched out for the interests of the district (specific mentions) *0334 Located after 0320 *0335 Located after 0306 0397 Other candidate leadership reason CANDIDATE ONLY -- PERSONAL QUALITIES 0401 Honest/Sincere; keeps promises; man of integrity; means what he says; fair; not tricky; open and candid; straightforward; positive Playboy references (1976) 0402 Dishonest/Insincere; breaks promises; no integrity; doesn't mean what he says; tricky; not open and candid; not straightforward 0403 Man of high principles/ideals; high moral purpose; idealistic (if too idealistic, code 0416) 0404 Lacks principles/ideals 0405 Racist/Bigoted/Prejudiced 0406 Not a racist/bigoted/prejudiced 0407 Public servant; man of duty; conscientious; hard-working; would be a full-time President; good attendance record in Congress; dedicated; really interested in serving people 0408 Doesn't take public service seriously; lazy; would be a part-time President; poor attendance record in office; not dedicated; not really interested in serving people 0409 Doesn't use office for personal benefit; not in office to maximize personal benefit 0410 Uses/in office (mostly) for personal benefits (junket trips, big salary, other perks) 0411 Patriotic; (88) like Bush's stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0412 Unpatriotic; (88) dislike Dukakis' stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0413 Understands the nation's/district's problems; well-informed; studies up on issues 0414 Doesn't understand the nation's/district's problems; poorly informed; doesn't study up on issues 0415 Realistic 0416 Unrealistic; too idealistic; (if "idealistic" in positive sense, code 0403) 0417 Uses common sense; makes a lot of sense; pragmatic/ practical/down-to-earth 0418 Not sensible; impractical 0419 (Too) well educated; scholarly 0420 Poorly educated; unschooled 0421 Intelligent/Smart 0422 Unintelligent/Stupid/Dumb *0464 Uninformed; doesn't (seem to) know anything about the issues/what is going on in the country/ government 0423 Religious; "moral" (in religious sense); God-fearing; "too" religious 0424 "Irreligious"; "immoral" (in religious sense); Playboy interview (reflects on Carter--1976) 0425 Self-made; not well off; started out as poor; worked his way up; (started out) unpolished/unrefined/rough 0426 Wealthy; rich; born with silver spoon in mouth; polished/refined/well-mannered; bought way into office; use of own money to finance campaign 0427 Old hat; has run before; a die-hard; "a loser" (in the past) 0428 Someone new; a fresh face 0429 Don't change horses in midstream 0430 Time for a change;incumbent has been in office too long/long enough [code 174 for mentions of party] 0431 Unsafe/Unstable; dictatorial; craves power; ruthless 0432 Safe/Stable 0433 Sense of humor; jokes a lot (too much) 0434 No sense of humor; humorless (too serious) 0435 Kind/Warm/Gentle; [1996] caring 0436 Cold/Aloof 0437 Likeable; gets along with people; friendly; outgoing; [1996] nice 0438 Not likeable; can't get along with people 0439 Democratic (in non-partisan sense) 0440 Undemocratic (in non-partisan sense) 0441 High-fallutin'/High-brow; talks in circles; can't talk to common man; can't communicate ideas well 0442 Not high-fallutin'/is low-brow; talks straight; can talk to common man; can communicate ideas well 0443 Well-known; "I know him/her" 0444 Unknown; not well known 0445 Reference to his family (not 0457) 0446 Reference to his wife/spouse 0447 Speaking ability 0448 Health 0449 Appearance/Looks/Face/Appearance on TV; his smile 0450 Age (NA how perceived) 0451 (Too) Old 0452 (Too) Young 0453 Mature 0454 Immature 0455 Regional reference; "he's a Southerner"; "he's a Midwesterner"; he comes from the country/a rural area; area reference 0456 Previous occupation 0457 He's a family man 0459 Energetic; too energetic 0460 Not energetic 0461 Gender, e.g., "She's a woman" 0462 Racial/Ethnic attribute; "He is a black man" *0464 Located after 0422 0495 Other negative personal qualities 0496 Other positive personal qualities 0497 Other candidate personal qualities 0498 References to Playboy interview--NA direction or neutral; "it's OK," "that is what the Bible says", (not 0401)--1976 CANDIDATE ONLY--PARTY CONNECTIONS 0500 A Democrat; good Democrat; typical Democrat 0501 A Republican; good Republican; typical Republican 0502 Controlled by party regulars/bosses/machine 0503 Not controlled by party regulars/bosses 0504 Reference to men around him/staff/followers 0505 Reference to his speeches (exc. 0447), campaign tactics; mud-slinging; (88) dislike Bush's stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0506 Can win; best choice for party victory 0507 Cannot win; not good choice for party victory 0508 Reference to linkage with other party figures (he's close to the Kennedy's; he was close to Eisenhower; etc.) 0509 Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic policies (unspecified) 0510 Would change/get rid of " " 0511 Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic domestic policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's) 0512 Would change/get rid of " " " 0513 Would continue/Seep/follow Democratic foreign policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's) 0514 Would change/get rid of " " " 0515 Would continue/Seep/follow Republican policies (unspecified) 0516 Would change/get rid of " " 0517 Would continue/Seep/follow Republican domestic policies (unspecified, not codeable in 0900's) 0518 Would change/get rid of " " " 0519 Would continue/Seep/follow Republican foreign policies (unspecified, not codeable in 1100's) 0520 Would change/get rid of " " " 0531 More liberal than most Democrats; a Northern Democrat 0532 More conservative " " ; a Southern Democrat 0533 More liberal than most Republicans; an Eastern Republican 0534 More conservative " " ; a Midwestern/Western/ Southern Republican 0535 Will bring in/listen to the (party) liberals 0536 Will bring in/listen to the (party) conservatives 0541 References to the physical or mental health of vice-presidential incumbent/candidate; emotional state/stability of vice-presidential incumbern/candidata; [1972] References to the Eagleton affair 0542 Reference to vice-presidential incumbent/candidate, running mate - NEC 0543 References to age/gender/race/ethnic background of vice-presidential incumbent/candidate; [1984] Mondale's selection of a woman for vice-president 0544 Mention of issue(s) that vice-presidential incumbent/candidate is identified with or has taken a leading role in promoting; [1992] Gore's position on the environment 0551 References to link with "Watergate"--positive reference to Watergate 0552 Not associated with "Watergate"--negative reference to Watergate; making too much out of Watergate 0553 Ford's pardon of Nixon--NA direction or against pardon 0554 " " " --pro; brave/right thing to do 0555 Positive references about independent candidacy; maybe the country needs a third party; third parties should have more recognition; the two party system needs buckling 0556 Negative references/liabilities related to independent candidacy; "he's an independent" (NFS); "we don't need a third party"; "he lacks backing from a party" 0597 Other candidate party connection reasons PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT 0601 Good/Efficient/Businesslike administration; balanced budget; lower/wouldn't increase national debt; cautious spending 0602 Bad/Inefficient/Unbusinesslike administration; wasteful; "bureaucratic"; deficit budget; higher/increased national debt; overspend 0603 Honest government; not corrupt; no "mess in Washington" 0604 Dishonest/Corrupt government; "mess in Washington"; immorality in government; reference to Hayes, Mills, Lance; [1992] writing bad checks on the House of Representatives bank 0605 (Would) Spend less (than other side); (would) spend too little 0606 (Would) Spend more (than other side); (would) spend too much 0607 Has brought/will bring about bureaucratic reform 0608 Has not brought/will not bring about bureaucratic reform 0609 General assessment of job he/they would do/are doing; is good/bad President; are providing good/bad administration *0622 Doesn't work (hard) at job; not involved (enough) in the work of his office/delegates too much authority to others; has chosen poor/incompetent aides; his aides have not performed well 0610 Reference to management/performance in Congress/Supreme Court/other government agency; references to the quality of appointments made to public posts (courts, cabinet, commissions) 0611 He has/has not worked well with (Democratic) Congress; would/could have done better with (Republican) Congress; he kept/would keep Congress in check 0612 He will work well/better with (Democratic) Congress 0613 Gets more done/accomplishes as much/more productive 0614 Gets less done/doesn't accomplish as much/less productive *0625 Mostly approve of/happy with job done so far, but doesn't approve of everything that has been done 0615 Sympathy/understanding expressed for the complexity/ magnitude of the job (e.g., President): tough job 0616 Sympathy/understanding expressed for the difficult situation ("a mess") inherited by the incumbent *0623 Doing the best he can (under the circumstances); doing as good a job as anyone else could do; everyone makes some mistakes 0617 Will face (difficult) issues; faces problems directly; faces up to political reality 0618 Will not face (difficult) issues; will not face problems directly; ignores political reality 0619 Supports the president/works well with the president/would work well with the president 0620 Does not support the president/does not (would not) work well with the president 0621 Response to/handling of domestic crisis or natural disaster - riot, hurricane, tornado, earthquake, flood, etc. *0622 Located after 0609 *0623 Located after 0616 *0625 Located after 0614 0624 Opposes term limitations for Congress 0626 Favors term limitations for Congress 0627 The economy is bad, but that is not (necessarily) his fault 0697 Other government management reasons 0628 [1994] Contract with America that was proposed by Republicans; support/commitment/opposition to Contract with America PARTY OR CANDIDATE--MISCELLANEOUS 0701 Just like him/them (NA why); like everything about him/them; "I was hoping he would win the (nomination/primaries)" 0702 Just dislike/Don't like him/them (NA why); don't like anything about him/them *0732 Used to like him but don't now; have lost respect for him 0703 Will save America; America needs him/them 0704 Will ruin America; last thing America needs 0705 Will unite Americans/bring people together 0706 Will divide Americans/drive people apart 0707 Speaks of party/candidate as good protector(s); will know what to do; more intelligent 0708 Speaks of party/candidate as bad protector(s); won't know what to do 0709 Good for country (unspecified); trying to do good job; trying; not just out for self/own best interest; has/have country's interest at heart 0710 Bad for country (unspecified); don't have country's interests at heart; only looking out for their own interests 0711 Lesser of two evils 0718 Treatment of Jesse Jackson; didn't offer him the vice-presidenal nomination; didn't use him (effectively) to get out the Black vote; weren't coutreous/respectful toward him; didn't keep promises made to him 0719 References to damaging incidents in candidate's personal life (sexual escapades, financial problems, substance abuse, etc); [1980] Reference to Chappaquidic; Kennedy's personal problems 0720 Reference to Watergate affair (exc. 0551-0554) 0721 The way the incumbent came to office; the people should select President 0722 The incumbent should have a chance (on his own)/another chance/second chance 0723 (I believe in/Necessary for) a two-party system; choice between candidates; opposition; balances power of other party 0724 Vote for the man rather than party; look for more qualified man; don't pay attention to parties 0725 The opponent who the candidate ran against; the candidate was the better/worse of the two in general; the candidate ran against someone I really like/dislike 0726 Splits votes; will elect wrong candidate; "spoiler" 0727 Expression of sympathy/admiration for the candidate's underdog position; trying hard against terrible odds; courageous uphill battle; "I like underdogs"; "they are bucking the guy" (keeping him off ballot, not taking him seriously, not giving him enough publicity) 0728 Negative comments about the candidate's switching parties, being a turncoat, disloyal to his original party 0729 Party selection of a woman for vice-president 0730 Mention of debates; candidate's performance in the debates 0731 Position (vote) on increasing congressional salary; position (vote) on accepting honoraria/outside pay/royalties while in office *0732 Located after 0702 0733 References to candidate's children or extended family [code 446 for references to spouse] 0734 [1996] Reference to Whitewater, Travel Office firings, FBI files controversies 0796 References to unfair/undeserved/excessive criticism by media or public 0797 Other miscellaneous reasons: Other miscellaneous reasons relating to image and candidate/party effect on nation PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY/PHILOSOPHY 0801 General assessment of ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 0802 Different from other party/candidate 0803 Same as other party/candidate; not different enough 0804 (Too) negative; always tearing down other side; no solutions of his/their own 0805 For government activity; believe government should take care of things; for big government; supports social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907) 0806 Against government activity; believe government involved in too many things; favors reduction in social programs/ spending (not 0905-0907) 0807 Humanistic; favor human beings over property rights 0808 Not humanistic; favor property rights over human beings 0809 Favor social change/reform/progress/improvement of social conditions 0810 Against social change/reform/progress/improvement of social conditions 0811 Socialistic 0812 Anti-socialistic 0813 Communistic/soft/hard-liner on Communism/apologist for Communists/dupe 0814 (Too) anti-communistic/hard-liner on Communism 0815 (Too) liberal (except 0531 or 0533) 0816 (Too) conservative (except 0532 or 0534) 0817 Moderate/middle of the road/for slow change; not an extremist/fanatic 0818 Extremist/fanatic/too far out; not too moderate/not a fence-sitter 0819 Pro-Far Right/Birchers/reactionaries; encouraging fascist/ police state 0820 Anti-Far Right/ " " ; discouraging " 0821 Pro-Far Left/radicals/Yippies/SDS; encouraging anarchy/ guerilla state 0822 Anti-Far Left/ " " " ; discouraging " 0823 Pro-Extremists (NA direction)/nuts/bomb-throwers 0824 Anti-Extremists " " " 0827 Pro-States'/local/community rights; better local government 0828 Anti- " " " " ; worse/weaker local government 0829 For equality; believe everyone should have things equally/ be treated equally 0830 Anti-equality; believe some people should have more than others/people should not be treated equally 0831 Generous, compassionate, believe in helping others 0832 Selfish, only help themselves 0833 Acceptance of change/new ideas; less bound to status quo; more open to new ideas/ways of doing things; flexible, innovative 0834 Resistance to change/new ideas; stick to (protect) status quo; resist new ways of doing things; rigid 0835 Has a well-defined set of beliefs/definite philosophy; does not compromise on principles; has (clear) understanding of goals they stand for 0836 Has poorly defined set of beliefs; lacks a definite philosophy; compromise on principles; has no (clear) understanding of goals they stand for 0837 Favor work ethic; believes in self-reliance/in people working hard to get ahead 0838 Doesn't favor work ethic; believes in people being handed things/in government handouts (if specific policy mentioned, code in 0900's) 0841 Keep track of/control over administration heads, cabinet members, etc.; follow through on policies; determine if programs are working 0842 Don't (as in 0841) 0843 Conditional evaluation: R suggests candidate/party cannot solve problems because not under his/their control (no negative connotations); will he/they be able to do what they say (determining factor outside his/their control); "I like what he says but wonder if he can do it" (if clearly negative, code in 0122 or 0402) 0845 Will involve/wants to involve people/Congress/Cabinet/ advisors/other government officials in government/ decision making 0846 Will not involve people/Congress/Cabinet/advisors/other government officials in government/decision making 0847 Separation of church and state/religion and politics--pro 0848 Separation of church and state/religion and politics--anti 0849 Stand/views on religion (church/state relationship NA) 0897 Other Government Activity/Philosophy reasons PARTY OR CANDIDATE--DOMESTIC POLICIES 0900 General assessment of domestic ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 0901 General assessment of economic policy (unspecified) 0902 Government economic controls--NA direction 0903 " " " --Pro; we need planned economy; control of private enterprise 0904 " " " --Anti; we have too much interference in private enterprise 0905 Welfare/Poverty problems--NA direction; give-away 0906 " " " --Pro government aid/activity; pro give-aways 0907 " " " --Anti government aid/activity; anti give-aways; pro self-help 0908 Social Security/Pensions--NA direction 0909 " " " --Pro expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits 0910 " " " --Anti expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease 0911 Unemployment compensation--NA direction 0912 " " --Pro expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits 0913 " " --Anti expansion in coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease 0914 Aid to education--NA direction 0915 " " --Pro 0916 " " --Anti 0917 Aid to parochial schools--NA direction 0918 " " " --Pro 0919 " " " --Anti *1052 School choice plans; vouchers -- pro *1053 " " " -- anti *1047 Establish/enforce standards for schools (test teachers, require minimum curricula, regulate class size, etc) -- NA direction *1048 " " " -- Pro *1049 " " " --Anti 0920 Housing--NA direction 0921 " --Pro more public housing 0922 " --Anti more public housing 0923 Aid/Programs for older people/the aged, Medicare, Medicaid, direction -- NA 0924 " " " -- Pro 0925 " " " -- Anti 0926 Monetary policy--NA direction 0927 " " --Pro loose(r) money; more availability of loans for housing, cars, etc.; lower interest rates 0928 " " --Anti loose(r) money; for tighter money; less availability of loans; higher interest rates *1054 Value of the dollar relative to gold/other currencies; any mentions of gold/currencies *1046 Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. [1990] Involvement in the Savings and Loan scandals 0929 Tax policy--NA direction 0930 " " --Pro lower taxes 0931 " " --Anti lower taxes; for higher taxes 0932 " " --Pro reform/fairer system/end of loopholes/ write-offs/dodges 0933 " " --Anti reform/fairer system/end of loopholes/ write-offs/dodges *1055 Line item veto -- pro *1056 Line item veto -- anti 0942 [1990] Candidate voted for the budget agreement which resulted in increased taxes/fees 0934 "The Times"/General conditions/Prosperity/The Economy --better under him/them 0935 " " --worse under him/them 0936 Inflation/Cost of living--lower/better under him/them 0937 " " " --higher/worse under him/them 0938 Wages/Salaries/Income/Employment--higher/better under him/ them 0939 " " " " --lower/worse under him/them 0940 Prices for producers--higher/better under him/them 0941 " " --lower/worse (if farm, see 0943-0945) 0942 Located after 0933 0943 Programs to help farmers -- NA direction 0944 " " " --Pro (greater) help/fairer system, reform in system; higher price supports 0945 " " " --Anti (greater) help/fairer system, reform in system; higher price supports 0946 Civil rights/Racial justice/Integration/Desegregation/Voting Rights -- NA direction 0947 " " -- Pro 0948 " " -- Anti *1043 Affirmative Action programs -- NA direction *1044 " " " -- Pro; favors quotas based on race or gender *1045 " " " -- Anti; opposes quotas based on race or gender 0949 Civil liberties/Freedom of expression/First amendment/ Privacy -- NA direction 0950 " -- Pro; against snooping; political trials, etc; (88) like Dukakis' stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0951 " -- Anti; for snooping; political trials; McCarthyite; (88) dislike Republican party stand on Pledge of Allegiance issue 0952 General assessment of Labor policy (unspecified) 0953 Right to work laws--NA direction 0954 " " " --Pro (i.e., opposes unions [anti-labor, code 1208]) 0955 " " " --Anti (i.e., supports unions [pro-labor, code 1207]) 0956 Strikes--NA direction 0957 " --will have fewer/will handle better 0958 " --will have more/will handle worse 0959 Public power/Utilities/TVA/Atomic reactors/Nuclear power plants/Etc. -- NA direction 0960 " " " -- Pro 0961 " " " -- Anti *1059 Regulation of companies engaged in public communication or transportation -- pro *1060 " " " " -- anti 0962 Ecology/Environment; Air and Water Pollution--NA direction 0963 Will crack down on polluters, will be activist; will protect the environment 0964 Won't crack down on polluters, doesn't care; in league with polluters; not willing to protect the environment 0965 Veterans' Benefits--NA direction 0966 " " --Pro expansion of coverage and/or increase in benefits 0967 " " --Anti expansion of coverage and/or increase in benefits; favoring contraction and/or decrease 0968 Law and order--NA direction 0969 " " --soft line--unspecified 0970 " " " " --blacks 0971 " " " " --campus demonstrators 0972 " " " " --criminals/organized crime/ hoodlums/street crime 0973 " " " " --anti power of police; court interference *1041 " " " " --opposes death penalty 0974 " " --hard line--unspecified 0975 " " " " --blacks 0976 " " " " --campus demonstrators 0977 " " " " --criminals/organized crime/ hoodlums/street crime 0978 " " " " --pro power of police; reduced court interference *1042 " " " " --favors death penalty 0979 Public morality--NA direction 0980 " " --Strict/older/traditionalistic outlook; improve/renew morality of country; pro-family; defends family values 0981 " " --Permissive/newer/modernistic outlook; not (strongly enough) pro-family; doesn't defend (strongly enough) family values 0982 Drugs--NA direction 0983 " --Pro legalization/decriminalization; soft-liner; (88) doesn't support (strongly enough) the war on drugs; not willing to do more to combat drug use/pushers; involvement with Noreiga 0984 " --Anti legalization/decriminalization; hard-liner; (88) supports the war on drugs; willing to do more to combat drug use/ pushers 0985 Abortion and birth control--NA direction 0986 " " " --Pro reform/legalization; new outlook 0987 " " " --Anti reform/legalization; traditional outlook 0988 Gun control--NA direction 0989 " " --Pro; controls 0990 " " --Anti; "everyone has the right to own a gun" 0991 Busing--NA direction 0992 " --Pro; against neighborhood school 0993 " --Anti; for neighborhood school 0994 Urban problem/Cities--NA direction 0995 " " " --Pro government aid/activity 0996 " " " --Anti government aid/activity 0997 Other domestic policy reasons 1001 National Health Insurance--NA direction 1002 " " " --Pro 1003 " " " --Anti 1004 Energy/Gas shortage--Development of alternative energy source, NA direction 1005 " " " --Pro development of alternative source, better/handled better; more fuel 1006 " " " --Anti development of alternative energy source, worse/handled worse; less fuel ******************************************************* References to nuclear energy should be coded in 0959. ******************************************************* 1007 Government plans to make more jobs--NA direction; make-work programs; CETA; WPAL; CCA 1008 " " " " --Pro 1009 " " " " --Anti 1010 Confidence/Trust in government--NA direction 1011 " " " --would handle better; restore confidence 1012 " " " --would handle worse; cause loss of confidence 1013 ERA; Women's rights--NA direction 1014 " " " --Pro 1015 " " " --Anti 1016 Influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians, Mexicans, etc.) --NA direction 1017 " " " --Pro 1018 " " " --Anti 1019 School prayer--NA direction 1020 " " --Pro 1021 " " --Anti 1022 Gay rights--NA direction 1023 " " --Pro 1024 " " --Anti 1025 Health--NA direction: [1994](Clinton's) National health care plan/program; [1996] medical reform 1026 " --Pro government programs/aid for mentally ill, disabled, handicapped: [1994] (Clinton's) National health care plan/program 1027 " --Anti " " " " " (except 0923, 0924, 0925): [1994](Clinton's) National health care plan/program 1028 Space program--NA direction 1029 " " --Pro 1030 " " --Anti 1031 Help to/improvement in a specific industry or occupation--NA direction 1032 " " " " " -- Pro help/improvement 1033 " " " " " -- Anti help/improvement *1057 Spending on infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc) -- Pro *1058 " " " " -- Anti 1035 Polarization of classes/increasing gap between rich and poor--NA direction 1036 " " " " " --will stop trend/ handle better 1037 " " " " " --will accelerate trend/ handle better 1038 Day care--NA direction 1039 " " --favors/will expand or extend day care programs 1040 " " --opposes/will not expand or extend (will cut or eliminate) day care programs *1050 Family/maternity leave laws -- Pro *1051 " " " " " -- Anti 1041 Located after 0973 *1042 Located after 0978 *1043 Located after 0948 *1044 Located after 0948 *1045 Located after 0948 *1046 Located after 0928 *1047 Located after 0919 *1048 Located after 0919 *1049 Located after 0919 *1050 Located after 1040 *1051 Located after 1040 *1052 Located after 0919 *1053 Located after 0919 *1054 Located after 0928 *1055 Located after 0933 *1056 Located after 0933 *1057 Located after 1033 *1058 Located after 1033 *1059 Located after 0961 *1060 Located after 0961 PARTY OR CANDIDATE--FOREIGN POLICIES 1101 General assessment of foreign ideas/policies/stands (unspecified) 1102 Foreign policies more clear-cut/decisive; less bungling 1103 Foreign policies less clear-cut/decisive; more bungling 1104 Internationalist/Interested in other countries' problems/Interested in world role/Pro-UN and allies; Meddling in other people's problems 1105 Isolationist/America First/Fortress America/Would meddle less in other people's problems *1184 Military/Defense position/spending--NA direction or neutral (not 1106, 1107) 1106 Strong military position/Preparedness/Weapons systems/ Pentagon spending/Overkill; SDI ("Star Wars") 1107 Weak military position/Pentagon spending cutbacks/No overkill/Reduce armed forces; SDI ("Star Wars") 1108 Cold-war oriented; opposed detente; international Communist-fighter 1109 Against cold war/Wants thaw/Detente/Understanding with international communists (if NA whether international, code in 0813-0814) 1110 Military aid to allies--NA direction 1111 " " " --Pro 1112 " " " --Anti 1113 Economic aid/Foreign aid/AID/Non-military aid--NA direction 1114 " " " " " " " --Pro 1115 " " " " " " " --Anti 1116 Located after 1163 1117 " " " 1118 Mideast--NA direction; any references to oil embargo; boycott of companies dealing with Israel; [1992] References to involvement in Iraqgate/arming of Saddam Hussein 1119 " --handle better/more experience; positive comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty 1120 " --handle worse/less experience; negative comments about Arab-Israeli peace treaty 1121 " --Pro-Israel/anti-Arabs 1122 " --Anti-Israel/pro-Arabs; wishy-washy on Israel 1123 Red China--NA direction 1124 " " --handle better/more experience/doing well, better 1125 " " --handle worse/less experience/doing poorly 1126 " " --pro understanding/thaw/detente/new relationships/ recognition/admission to UN 1127 " " --anti understanding/thaw/detente/new relationships/ recognition/admission to UN; defender of Formosa/ Chaing/Nationalists 1128 Russia--NA direction 1129 " --handle better/more experience 1130 " --handle worse/less experience 1131 " --pro understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of relations; SALT II 1132 " --anti understanding/thaw/detente/broadening of relations; SALT II 1133 Eastern Europe--NA direction 1134 " " --handle better/more experience 1135 " " --handle worse/less experience 1136 " " --pro defense of Iron-Curtain countries 1137 " " --anti " " " *1301 Western Europe -- NA direction *1302 " " -- handling relations with European Community/specific countries well (better) *1303 " " " " badly (worse) 1138 Latin America--NA direction 1139 " " --handle better/more experience 1140 " " --handle worse/less experience 1141 " " --pro-third world posture; reach understanding with Castro/Chile/neutrals; anti-colonialism /European powers; against Contra aid/pro- Sandinista 1142 " " --anti-third world posture; hard anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy; pro-colonialism/ European powers; pro Contra aid/anti-Sandinista *1198 (Involvement in) Diversion of money to the Contras (in violation of the law) 1143 Africa--NA direction 1144 " --handle better/more experience 1145 " --handle worse/less experience 1146 " --pro-third world posture; reach understanding with leftists/neutrals; anti-colonialism/ European powers 1147 " --anti-third world posture; hard anti-communism/anti-revolutionary policy; pro- colonialism/European powers 1148 Asia/India--NA direction 1149 " " --handle better/more experience 1150 " " --handle worse/less experience 1151 " " --pro India/Bangladesh 1152 " " --pro Pakistan 1153 Located after 1163 1154 " " " 1155 " " " 1156 " " " 1157 Vietnam/Indochina/Southeast Asia--NA direction 1158 " " " " --better chance for peace 1159 " " " " --poorer chance for peace; failed to end war 1160 " " " " --pro military victory/ preservation of Saigon regime 1161 " " " " --anti military victory/ willing to sacrifice Thieu/Sy; favoring withdrawal 1163 " " --will bring policy change (unspecified) *1116 Trouble spots (not specifically coded)--would handle better (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf) *1117 " " " " " --would handle worse (Panama, Afghanistan, Persian Gulf) *1162 (88) The invasion of Grenada *1300 (91) The Persian Gulf war/ Desert Storm *1153 Would raise American prestige *1154 Would lower American prestige; not maintain American prestige *1155 Would have better chance for peace (unspecified); not get us into trouble abroad *1156 Would have poorer chance for peace (unspecified); get us into war/trouble abroad 1164 Tariffs--NA direction 1165 " --Pro free trade/reduce tariffs; would not protect US labor from foreign competition 1166 " --Anti free trade; for high tariffs; would protect US labor from foreign competition *1196 Foreign trade/balance of payments deficit--any mention 1167 Trade with communists--NA direction 1168 " " --Pro 1169 " " --Anti 1170 Draft--NA direction 1171 " --Pro volunteer army/abolition of peacetime draft 1172 " --Anti volunteer army; for peacetime draft 1173 " --Pro amnesty/pardon 1174 " --Anti amnesty/draft dodgers/pardon *1178 Amnesty--NA direction 1175 POW-MIA--Will get prisoners back, will not abandon them 1176 POW-MIA--Will not get prisoners back, will abandon them 1177 POW-MIA--NA direction *1178 Located after 1174 1179 Did a good job of getting the boys/country out of Vietnam war; got us out of Vietnam 1180 Should have won Vietnam war; gave too much away and then pulled out 1181 Secrecy/deception in U.S. foreign policy; shuttle diplomacy; Kissinger's foreign policy (1976) --NA direction 1182 " " " " --Pro 1183 " " " " --Anti 1184 Located after 1105 1185 Priorities in military/defense spending (not reduction or increase but allocation of existing defense budget--Pro 1186 Priorities in military/defense spending (not reduction or increase but allocation of existing defense budget--Anti 1187 Iranian crisis; American hostages (1980)/Arms sale (1986) -- NA direction 1188 " " " " --has handled well/would handle better 1189 " " " " --has handled poorly/would handle worse 1190 Nuclear freeze/Disarmament--NA direction 1191 " " " --Pro 1192 " " " --Anti 1193 Terrorism; dealings with terrorists; hostages (except 1187-1189) -- NA direction; (88) Bombing of Libya 1194 " " " -- has handled/would handle better; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy 1195 " " " -- has handled/would handle worse; (88) Bombing of Libya/handling of Khadafy *1196 Located after 1166 1197 Other foreign policy reasons *1198 Located after 1142 1199 Iran-Contra affair--NFS (NA whether 1187 or 1198) PARTY OR CANDIDATE--GROUP CONNECTIONS 1201 Special interests/Privileged people/Influential--Pro 1202 " " " " --Anti 1203 "People like me"--pro, NA whether 1205, 1206 1204 " " " --anti, " " " " 1205 Common man/People/Little people/Working people--Pro 1206 " " " " --Anti 1207 Labor/Unions/Labor bosses/Racketeers--Pro 1208 " " " " --Anti 1209 Big Business/Corporate rich/The rich individuals/People with power/Wall Street/Industry/Upper classes--Pro 1210 (Same as 1209) --Anti 1211 Small businessman--Pro 1212 " " --Anti 1213 White collar workers/Salaried people/Middle class--Pro 1214 " " --Anti 1215 Farmers/Country people--Pro 1216 " " --Anti 1217 Blacks/Black people/Negroes--Pro 1218 " " --Anti 1219 People on welfare/ADC mothers/"Chiselers"--Pro 1220 " " " --Anti 1221 Old people/Senior citizens--Pro 1222 " " " --Anti 1223 Young people/Sids/"Freaks"/Hippies--Pro 1224 " " " " " --Anti 1225 Women/Feminists/Womens Liberationists, "sexists"--Pro 1226 " " " " " --Anti 1227 Veterans/Servicemen--Pro 1228 " " --Anti 1229 Ethnic or racial group (exc. 1217-1218); Minority groups (NA composition--Pro 1230 " " --Anti 1231 Section of the country--Pro 1232 " " --Anti 1233 Poor people/needy people/the unemployed -- Pro 1234 " " --Anti 1235 Civil servants--Pro 1236 " " --Anti 1239 [1996] Gays and lesbians/homosexuals--Pro 1240 " " --Anti 1241 [1996] Christian right/religious right--Pro 1242 " " --Anti 1297 Other group connection reasons *1300 Located after 1162 *1301 Located after 1137 *1302 Located after 1137 *1303 Located after 1137 EVENTS UNIQUE TO ONE CAMPAIGN 5001 [1992] Perot quit the race/is a quitter - NFS 5002 [1992] Because Perot quit the race he is not trustworthy/dependable/steadfast (enough); he let down his supporters 5003 [1992] Because Perot quit the race and then re-entered it he is indecisive/inconsistent/not stable (enough); mentions of re-entering the race after have left it - NFS 5004 [1992] Perot is not a serious candidate MISSING DATA CODES 9001 R has been influenced by spouse 9002 R has been influenced by someone else 9996 Refused to say 9997 Other miscellaneous 9998 DK 9999 NA 0000 INAP * Indicates code descriptions that are listed out-of-order. >> 1996 POLITICAL ADVERTISEMENTS NOTE: The codes for political ads used in 1996 are different from the coding scheme used for political ads in 1992. As a result of experience with and recommendations about the wording of political ad questions in 1992, the Board of Overseers approved a different means of asking about recall of political advertisements in the 1996 NES. Two important differences set 1996 apart from 1992. One is that the question in 1996 asks the respondent to focus on recall of a single specific ad, the one you ad remember best'. In 1992 the question asked about "what do you remember about any of these ads"-- in the plural. Second, in 1992 the question concerned Presidential ads while in 1996 the questions did not restrict respondents to Presidential ads,. Thus the coding scheme for 1996, while developed from and similar to that of 1992, is not the same. Differing coding categories exist (specific ads mentioned in 1992 of course have no relevance in 1996) and the frequencies for similar or repeated categories are also different. The effort in 1996 was to code accurately the open-ended responses received in 1996 while producing codes that could be aggregated in ways that facilitate some kinds of comparisons between 1992 and 1996. R Pays No Attention To Political Ads 001 R claims not to remember what the ads s/he saw were about - NFS (R says only "nothing", "very little/not much", "can't remember", "don't recall", etc. without further explanation or elaboration). 002 R deliberately and actively avoids watching political ads (I hit the mute button/change the channel; I go to the refrigerator, etc.) 003 R does watch the political ads but indicates s/he chooses to pay no attention to them (I don't pay much attention, they don't register on my mind, goes in one ear and out the other, I just laugh at them, I'm immune to them). R GIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS (NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED) 010 AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF ADS - too many of them; they show too many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over. 011 PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions. 012 PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk about (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 013 DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; telllies/half-truths/only the facts that help them;try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter wants to hear. 014 HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense. 015 NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING - (too negative); (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks on opponent. 016 POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected. 017 HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them. 018 HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for. 028 OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS (NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED) 029 OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF POLITICAL ADS (NO CANDIDATE SPECIFIED) R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF DOLE POLITICAL AD(S) 030 AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF DOLE ADS - too many of them; they show too many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over. 031 DOLE ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions. 032 DOLE ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk about (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 033 DOLE ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter wants to hear. 034 DOLE ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense. 035 NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY DOLE - (too negative); (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks on opponent. 036 POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY DOLE - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected. 037 DOLE ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them. 038 DOLE ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for. 039 R REFUSES TO LISTEN TO/WATCH DOLE ADS SPECIFICALLY 040 DOLE AD NEGATIVE RE: CLINTON NFS ( badmouthing' downside of' Clinton) 048 OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF DOLE POLITICAL ADS 049 OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF DOLE POLITICAL ADS R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF CLINTON POLITICAL AD(S) 050 AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF CLINTON ADS - too many of them; they show too many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over. 051 CLINTON ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions. 052 CLINTON ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk about (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 053 CLINTON ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter wants to hear. 054 CLINTON ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense. 055 NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY CLINTON - (too negative); (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks on opponent. 056 POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY CLINTON - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected. 057 CLINTON ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them. 058 CLINTON ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for. 059 R REFUSES TO LISTEN TO/WATCH CLINTON ADS SPECIFICALLY 060 NEGATIVE RE: DOLE, NFS 068 OTHER POSITIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON POLITICAL ADS 069 OTHER NEGATIVE GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF CLINTON POLITICAL ADS R GIVES GENERAL ASSESSMENT/DESCRIBES GENERAL FEATURE(S) OF PEROT POLITICAL AD(S) 070 AMOUNT/FREQUENCY OF PEROT ADS - too many of them; they show too many in one evening/time period; see the same ones over and over. 071 PEROT ADS PROVIDE NO INFORMATION/SERVE NO VALUABLE PURPOSE - too vague/general; not specific (enough); not talking about real/important issues; contain only rhetoric/self-serving promotion/platitudes; point out problems but offer no solutions. 072 PEROT ADS PROVIDE INFORMATION/SERVE VALUABLE PURPOSE - talk about (important) issues/candidate's stands on issues; try to present solutions to issues; are enlightening; treat voters like grown-ups. 073 PEROT ADS DISHONEST/MISLEADING - (too) deceitful; tell lies/half-truths/only the facts that help them; try to confuse/hide/avoid the issues; say only what they think the voter wants to hear. 074 PEROT ADS HONEST/STRAIGHT-FORWARD - tells the truth; presents the (real) facts/all the facts; tries to clarify/face the issues; they make sense. 075 NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING BY PEROT - (too negative); (too much) backbiting/mudslinging; only try to tear opponents down/make personal attacks on opponent. 076 POSITIVE CAMPAIGNING BY PEROT - doesn't make personal attacks on opponent; talk about the candidate/why the candidate should be elected. 077 PEROT ADS HAD NEGATIVE EFFECT ON R - made R angry/disgusted; destroyed R's interest in politics/the election; R finds them boring; R is tired of seeing them. 078 PEROT ADS HAD POSITIVE EFFECT ON R - helped R understand the candidate/issues; helped R decide who to vote for. 079 R refuses to listen to/watch Perot ads specifically 088 Other positive general assessment of Perot political ads 089 Other negative general assessment of Perot political ads R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC DOLE POLITICAL AD(S) 130 Dole ad - no other details given ("I know it was Dole's ad") 131 Dole ad - production details described (showed him in black and white, he was talking to some women) 132 Dole ad - 15% tax cut, would let people keep more of what they earn (i.e. would cut taxes) 133 Dole ad - war injuries, military service record 134 Dole ad - Russell KS values and community, personal history/life story (other than military record) 135 Dole ad - Dole's position on Medicare cuts 136 Dole ad - mention of Kemp 140 Dole ad - attacking Clinton for largest tax hike in history', criticising Clinton for apologizing for raising taxes, general/other negative on Clinton's tax record 141 Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: Whitewater 142 Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: ethics of White House staff and cabinet 143 Dole ad - attacking Clinton re: immigration and border patrol 144 Dole ad - attacks Clinton as a liar-NFS; Clinton changes what he says from one time to the next; Clinton's inconsistencies; doesn't keep/breaks promises 145 Dole ad - Attacks Clinton re: drug policies, teen drug use going up, budget cuts for drug enforcement, Clinton on MTV re: pot use 146 Dole ad - Attacks Clinton re: family values 147 Dole ad - Attacks Clinton as a liberal, closet liberal; shows Clinton saying I'm not a liberal' 148 Dole ad - other negative re: Clinton 149 Dole ad - other specifics R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC CLINTON POLITICAL AD(S) 150 Clinton ad - no other details given 151 Clinton ad - production details described 152 Clinton ad - describing his stance on family values. 153 Clinton ad - describing the achievements of his first term in office 154 Clinton ad - describing his record on employment, jobs 155 Clinton ad - reforms welfare, makes jobs for unemployed/people on welfare 156 Clinton ad - saying Clinton makes up his own mind, is a leader 157 Clinton ad - Clinton's efforts on drugs; Dole criticisms wrong/unfair; appt. of drug czar; policies and funding to combat drugs 158 Clinton ad - Clinton's record on [illegal] immigration 159 Clinton ad - Clinton doing right on elderly health care, positive record on Medicare 160 Clinton ad - supports education, supports student loan pgms, supports reading pgms 161 Clinton ad - support of issues affecting children (other than drug policy or education) 162 Clinton ad - record on gun control, puts more cops on streets, endorsed by police, tough on crime (excludes any drug-related--see 157) 163 Clinton ad - Other positive, not coded elsewhere 170 Clinton ad - compares Clinton's record favorably w/Dole's on multiple issues 171 Clinton ad - attacking Dole's stance on social security 172 Clinton ad - attacking Dole's position on school lunch, other children's issues, on education 173 Clinton ad - attacking Dole's Medicare voting record 174 Clinton ad - attacking Dole re: his comments on cigarettes, support of tobacco industry 175 Clinton ad - Attacking Dole's tax cut proposal 176 Clinton ad - negative attack on Dole/Gingrich 177 Clinton ad-neg re: Dole's voting record: wrong for the past, wrong for the future' 179 Clinton ad discussing Dole--NFS, other 169 Clinton ad - other specifics R DESCRIBES SPECIFIC PEROT POLITICAL AD(S) 180 Perot ad - no other details given. 181 Perot ad - production details described 182 Perot ad - used a lot of charts and graphs. 183 Perot ad - describing problems with the economy/the deficit/the budget, Perot will drop our taxes. 184 Perot ad - doesn't take special interest' money; not beholden to special interests 185 Perot ad - he'll abolish the IRS 186 Perot ad - announcing his candidacy ( I'm back'); announcing his VP candidate 187 Perot ad - re: not being in debates 189 Perot ad - other specifics R DESCRIBES A SPECIFIC EVENT THAT WAS NOT A POLITICAL AD 190 R describes a news event that clearly was not part of a political ad; mentions watching the convention or seeing a candidate on a news program or during debates. CANDIDATE NAMED IS NOT MAJOR PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE (INCLUDES STATE AND LOCAL RACES) 191 R describes a political ad, but one for a congressional, state or local candidate R DESCRIBES OTHER ADS: CANDIDATE NOT ASCERTAINED/AD SPONSOR NOT ELSEWHERE IDENTIFIED 192 R describes ad concerning a specific issue (e.g.Medicare, abortion, gay rights, etc.). R IDENTIFIES AD AS BEING BY THE DEMOCRATS' (NOT ASSOCIATED W/ SPECIFIC CANDIDATE) 301-General positive about Democrats/Democratic candidates, NFS 302-Negative towards the Republicans 397-Other R IDENTIFIES AD AS BEING BY THE REPUBLICANS' (NOT ASSOCIATED W/ SPECIFIC CANDIDATE) 401-General positive about republicans/Republican candidates, NFS 402-Negative towards the Democrats 497-Other DON'T RECALL CANDIDATE, NO SPECIFIC CANDIDATE BUT AD DESCRIPTION MENTIONS CLINTON, DOLE or BOTH Clinton: 502 positive about Clinton: other and NFS 503 Clinton and taxes 504 Clinton and pot 505 negative about Clinton: other, NFS 506 names Clinton Dole: 520 negative about Dole's past political stands, Dole's voting record 521 Dole and taxes; the budget/finances, will help the little people on taxes 523 Dole general, other, NFS 524 Dole, recalls production details 525 Dole in WWII, injuries 526 negative towards Dole other, nfs, general Both Clinton and Dole: 598 R mentions both Clinton and Dole, general, other, NFS 599 Dole and Clinton contradict each other MISCELLANEOUS 996 Miscellaneous production details recalled 997 Other, miscellaneous 998 DK 999 NA >> 1996 RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION Codes followed by * have been newly added in 1996. GENERAL PROTESTANT 010. Protestant, no denomination given 020. Non-denominational Protestant 040. Inter-denominational Protestant 099. Christian (NFS); "just Christian" ADVENTIST 100. 7th Day Adventist 109. Adventist (NFS) ANGLICAN 110. Episcopalian; Anglican 111. Independent Anglican, Episcopalian BAPTIST 120. American Baptist Association 121. American Baptist Churches U.S.A. (inaccurately known as "Northern Baptist") 122. Baptist Bible Fellowship 123. Baptist General Conference 124. Baptist Missionary Association of America 125. Conservative Baptist Association of America 126. General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (G.A.R.B.) 127. National Association of Free Will Baptists (United Free Will Baptist Church) 128. Primitive Baptists 129. National Baptist Convention in the U.S.A. 130. National Baptist Convention of America 131. National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. 132. Progressive National Baptist Convention 134. Reformed Baptist (Calvinist) 135. Southern Baptist Convention 147. Fundamental Baptist (no denom. ties) 148. Local (independent) Baptist churches with no denominational ties or links to a national fellowship 149. Baptist (NFS) CONGREGATIONAL 150. United Church of Christ (includes Congregational, Evangelical and Reformed) 155. Congregational Christian EUROPEAN FREE CHURCH (ANABAPTISTS) 160. Church of the Brethren 161. Brethren (NFS) 162. Mennonite Church 163. Moravian Church 164. Old Order Amish 165. Quakers (Friends) 166. Evangelical Covenant Church (not Anabaptist in tradition) 167. Evangelical Free Church (not Anabaptist in tradition) 168. Brethren in Christ 170. Mennonite Brethren HOLINESS 180. Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA) 181. Church of God (Anderson, IN) 182. Church of the Nazarene 183. Free Methodist Church 184. Salvation Army 185. Wesleyan Church 186. Church of God of Findlay, OH 199. Holiness (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA whether R Pentecostal or Charismatic INDEPENDENT-FUNDAMENTALIST 200. Plymouth Brethren 201. Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America 219. Independent-Fundamentalist (NFS) LUTHERAN 220. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (formerly Lutheran Church in America and The American Lutheran Church); ELCA 221. Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod; LC-MS 222. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod; WELS 223. Other Conservative Lutheran 229. Lutheran (NFS) METHODIST 230. United Methodist Church; Evangelical United Brethren 231. African Methodist Episcopal Church 232. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 233. Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 234. Primitive Methodist 240. Congregational Methodist (fundamentalist)* 249. Methodist (NFS) PENTECOSTAL 250. Assemblies of God 251. Church of God (Cleveland, TN) 252. Church of God (Huntsville, AL) 253. International Church of the Four Square Gospel 254. Pentecostal Church of God 255. Pentecostal Holiness Church 256. United Pentecostal Church International 257. Church of God in Christ (incl. NA whether 258) 258. Church of God in Christ (International) 260. Church of God of the Apostolic Faith 261. Church of God of Prophecy 262. Vineyard Fellowship 267. Apostolic Pentecostal 268. Spanish Pentecostal 269. Pentecostal (NFS); Church of God (NFS); R not or NA whether R Pentecostal or Chrismatic PRESBYTERIAN 270. Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. 271. Cumberland Presbyterian Church 272. Presbyterian Church in American (PCA) 275. Evangelical Presbyterian 276. Reformed Presbyterian 279. Presbyterian (NFS) REFORMED 280. Christian Reformed Church (inaccurately known as "Dutch Reformed") 281. Reformed Church in America 282. Free Hungarian Reformed Church 289. Reformed (NFS) RESTORATIONIST 290. Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 291. Christian Churches and Churches of Christ 292. Churches of Christ; "Church of Christ" (NFS) 293. Christian Congregation NON-TRADITIONAL PROTESTANTS 300. Christian Scientists 301. Mormons; Latter Day Saints 302. Spiritualists 303. Unitarian; Universalist 304. Jehovah's Witnesses 305. Unity; Unity Church; Christ Church Unity 306. Fundamentalist Adventist (Worldwide Church of God) 309. Non-traditional Protestant (NFS) ROMAN CATHOLIC 400. Roman Catholic JEWISH 500. Jewish, no preference 501. Orthodox 502. Conservative 503. Reformed EASTERN ORTHODOX (GREEK RITE CATHOLIC) 700. Greek Rite Catholic 701. Greek Orthodox 702. Russian Orthodox 703. Rumanian Orthodox 704. Serbian Orthodox 705. Syrian Orthodox 706. Armenian Orthodox 707. Georgian Orthodox 708. Ukranian Orthodox 719. Eastern Orthodox (NFS) NON-CHRISTIAN/NON-JEWISH 720. Muslim; Mohammedan; Islam 721. Buddhist 722. Hindu 723. Bahai 724. American Indian Religions (Native American Religions) 729. Other non-Christian/non-Jewish 790. Religious/ethical cults OTHER 800. Agnostics 801. Atheists 997. Other >> 1996 CENSUS OCCUPATION CODE (1980 CENSUS) The full 3-digit 1980 Census Occupation Code was used to code the occupation of respondents. In order to minimize the amount of highly specific information released about respondents, the full occupation code has been recoded to a 71 category code, which is based on the occupation code sub-headings in the Census Code. Users who need access to the full 3-digit occupation code for their research purposes should contact NES project staff for details about how this could be arranged. In the code description that follows, the full 1980 Census Code is presented. At the beginning of each recoded section, the statement "(XXX) THROUGH (YYY) ARE RECODED TO (ZZ)" indicates the code values to which the specific occupations have been recoded. For example, purchasing managers (009), legislators (003), and funeral directors (018) have all been recoded to (01). Numbers in parentheses following the occupation categories are the U.S. Department of Commerce's 1980 Standard Occupational Classification code equivalents. The abbreviation "pt" means "part" and "N.E.C." means "not elsewhere classified". MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS Executive, Administrative, and Managerial (003) THROUGH (019) ARE RECODED TO: 01 003 LEGISLATORS (111) 004 CHIEF EXECUTIVES AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATORS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (112) 005 ADMINISTRATORS AND OFFICIALS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (1132-1139) 006 ADMINISTRATORS, PROTECTIVE SERVICES (1131) 007 FINANCIAL MANAGERS (122) 008 PERSONNEL AND LABOR RELATIONS MANAGERS (123) 009 PURCHASING MANAGERS (124) 013 MANAGERS, MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND PUBLIC RELATIONS (125) 014 ADMINISTRATORS, EDUCATION AND RELATED FIELDS (128) 015 MANAGERS, MEDICINE AND HEALTH (131) 016 MANAGERS, PROPERTIES AND REAL ESTATE (1353) 017 POSTMASTERS AND MAIL SUPERINTENDENTS (1344) 018 FUNERAL DIRECTORS (PT 1359) 019 MANAGERS AND ADMINISTRATORS, N.E.C.(121, 126, 127, 132-139, EXCEPT 1344, 1353, PT 1359) ------------------------------------------------------------ Management-Related Occupations (023) THROUGH (037) ARE RECODED TO: 02 023 ACCOUNTANTS AND AUDITORS (1412) 024 UNDERWRITERS (1414) 025 OTHER FINANCIAL OFFICERS (1415, 1419) 026 MANAGEMENT ANALYSTS (142) 027 PERSONNEL, TRAINING, AND LABOR RELATIONS SPECIALISTS (143) 028 PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, FARM PRODUCTS (1443) 029 BUYERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, EXCEPT FARM PRODUCTS (1442) 033 PURCHASING AGENTS AND BUYERS, N.E.C. (1449) 034 BUSINESS AND PROMOTION AGENTS (145) 035 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTORS (1472) 036 INSPECTORS AND COMPLIANCE OFFICERS, EXC. CONSTRUCTION (1473) 037 MANAGEMENT RELATED OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (149) ------------------------------------------------------------ Professional Specialty Occupations .................... - engineers, architects and surveyors - (043) THROUGH (063) ARE RECODED TO: 03 043 ARCHITECTS (161) ENGINEERS 044 AEROSPACE ENGINEERS (1622) 045 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERS (1623) 046 MINING ENGINEERS (1624) 047 PETROLEUM ENGINEERS (1625) 048 CHEMICAL ENGINEERS (1626) 049 NUCLEAR ENGINEERS (1627) 053 CIVIL ENGINEERS (1628) 054 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS (1632) 055 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (1633, 1636) 056 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS (1634) 057 MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (1635) 058 MARINE ENGINEERS AND NAVAL ARCHITECTS (1637) 059 ENGINEERS, N.E.C. (1639) 063 SURVEYORS AND MAPPING SCIENTISTS (164) ------------------------------------------------------------ - mathematical and computer scientists - (064) THROUGH (068) ARE RECODED TO: 04 064 COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS AND SCIENTISTS (171) 065 OPERATIONS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCHERS AND ANALYSTS (172) 066 ACTUARIES (1732) 067 STATISTICIANS (1733) 068 MATHEMATICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1739) ------------------------------------------------------------ - natural scientists - (069) THROUGH (083) ARE RECODED TO: 05 069 PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS (1842, 1843) 073 CHEMISTS, EXCEPT BIOCHEMISTS (1845) 074 ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE SCIENTISTS (1846) 075 GEOLOGISTS AND GEODESISTS (1847) 076 PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1849) 077 AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENTISTS (1853) 078 BIOLOGICAL AND LIFE SCIENTISTS (1854) 079 FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION SCIENTISTS (1852) 083 MEDICAL SCIENTISTS (1855) ------------------------------------------------------------ - health diagnosing occupations - (084) THROUGH (089) ARE RECODED TO: 06 084 PHYSICIANS (261) 085 DENTISTS (262) 086 VETERINARIANS (27) 087 OPTOMETRISTS (281) 088 PODIATRISTS (283) 089 HEALTH DIAGNOSING PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (289) ------------------------------------------------------------ - health assessment and treating occupations - (095) THROUGH (106) ARE RECODED TO: 07 095 REGISTERED NURSES (29) 096 PHARMACISTS (301) 097 DIETITIANS (302) THERAPISTS 098 INHALATION THERAPISTS (3031) 099 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS (3032) 103 PHYSICAL THERAPISTS (3033) 104 SPEECH THERAPISTS (3034) 105 THERAPISTS, N.E.C. (3039) 106 PHYSICIANS' ASSISTANTS (304) ------------------------------------------------------------ - teachers, postsecondary - (113) THROUGH (154) ARE RECODED TO: 08 113 EARTH, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MARINE SCIENCE TEACHERS (2212) 114 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2213) 115 CHEMISTRY TEACHERS (2214) 116 PHYSICS TEACHERS (2215) 117 NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2216) 118 PSYCHOLOGY TEACHERS (2217) 119 ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2218) 123 HISTORY TEACHERS (2222) 124 POLITICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2223) 125 SOCIOLOGY TEACHERS (2224) 126 SOCIAL SCIENCE TEACHERS, N.E.C. (2225) 127 ENGINEERING TEACHERS (2226) 128 MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2227) 129 COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHERS (2228) 133 MEDICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS (2231) 134 HEALTH SPECIALTIES TEACHERS (2232) 135 BUSINESS, COMMERCE, AND MARKETING TEACHERS (2233) 136 AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TEACHERS (2234) 137 ART, DRAMA, AND MUSIC TEACHERS (2235) 138 PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS (2236) 139 EDUCATION TEACHERS (2237) 143 ENGLISH TEACHERS (2238) 144 FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS (2242) 145 LAW TEACHERS (2243) 146 SOCIAL WORK TEACHERS (2244) 147 THEOLOGY TEACHERS (2245) 148 TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL TEACHERS (2246) 149 HOME ECONOMICS TEACHERS (2247) 153 TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY, N.E.C. (2249) 154 POSTSECONDARY TEACHERS, SUBJECT NOT SPECIFIED ------------------------------------------------------------ - teachers, except postsecondary - (155) THROUGH (165) ARE RECODED TO: 09 155 TEACHERS, PREKINDERGARTEN AND KINDERGARTEN (231) 156 TEACHERS, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (232) 157 TEACHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL (233) 158 TEACHERS, SPECIAL EDUCATION (235) 159 TEACHERS, N.E.C. (236,239) 163 COUNSELORS, EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL (24) LIBRARIANS, ARCHIVISTS, AND CURATORS 164 LIBRARIANS (251) 165 ARCHIVISTS AND CURATORS (252) ------------------------------------------------------------ - social scientist and urban planners - (166) THROUGH (173) ARE RECODED TO: 10 166 ECONOMISTS (1912) 167 PSYCHOLOGISTS (1915) 168 SOCIOLOGISTS (1916) 169 SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, N.E.C. (1913, 1914, 1919) 173 URBAN PLANNERS (192) ------------------------------------------------------------ - social, recreation, and religious workers - (173) THROUGH (177) ARE RECODED TO: 11 174 SOCIAL WORKERS (2032) 175 RECREATION WORKERS (2033) 176 CLERGY (2042) 177 RELIGIOUS WORKERS, N.E.C. (2049) ------------------------------------------------------------ - lawyers and judges - (178) THROUGH (179) ARE RECODED TO: 12 178 LAWYERS (211) 179 JUDGES (212) ------------------------------------------------------------ - writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes - (183) THROUGH (199) ARE RECODED TO: 13 183 AUTHORS (321) 184 TECHNICAL WRITERS (398) 185 DESIGNERS (322) 186 MUSICIANS AND COMPOSERS (323) 187 ACTORS AND DIRECTORS (324) 188 PAINTERS, SCULPTORS, CRAFT-ARTISTS, AND ARTIST PRINTMAKERS (325) 189 PHOTOGRAPHERS (326) 193 DANCERS (327) 194 ARTISTS, PERFORMERS, AND RELATED WORKERS, N.E.C. (328, 329) 195 EDITORS AND REPORTERS (331) 197 PUBLIC RELATIONS SPECIALISTS (332) 198 ANNOUNCERS (333) 199 ATHLETES (34) ------------------------------------------------------------ TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS Health Technologists and Technicians (203) THROUGH (208) ARE RECODED TO: 14 203 CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS (362) 204 DENTAL HYGIENISTS (363) 205 HEALTH RECORD TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS (364) 206 RADIOLOGIC TECHNICIANS (365) 207 LICENSED PRACTICAL NURSES (366) 208 HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (369) ------------------------------------------------------------ Technologists and Technicians, except Health .................... - engineering and related technologists and technicians - (213) THROUGH (218) ARE RECODED TO: 15 213 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS (3711) 214 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3712) 215 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS (3713) 216 ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3719) 217 DRAFTING OCCUPATIONS (372) 218 SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNICIANS (373) ------------------------------------------------------------ - science technicians - (223) THROUGH (225) ARE RECODED TO: 16 223 BIOLOGICAL TECHNICIANS (382) 224 CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS (3831) 225 SCIENCE TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (3832, 3833, 384, 389) ------------------------------------------------------------ - technicians, except health, engineering, and science - (226) THROUGH (235) ARE RECODED TO: 17 226 AIRPLANE PILOTS AND NAVIGATORS (825) 227 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (392) 228 BROADCAST EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (393) 229 COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS (3971, 3972) 233 TOOL PROGRAMMERS, NUMERICAL CONTROL (3974) 234 LEGAL ASSISTANTS (396) 235 TECHNICIANS, N.E.C. (399) ------------------------------------------------------------ SALES OCCUPATIONS Supervisors and Proprietors (243) IS RECODED TO: 18 243 SUPERVISORS AND PROPRIETORS, SALES OCCUPATIONS (40) Sales Representatives, Finance and Business Services (253) THROUGH (257) ARE RECODED TO: 18 253 INSURANCE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4122) 254 REAL ESTATE SALES OCCUPATIONS (4123) 255 SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL SERVICES SALES OCCUPATIONS (4124) 256 ADVERTISING AND RELATED SALES OCCUPATIONS (4153) 257 SALES OCCUPATIONS, OTHER BUSINESS SERVICES (4152) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Representatives, Commoddities except Retail (258) THROUGH (259) ARE RECODED TO: 19 258 SALES ENGINEERS (421) 259 SALES REPRESENTATIVES, MINING, MANUFACTURING, AND WHOLESALE (423, 424) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Workers, Retail and Personal Services (263) THROUGH (278) ARE RECODED TO: 20 263 SALES WORKERS, MOTOR VEHICLES AND BOATS (4342, 4344) 264 SALES WORKERS, APPAREL (4346) 265 SALES WORKERS, SHOES (4351) 266 SALES WORKERS, FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS (4348) 267 SALES WORKERS; RADIO, TELEVISION, HI-FI, AND APPLIANCES (4343, 4352) 268 SALES WORKERS, HARDWARE AND BUILDING SUPPLIES (4353) 269 SALES WORKERS, PARTS (4367) 274 SALES WORKERS, OTHER COMMODITIES (4345, 4347, 4354, 4356, 4359, 4362, 4369) 275 SALES COUNTER CLERKS (4363) 276 CASHIERS (4364) 277 STREET AND DOOR-TO-DOOR SALES WORKERS (4366) 278 NEWS VENDORS (4365) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sales Related Occupations (283) THROUGH (285) ARE RECODED TO: 21 283 DEMONSTRATORS, PROMOTERS AND MODELS, SALES (445) 284 AUCTIONEERS(447) 285 SALES SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (444, 446, 449) ------------------------------------------------------------ ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT, (incl. Clerical supervisors) Clerical Supervisors (303) THROUGH (307) ARE RECODED TO: 22 303 SUPERVISORS, GENERAL OFFICE (4511, 4513-4519, 4529) 304 SUPERVISORS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4512) 305 SUPERVISORS, FINANCIAL RECORDS PROCESSING (4521) 306 CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS (4523) 307 SUPERVISORS; DISTRIBUTION, SCHEDULING, AND ADJUSTING CLERKS (4522, 4524-4528) ------------------------------------------------------------ Computer Equipment Operators (308) THROUGH (309) ARE RECODED TO: 23 308 COMPUTER OPERATORS (4612) 309 PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (4613) ------------------------------------------------------------ Secretaries, Stenographers, and Typists (313) THROUGH (315) ARE RECODED TO: 24 313 SECRETARIES (4622) 314 STENOGRAPHERS (4623) 315 TYPISTS (4624) ------------------------------------------------------------ Information Clerks (316) THROUGH (323) ARE RECODED TO: 25 316 INTERVIEWERS (4642) 317 HOTEL CLERKS (4643) 318 TRANSPORTATION TICKET AND RESERVATION AGENTS (4644) 319 RECEPTIONISTS (4645) 323 INFORMATION CLERKS, N.E.C. (4649) ------------------------------------------------------------ Records Processing Occupations, except Financial (325) THROUGH (336) ARE RECODED TO: 26 325 CLASSIFIED-AD CLERKS (4662) 326 CORRESPONDENCE CLERKS (4663) 327 ORDER CLERKS (4664) 328 PERSONNEL CLERKS, EXCEPT PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING (4692) 329 LIBRARY CLERKS (4694) 335 FILE CLERKS (4696) 336 RECORDS CLERKS (4699) ------------------------------------------------------------ Financial Records Processing Occupations (337) THROUGH (344) ARE RECODED TO: 27 337 BOOKKEEPERS, ACCOUNTING, AND AUDITING CLERKS (4712) 338 PAYROLL AND TIMEKEEPING CLERKS (4713) 339 BILLING CLERKS (4715) 343 COST AND RATE CLERKS (4716) 344 BILLING, POSTING, AND CALCULATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4718) ------------------------------------------------------------ Duplicating, Mail and Other Office Machine Operators (345) THROUGH (347) ARE RECODED TO: 28 345 DUPLICATING MACHINE OPERATORS (4722) 346 MAIL PREPARING AND PAPER HANDLING MACHINE OPERATORS (4739) 347 OFFICE MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4729) ------------------------------------------------------------ Communications Equipment Operators (348) THROUGH (353) ARE RECODED TO: 29 348 TELEPHONE OPERATORS (4732) 349 TELEGRAPHERS (4733) 353 COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS, N.E.C. (4739) ------------------------------------------------------------ Mail and Message Distributing Occupations (354) THROUGH (357) ARE RECODED TO: 30 354 POSTAL CLERKS, EXC. MAIL CARRIERS (4742) 355 MAIL CARRIERS, POSTAL SERVICE (4743) 356 MAIL CLERKS, EXC. POSTAL SERVICE (4744) 357 MESSENGERS (4745) ------------------------------------------------------------ Material Recording, Scheduling, and Distribuing Clerks, N.E.C. (359) THROUGH (374) ARE RECODED TO: 31 359 DISPATCHERS (4751) 363 PRODUCTION COORDINATORS (4752) 364 TRAFFIC, SHIPPING, AND RECEIVING CLERKS (4753) 365 STOCK AND INVENTORY CLERKS (4754) 366 METER READERS (4755) 368 WEIGHERS, MEASURERS, AND CHECKERS (4756) 369 SAMPLERS (4757) 373 EXPEDITERS (4758) 374 MATERIAL RECORDING, SCHEDULING, AND DISTRIBUTING CLERKS, N.E.C. (4759) ------------------------------------------------------------ Adjusters and Investigators (375) THROUGH (378) ARE RECODED TO: 32 375 INSURANCE ADJUSTERS, EXAMINERS, AND INVESTIGATORS (4782) 376 INVESTIGATORS AND ADJUSTERS, EXCEPT INSURANCE (4783) 377 ELIGIBILITY CLERKS, SOCIAL WELFARE (4784) 378 BILL AND ACCOUNT COLLECTORS (4786) ------------------------------------------------------------ Miscellaneous Administrative Support Occupations (379) THROUGH (389) ARE RECODED TO: 33 379 GENERAL OFFICE CLERKS (463) 383 BANK TELLERS (4791) 384 PROOFREADERS (4792) 385 DATA-ENTRY KEYERS (4793) 386 STATISTICAL CLERKS (4794) 387 TEACHERS' AIDES (4795) 389 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (4787, 4799) ------------------------------------------------------------ SERVICE OCCUPATIONS Private Household Occupations (403) THROUGH (407) ARE RECODED TO: 34 403 LAUNDERERS AND IRONERS (503) 404 COOKS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (504) 405 HOUSEKEEPERS AND BUTLERS (505) 406 CHILD CARE WORKERS, PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (506) 407 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS AND SERVANTS (502, 507, 509) ------------------------------------------------------------ Protective Service Occupations .................... -supervisors, protective service occupations- (413) THROUGH (415) ARE RECODED TO: 35 413 SUPERVISORS, FIREFIGHTING AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS (5111) 414 SUPERVISORS, POLICE AND DETECTIVES (5112) 415 SUPERVISORS, GUARDS (5113) ------------------------------------------------------------ -firefighting and fire prevention occupations- (416) THROUGH (417) ARE RECODED TO: 35 416 FIRE INSPECTION AND FIRE PREVENTION OCCUPATIONS (5122) 417 FIREFIGHTING OCCUPATIONS (5123) ------------------------------------------------------------ -police and detectives- (418) THROUGH (424) ARE RECODED TO: 35 418 POLICE AND DETECTIVES, PUBLIC SERVICE (5132) 423 SHERIFFS, BAILIFFS, AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS (5134) 424 CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION OFFICERS (5133) ------------------------------------------------------------ -guards- (425) THROUGH (427) ARE RECODED TO: 35 425 CROSSING GUARDS (5142) 426 GUARDS AND POLICE, EXCEPT PUBLIC SERVICE (5144) 427 PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5149) ------------------------------------------------------------ Service Occupations, except Protective and Household .................... -food preparation and service occupations- (433) THROUGH (444) ARE RECODED TO: 36 433 SUPERVISORS, FOOD PREPARATION AND SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5211) 434 BARTENDERS (5212) 435 WAITERS AND WAITRESSES (5213) 436 COOKS, EXCEPT SHORT ORDER (5214) 437 SHORT-ORDER COOKS (5215) 438 FOOD COUNTER, FOUNTAIN AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS (5216) 439 KITCHEN WORKERS, FOOD PREPARATION (5217) 443 WAITERS'/WAITRESSES' ASSISTANTS (5218) 444 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATION OCCUPATIONS (5219) ------------------------------------------------------------ -health service occupations- (435) THROUGH (447) ARE RECODED TO: 37 445 DENTAL ASSISTANTS (5232) 446 HEALTH AIDES, EXCEPT NURSING (5233) 447 NURSING AIDES, ORDERLIES, AND ATTENDANTS (5236) ------------------------------------------------------------ -cleaning and building service occupations, exc. household- (448) THROUGH (455) ARE RECODED TO: 38 448 SUPERVISORS, CLEANING AND BUILDING SERVICE WORKKERS (5241) 449 MAIDS AND HOUSEMEN (5242, 5249) 453 JANITORS AND CLEANERS (5244) 454 ELEVATOR OPERATORS (5245) 455 PEST CONTROL OCCUPATIONS (5246) ------------------------------------------------------------ -personal service occupations- (456) THROUGH (469) ARE RECODED TO: 39 456 SUPERVISORS, PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS (5251) 457 BARBERS (5252) 458 HAIRDRESSERS AND COSMETOLOGISTS (5253) 459 ATTENDANTS, AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION FACILITIES (5254) 463 GUIDES (5255) 464 USHERS (5256) 465 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ATTENDANTS (5257) 466 BAGGAGE PORTERS AND BELLHOPS (5262) 467 WELFARE SERVICE AIDES (5263) 468 CHILD CARE WORKERS, EXCEPT PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD (5264) 469 PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (5258, 5269) ------------------------------------------------------------ FARMING, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS Farm Operators and Managers (473) THROUGH (476) ARE RECODED TO: 40 473 FARMERS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5512-5514) 474 HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMERS (5515) 475 MANAGERS, FARMS, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (5522-5524) 476 MANAGERS, HORTICULTURAL SPECIALTY FARMS (5525) ------------------------------------------------------------ Other Agriculatural and Related Occupations .................... -farm occupations, except managerial- (477) THROUGH (484) ARE RECODED TO: 41 477 SUPERVISORS, FARM WORKERS (5611) 479 FARM WORKERS (5612-5617) 483 MARINE LIFE CULTIVATION WORKERS (5618) 484 NURSERY WORKERS (5619) ------------------------------------------------------------ -related agriculatural occupations- (485) THROUGH (489) ARE RECODED TO: 42 485 SUPERVISORS, RELATED AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS (5621) 486 GROUNDSKEEPERS AND GARDENERS, EXCEPT FARM (5622) 487 ANIMAL CARETAKERS, EXCEPT FARM (5624) 488 GRADERS AND SORTERS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5625) 489 INSPECTORS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (5627) ------------------------------------------------------------ -forestry and logging occupations- (494) THROUGH (496) ARE RECODED TO: 43 494 SUPERVISORS, FORESTRY AND LOGGING WORKERS (571) 495 FORESTRY WORKERS, EXCEPT LOGGING (572) 496 TIMBER CUTTING AND LOGGING OCCUPATIONS (573, 579) ------------------------------------------------------------ -fishers, hunters, and trappers- (497) THROUGH (499) ARE RECODED TO: 43 497 CAPTAINS AND OTHER OFFICERS, FISHING VESSELS (PT 8241) 498 FISHERS (583) 499 HUNTERS AND TRAPPERS (584) ------------------------------------------------------------ PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR OCCUPATIONS Mechanics and Repairers .................... -mechanics and repairers supervisors- (503) IS RECODED TO: 44 503 SUPERVISORS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (60) ------------------------------------------------------------ -mechanics and repairers, vehicle and mobile equipment- (505) THROUGH (517) ARE RECODED TO: 44 505 AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS (PT 6111) 506 AUTOMOBILE MECHANIC APPRENTICES (PT 6111) 507 BUS, TRUCK, AND STATIONARY ENGINE MECHANICS (6112) 508 AIRCRAFT ENGINE MECHANICS (6113) 509 SMALL ENGINE REPAIRERS (6114) 514 AUTOMOBILE BODY AND RELATED REPAIRERS (6115) 515 AIRCRAFT MECHANICS, EXCEPT ENGINE (6116) 516 HEAVY EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6117) 517 FARM EQUIPMENT MECHANICS (6118) ------------------------------------------------------------ -mechanics and repairers, except vehicle and mobile equipment- (518) THROUGH (534) ARE RECODED TO: 45 518 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY REPAIRERS (613) 519 MACHINERY MAINTENANCE OCCUPATIONS (614) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS 523 ELECTRONIC REPAIRERS, COMMUNICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT (6151, 6153, 6155) 525 DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6154) 526 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE AND POWER TOOL REPAIRERS (6156) 527 TELEPHONE LINE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6157) 529 TELEPHONE INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6158) 533 MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS (6152, 6159) 534 HEATING, AIR CONDITIONING, AND REFRIGERATION MECHANICS (616) ------------------------------------------------------------ -miscellaneous mechanics and repairers (535) THROUGH (549) ARE RECODED TO: 46 535 CAMERA, WATCH, AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT REPAIRERS (6171, 6172) 536 LOCKSMITHS AND SAFE REPAIRERS (6173) 538 OFFICE MACHINE REPAIRERS (6174) 539 MECHANICAL CONTROLS AND VALVE REPAIRERS (6175) 543 ELEVATOR INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6176) 544 MILLWRIGHTS (6178) 547 SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS, N.E.C. (6177, 6179) 549 NOT SPECIFIED MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS ------------------------------------------------------------ Construction Trades .................... -supervisors, construction occupations- (553) THROUGH (558) ARE RECODED TO: 47 553 SUPERVISORS; BRICKMASONS, STONEMASONS, AND TILE SETTERS (6312) 554 SUPERVISORS, CARPENTERS AND RELATED WORKERS (6313) 555 SUPERVISORS, ELECTRICIANS AND POWER TRANSMISSION INSTALLERS (6314) 556 SUPERVISORS; PAINTERS, PAPERHANGERS, AND PLASTERERS (6315) 557 SUPERVISORS; PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (6316) 558 SUPERVISORS, N.E.C. (6311, 6318) ------------------------------------------------------------ -construction trades, except supervisors- (563) THROUGH (599) ARE RECODED TO: 48 563 BRICKMASONS AND STONEMASONS, (PT 6412, PT 6413) 564 BRICKMASON AND STONEMASON APPRENTICES (PT 6412, PT 6413) 565 TILE SETTERS, HARD AND SOFT (6414, PT 6462) 566 CARPET INSTALLERS (PT 6462) 567 CARPENTERS (PT 6422) 569 CARPENTER APPRENTICES (PT 6422) 573 DRYWALL INSTALLERS (6424) 575 ELECTRICIANS (PT 6432) 576 ELECTRICIAN APPRENTICES (PT 6432) 577 ELECTRICAL POWER INSTALLERS AND REPAIRERS (6433) 579 PAINTERS, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE (6442) 583 PAPERHANGERS (6443) 584 PLASTERERS (6444) 585 PLUMBERS, PIPEFITTERS, AND STEAMFITTERS (PT 645) 587 PLUMBER, PIPEFITTER, AND STEAMFITTER APPRENTICES (PT 645) 588 CONCRETE AND TERRAZZO FINISHERS (6463) 589 GLAZIERS (6464) 593 INSULATION WORKERS (6465) 594 PAVING, SURFACING, AND TAMPING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (6466) 595 ROOFERS (6468) 596 SHEETMETAL DUCT INSTALLERS (6472) 597 STRUCTURAL METAL WORKERS (6473) 598 DRILLERS, EARTH (6474) 599 CONSTRUCTION TRADES, N.E.C. (6467, 6475, 6476, 6479) ------------------------------------------------------------ Extractive Occupations (613) THROUGH (617) ARE RECODED TO: 49 613 SUPERVISORS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (632) 614 DRILLERS, OIL WELL (652) 615 EXPLOSIVES WORKERS (653) 616 MINING MACHINE OPERATORS (654) 617 MINING OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (656) ------------------------------------------------------------ Precision Production Occupations .................... -production occupation supervisors- (633) IS RECODED TO: 50 633 SUPERVISORS, PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS (67, 71) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision metalworking occupations- (634) THROUGH (655) ARE RECODED TO: 50 634 TOOL AND DIE MAKERS (PT 6811) 635 TOOL AND DIE MAKER APPRENTICES (PT 6811) 636 PRECISION ASSEMBLERS, METAL (6812) 637 MACHINISTS (PT 6813) 639 MACHINIST APPRENTICES (PT 6813) 643 BOILERMAKERS (6814) 644 PRECISION GRINDERS, FITTERS, AND TOOL SHARPENERS (6816) 645 PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, METAL (6817) 646 LAY-OUT WORKERS (6821) 647 PRECIOUS STONES AND METALS WORKERS (JEWELERS) (6822, 6866) 649 ENGRAVERS, METAL (6823) 653 SHEET METAL WORKERS (PT 6824) 654 SHEET METAL WORKER APPRENTICES (PT 6824) 655 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION METAL WORKERS (6829) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision woodworking occupations- (656) THROUGH (659) ARE RECODED TO: 51 656 PATTERNMAKERS AND MODEL MAKERS, WOOD (6831) 657 CABINET MAKERS AND BENCH CARPENTERS (6832) 658 FURNITURE AND WOOD FINISHERS (6835) 659 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WOODWORKERS (6839) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers- (666) THROUGH (674) ARE RECODED TO: 52 666 DRESSMAKERS (PT 6852, PT 7752) 667 AILORS (PT 6852) 668 UPHOLSTERERS (6853) 669 SHOE REPAIRERS (6854) 673 APPAREL AND FABRIC PATTERNMAKERS (6856) 674 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION APPAREL AND FABRIC WORKERS (6859, PT 7752) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision workers, assorted materials- (675) THROUGH (684) ARE RECODED TO: 53 675 AND MOLDERS AND SHAPERS, EXCEPT JEWELERS (6861) 676 PATTERNMAKERS, LAY-OUT WORKERS, AND CUTTERS (6862) 677 OPTICAL GOODS WORKERS (6864, PT 7477, PT 7677) 678 DENTAL LABORATORY AND MEDICAL APPLIANCE TECHNICIANS (6865) 679 BOOKBINDERS (6844) 683 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLERS (6867) 684 MISCELLANEOUS PRECISION WORKERS, N.E.C. (6869) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision food production occupations- (686) THROUGH (688) ARE RECODED TO: 54 686 BUTCHERS AND MEAT CUTTERS (6871) 687 BAKERS (6872) 688 FOOD BATCHMAKERS (6873, 6879) ------------------------------------------------------------ -precision inspectors, testers and related workers- (689) THROUGH (693) ARE RECODED TO: 55 689 INSPECTORS, TESTERS, AND GRADERS (6881, 828) 693 ADJUSTERS AND CALIBRATORS (6882) ------------------------------------------------------------ Plant and System Operators (694) THROUGH (699) ARE RECODED TO: 56 694 WATER AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS (691) 695 POWER PLANT OPERATORS (PT 693) 696 STATIONARY ENGINEERS (PT 693, 7668) 699 MISCELLANEOUS PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS (692, 694, 695, 696) ------------------------------------------------------------ OPERATORS, FABRICATORS, AND LABORERS Machine Operators, Assemblers, and Inspectors .................... -machine operators and tenders, except precision: metalworking and plastic working machine operators- (703) THROUGH (717) ARE RECODED TO: 57 703 LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE SET-UP OPERATORS (7312) 704 LATHE AND TURNING MACHINE OPERATORS (7512) 705 MILLING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7313, 7513) 706 PUNCHING AND STAMPING PRESS MACHINE OPERATORS (7314, 7317, 7514, 7517) 707 ROLLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7316, 7516) 708 DRILLING AND BORING MACHINE OPERATORS (7318, 7518) 709 GRINDING, ABRADING, BUFFING, AND POLISHING MACHINE OPERATORS (7322, 7324, 7522) 713 FORGING MACHINE OPERATORS (7319, 7519) 714 NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE OPERATORS (7326) 715 MISCELLANEOUS METAL, PLASTIC, STONE, AND GLASS WORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7329, 7529) 717 FABRICATING MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (7339, 7539) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: metal and plastic processing machine operators- (719) THROUGH (725) ARE RECODED TO: 58 719 MOLDING AND CASTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7315, 7342, 7515, 7542) 723 METAL PLATING MACHINE OPERATORS (7343, 7543) 724 HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (7344, 7544) 725 MISCELLANEOUS METAL AND PLASTIC PROCESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7349, 7549) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: woodworking machine operators- (726) THROUGH (733) ARE RECODED TO: 59 726 WOOD LATHE, ROUTING AND PLANING MACHINE OPERATORS (7431, 7432, 7631, 7632) 727 SAWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7433, 7633) 728 SHAPING AND JOINING MACHINE OPERATORS (7435, 7635) 729 NAILING AND TACKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7636) 733 MISCELLANEOUS WOODWORKING MACHINE OPERATORS (7434, 7439, 7634, 7639) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: printing machine operators- (734) THROUGH (737) ARE RECODED TO: 60 734 PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7443, 7643) 735 PHOTOENGRAVERS AND LITHOGRAPHERS (6842, 7444, 7644) 736 TYPESETTERS AND COMPOSITORS (6841, 7642) 737 MISCELLANEOUS PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS (6849, 7449, 7649) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators- (738) THROUGH (749) ARE RECODED TO: 61 738 WINDING AND TWISTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7451, 7651) 739 KNITTING, LOOPING, TAPING, AND WEAVING MACHINE OPERATORS (7452, 7652) 743 TEXTILE CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7654) 744 TEXTILE SEWING MACHINE OPERATORS (7655) 745 SHOE MACHINE OPERATORS (7656) 747 PRESSING MACHINE OPERATORS (7657) 748 LAUNDERING AND DRY CLEANING MACHINE OPERATORS (6855, 7658) 749 MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MACHINE OPERATORS (7459, 7659) ------------------------------------------------------------ -machine operators and tenders, except precision: machine operators, assorted materials- (753) THROUGH (779) ARE RECODED TO: 62 753 CEMENTING AND GLUING MACHINE OPERATORS (7661) 754 PACKAGING AND FILLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7462, 7662) 755 EXTRUDING AND FORMING MACHINE OPERATORS (7463, 7663) 756 MIXING AND BLENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7664) 757 SEPARATING, FILTERING, AND CLARIFYING MACHINE OPERATORS (7476, 7666, 7676)) 758 COMPRESSING AND COMPACTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7467, 7667) 759 PAINTING AND PAINT SPRAYING MACHINE OPERATORS (7669) 763 ROASTING AND BAKING MACHINE OPERATORS, FOOD (7472, 7672) 764 WASHING, CLEANING, AND PICKLING MACHINE OPERATORS (7673) 765 FOLDING MACHINE OPERATORS (7474, 7674) 766 FURNACE, KILN, AND OVEN OPERATORS, EXC. FOOD (7675) 768 CRUSHING AND GRINDING MACHINE OPERATORS (PT 7477, PT 7677) 769 SLICING AND CUTTING MACHINE OPERATORS (7478, 7678) 773 MOTION PICTURE PROJECTIONISTS (PT 7479) 774 PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS MACHINE OPERATORS (6863, 6868, 7671) 777 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (PT 7479,7665, 7679) 779 MACHINE OPERATORS, NOT SPECIFIED ------------------------------------------------------------ -fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations- (783) THROUGH (795) ARE RECODED TO: 63 783 WELDERS AND CUTTERS (7332, 7532, 7714) 784 SOLDERERS AND BRAZERS (7333, 7533, 7717) 785 ASSEMBLERS (772,774) 786 HAND CUTTING AND TRIMMING OCCUPATIONS (7753) 787 HAND MOLDING, CASTING, AND FORMING OCCUPATIONS (7754, 7755) 789 HAND PAINTING, COATING, AND DECORATING OCCUPATIONS (7756) 793 HAND ENGRAVING AND PRINTING OCCUPATIONS (7757) 794 HAND GRINDING AND POLISHING OCCUPATIONS (7758) 795 MISCELLANEOUS HAND WORKING OCCUPATIONS (7759) ------------------------------------------------------------ -production inspectors, testors, samplers, and weighers- (796) THROUGH (799) ARE RECODED TO: 64 796 PRODUCTION INSPECTORS, CHECKERS, AND EXAMINERS (782, 787) 797 PRODUCTION TESTERS (783) 798 PRODUCTION SAMPLERS AND WEIGHERS (784) 799 GRADERS AND SORTERS, EXCEPT AGRICULTURAL (785) ------------------------------------------------------------ Transportation and Material Moving Occupations .................... -motor vehicle operators- (803) THROUGH (814) ARE RECODED TO: 65 803 SUPERVISORS, MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS (8111) 804 TRUCK DRIVERS, HEAVY (8212, 8213) 805 TRUCK DRIVERS, LIGHT (8214) 806 DRIVER-SALES WORKERS (8218) 808 BUS DRIVERS (8215) 809 TAXICAB DRIVERS AND CHAUFFEURS (8216) 813 PARKING LOT ATTENDANTS (874) 814 MOTOR TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS, N.E.C. (8219) ------------------------------------------------------------ Transportation Occupations, except Motor Vehicles .................... -rail transportation occupations- (823) THROUGH (826) ARE RECODED TO: 66 823 RAILROAD CONDUCTORS AND YARDMASTERS (8113) 824 LOCOMOTIVE OPERATING OCCUPATIONS (8232) 825 RAILROAD BRAKE, SIGNAL, AND SWITCH OPERATORS (8233) 826 RAIL VEHICLE OPERATORS, N.E.C. (8239) ------------------------------------------------------------ -water transportation occupations- (828) THROUGH (834) ARE RECODED TO: 66 828 SHIP CAPTAINS AND MATES, EXCEPT FISHING BOATS (PT 8241, 8242) 829 SAILORS AND DECKHANDS (8243) 833 MARINE ENGINEERS (8244) 834 BRIDGE, LOCK, AND LIGHTHOUSE TENDERS (8245) ------------------------------------------------------------ Material Moving Equipment Operators (843) THROUGH (859) ARE RECODED TO: 67 843 SUPERVISORS, MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (812) 844 OPERATING ENGINEERS (8312) 845 LONGSHORE EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8313) 848 HOIST AND WINCH OPERATORS (8314) 849 CRANE AND TOWER OPERATORS (8315) 853 EXCAVATING AND LOADING MACHINE OPERATORS (8316) 855 GRADER, DOZER, AND SCRAPER OPERATORS (8317) 856 INDUSTRIAL TRUCK AND TRACTOR EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8318) 859 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (8319) ------------------------------------------------------------ Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers (863) THROUGH (873) ARE RECODED TO: 68 863 SUPERVISORS; HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, AND LABORERS, N.E.C. (85) 864 HELPERS, MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS (863) HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS 865 HELPERS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES (8641-8645, 8648) 866 HELPERS, SURVEYOR (8646) 867 HELPERS, EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS (865) 869 CONSTRUCTION LABORERS (871) 873 PRODUCTION HELPERS (861, 862) ------------------------------------------------------------ Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers (875) THROUGH (883) ARE RECODED TO: 69 875 GARBAGE COLLECTORS (8722) 876 STEVEDORES (8723) 877 STOCK HANDLERS AND BAGGERS (8724) 878 MACHINE FEEDERS AND OFFBEARERS (8725) 883 FREIGHT, STOCK, AND MATERIAL HANDLERS, N.E.C. (8726) ------------------------------------------------------------ (885) THROUGH (889) ARE RECODED TO: 70 885 GARAGE AND SERVICE STATION RELATED OCCUPATIONS (873) 887 VEHICLE WASHERS AND EQUIPMENT CLEANERS (875) 888 HAND PACKERS AND PACKAGERS (8761) 889 LABORERS, EXCEPT CONSTRUCTION (8769) ------------------------------------------------------------ (900) IS RECODED TO: 71 900 CURRENT MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES (NOT A CENSUS CODE) ------------------------------------------------------------ (999) IS RECODED TO: 90 999 OCCUPATION NOT REPORTED (CODE USED WHEN NOT-REPORTED CASES ARE NOT ALLOCATED) >> 1996 CENSUS INDUSTRY CODE (1980 CENSUS) NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES FOLLOWING INDUSTRY CATEGORIES ARE THE U.S DEPT. OF COMMERCE 1972 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION (SIC) DEFINITIONS. THE ABBREVIATION "PT" MEANS "PART" AND "N.E.C." MEANS "NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED." AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES 010 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, CROPS (01) 011 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, LIVESTOCK (02) 020 AGRICULTURAL SERVICES, EXCEPT HORTICULTURAL (07, EXCEPT 078) 021 HORTICULTURAL SERVICES (078) 030 FORESTRY (08) 031 FISHING, HUNTING, AND TRAPPING (09) MINING 040 METAL MINING (10) 041 COAL MINING (11, 12) 042 CRUDE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION (13) 050 NONMETALLIC MINING AND QUARRYING, EXCEPT FUEL (14) 060 CONSTRUCTION (15, 16, 17) MANUFACTURING NONDURABLE GOODS: FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS 100 MEAT PRODUCTS (201) 101 DAIRY PRODUCTS (202) 102 CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (203) 110 GRAIN MILL PRODUCTS (204) 111 BAKERY PRODUCTS (205) 112 SUGAR AND CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS (206) 120 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES (208) 121 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PREPARATIONS AND KINDRED PRODUCTS (207, 209) 122 NOT SPECIFIED FOOD INDUSTRIES 130 TOBACCO MANUFACTURES (21) NONDURABLE GOODS: TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS 132 KNITTING MILLS (225) 140 DYEING AND FINISHING TEXTILES, EXCEPT WOOL AND KNIT GOODS (226) 141 FLOOR COVERINGS, EXCEPT HARD SURFACE (227) 142 YARN, THREAD, AND FABRIC MILLS (228, 221-224) 150 MISCELLANEOUS TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS (229) NONDURABLE GOODS: APPAREL AND OTHER FINISHED TEXTILE PRODUCTS 151 APPAREL AND ACCESSORIES, EXCEPT KNIT (231-238) 152 MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED TEXTILE PRODUCTS (239) NONDURABLE GOODS: PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 160 PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD MILLS (261-263, 266) 161 MISCELLANEOUS PAPER AND PULP PRODUCTS (264) 162 PAPERBOARD CONTAINERS AND BOXES (265) NONDURABLE GOODS: PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES 171 NEWSPAPER PUBLISHING AND PRINTING (271) 172 PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES, EXCEPT NEWSPAPERS (272-279) NONDURABLE GOODS: CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 180 PLASTICS, SYNTHETICS, AND RESINS (282) 181 DRUGS (283) 182 SOAPS AND COSMETICS (284) 190 PAINTS, VARNISHES, AND RELATED PRODUCTS (285) 191 AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS (287) 192 INDUSTRIAL AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS (281, 286, 289) NONDURABLE GOODS: PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS 200 PETROLEUM REFINING (291) 201 MISCELLANEOUS PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS (295, 299) NONDURABLE GOODS: RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS PRODUCTS 210 TIRES AND INNER TUBES (301) 211 OTHER RUBBER PRODUCTS, AND PLASTICS FOOTWEAR AND BELTING (302-304, 306) 212 MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC PRODUCTS (307) NONDURABLE GOODS: LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS 220 LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING (311) 221 FOOTWEAR, EXCEPT RUBBER AND PLASTIC (313, 314) 222 LEATHER PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FOOTWEAR (315-317, 319) DURABLE GOODS: LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS, EXCEPT FURNITURE 230 LOGGING (241) 231 SAWMILLS, PLANING MILLS, AND MILLWORK (242, 243) 232 WOOD BUILDINGS AND MOBILE HOMES (245) 241 MISCELLANEOUS WOOD PRODUCTS (244, 249) 242 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (25) DURABLE GOODS: STONE, CLAY, GLASS AND CONCRETE PRODUCTS 250 GLASS AND GLASS PRODUCTS (321-323) 251 CEMENT, CONCRETE, GYPSUM, AND PLASTER PRODUCTS (324, 327) 252 STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS (325) 261 POTTERY AND RELATED PRODUCTS (326) 262 MISCELLANEOUS NONMETALLIC MINERAL AND STONE PRODUCTS (328, 329) DURABLE GOODS: METAL INDUSTRIES 270 BLAST FURNACES, STEELWORKS, ROLLING AND FINISHING MILLS (331) 271 IRON AND STEEL FOUNDRIES (332) 272 PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES (3334, PT 334, 3353-3355, 3361) 280 OTHER PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES (3331-3333, 3339, PT 334, 3351, 3356, 3357, 3362, 3369, 339) 281 CUTLERY, HAND TOOLS, AND OTHER HARDWARE (342) 282 FABRICATED STRUCTURAL METAL PRODUCTS (344) 290 SCREW MACHINE PRODUCTS (345) 291 METAL FORGINGS AND STAMPINGS (346) 292 ORDNANCE (348) 300 MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS (341, 343, 347, 349) 301 NOT SPECIFIED METAL INDUSTRIES DURABLE GOODS: MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL 310 ENGINES AND TURBINES (351) 311 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (352) 312 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL HANDLING MACHINES (353) 320 METALWORKING MACHINERY (354) 321 OFFICE AND ACCOUNTING MACHINES (357, EXCEPT 3573) 322 ELECTRONIC COMPUTING EQUIPMENT (3573) 331 MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL, N.E.C. (355, 356, 358, 359) 332 NOT SPECIFIED MACHINERY DURABLE GOODS: ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES 340 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES (363) 341 RADIO, TV, AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT (365, 366) 342 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES, N.E.C. (361, 362, 364, 367, 369) 350 NOT SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES MANUFACTURING (cont.) DURABLE GOODS: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT 351 MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT (371) 352 AIRCRAFT AND PARTS (372) 360 SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING (373) 361 RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES AND EQUIPMENT (374) 362 GUIDED MISSILES, SPACE VEHICLES, AND OTHER PARTS (376) 370 CYCLES AND MISCELLANEOUS TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT (375, 379) DURABLE GOODS: PROFESSIONAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT, AND WATCHES 371 SCIENTIFIC AND CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS (381, 382) 372 OPTICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES SUPPLIES (383, 384, 385) 380 PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES (386) 381 WATCHES, CLOCKS, AND CLOCKWORK OPERATED DEVICES (387) 382 NOT SPECIFIED PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT 390 TOYS, AMUSEMENT, AND SPORTING GOODS (394) 391 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (39 EXC.394) 392 NOT SPECIFIED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES TRANSPORTATION 400 RAILROADS (40) 401 BUS SERVICE AND URBAN TRANSIT (41, EXCEPT 412) 402 TAXICAB SERVICE (412) 410 TRUCKING SERVICE (421, 423) 411 WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE (422) 412 U.S. POSTAL SERVICE (43) 420 WATER TRANSPORTATION (44) 421 AIR TRANSPORTATION (45) 422 PIPE LINES, EXCEPT NATURAL GAS (46) 432 SERVICES INCIDENTAL TO TRANSPORTATION (47) COMMUNICATIONS 440 RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING (483) 441 TELEPHONE (WIRE AND RADIO) (481) 442 TELEGRAPH AND MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATION SERVICES (482, 489) UTILITIES AND SANITARY SERVICES 460 ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER (491) 461 GAS AND STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEMS (492, 496) 462 ELECTRIC AND GAS, AND OTHER COMBINATIONS (493) 470 WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION (494, 497) 471 SANITARY SERVICES (495) 472 NOT SPECIFIED UTILITIES WHOLESALE TRADE DURABLE GOODS 500 MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT (501) 501 FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS (502) 502 LUMBER AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS (503) 510 SPORTING GOODS, TOYS AND HOBBY GOODS (504) 511 METALS AND MINERALS, EXCEPT PETROLEUM (505) 512 ELECTRICAL GOODS (506) 521 HARDWARE, PLUMBING AND HEATING SUPPLIES (507) 522 NOT SPECIFIED ELECTRICAL AND HARDWARE PRODUCTS 530 MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES (508) 531 SCRAP AND WASTE MATERIALS (5093) 532 MISCELLANEOUS WHOLESALE, DURABLE GOODS (5094, 5099) NONDURABLE GOODS 540 PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS (511) 541 DRUGS, CHEMICALS, AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (512, 516) 542 APPAREL, FABRICS, AND NOTIONS (513) 550 GROCERIES AND RELATED PRODUCTS (514) 551 FARM PRODUCTS-RAW MATERIALS (515) 552 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (517) 560 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES (518) 561 FARM SUPPLIES (5191) 562 MISCELLANEOUS WHOLESALE, NONDURABLE GOODS (5194, 5198, 5199) 571 NOT SPECIFIED WHOLESALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE 580 LUMBER AND BUILDING MATERIAL RETAILING (521, 523) 581 HARDWARE STORES (525) 582 RETAIL NURSERIES AND GARDEN STORES (526) 590 MOBILE HOME DEALERS (527) 591 DEPARTMENT STORES (531) 592 VARIETY STORES (533) 600 MISCELLANEOUS GENERAL MERCHANDISE STORES (539) 601 GROCERY STORES (541) 602 DAIRY PRODUCTS STORES (545) 610 RETAIL BAKERIES (546) 611 FOOD STORES, N.E.C. (542, 543, 544, 549) 612 MOTOR VEHICLES DEALERS (551, 552) 620 AUTO AND HOME SUPPLY STORES (553) 621 GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS (554) 622 MISCELLANEOUS VEHICLE DEALERS (555, 556, 557, 559) 630 APPAREL AND ACCESSORY STORES, EXCEPT SHOE (56, EXCEPT 566) 631 SHOE STORES (566) 632 FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHINGS STORES (571) 640 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES, TV, AND RADIO STORES (572, 573) 641 EATING AND DRINKING PLACES (58) 642 DRUG STORES (591) 650 LIQUOR STORES (592) 651 SPORTING GOODS, BICYCLES, AND HOBBY STORES (5941, 5945, 5946) 652 BOOK AND STATIONERY STORES (5942, 5943) 660 JEWELRY STORES (5944) 661 SEWING, NEEDLEWORK, AND PIECE GOODS STORES (5949) 662 MAIL ORDER HOUSES (5961) 670 VENDING MACHINE OPERATORS (5962) 671 DIRECT SELLING ESTABLISHMENTS (5963) 672 FUEL AND ICE DEALERS (598) 681 RETAIL FLORISTS (5992) 682 MISCELLANEOUS RETAIL STORES (593, 5947, 5948, 5993, 5994, 5999) 691 NOT SPECIFIED RETAIL TRADE FINANCE, INSURANCE, AND REAL ESTATE 700 BANKING (60) 701 SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS (612) 702 CREDIT AGENCIES, N.E.C. (61, EXCEPT 612) 710 SECURITY, COMMODITY BROKERAGE, AND INVESTMENT COMPANIES (62, 67) 711 INSURANCE (63, 64) 712 REAL ESTATE, INCLUDING REAL ESTATE-INSURANCE-LAW OFFICES (65, 66) BUSINESS AND REPAIR SERVICES 721 ADVERTISING (731) 722 SERVICES TO DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS (734) 730 COMMERCIAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TESTING LABS (7391, 7397) 731 PERSONNEL SUPPLY SERVICES (736) 732 BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND CONSULTING SERVICES (7392) 740 COMPUTER AND DATA PROCESSING SERVICES (737) 741 DETECTIVE AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES (7393) 742 BUSINESS SERVICES, N.E.C. (732, 733, 735, 7394, 7395, 7396, 7399) 750 AUTOMOTIVE SERVICES, EXCEPT REPAIR (751, 752, 754) 751 AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR SHOPS (753) 752 ELECTRICAL REPAIR SHOPS (762, 7694) 760 MISCELLANEOUS REPAIR SERVICES (763, 764, 7692, 7699) PERSONAL SERVICES 761 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS (88) 762 HOTELS AND MOTELS (701) 770 LODGING PLACES, EXCEPT HOTELS AND MOTELS(702, 703, 704) 771 LAUNDRY, CLEANING, AND GARMENT SERVICES (721) 772 BEAUTY SHOPS (723) 780 BARBER SHOPS (724) 781 FUNERAL SERVICE AND CREMATORIES (726) 782 SHOE REPAIR SHOPS (725) 790 DRESSMAKING SHOPS (PT 729) 791 MISCELLANEOUS PERSONAL SERVICES (722, PT 729) ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICE 800 THEATERS AND MOTION PICTURES (78, 792) 801 BOWLING ALLEYS, BILLIARD AND POOL PARLORS (793) 802 MISCELLANEOUS ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION SERVICES (791, 794, 799) PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES 812 OFFICES OF PHYSICIANS (801, 803) 820 OFFICES OF DENTISTS (802) 821 OFFICES OF CHIROPRACTORS (8041) 822 OFFICES OF OPTOMETRISTS (8042) 830 OFFICES OF HEALTH PRACTITIONERS, N.E.C. (8049) 831 HOSPITALS (806) 832 NURSING AND PERSONAL CARE FACILITIES (805) 840 HEALTH S ERVICES, N.E.C. (807, 808, 809) 841 LEGAL SERVICES (81) 842 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS (821) 850 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES (822) 851 BUSINESS, TRADE AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS (824) 852 LIBRARIES (823) 860 EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, N.E.C (829) 861 JOB TRAINING AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SERVICES (833) 862 CHILD DAY CARE SERVICES (835) 870 RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITIES, WITHOUT NURSING (836) 871 SOCIAL SERVICES, N.E.C. (832, 839) 872 MUSEUMS, ART GALLERIES, AND ZOOS (84) 880 RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS (866) 881 MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATIONS (861-865, 869) 882 ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL, AND SURVEYING SERVICES (891) 890 ACCOUNTING, AUDITING, AND BOOKKEEPING SERVICES (893) 891 NONCOMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (892) 892 MISCELLANEOUS PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES (899) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 900 EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE OFFICES (911-913) 901 GENERAL GOVERNMENT, N.E.C (919) 910 JUSTICE, PUBLIC ORDER, AND SAFETY (92) 921 PUBLIC FINANCE, TAXATION, AND MONETARY POLICY (93) 922 ADMINISTRATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES PROGRAMS (94) 930 ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND HOUSING PROGRAMS (95) 931 ADMINISTRATION OF ECONOMIC PROGRAMS (96) 932 NATIONAL SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (97) 990 INDUSTRY NOT REPORTED >> 1996 ETHNICITY/NATIONALITY North America 01 American Indian, tribal mentions 02 Canadian; not specified as French-Canadian (03) 03 Canadian, of French origin 04 Mexican (excluding explicit mention of "Chicano", "Mexican-American" 05 Central American West Indies 07 Barbados 08 Cuban 09 Dominican Republic 10 Haitian 11 Jamaican 12 Puerto Rican 13 West Indian--not from one of the above countries 14 West Indian--NA which country South America 16 South American--any country EUROPE British Isles 18 English, British 19 Irish (not specified as from Northern Ireland, Ulster--22) 20 Scottish 21 Welsh 22 From Northern Ireland (Ulster) 23 Scot-Irish 24 From British Isles; from two or more countries of the British Isles -EUROPE (continued) Western Europe 26 Austrian 27 Belgian 28 French 29 German; also Pennsylvania Dutch 30 Luxembourg 31 Netherlands, Holland; Dutch 32 Swiss 33 From Western Europe; two or more countries of Western Europe Scandinavia 35 Danish 36 Finn, Finnish 37 Norwegian 38 Swedish 39 Icelander 40 Scandinavian; reference to two or more Scandinavian countries -------------------- 41 REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES FROM COMBINATION OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS: BRITISH ISLES, WESTERN EUROPE, SCANDINAVIA, MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES, GREECE Eastern Europe 43 Czechoslovakian, Slavic 44 Estonian 45 Hungarian 46 Latvian 47 Lithuanian 48 Polish 49 Russian; from U.S.S.R. 50 Ukrainian 51 Eastern Europe; reference to two or more countries of Eastern Europe Balkan Countries 53 Albanian 54 Bulgarian 55 Greek 56 Rumanian 57 Yugoslavian 58 Mention of two or more Balkan Countries Mediterranean Countries 60 Italian 61 Portugese 62 Spanish 63 Maltese -------------------- 64 EUROPEAN; GENERAL MENTION OF EUROPE; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES OF EUROPE NOT CODEABLE ABOVE ASIA (except Near East) 65 Pakistani 66 Afghan 67 Indian (not American Indian, code 01) 68 Southeast Asia--from Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Burma, Philippines, Indonesia 69 Chinese 70 Japanese; Japanese American 71 Korean NEAR EAST 73 Egyptian 74 Iranian, Persian 75 Iraqi 76 Israeli 77 Jordanian 78 Lebanese 79 Arab, Arabian, Saudi Arabian 80 Syrian 81 Turk, Turkish 82 Armenian AFRICA 83 African; from any African country excluding only Egypt (U.A.R.); South African (formerly 90) OCEANIA 85 Australian, New Zealander, Tasmanian ETHNIC GROUPS 86 White, Caucasian 87 Black; Negro; American Black; African American 88 Chicano; Mexican-American; Hispanic; Latin American OTHER, MISCELLANEOUS 90 NEITHER 91 Catholic 92 Protestant 93 Jewish 94 Mormon 95 Other religious groups 97 Other group; combinations not codeable above 98 DK 99 NA >> 1996 STATE AND COUNTRY CODES ICPSR STATE AND COUNTRY CODES UNITED STATES: New England 101 Connecticut 102 Maine 103 Massachusetts 104 New Hampshire 105 Rhode Island 106 Vermont 109 General mention of area; two or more states in area Middle Atlantic 111 Delaware 112 New Jersey 113 New York 114 Pennsylvania 118 General mention of area; two or more states in area -------------------- 119 EAST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH NEW ENGLAND AND MIDDLE ATLANTIC East North Central 121 Illinois 122 Indiana 123 Michigan 124 Ohio 125 Wisconsin 129 General mention of area; two or more states in area West North Central 131 Iowa 132 Kansas 133 Minnesota 134 Missouri 135 Nebraska 136 North Dakota 137 South Dakota 138 General mention of area; two or more states in area -------------------- 139 MIDWEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH EAST NORTH CENTRAL AND WEST North Central Solid South 141 Alabama 142 Arkansas 143 Florida 144 Georgia 145 Louisiana 146 Mississippi 147 North Carolina 148 South Carolina 149 Texas 140 Virginia 157 General mention of area; the South; two or more states in area Border States 151 Kentucky 152 Maryland 153 Oklahoma 154 Tennessee 155 Washington, D.C. 156 West Virginia 158 General mention of area; two or more states in area -------------------- 159 SOUTH; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH SOLID SOUTH AND BORDER STATES Mountain States 161 Arizona 162 Colorado 163 Idaho 164 Montana 165 Nevada 166 New Mexico 167 Utah 168 Wyoming 169 General mention of area; two or more states in area Pacific States 171 California 172 Oregon 173 Washington 178 General mention of area; two or more states in area --------------------- 179 WEST; MENTION OF STATES IN BOTH MOUNTAIN STATES AND PACIFIC STATES External States and Territories 180 Alaska 181 Hawaii 182 Puerto Rico 183 American Samoa, Guam 184 Panama Canal Zone 185 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 186 Virgin Islands 187 Other U.S. Dependencies Reference to Two or More States from Different Regions of the United States; or NA Which State 191 Northeast and South (New England or Middle Atlantic and Solid South or Border States) 192 Northeast and Midwest (New England or Middle Atlantic and East North Central or West North Central) 194 West (Mountain States or Pacific States) and Midwest; West and Northeast 195 West and South (Solid South or Border States) 196 Midwest and South -------------------- 198 Lived in 3 or more regions (NA whether lived in one more than the rest) 199 United States, NA which state WESTERN HEMISPHERE Except U.S. North America 201 North America (except U.S.) comb. Canada, Mexico, and/or Central America 207 Canada -- ancestry of Anglo-Saxon origin 208 Canada -- ancestry of French origin 209 Canada -- NA origin or other origin 219 Mexico 229 Central America West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) 231 Barbados 232 Cuba 233 Dominican Republic 234 Haiti 235 Jamaica 236 Netherlands Antilles 237 Trinidad and Tobago 238 Islands of Lesser Antilles--except Virgin Islands and Netherlands Antilles 239 West Indies (except Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) or "Caribbean"--reference to two or more West Indian countries South America 259 South America; South American country or countries EUROPE British Isles 301 England 302 Ireland (NA North or South); southern Ireland 303 Scotland 304 Wales 305 Northern Ireland (Ulster) 306 Scot-Irish 308 United Kingdom; Great Britain 309 "BRITISH ISLES"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES Western Europe 310 Austria 311 Belgium 312 France 313 Federal Republic of Germany (W. Germany) 314 German Democratic Republic (E. Germany) 315 Germany--NA East or West 316 Luxembourg 317 Netherlands; Holland 318 Switzerland 319 "WESTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN EUROPE Scandinavia 321 Denmark 322 Finland 323 Norway 324 Sweden 325 Iceland -------------------- 328 GENERAL MENTION OF AREA OF WESTERN EUROPE AND/OR SCANDINAVIA AND/OR BRITISH ISLES AND/OR MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND/OR GREECE; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES IN DIFFERENT AREAS LISTED ABOVE -------------------- 329 "SCANDINAVIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES Eastern Europe 331 Czechoslovakia (Slavic) 332 Estonia 333 Hungary 334 Latvia 335 Lithuania 336 Poland 337 Russia (or U.S.S.R.) 338 Ukraine 339 "EASTERN EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE Balkan Countries 341 Albania 342 Bulgaria 343 Greece 344 Rumania 345 Yugoslavia 348 General mention of area; reference to two or more Balkan Countries -------------------- 349 "BALKANS"; GENERAL REFERENCE OF AREA; REFERENCE TO COUNTRIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND BALKAN COUNTRIES Mediterranean Countries 351 Italy 352 Portugal 353 Spain 354 Malta or Gozo -------------------- 399 "EUROPE"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE IN DIFFERENT AREAS ASIA except Near East 401 Afghanistan 404 India 405 1990: Pakistan 406 Pakistan 428 Southeast Asia: Indochina, Thailand, Malaya, Burma, Philippines, Indonesia; Hong Kong 431 China (mainland) 432 1990: Taiwan, Formosa 434 Taiwan, Formosa 451 Japan 452 Korea (North or South) 499 "ASIA"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF ASIA NEAR EAST 501 U.A.R. (Egypt) 502 Iran 503 Iraq 504 Israel (or Palestine) 505 Jordan 506 Lebanon 507 Saudi Arabia 508 Syria 509 Turkey 599 "NEAR EAST"; "MIDDLE EAST"; GENERAL MENTION OF AREA; REFERENCE TO TWO OR MORE COUNTRIES OF NEAR EAST AFRICA 655 South Africa 699 Africa; any African country or countries, excluding only South Africa and U.A.R. (Egypt) OCEANIA 704 Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania OTHER: 997 Other (combinations) not codeable elsewhere 998 DK 999 NA >> 1996 MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS SOCIAL WELFARE 001 General reference to domestic issues; rapairing/maintaining the nation's infrastructure (roads, bridges, dams, etc) 005 POPULATION; any mention of population increase; reference to over-population/birth control 006 DAY CARE; child care 010 UNEMPLOYMENT; the number of people with jobs; unemployment rate/compensation; job retraining 013 CREATE JOBS/RECRUIT INDUSTRY in specific area/region/state 020 EDUCATION; financial assistance for schools/colleges/students; quality of education/the learning environment/teaching 030 AGED/ELDERLY; social security benefits; administration of social security; medical care for the aged; medicare benefits; insuring against catastrophic illness 035 Social Security won't be around in the future; paying into a system which won't benefit me/them 040 HEALTH PROBLEMS/COST OF MEDICAL CARE; quality of medical care; medical research/training of doctors and other health personnel; hospitals; National Health insurance program 045 ** Located after 330 046 ** Located after 383 048 Other specific references to health problems; AIDS 050 HOUSING; providing housing for the poor/homeless; ability of young people to afford to buy homes/find homes to buy 060 POVERTY; aid to the poor/underprivileged people; help for the (truly) needy; welfare programs (such as ADC); general reference to anti-poverty programs; hunger/help for hungry people in the U.S. 090 SOCIAL WELFARE PROBLEMS; "welfare"--NFS 091 For general or other social welfare programs; "we need to help people more" 092 Against general or other social welfare programs; "too many give away programs for the people who don't deserve it" 099 Other specific mentions of social welfare problems AGRICULTURE 100 FARM ECONOMICS; payment for crops/price of feed/cost of farming 103 SUBSIDIES/crop payments/government aid to farmers 120 WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS; food shortages/starvation/famine (not 406 or 407) NATURAL RESOURCES 150 CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; conservation, ecology; protecting the environment/endangered species 151 Controlling/REGULATING GROWTH or land development; banning further growth/development in crowded or ecologically sensitive areas; preserving natural areas 153 POLLUTION; clean air/water 154 Disposal of RADIOACTIVE/TOXIC waste (dumps, landfills) 160 DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES /ENERGY SOURCES; harbors, dams, canals, irrigation, flood control, navigation, reclamation; location, mining, stock-piling of minerals; water power, atomic power; development of alternative sources of energy (includes mentions of solar or nuclear power) Agriculture OR Natural Resources: 199 OTHER SPECIFIC MENTIONS OF AGRICULTURE OR NATURAL RESOURCES PROBLEMS LABOR: UNION-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS 200 LABOR/UNION PROBLEMS; union practices; job security provided workers; job safety issues; working conditions 220 Anti-union; unions too powerful 299 Other specific mention of labor or union-management problems RACIAL 300 CIVIL RIGHTS/RACIAL PROBLEMS; programs to enable Blacks to gain social/economic/educational/ political equality; relations between Blacks and whites 302 PROTECTION (expansion) OF WHITE MAJORITY; maintenance of segregation; right to choose own neighborhood; right to discriminate in employment 304 Discrimination against whites; preferred treatment given to minorities PUBLIC ORDER 320 NARCOTICS; availability of drugs; extent of drug/alcohol addiction in the U.S.; interdiction of drugs coming to the U.S. from foreign countries; alcohol or drug related crime 330 WOMEN'S RIGHTS; ref. to women's issues; economic equality for women; ERA 045 PRO-ABORTION; pro-choice; the right of a woman to control her body 340 CRIME/VIOLENCE; too much crime; streets aren't safe; mugging, murder, shoplifting; drug related crime 360 LAW AND ORDER; respect for the law/police; support for the police; death penalty; tougher sentences for criminals; need for more prisons 367 Against unregistered ownership of guns; legislative control of guns; "CONTROL OF GUNS"-NFS 368 For gun ownership; right to have guns; against gun control 370 EXTREMIST GROUPS/TERRORISTS; terrorist bombings/hostage-taking; political subversives; revolutionary ideas/approaches 380 General mention of MORAL/RELIGIOUS DECAY (of nation); sex, bad language, adult themes on TV 381 Family problems--divorce; proper treatment of children; decay of family (except 006); child/elder abuse (incl. sexual) 046 ANTI-ABORTION; pro-life; "abortion"--NFS 383 Problems of/with YOUNG PEOPLE; drug/alcohol abuse amoung young people; sexual attitudes; lack of values/discipline; mixed-up thinking; lack of goals/ambition/sense of responsibility 384 Religion (too) mixed up in politics; prayer in school 385 HOMOSEXUALITY; protecting civil rights of gays and lesbians; accepting the lifestyle of homosexuals; granting homosexual couples the same rights and benefits as heterosexual couples Racial OR Public Order OR Other Domestic: 399 OTHER SPECIFIC MENTION OF RACIAL OR PUBLIC ORDER PROBLEMS; OTHER MENTION OF DOMESTIC ISSUES ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS If R mentions both "inflation" (400) and rise in prices of specific items (407- 409), code "inflation" (400). [SEE ALSO 496] 400 INFLATION; rate of inflation; level of prices; cost of living 401 WAGE AND PRICE CONTROLS/GUIDELINES; freezing prices; control of business profits 403 High price of food, all mentions (exc. 100) 404 High price of other specific items and services 405 MINIMUM WAGE, any mention; any mention of wage levels 407 Food shortages; economic aspects of food shortages, e.g., price of sugar (other references, code 120) 408 Fuel shortages; "energy crisis"; oil companies making excessive profits; depressed condition of the oil industry 410 RECESSION, DEPRESSION; prosperity of the nation; economic growth; GNP 411 MONETARY RESTRAINTS/CONTROLS; level of interest rates; availability of money/the money supply 415 Against (increased) government spending; balancing of the (national) budget; against government stimulation of the economy; the size of the budget deficit 416 TAXES; general reference to tax structure; tax surcharge (NA R's direction); tax reform; other specific tax reference 417 For tax cuts; against tax surcharge; for tax reform 418 Against tax cuts; for tax surcharge; against tax reform 424 PRODUCTIVITY of American industry; "giving a day's work for a day's pay"; revitalizing American industry 425 STOCK MARKET/GOLD PRICES; all references to gold prices, stock brokers, stock fluctuations, etc. 427 VALUE OF THE DOLLAR; strength/weakness of the dollar against other currencies 433 Large businesses taking over small businesses 440 Class oriented economic concerns--middle class, working class (pro); MIDDLE CLASS GETTING SQUEEZED 441 Class oriented economic concerns--big business, monied interests (anti) too powerful 442 Concern for inequitable distribution of wealth; gap between the rich and the poor; concentration of wealth in the hands of a few 451 For the regulation of interstate commerce, transportation, air travel, railways, government auto safety regulations; in favor of increased government regulation of business; mention of problems caused by deregulation 452 Against (increased) regulation of interstate commerce, transportation; AIR TRAVEL, RAILWAYS, etc. 453 Solvency/stability/regulation/control of the nation's FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. [1990] Savings and Loan scandal 460 IMMIGRATION POLICY; establishing limits on how many people from any one nation can enter the U.S.; prohibiting specified types of persons from entering the U.S. 463 Problems relating to the influx of political/economic refugees (Cubans, Haitians, Mexicans, etc.) 491 Economics--general; "Economics"--NFS 492 International economics--general 493 U.S. foreign trade, balance of payments position; foreign oil dependency 494 Control of FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN U.S.; mention of foreigners buying U.S. assets (businesses, real estate, stocks, etc) 495 PROTECTION OF U.S. INDUSTRIES; imposition of tariffs/reciprocal restrictions on foreign imports; limitation of foreign imports; mention of problems in specific industries competin with foreign manufacturers 496 The economy--not further specified (code specific mention if R clarifies by saying "inflation", etc.; also see 400) 497 International competitiveness; outsourcing; loss of jobs to foreign competition; moving jobs abroad; modernizing plants/equipment/management techniques to meet foreign competition; matching the quality of foreign goods 498 Mention of "twin problems" of a large national debt/budget deficit and unfavorable balance of trade/import-export ratio 499 Other specific mention economic or business problems FOREIGN AFFAIRS 500 FOREIGN RELATIONS/FOREIGN AFFAIRS; foreign policy/relations, prestige abroad 504 Relations with the Third World (no specific country or region mentioned) 505 Relations with WESTERN EUROPE; Great Britain, France, Germany; our allies 510 VIETNAM; general reference to "the war," Indochina, Cambodia; aid 514 Latin America, South America--any references; reference to war/situation in Nicaragua; U.S. support of the Contras 515 Iran; mention of American hostages in Teheran; arms deal 516 African countries; developing areas in Africa (not 518)--any mention; U.S. response to apartheid in South Africa 519 Other specific countries/areas/trouble spots (exc. 520's, 530's) 524 MIDDLE EAST-- support or aid to Israel/Arab states; Arab/Israeli conflict; Iran-Iraq war; hostages in Lebanon/Middle East. [1990] Iraqi aggression in the Persian Gulf 530 RUSSIA/Eastern Europe; relations with Russia/the Communist bloc; detente/trade/negotiations with Russia -- NA whether 531 or 532 531 For PEACEFUL RELATIONS with Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe; for increased TRADE with Russia; talking/resuming negotiations with Russia on arms control/reduction (reaching/concluding a treaty is 711) 532 Against policy of Detente with Russia; COLD WAR; threat of external Communism; need to oppose/be wary of Russia 533 Prevention of Russian (Communist) expansion; mention of Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan-- any reference; references to Soviet activity in Central America/Nicaragua) 539 Other specific references to Russia/Detente/Eastern Europe, etc. (including changing site/boycotting 1980 Moscow Olympics); threat of/preventing war with Russia (exc. 714) 540 FIRMNESS IN FOREIGN POLICY; maintenance of position of MILITARY/DIPLOMATIC STRENGTH (not 710-712) 550 U.S. FOREIGN (MILITARY) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENT, extent of U.S. Foreign involvement; military assistance/aid (exc. 524) 560 U.S. FOREIGN (ECONOMIC) INVOLVEMENT/COMMITMENTS; extent of U.S. (foreign) economic aid; "foreign aid" 570 Prevention of war; ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE; any reference 585 Obligation to TAKE CARE OF PROBLEMS AT HOME before helping foreign countries 599 Other specific mention of foreign affairs problems NATIONAL DEFENSE 700 NATIONAL DEFENSE; defense budget; level of spending on defense 710 DISARMAMENT; general reference to ENDING OF THE ARMS RACE; nuclear proliferation; test ban treaty (not 540); SALT; INF treaty 711 For DISARMAMENT; for extension of test ban treaty; support toward ending of arms race; against (additional) expenditures on military/arms development; SALT; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty 712 Against (increased) policy of DISARMAMENT; against test ban treaty; for additional WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT; missile program; scientific/ technological development in weapons/strategy; atomic bomb testing; increased DEFENSE BUDGET, increased arms expenditure (not 540); SALT; increased pay for military personnel; SDI ("Star Wars"); INF treaty 713 General or specific references to functioning and performance of defense; waste, inefficiency (not codable in 710-712) 714 Nuclear war; the threat of nuclear war; nuclear proliferation 740 The space program; space race (not 711,712) 750 MORALE OF NATION; Patriotism; National spirit; national unity; greed, selfishness of people 760 BENEFITS FOR VETERANS; general reference 765 Allowing/accepting GAYS IN THE MILITARY 799 Other specific mention of national defense problems ISSUES RELATING TO THE FUNCTIONING OF GOVERNMENT 800 POWER OF THE (FEDERAL) GOVERNMENT; power of/control exercised by the federal government 810 (LACK OF) HONESTY IN GOVERNMENT; (LACK OF) ETHICS IN GOVERNMENT--general reference (exc. 811) 811 LACK OF PERSONAL ETHICS/morality of persons related to or part of government 820 CAMPAIGN DONATIONS/PUBLIC FINANCING OF ELECTIONS; any mentions 830 CONFIDENCE/TRUST in political leaders/system; wisdom, ability, responsiveness of political leaders; quality of leadership provided by political leaders 833 QUALITY/EFFICIENCY of public employees, diplomats, civil service; SIZE OF THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY; COST OF GOVERNMENT 836 COMPENSATION; all references to the compensation of government employees, officials, congressmen, judges, local politicians/ bureaucrats 837 Waste in government spending; keeping tabs on where money goes 838 Government BUDGET PRIORITIES are wrong; Congress/President is spending money in the wrong areas/not spending money on the right things 840 SIZE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; the (large) size of government/civil service/bureaucracy; the number of government departments/employees/programs 853 POWER OF CONGRESS--general reference 856 POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT, all other references to the Supreme Court 859 Other specific references to the (federal) balance of power; legislative gridlock in Washington 862 FAIR ELECTION PROCEDURES; prevention of vote manipulation; curbing of political "bosses", smear campaigns 869 Other specific references to problems of representation; term limitations for members of Congress 874 Lack of support for the President; any anti-President comments, negative reference to the PRESIDENT's quality, style, etc. 878 Mention of a specific CANDIDATE or relative of a candidate -- NFS 881 New president/administration geetting started; other references specific to the President 885 PUBLIC APATHY/disinterest--all references 887 Extending/protecting EQUAL RIGHTS, basic freedoms, human rights of all citizens 899 Other specific mention of problems relating to the functioning of government OTHER 995 1990-91: "There were no issues"; "there were no issues, just party politics" 996 1990-91: "There was no campaign in my district" 997 Other specific mentions of important problems 998 DK 999 NA 000 INAP; No further mention; no problems >> 1996 PARTY DIFFERENCES RESPONSES THAT REFER SPECIFICALLY TO THE CANDIDATES RATHER THAN PARTIES SHOULD BE CODED 910. However, if the candidates are referred to as leaders or representatives of the parties, the response should be coded with the appropriate code category. BROAD PHILOSOPHY - LIBERAL RESPONSES 001 More LIBERAL, progressive--too far left 010 ACCEPTANCE OF CHANGE/new ideas; less bound to status quo; more open to new ideas; new ways of doing things 020 QUICK (RASH) RESPONSE TO PROBLEMS; tackle problems quickly; impetuous; impulsive; too aggressive; take more chances; not cautious enough 030 More extreme, RADICAL (NFS) 040 SOCIALISTIC; for welfare state; for social welfare programs; sensitive to social problems; leaves less to (interferes more with) private enterprise 050 DEPENDS (TOO MUCH) ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (rather than state or local government); (too) centralized, paternalism; want Washington to do everything 060 DESTROY PERSONAL INITIATIVE/individual responsibility/individual dignity; recognize individual needs government help 070 FUTURE-ORIENTED; plan ahead; look to the future 085 FREEDOM TO DO AS ONE CHOOSES; less interested in strict control of social behavior; not interested in moral standards 086 Not religious; against prayer in school 090 Other broad philosophy--liberal - CONSERVATIVE RESPONSES 100 More CONSERVATIVE/reactionary; too far right 110 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE/NEW IDEAS; stick to (protect) status quo; traditionalists; resist new ways of doing things; rigid 120 SLOW (CAUTIOUS) RESPONSE TO PROBLEMS; DO-NOTHING; lets things go 130 Moderate; middle of road (NFS); less extreme 140 For FREE ENTERPRISE capitalism; against socialism (code "help big business" under group references); unaware of social problems; for development of private enterprise; against expansion of government activities into areas of private enterprise 150 FOR STATES' RIGHTS, local government; less interference from Washington at local level; against powerful federal government 160 INITIATIVE/responsibility/dignity of individual protected 170 NOT FUTURE-ORIENTED; don't plan ahead; don't worry about the future 185 DEFINITE MORAL STANDARDS/stands; concern for/control of public morality; upholds/fosters family values 186 (Good) Christian; strong religious beliefs; for prayer in school 190 Other broad philosophy--conservative GROUP REFERENCES - PARTY SEEN AS GOOD FOR, HELPING, GIVING SPECIAL ADVANTAGE TO: 200 Everybody; nobody; no catering to special interests, "people" (the majority) 210 WORKING OR LITTLE PEOPLE; the common (poor, lowly) people, the working class; "average man" 212 People LIKE ME; people like us 220 Unions, "LABOR", labor leaders 230 BIG BUSINESS; industry, "business(men)", Wall Street (except small businessman, code 240); agribusiness/large farming businesses 231 RICH PEOPLE; upper classes; wealthy (powerful) people 240 SMALL BUSINESSMEN 250 MIDDLE CLASS people; white collar people 260 FARMERS 270 BLACKS 280 OTHER RACIAL AND ETHNIC groups 281 The SOUTH, some portion of the south 282 The NORTH, some portion of the north 283 White PEOPLE, white people only 284 MINORITIES, minority groups (NA which) 285 OLD people 286 THE educated, intellectuals, students 290 Other groups - GENERAL PARTY DIFFERENCES FOR GROUPS: 299 Group differences codeable in 200 or 300 series--NA which - PARTY SEEN AS BAD FOR, ANTI, KEEPING IN CHECK, PUTTING IN PLACE: 300 Divisive (sets class against class, caters to special interests (NA what), plays group politics, not for all the people; (Dems/Reps) ONLY FOR THEMSELVES 310 WORKING OR LITTLE PEOPLE; the common (poor, lowly) people, the working class; "average man" 312 People LIKE ME; people like us 320 Unions, "LABOR", labor leaders 330 BIG BUSINESS; industry, "business(men)", Wall Street (except small businessman, code 340) 331 RICH PEOPLE; upper classes; wealthy (powerful) people) 340 SMALL BUSINESSMEN 350 MIDDLE CLASS people; white collar people 360 FARMERS 370 BLACKS 371 Racist, prejudiced, bigoted 380 Other racial and ethnic groups; "MINORITY GROUPS" other or not specified 381 The SOUTH, some portion of the south 382 The NORTH, some portion of the north 383 WHITE people, white people only 384 MINORITIES, minority groups (NA which) 385 OLD people 386 The EDUCATED, intellectuals, students 390 Other groups DOMESTIC POLICY REFERENCES - FISCAL POLICY--EASY SPENDING RESPONSES 400 SPEND MORE FREELY/high spenders (NFS) 401 Spend much relative to what is accomplished; WASTEFUL, not careful with spending 402 Spend much relative to money available; spend us DEEPER IN DEBT; DEFICIT SPENDING 403 Spend under special circumstances, such as hard times 404 Bring cheap money; more money circulating 405 Other easy spending response 406 RAISE TAXES--NFS; keep taxes high; seek to increase government revenues 407 Increse INCOME TAXES; will not cut income taxes; rely on increase in/high income tax to provide government revenues - FISCAL POLICY--CAUTIOUS SPENDING RESPONSES 500 SPEND LESS FREELY; economy in government (NFS) 501 Spend little relative to what is accomplished; less wasteful/more careful with government (taxpayers') money 502 Spend little relative to money available; REDUCE DEBT, keep debt from getting higher, BALANCED BUDGET 503 Spend little even when special circumstances might warrant 504 For sound money/tight money, deflation 505 Other cautious spending response 506 CUT TAXES--NFS; keep taxes low; seek to decrease government revenues 507 Cut INCOME TAXES; will not increase income taxes; rely on taxes other than income tax to provide government revenue - FISCAL POLICY--GENERAL SPENDING RESPONSES 591 General mention of taxes--neutral or NA direction 599 General mention of spending--neutral or NA direction - ASSOCIATION OF PARTY WITH GOOD/POSITIVE DOMESTIC SITUATIONS 411 Responsible promised (NA what); restraint on promises, realistic, doesn't promise too much 412 Don't have (too much) government control over the economy; or lets BUSINESS GET MORE INVOLVED/handle problems of poverty/unemployment, etc. 413 (GOOD) GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY, business 415 Good for the nation's economy--general positive reference 420 PROSPERITY in nation; good times for all, high national production, avoidance of depression, HIGH EMPLOYMENT 431 Price INFLATION HELD IN CHECK; lower cost of living 435 Propose/enact FAIR TAXES; believe everyone should be taxed the same/ that taxes should be even- handed. 436 Give tax breaks to the poor/working/middle class people; tax plicies favor the lower/middle classes 440 LOCAL PERSONAL GOOD TIMES economically; head of family gets (keeps) better job (wages) when party is in power, family better off economically under this party (no direct government benefits like social security mentioned) 450 HONESTY AND INTEGRITY--characteristics of the party or administration (local or national), other similar characteristics of the party 451 One party has MORE EXPERIENCE, is better, smarter, more united 480 (Only) party has a philosophy/program/platform; stands for something 490 Other positive domestic associations 491 General mention of unemployment--neutral or NA direction 492 General mention of inflation--neutral or NA direction 493 General mention of economic policy/handling of the economy - GENERAL DOMESTIC POLICY RESPONSES 499 A domestic issue difference is cited which could be coded in the 400 or 500 series, but NA which - ASSOCIATION OF PARTY WITH BAD/NEGATIVE DOMESTIC SITUATIONS 511 IRRESPONSIBLE PROMISES (NA what); promises too much; unrealistic, pie-in-the sky; can't fulfill promises 512 Have (too much) govt control over the economy; or does not let busi-ness get more involved/handle problems of poverty/unemployment, etc. 513 (POOR) GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY 515 Bad for the nation's economy, general negative reference 520 Hard times, depression in nation, much unemployment, low (over) production 531 Create/does not control price INFLATION; high cost of living in nation 535 Propose/enact UNFAIR TAXES; show favoritism/give tax breaks to certain groups or types of people 536 Give tax breaks to the wealth/corporations; tax policies favor the rich/powerful/upper classes 540 LOCAL/PERSONAL HARD TIMES economically; head of family gets laid off (poorer wages) when party is in power; family worse off economically under this party 550 Dishonesty/corruption (nepotism, graft, patronage) of party or administration (local or national); other similar characteristics of the party; Watergate 551 One party has LESS EXPERIENCE/is worse/not as smart; party is not (is less) unified 580 Party has no philosophy/programs/platform; doesn't stand for anything 590 Other negative domestic association with party - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES FAVORED BY PARTY 600 MINIMUM WAGE legislation; favors raising minimum wage, or favors raising UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION 601 Social Security; government pension raises 610 MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; medical card for aged; socialized medicine; medicare 612 HOUSING; aid to the homeless 620 Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; more attention to conservation; public works; mention of ecology, environment 630 Federal AID TO EDUCATION/school-building; teachers' pay higher 631 BUSING; forced integration 632 OTHER FED. CONTROL OF EDUCATION/schools response; school choice plans 634 Gun control 640 CIVIL RIGHTS; insist more strongly on civil rights 641 LAW AND ORDER--HARD LINE (or NA line); wants a police state; support death penalty (88) 642 LAW AND ORDER--SOFT LINE; oppose death penalty (88) 643 PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing 644 Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil war; race war 650 Higher TARIFFS; less free trade 660 "Wet" legislation; ANTI-PROHIBITION 670 General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "GIVE AWAY PROGRAMS" 671 POVERTY program 672 EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING PROGRAMS, Job Corps, etc. 680 FARM policy 681 Abortion 682 Women's rights; ERA 683 Legalization of marijuana; (more) lenient drug laws 684 Homosexual/gay rights 690 Other specific domestic policy favored - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES--NEUTRAL OR NA DIRECTION 605 Minimum WAGE or unemployment compensation 606 SOCIAL SECURITY; government pension 615 MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; medical card for aged; socialized medicine; medicare 617 HOUSING; aid to the homeless 625 Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; CONSERVATION; public works; ecology, environment 635 Federal AID TO EDUCATION; school choice plans 636 BUSSING; forced integration 637 Other federal control of education or schools response 639 Gun control 645 CIVIL RIGHTS (legislation) 646 LAW AND ORDER--HARD LINE (or NA line); death penalty (88) 647 LAW AND ORDER--SOFT LINE; death penalty (88) 648 PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing 649 Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil war; race war 655 Higher TARIFFS; free trade 665 Prohibition; "dry"/"wet" legislation 675 General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "give away programs" 676 POVERTY program 677 EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING programs, Job Corps, etc. 685 FARM policy 686 ABORTION 687 Women's rights; ERA 688 Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws 689 Homosexual/GAY RIGHTS 695 Domestic issues difference, but NA which - SPECIFIC DOMESTIC POLICIES OPPOSED BY PARTY 700 MINIMUM WAGE or UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION; won't raise minimum wage, won't improve unemployment compensation 701 SOCIAL SECURITY; against raising benefits 710 MEDICAL (HEALTH) INSURANCE; against medical card for aged; against socialized medicine, medicare 712 HOUSING; aid to the homeless 720 Government CONTROL OF UTILITIES; for private power; less interested in conservation; public works; mention of ecology, environment 730 Federal AID TO EDUCATION; against or drag feet on aid to education 731 BUSSING; forced integration 732 OTHER FEDERAL CONTROL OF EDUCATION or schools response; school choice plans 734 Gun control 740 CIVIL RIGHTS; against or drag feet on civil rights legislation; leave it to states 741 Following a tough or HARD LINE IN MAINTENANCE OF LAW AND ORDER/prevention of crime, etc.; police state; imposing the death penalty (88) 742 Following a SOFT LINE IN MAINTENANCE OF LAW AND ORDER/prevention of crime, etc.; imposing the death penalty (88) 743 PROPERTY RIGHTS; open housing 744 Policies which would DIVIDE COUNTRY; have civil war; race war; want to unite the country 750 High TARIFFS; want free trade 760 Repeal; WANT PROHIBITION; "dry" 770 General mention of SOCIAL WELFARE; "GIVE AWAY PROGRAMS" 771 POVERTY program 772 EMPLOYMENT (JOB) TRAINING programs, Job Corps, etc. 780 FARM policy 781 Abortion 782 Women's rights; ERA 783 Legalization of marijuana; lenient drug laws 784 Homosexual/gay rights 790 Other specific domestic policy opposed FOREIGN POLICY REFERENCES 800 WAR; get us into war (faster); party associated with war; militarist 810 PEACE; more likely to keep peace; party associated with peace 820 INTERNATIONALIST; more for foreign aid, government activities abroad; cooperate with allies, U.N.; "more for foreign aid/trade" 825 Foreign aid/trade, NA direction 830 ISOLATIONIST; avoid foreign activities; cut foreign aid (military or economic); "cut foreign aid/trade" 840 NATIONAL SECURITY; for strong national defense (spending); strong (firm) (too aggressive) posture toward communism (Russia); too much defense spending 845 National defense--general, NA or neutral direction 850 INADEQUATE NATIONAL SECURITY; fail to maintain (spend for) defense; weak posture toward communism (Russia) 860 Specific TROUBLE SPOTS 870 CONTROL OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 880 Strong FOREIGN POLICY 881 Weak foreign policy 884 SPACE; space policy 890 Other foreign policy--other substantive foreign policy mentions (direction of response usually indicated) 891 Mention of "foreign policy" difference but no substance or direction given (e.g., usual response is "the two parties or candidates differ on foreign policy, on how they will handle foreign policy") MISCELLANEOUS AND NO PARTY DIFFERENCES RESPONSES 900 Miscellaneous other party differences 901 (Only) one party is more successful than the others; wins elections; is (is not) majority party, etc. 902 (Only) one party is less successful than the others; doesn't win elections much; is the minority party 910 PERSONALITY/CANDIDATE ONLY MENTIONS--candidate is dangerous, fanatic, aggressive, courageous, honest, untrustworthy, impulsive, outspoken, firm, dishonest, negative, lack of integrity, bad politician, etc. (but code 371 racist, prejudiced, bigoted) 920 Reference to probable inability to get things done, e.g., gain congressional support 930 LEADERSHIP MENTIONS--a good (bad) leader, is head of the party (R must specifically mention the candidate as leader or head of the party), or one party has better leadership than another 980 The parties are different; EVERYTHING ABOUT THEM IS DIFFERENT (NA what the differences are) NO DIFFERENCE ("NO" OR "DK") 991 There used to be differences, but not now 992 Indicate dissatisfaction with the lack of differences 993 Favorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are seeking to serve the people 994 Indicates that individual candidates are more important than parties anyhow 995 Unfavorable to both parties, e.g., both parties are just after money 996 On variation within parties 997 Other comments 998 DK (Code in 1st var only) 999 NA (Code in 1st var only) 000 No party differences ("No" or "DK" and no further comment); no further second or third differences >> 1996 CPS 2-DIGIT OCCUPATION CODES 1980 Census Book Reference Code PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS (023-024, 026- 027, 034, 035- 036, 038-234) 10. Physicians -- medical, psychiatric and (084, 085) osteopathic; dentists 11. Other medical and paramedical (except health (086-089, 095- technicians -- see 16:) chiropractors, optomestrists 106) chiropractors, optometrists, pharmacists, veterinarians, dieticians, registered nurses, etc. 12. Accountants; Auditors (023) 13. Teachers, except college (155-159) 14. Teachers, college; social scientists; librarians (113-154, 164-173) 15. Architects; chemists; engineers; physical and (043-059, 069-078) biological scientists 16. Technicians: computer programmers and analysts; (063-068, 083,185, health, engineering, science, and other technicians; 189, 203-208) designers; radio and television announcers; dental hygenists, practical nurses, etc. 17. Public advisors: personnel and labor relations workers (026, 027, 034, clergy and other religious workers, social and 174-177, 195, recreation workers, editors and reporters, public 197) relations persons, etc. 18. Judges; lawyers (178, 179) 19. Other professional, technical, and kindred workers (024, 183, 184, 186-188, 193, 193, 194, 198 199) MANAGERS, OFFICIALS, AND PROPRIETORS (EXCEPT FARM) (003-019, 025, 028-033, 037,243) 20. Not self-employed; employee of own corporation (003-019, 025, 028-033, 037,243) 31. Self-employed -- unincorporated businesses (003-019, 025 028-033, 037,243) CLERICAL AND KINDRED WORKERS (303-389) 40. Secretaries, stenographers, typists (313-315) 41. Other clerical workers: bank tellers, bookkeepers, (303-309, 316- estimators and investigators, mail carriers, payroll 389) and postal clerks, shipping and receiving clerks, stock clerks, etc. SALES WORKERS (253-285) 45. Demonstrators, hucksters and peddlers, insurance and (253-285) real estate agents and brokers, sales representatives and sales clerks, cashiers, etc. CRAFTSMEN, FOREMEN AND KINDRED WORKERS (413-424,485, 494, 503-699, 803, 843,863) 50. Foremen, not elsewhere classifiable, except craft (485, 494, 803, 843, 863) 51. Craftsmen, craft foremen and supervisors (503-699) 52. Government protective service workers: firemen, guards, (413-424) policemen, etc. OPERATIVES AND KINDRED WORKERS (703-859) 61. Transport equipment operatives: bus drivers, (804-859) conductors, deliverymen and routemen, fork lift and tow motor operatives, taxicab drivers, truck drivers, etc. 62. Operatives, except transport (703-799) LABORERS AND FARM FOREMEN (477-499,864- 889) 70. Unskilled laborers -- non-farm (864-889) 71. Farm laborers and foremen (477-499) SERVICE WORKERS (403-407, 425- 427, 433-469) 73. Private household workers (403-407) 75. Other service workers: maids, cleaners, janitors, (425-427, 433- bartenders, cooks, waiters, nursing aides, barbers, 469) babysitters, (except 73), beauticians, etc. FARMERS AND FARM MANAGERS (473-476) 80. Farmers (owners and tenants) and farm managers (473-476) MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS 55. Members of armed forces (900) >> 1996 CENSUS DEFINITIONS (1990 CENSUS) THIS NOTE CONTAINS DEFINITIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS USED BY THE 1990 U.S. CENSUS OF POPULATION: Metropolitan Statistical Areas Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas Urbanized Areas Places Incorporated Places Unincorporated Places 1. "METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (MSA's):" The general concept of a metropolitan area is one of a large population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with that nucleus. In 1990 the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the U.S. Census have used the term Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) for what in 1980 was referred to as Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). An attempt has been made by the study staff to be consistent in using the newer terms in the current documentation and definitions. The definitions of characteristics to be classified as a metropolitan area have remained fairly consistent--with only minor changes between 1980 and 1990. However, due to changes in population size and density, employment, commuting and other behavior which defines metropolitan areas, the specific geographical composition of any given metropolitan area has, of course, frequently changed. The specific MSA title may also have changed as to which cities are named and in what order. Each MSA has one or more central counties containing the area's main population concentration: an urganized area with at least 50,000 inhabitants. An MSA may also include outlying counties that have close economic and social relationships with the central counties. The outlying counties must have a specified level of commuting to the central counties and must also meet certain standards regarding metropolitan character, such as population density, urban population and population growth. In New England, MSA's are composed of cities and towns rather than whole counties. The population living in MSA's may also be referred to as the metropolitan population. The population is subdivided into "inside central city (or cities)" and "outside central city (or cities)." (The population living outside MSA's constitutes the non-metropolitan population.) Most MSA's have one to three CENTRAL CITIES that are named in the census title of the MSA. 2. "CONSOLIDATED METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS (CMSA's):" In some parts of the country, metropolitan development has progressed to the point that adjoining MSA's are themselves socially and economically interrelated. These areas are designated consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSA's) by the Office of Management and Budget, and are defined using standards included as part of the new MSA standards described above. MSA's that are a part of a CMSA are referred to as primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSA's). Definitions of the six largest CMSA's: NEW YORK-NORTHERN NEW JERSEY-LONG ISLAND, NY-NJ-CT, CMSA Bergen-Passaic, NJ PMSA Bridgeport-Milford, CT PMSA Danbury, CT PMSA Jersey City, NJ PMSA Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, NJ PMSA Monmouth-Ocean NJ PMSA Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA* New York, NY PMSA* Newark, NJ PMSA* Norwalk, CT PMSA Orange County, NY PMSA Stamford, CT PMSA LOS ANGELES-ANAHEIM-RIVERSIDE, CA, CMSA Anaheim-Santa Ana, CA PMSA* Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA PMSA* Oxnard-Ventura, CA PMSA Riverside-San Bernardino, CA PMSA* CHICAGO-GARY-LAKE COUNTY (IL), IL-IN-WI CMSA Aurora-Elgin, IL PMSA* (Kane Co part only) Chicago, IL PMSA* Gary-Hammond, IN PMSA Joliet, IL PMSA* (Will Co part only) Kenosha, WI PMSA Lake County, IL PMSA* SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND-SAN JOSE, CA, CMSA Oakland, CA PMSA* San Francisco, CA PMSA* San Jose, CA PMSA Santa Cruz, CA PMSA Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA PMSA Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa, CA PMSA PHILADELPHIA-WILMINGTON-TRENTON, PA-NJ-DE-MD, CMSA Philadelphia, PA-NJ, PMSA* Trenton, NJ PMSA Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ PMSA Wilmington, DE-NJ-MD PMSA DETROIT-ANN ARBOR, MI, CMSA Ann Arbor, MI PMSA Detroit, MI PMSA* * In the SRC 1980 National Sample (1992 NES sample). For the purpose of size and distance coding of suburbs and non-MSAs, the central cities of the six largest CMSAs are listed as: 1. New York City (Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens), NY, Elizabeth, NJ and Newark, NJ 2. Los Angeles, Long Beach, Pasadena, Pomona, Burbank, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Riverside, San Bernardino and Palm Springs, CA. 3. Chicago, Evanston and Chicago Heights, Aurora, Elgin, Joliet, Waukegan and North Chicago, IL 4. San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley and Livermore, CA 5. Philadelphia and Norristown, PA and Camden, NJ 6. Detroit, Dearborn, Pontiac and Port Huron, MI Both the CMSA definitions and the central city designations above are from Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1990, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC (Jun 1990) (PB90-214420) 3. "URBANIZED AREAS:" The major objective of the Census Bureau in delineating urbanized areas is to provide a better separation of urban and rural population in the vicinity of large cities. An urbanized area consists of a central city or cities, and surrounding closely settled territory ("urban fringe"). 4. "PLACES:" Two types of places are recognized in the census reports--incorporated places and unincorporated places, defined as follows: 5. "INCORPORATED PLACES:" These are political units incorporated as cities, borought, towns and villages with the following exceptions: (a) boroughs in Alaska; and (b) towns in New York, Wisconsin and the New England states. 6. "UNINCORPORATED PLACES:" The Census Bureau has delineated boundaries for closely settled population centers without corporate limits. Each place so delineated possesses a definite nucleus of residences and has its boundaries drawn to include, if feasible, all the surrounding closely settled area. These are called Census Designated Places (CDP's). >> Post-Stratified Cross-Sectional Analysis Weights for the 1992, 1994 and 1996 NES data Prepared by the Sampling Section Division of Surveys and Technologies Survey Research Center Institute for Social Research University of Michigan 1. Overview: Why is NES issuing new weight variables? A new set of weights has been constructed for use with the series of National Election Studies beginning with the 1992 Pre-Election Study. This series includes the 1992 Pre and Post, the 1994 Post, and the 1996 Pre and Post Election Studies. The main difference between these and the previously released weights is found in the post-stratification criteria. The new weights post-stratify the National Election Study data to match the Current Population Study (CPS) estimate of the distribution of age group by education level. The previous set of weights adjusted the NES sample to the CPS distribution for Census Region, sex, and age group. These new weights correct for an under-representation of younger and less educated respondents in each year's sample of respondents mainly due to attrition of these categories of respondents in the panel component. The previous set of analysis weights developed for the 1996 NES public use data sets led to overestimation of reported voter turnout in the 1996 presidential election. A comparison between the 1992 and the 1996 presidential vote turnout estimates from the NES samples does not to reflect the trend of declining participation that has been evident from external sources, such as the Current Population Survey turnout estimates. Several sources of bias caused of this problem, leading to under-representation of 18-22 year olds in the 1996 NES sample, respondents with no high school diploma, or both. The significance of this under-representation becomes clear when the rates of voting participation by age and education subgroups are examined. The results are summarized in Tables 1a and 1b, below. Table 1a clearly demonstrates the well-known strong relationship between education and voting: people with less education are less likely to vote. Table 1b shows that reported voter turnout is higher among older people. Since the age and education groups with the lowest voting rates are underrepresented, estimates of 1996 presidential election participation are skewed in the direction of higher rates of turnout. Table 1a: Reported turnout in the 1996 presidential election by education level of respondent (source: 1996 NES). Education % reporting having voted No HS diploma 57.1 High school diploma 69.1 Some college 80.7 College Graduate 89.9 Total 76.6 Table 1b: Reported turnout in the 1996 presidential election by age group of the respondent (source: 1996 NES). Age % reporting having voted 18-21 54.6 22-29 59.2 30-39 73.3 40-49 80.7 50-59 81.0 60-69 81.8 70+ 84.5 Total 76.6 The following three sections describe the three major factors which contribute to the under-representation of specific age or education groups. These include "initial contact non-response bias," "coverage bias resulting from longitudinal sample design" and "education related attrition bias." Subsequent sections describe in detail the procedures used in the construction of the new weights. 2. Initial Contact Nonresponse Bias The first important source of age and education related bias is nonresponse bias at the initial interview. Initial contact nonresponse bias occurs when people with a certain characteristic in common have a significantly different response rate from the overall response rate. For example, if women are found to have a much higher response rate than the combined response rate for men and women, then there is an initial contact nonresponse bias based on gender. If there were no nonresponse bias based on age or education we would expect the NES cross-section samples to have age by education distributions similar to that of the Current Population Survey (CPS) population estimates. There would be minor differences attributable to sampling error, but we would not expect to find large or systematic differences. Table 2, which compares the weighted distributions of education for the 1992, 1994 and 1996 NES cross-section samples to CPS population estimates for the same years suggests that systematic differences are present. The weight used in Table 2 is the calculated base weight. This weight is the product of a person-level selection weight and a household-level nonresponse adjustment factor. Since the selection probability of an eligible adult is inversely proportional to the number of eligible adults in the household it is important to use the selection weight based on the number of eligible adults in the household when comparing NES person-level statistics to CPS person-level distributions. The base weight also adjusts for the difference in response rates by region and by urbanicity. The construction of these weight factors is described in Sections 5 through 8. This part of the NES weight is essentially the same for the old and new weights. In Table 2, CPS estimates for 1992, 1994 and 1996 are included in the shaded columns. Comparisons of the weighted cross-section data from 1992, 1994 and 1996 to the corresponding CPS estimates reveal clear systematic differences which cannot be wholly attributed to sampling error. In all three cross-section groups there is a strong relationship between the level of education achieved by the respondent and the nonresponse rate. Specifically, people with less education -- especially people without a high school diploma - tend to be underrepresented in the weighted cross-section samples. Table 2: Summary of weighted cross-section distributions by education 1992 CPS 1992 pre 1994 CPS 1994 post 1996 CPS 1996 pre propor- (weighted) propor- (weighted) propor- (weighted) tion tion tion No HS Diploma 0.208 0.144 0.195 0.161 0.189 0.103 HS Diploma 0.355 0.321 0.339 0.356 0.332 0.338 Some College 0.243 0.270 0.264 0.258 0.264 0.323 College Graduate 0.195 0.265 0.203 0.226 0.215 0.236 3. Coverage Bias Resulting from Longitudinal Sample Design The longitudinal design of the National Election Study results in a coverage bias in the 1992 and 1994 cross-section component of the 1996 sample. Respondents age 18-19 had no chance of being observed in the panel. Respondents age 20 or 21 years old had a chance of inclusion in only the 1994 cross-section component of the 1996 panel. This structural bias in cross-sectional estimates based on the combined 1996 NES sample is an additional contributor to under-representation of the younger population. The age 18-21 bias in the sample also affects education since the youngest group (e.g., 18-22) has a natural constraint on the level of education that a respondent could have achieved by the time he or she was interviewed. 4. Education Related Attrition Bias Differential reinterview rates (pre to post as well as across election year waves) based on education also contribute to over- estimation of voting in the 1996 presidential election. The relationship between education and cumulative attrition is shown in Tables 3a-3c. Table 3a tracks the 1992 cross-section cases across subsequent interviews. The age groups listed in the left-most column refer to the respondent's age at the initial interview. Thus, a 29 year old respondent in 1992 would not move into the next higher age group in 1994. Columns labeled "%" indicate the percent of the original sample that was reinterviewed. For example, in Table 3a, under 1996 (pre), there is a column labeled "n" and a column labeled "%". The value in the top row in the "%" column is 71.4%. This means that 71.4 percent of the seven 18-21 year olds with no HS diploma were included in the panel component of the 1996 pre election interview. Sample Tables 3b and 3c show the attrition for the 1994 and 1996 cross-section components. The summaries of cumulative attrition by education group portray a strong relationship between education and reinterview rate. Respondents with more education are more likely to participate in subsequent interviews. This difference in attrition rate is found between pre and post interviews of the same year (Table 3a - 1992 Post, Table 3c - 1996 Post) as well as across interview years (Table 3b - 1996 Pre). Initially biased samples are subjected to further nonresponse bias at every subsequent interview, causing significant under-representation of less educated, eligible voters. Since eligible adults with low education are less likely to vote and are under-represented in the sample, predictions of voting participation will be biased upward. Table 3a: Cumulative attrition for the 1992 NES Cross-section sample 1992 1994 1996 (pre) (post) (post) (pre) (post) AGE HIGHEST (in EDUCATION n n % n % n % n % 1992) 18-21 No HS Diploma 7 7 100.0 7 100.0 5 71.4 3 42.9 HS Diploma 30 27 90.0 18 60.0 11 36.7 6 20.0 Some College 24 23 95.8 18 75.0 15 62.5 14 58.3 College Graduate 1 1 100.0 1 100.0 0 0.0 0 0 TOTAL 62 58 93.5 44 71.0 31 50.0 23 37.1 22-29 No HS Diploma 15 15 100.0 8 53.3 6 40.0 6 40.0 HS Diploma 53 47 88.7 29 54.7 17 32.1 15 28.3 Some College 63 56 88.9 44 69.8 38 60.3 34 54.0 College Graduate 42 38 90.5 29 69.0 26 61.9 23 54.8 TOTAL 173 156 90.2 110 63.6 87 50.3 78 45.1 30-39 No HS Diploma 23 22 95.7 16 69.6 11 47.8 11 47.8 HS Diploma 89 78 87.6 56 62.9 44 49.4 41 46.1 Some College 93 86 92.5 72 77.4 54 58.1 49 52.7 College Graduate 107 103 96.3 78 72.9 62 57.9 58 54.2 TOTAL 312 289 92.6 222 71.2 171 54.8 159 51.0 40-49 No HS Diploma 13 13 100.0 9 69.2 6 46.2 5 38.5 HS Diploma 52 48 92.3 35 67.3 28 53.8 24 46.2 Some College 48 40 83.3 27 56.3 21 43.8 20 41.7 College Graduate 70 62 88.6 50 71.4 41 58.6 38 54.3 TOTAL 183 163 89.1 121 66.1 96 52.5 87 47.5 50-59 No HS Diploma 27 24 88.9 17 63.0 15 55.6 14 51.9 HS Diploma 43 40 93.0 33 76.7 26 60.5 22 51.2 Some College 28 25 89.3 18 64.3 14 50.0 14 50.0 College Graduate 45 39 86.7 33 73.3 30 66.7 29 64.2 TOTAL 143 128 89.5 101 70.6 85 59.4 79 55.2 60-69 No HS Diploma 37 30 81.1 23 62.2 17 45.9 16 43.2 HS Diploma 50 39 78.0 30 60.0 24 48.0 24 48.0 Some College 19 14 73.7 10 52.6 9 47.4 9 47.4 College Graduate 16 16 100.0 13 81.3 12 75.0 11 68.8 TOTAL 122 99 81.1 76 62.3 62 50.8 60 49.2 70+ No HS Diploma 54 42 77.8 28 51.9 22 40.7 21 38.9 HS Diploma 31 30 96.8 22 71.0 15 48.4 14 45.2 Some College 27 24 88.9 20 74.1 16 59.3 14 51.9 College Graduate 19 16 84.2 15 78.9 12 63.2 10 52.6 TOTAL 131 112 85.5 85 64.9 65 49.6 59 45.0 1126 1005 759 597 545 Summary by Education level: 1992 pre 1992 post 1994 post 1996 pre 1996 post n n % n % n % n % No HS Diploma 176 153 86.9 108 61.4 82 46.6 76 43.2 HS Diploma 348 309 88.8 223 64.1 165 47.4 146 42.0 Some College 302 268 88.7 209 69.2 167 55.3 154 51.0 College graduate 300 275 91.7 219 73.0 183 61.0 169 56.3 Total 1126 1005 89.3 759 67.4 597 53.0 545 48.4 Table 3b: Cumulative attrition for the 1994 NES Cross-section sample 1994 1996 (post) (pre) (post) AGE HIGHEST n n % n % (at EDUCATION 1994) 18-21 No HS Diploma 13 8 61.5 4 30.8 HS Diploma 24 13 54.2 9 37.5 Some College 18 10 55.6 7 38.9 College Graduate 0 0 0 TOTAL 55 31 56.4 20 36.4 22-29 No HS Diploma 14 6 42.9 4 28.6 HS Diploma 45 31 68.9 26 57.8 Some College 58 37 63.8 33 56.9 College Graduate 35 24 68.6 22 62.9 TOTAL 152 98 64.5 85 55.9 30-39 No HS Diploma 21 16 76.2 13 61.9 HS Diploma 93 59 63.4 53 57.0 Some College 73 45 61.6 40 54.8 College Graduate 59 44 74.6 40 67.8 TOTAL 246 164 66.7 146 59.3 40-49 No HS Diploma 14 10 71.4 8 57.1 HS Diploma 53 39 73.6 37 69.8 Some College 52 40 76.9 37 71.2 College Graduate 67 54 80.6 51 76.4 TOTAL 186 143 76.9 133 71.5 50-59 No HS Diploma 16 11 68.8 10 62.5 HS Diploma 43 33 76.7 27 62.8 Some College 24 19 79.2 19 79.2 College Graduate 29 21 72.4 21 72.4 TOTAL 112 84 75.0 77 68.8 60-69 No HS Diploma 42 30 71.4 28 66.7 HS Diploma 62 42 67.7 40 64.5 Some College 21 16 76.2 15 71.4 College Graduate 19 17 89.5 17 89.5 TOTAL 144 105 72.9 100 69.4 70+ No HS Diploma 51 32 62.7 31 60.8 HS Diploma 42 30 71.4 29 69.0 Some College 22 12 54.5 11 50.0 College Graduate 26 20 76.9 20 76.9 TOTAL 141 94 66.7 91 64.5 1036 719 652 Summary by Education level: 1994 post 1996 pre 1996 post n n % n % No HS Diploma 171 113 66.1 98 57.3 HS Diploma 362 247 68.2 221 61.0 Some College 268 179 66.8 162 60.4 College Graduate 235 180 76.6 171 72.8 Total 1036 719 69.4 652 62.9 Table 3c: Cumulative attrition for the 1996 NES Cross-section sample 1996 (pre) (post) AGE HIGHEST (at EDUCATION n n % 1996) 18-21 No HS Diploma 3 2 66.7 HS Diploma 9 7 77.8 Some College 23 21 91.3 College Graduate 0 0 TOTAL 35 30 85.7 22-29 No HS Diploma 4 2 50.0 HS Diploma 19 13 72.2 Some College 13 10 76.9 College Graduate 17 16 94.1 TOTAL 52 41 78.8 30-39 No HS Diploma 4 4 100.0 HS Diploma 36 29 80.6 Some College 31 29 93.5 College Graduate 28 23 82.1 TOTAL 99 85 85.9 40-49 No HS Diploma 5 4 80.0 HS Diploma 23 18 78.3 Some College 25 20 80.0 College Graduate 22 19 86.4 TOTAL 75 61 81.3 50-59 No HS Diploma 7 6 85.7 HS Diploma 17 15 88.2 Some College 17 15 88.2 College Graduate 15 15 100.0 TOTAL 56 51 91.1 60-69 No HS Diploma 9 9 100.0 HS Diploma 12 11 91.7 Some College 9 7 77.8 College Graduate 7 6 85.7 TOTAL 37 33 89.2 70+ No HS Diploma 13 10 76.9 HS Diploma 22 18 81.8 Some College 6 5 83.3 College Graduate 3 3 100.0 TOTAL 44 36 81.8 398 337 Summary by Education level: 1996 pre 1996 post n n % No HS Diploma 45 37 82.2 HS Diploma 137 111 81.0 Some College 124 107 86.3 College Graduate 92 82 89.1 Total 398 337 84.7 5. Construction of the new weights The revised NES final analysis weight is based on the product of a calculated base weight and a post-stratification factor. The base weight is constructed to adjust for selection probability and geographic differences in response rates at the time of the initial interview with each sample component. This weight is the product of a selection probability weight and the household nonresponse factor. The base weights for 1992, 1994, and 1996 cross-section cases are initially determined using the corresponding year's household nonresponse factor. Panel cases use this same base weight, carried over from the original interview. Since differences in selection probabilities for the NES sample household are due only to random selection of a single adult from households of various sizes, the selection probability weight is the number of eligible people in the household (up to three). The post-stratification factor is the ratio of the census proportion for each age by education subgroup, to the corresponding weighted ( base weight ) sample proportion. Multiplication of the base weight by this post-stratification factor adjusts the weighted sample distribution to conform to the CPS population estimates. The following sections describe the base weight and post-stratification factors in further detail. Final Weight = base weight x post-stratification factor where: Base weight = selection weight x household nonresponse factor and: Selection weight = the number of eligible adults in household (up to three) 6. Construction of a Base Weight The base weight is the product of two factors: the selection weight and the household nonresponse adjustment factor. Although the National Election Study uses an area probability sample design to achieve an equal probability sample of U.S. households, the NES design does not produce an equal probability sample of persons. Since only one person is chosen from each selected household, any particular individual's probability of selection is inversely proportional to the number of eligible adults in the household. The selection weight which is equal to the number of eligible persons in the household (inverse of the selection probability) adjusts for the under-representation of persons in larger households. The household nonresponse factor is used to adjust for the differential nonresponse rates found in different regions and PSU types (Self-representing MSA, Nonself-representing MSA, and non-MSA. Self-representing MSAs are the largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the nation and are therefore self-representing in the 1990 SRC National Sample; Nonself-representing MSAs are medium and smaller sized MSAs, and the non-MSAs are counties which are not designated as MSAs and are less urban. 7. Selection Probability Weight: The National Election Study uses an area probability sample design to achieve an equal probability sample of U.S. households. If a household has only one eligible adult, that person is included in the sample. If a selected household has more than one eligible adult, one is selected at random. Since the number of eligible adults varies across households, the probability of selection for individuals is unequal and a weight which is the reciprocal of the probability of selection should be used. In the interest of limiting the variation of the weights, respondents selected from households with more than three eligible adults were assigned a weight of three; otherwise the selection weight is equal to the number of eligible adults. 8. Household Nonresponse Adjustment Factor: Nonresponse bias is a potential source of nonsampling error in the NES data. It has been found that response rates vary significantly by geographic region and PSU type (MSA/non-MSA status). In an effort to counteract this potential source of bias, adjustment factors have been constructed at the household level to account for the geographic and urban/rural differences in response rates. Table 4 shows the initial contact response rates in the 1992, 1994 and 1996 NES by PSU type and region. The nonresponse adjustment factor was determined by dividing the cross-section cases among twelve cells of four regions (Northeast / Midwest / South /West) by three PSU types (SR MSA, NSR MSA, NSR Non- MSA). The cases in each cell share a nonresponse adjustment factor calculated as the inverse of the response rate of the cell. These response rates are for the initial cross-section components only. They do not include the panel cases. Table 4: Initial contact response rates by PSU type and region 1992 Response 1994 Response 1996 Response PSU Type Region rate rate rate SR MSA Northeast 0.683 0.570 0.423 Midwest 0.759 0.651 0.533 South 0.724 0.620 0.539 West 0.471 0.517 0.507 NSR MSA Northeast 0.741 0.577 0.526 Midwest 0.699 0.717 0.678 South 0.727 0.813 0.646 West 0.723 0.782 0.625 NSR Non-MSA Northeast 0.820 0.725 0.600 Midwest 0.917 0.878 0.721 South 0.830 0.736 0.687 West 0.762 0.946 0.810 9. Comparison of Weighted NES and CPS Age Group by Education Level Distributions Table 5a below shows the current interview age by education distributions of 1992 cross-section cases in initial and subsequent interviews. The table includes weighted (base weight) percentages and unweighted percentages with estimates of the population percentages according to the Current Population Study included for comparison. We can see for example, that in the 1992 NES pre election sample there were 15 respondents age 22-29 with no high school diploma. These represent approximately 1.3 percent of the 1126 total respondents in this sample. When the base weight is used, the weighted percent for this group increases to about 1.6 percent. The 1992 CPS population estimates are listed in a column on the left. It is estimated that in 1992 about 2.4 percent of all eligible adults were 22-29 year-olds with no high school diploma. The shaded rows indicate totals by age group and a summary by education is provided at the bottom of the page. Table 5b gives the same information for the 1994 cross-section cases and Table 5c shows the 1996 cross-section distributions. Table 5a: Distribution of the 1992 NES Cross-section sample by current age and education AGE HIGHEST 1992 Unwtd Wghted Unwtd Wghted (Cur- EDUCATION CPS n & % n % % rent ) (Sel,NR) (Sel,NR) 18-21 No College 4.3 37 3.3 4.6 34 3.4 4.7 College 3.1 25 2.2 2.3 24 2.4 2.6 TOTAL 7.3 62 5.5 7.0 58 5.8 7.3 22-29 No HS Diploma 2.4 15 1.3 1.6 15 1.5 1.8 HS Diploma 6.1 53 4.7 4.5 47 4.7 4.6 Some College 4.8 63 5.6 5.6 56 5.6 5.6 College Graduate 3.5 42 3.7 3.7 38 3.8 3.8 TOTAL 16.7 173 15.4 15.4 156 15.5 15.8 30-39 No HS Diploma 3.0 23 2.0 1.6 22 2.2 1.7 HS Diploma 8.7 89 7.9 8.0 78 7.8 7.8 Some College 6.1 93 8.3 8.0 86 8.6 8.3 College Graduate 5.7 107 9.5 9.2 103 10.2 10.0 TOTAL 23.4 312 27.7 26.8 289 28.8 27.8 40-49 No HS Diploma 2.4 13 1.2 1.2 13 1.3 1.3 HS Diploma 6.1 52 4.6 5.1 48 4.8 5.2 Some College 4.7 48 4.3 4.7 40 4.0 4.2 College Graduate 5.0 70 6.2 6.3 62 6.2 6.2 TOTAL 18.1 183 16.3 17.2 163 16.2 16.9 50-59 No HS Diploma 2.8 27 2.4 2.5 24 2.4 2.4 HS Diploma 4.7 43 3.8 4.6 40 4.0 4.8 Some College 2.4 28 2.5 2.4 25 2.5 2.5 College Graduate 2.5 45 4.0 4.2 39 3.9 4.1 TOTAL 12.3 143 12.7 13.7 128 12.7 13.7 60-69 No HS Diploma 3.5 37 3.3 3.0 30 3.0 2.7 HS Diploma 4.2 50 4.4 4.0 39 3.9 3.5 Some College 1.8 19 1.7 1.8 14 1.4 1.4 College Graduate 1.7 16 1.4 1.5 16 1.6 1.7 TOTAL 11.1 122 10.8 10.2 99 9.9 9.3 70+ No HS Diploma 4.8 54 4.8 3.8 42 4.2 3.1 HS Diploma 3.6 31 2.8 2.2 30 3.0 2.4 Some College 1.5 27 2.4 2.3 24 2.4 2.2 College Graduate 1.2 19 1.7 1.5 16 1.6 1.5 TOTAL 11.1 131 11.6 9.8 112 11.1 9.2 1126 1005 by Education Summary level: 1992 pre 1992 post 92 CPS n Unwtd % Wtd % n Unwtd % Wtd % No HS Diploma 20.8 176 15.6 14.4 153 15.2 13.9 HS Diploma 35.5 348 30.9 32.1 309 30.7 32.1 Some College 24.3 302 26.8 27.0 268 26.7 26.7 College Graduate 19.5 300 26.6 26.5 275 27.4 27.4 Total 1126 1005 Table 5a: (cont.): Distribution of the 1992 NES Cross-section sample by current age and education 1994 post 1996 pre 1996 post AGE HIGHEST 1992 Unwtd Wghtd Unwtd Wghtd Unwtd Wghtd (Cur- EDUCATION CPS n % % n % % n % % rent) (Sel,NR) (Sel,NR) (Sel,NR) 18-21 No College 4.3 13 1.7 2.5 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 College 3.1 4 0.5 0.7 1 0.2 0.3 1 0.2 0.3 TOTAL 7.3 17 2.2 3.2 1 6.2 0.3 1 0.2 0.3 22-29 No HS Diploma 2.4 9 1.2 1.1 4 0.7 0.8 3 0.6 0.7 HS Dip- loma 6.1 27 3.6 4.2 20 3.4 4.1 15 2.8 3.2 Some College 4.8 46 6.1 6.1 21 3.5 3.8 18 3.3 3.6 College Graduate 3.5 16 2.1 2.1 22 3.7 4.0 20 3.7 4.0 TOTAL 16.7 98 12.9 13.5 67 11.2 12.7 56 10.3 11.5 30-39 No HS Diploma 3.0 16 2.1 1.7 10 1.7 1.6 10 1.8 1.7 HS Dip- loma 8.7 54 7.1 7.2 40 6.7 6.3 37 6.8 6.5 Some College 6.1 77 10.1 9.7 54 9.0 8.7 47 8.6 8.2 College Graduate 5.7 74 9.8 9.6 54 9.0 9.3 50 9.2 9.4 TOTAL 23.4 221 29.1 28.2 158 26.5 25.9 144 26.4 25.8 40-49 No HS Diploma 2.4 11 1.4 1.3 6 1.0 0.7 5 0.9 0.6 HS Dip- loma 6.1 39 5.1 5.7 40 6.7 7.3 35 6.4 7.1 Some College 4.7 26 3.4 3.5 20 3.4 3.8 20 3.7 4.2 College Graduate 5.0 63 8.3 8.1 59 9.9 9.4 53 9.7 9.3 TOTAL 18.1 139 18.3 18.6 125 20.9 21.2 113 20.7 21.2 50-59 No HS Diploma 2.8 13 1.7 1.8 10 1.7 1.9 10 1.8 2.1 HS Dip- loma 4.7 35 4.6 5.1 29 4.9 5.3 24 4.4 4.6 Some College 2.4 23 3.0 3.2 22 3.7 4.0 22 4.0 4.3 College Graduate 2.5 32 4.2 4.7 28 4.7 4.8 27 5.0 5.1 TOTAL 12.3 103 13.6 14.8 89 14.9 15.9 83 15.2 16.1 60-69 No HS Diploma 3.5 21 2.8 2.8 13 2.2 2.1 12 2.2 2.2 HS Dip- loma 4.2 28 3.7 3.6 22 3.7 3.6 22 4.0 3.9 Some College 1.8 10 1.3 1.2 10 1.7 1.6 10 1.8 1.8 College Graduate 1.7 15 2.0 1.8 18 3.0 2.9 17 3.1 3.1 TOTAL 11.1 74 9.7 9.3 63 10.6 10.2 61 11.2 10.9 70+ No HS Diploma 4.8 35 4.6 3.5 32 5.4 4.2 30 5.5 4.3 HS Dip- loma 3.6 30 4.0 3.4 25 4.2 3.6 23 4.2 3.7 Some College 1.5 23 3.0 2.9 21 3.5 3.2 19 3.5 3.2 College Graduate 1.2 19 2.5 2.6 16 2.7 2.8 15 2.8 2.8 TOTAL 11.1 107 14.1 12.4 94 15.7 13.8 87 16.0 14.1 759 597 545 Summary by Education level: 1994 post 1996 pre 1996 post 92 CPS n unwtd % wtd % n unwtd % wtd % n unwtd % wtd % No HS Diploma 20.8 108 14.2 12.7 75 12.6 11.2 70 12.8 11.6 HS Diploma 35.5 223 29.4 31.1 176 29.5 30.1 156 28.6 29.1 Some College 24.3 209 27.5 27.2 149 25.0 25.4 137 25.1 25.6 College Graduate 19.5 219 28.8 29.0 197 33.0 33.2 182 33.4 33.7 Total 759 597 545 Table 5b: Distribution of the 1994 NES Cross-section sample by current age and education 1994 post 1996 pre 1996 post AGE HIGHEST 1994 wghtd wghtd wghtd EDUCATION CPS n unwtd % % n unwtd % % n unwtd % % (Sel,NR) (Sel,NR) (Sel,NR) 18-21 No College 4.2 37 3.6 4.2 12 1.7 1.8 8 1.2 1.3 College 3.1 18 1.7 2.4 6 0.8 1.1 5 0.8 1.0 TOTAL 7.3 55 5.3 6.6 18 2.5 3.0 13 2.0 2.3 22-29 No HS Diploma 2.3 14 1.4 1.3 6 0.8 1.0 3 0.5 0.5 HS Diploma 5.5 45 4.3 4.5 23 3.2 3.8 17 2.6 3.0 Some College 5.3 58 5.6 5.7 31 4.3 4.0 27 4.1 3.9 College Graduate 3.4 35 3.4 3.3 22 3.1 3.0 20 3.1 3.1 TOTAL 16.5 152 14.7 14.7 82 11.4 11.7 67 10.3 10.5 30-39 No HS Diploma 2.9 21 2.0 2.1 12 1.7 1.7 9 1.4 1.4 HS Diploma 8.1 93 9.0 9.0 57 7.9 7.5 51 7.8 7.1 Some College 6.6 73 7.1 6.8 53 7.4 7.3 47 7.2 7.2 College Graduate 5.7 59 5.7 5.7 41 5.7 5.9 38 5.8 6.3 TOTAL 23.3 246 23.7 23.7 163 22.7 22.4 145 22.2 22.0 40-49 No HS Diploma 2.3 14 1.4 1.6 11 1.5 1.9 9 1.4 1.7 HS Diploma 6.1 53 5.1 6.0 43 6.0 6.5 41 6.3 6.8 Some College 5.2 52 5.0 5.0 43 6.0 6.3 39 6.0 6.4 College Graduate 5.4 67 6.5 6.6 57 7.9 8.1 53 8.1 8.4 TOTAL 19.0 186 18.0 19.2 154 21.4 22.8 142 21.8 23.3 50-59 No HS Diploma 2.4 16 1.5 1.6 12 1.7 1.6 12 1.8 1.8 HS Diploma 4.6 43 4.2 4.4 36 5.0 5.4 29 4.4 4.9 Some College 2.8 24 2.3 2.2 16 2.2 2.1 16 2.4 2.3 College Graduate 2.8 29 2.8 3.1 25 3.5 3.8 25 3.8 4.2 TOTAL 12.5 112 10.8 11.1 89 12.4 13.0 82 12.6 13.3 60-69 No HS Diploma 3.0 42 4.1 3.7 25 3.5 3.3 23 3.5 3.4 HS Diploma 3.8 62 6.0 5.5 39 5.4 5.2 35 5.4 5.0 Some College 1.9 21 2.0 1.9 21 2.9 3.1 21 3.2 3.4 College Graduate 1.7 19 1.8 2.0 14 2.0 1.9 14 2.2 2.1 TOTAL 10.3 144 13.9 13.2 99 13.8 13.4 93 14.3 13.9 70+ No HS Diploma 4.6 51 4.9 4.1 37 5.1 4.4 36 5.5 4.9 HS Diploma 3.7 42 4.1 3.6 33 4.6 4.1 32 4.9 4.4 Some College 1.7 22 2.1 1.8 22 3.1 2.4 21 3.2 2.6 College Graduate 1.3 26 2.5 2.0 22 3.1 2.8 21 3.2 2.9 TOTAL 11.2 141 13.6 11.5 114 15.9 13.7 110 16.9 14.7 1036 719 652 Summary by Education level: 1994 post 1996 pre 1996 post 94 CPS n Unwtd % Wtd % n Unwtd % Wtd % n Unwtd % Wtd % No HS Diploma 19.5 171 16.5 16.1 110 15.3 15.2 96 14.7 14.4 HS Diploma 33.9 362 34.9 35.6 236 32.8 33.1 209 32.1 31.8 Some College 26.4 268 25.9 25.8 192 26.7 26.3 176 27.0 26.8 College Graduate 20.3 235 22.7 22.6 181 25.2 25.4 171 26.2 27.0 Total 1036 719 652 Table 5c: Distribution of the 1996 NES Cross-section sample by current age and education 1996 pre 1996 post AGE HIGHEST 1996 Unwtd Wghtd Unwtd Wghtd (Cur- EDUCATION CPS n % % n % % rent) (Sel,NR) (Sel,NR) 18-21 No College 4.4 12 3.0 4.1 9 2.7 3.6 College 2.9 23 5.8 7.5 21 6.2 8.2 TOTAL 7.3 35 8.8 11.6 30 8.9 11.8 22-29 No HS Diploma 2.0 4 1.0 0.8 2 0.6 0.5 HS Dip- loma 4.9 18 4.5 3.9 13 3.9 3.3 Some College 5.0 13 3.3 2.9 10 3.0 2.9 College Graduate 3.7 17 4.3 4.0 16 4.8 4.4 TOTAL 15.6 52 13.1 11.5 41 12.2 11.0 30-39 No HS Diploma 2.9 4 1.0 0.8 4 1.2 0.9 HS Dip- loma 7.6 36 9.0 9.0 29 8.6 8.7 Some College 6.3 31 7.8 7.6 29 8.6 8.4 College Graduate 5.9 28 7.0 6.6 23 6.8 6.3 TOTAL 22.8 99 24.9 24.1 85 25.2 24.4 40-49 No HS Diploma 2.4 5 1.3 1.0 4 1.2 0.9 HS Dip- loma 6.6 23 5.8 6.2 18 5.3 5.6 Some College 5.5 25 6.3 6.8 20 5.9 6.3 College Graduate 5.7 22 5.5 5.5 19 5.6 5.7 TOTAL 20.1 75 18.8 19.6 61 18.1 18.5 50-59 No HS Diploma 2.3 7 1.8 1.7 6 1.8 1.7 HS Dip- loma 4.6 17 4.3 4.9 15 4.4 4.9 Some College 2.9 17 4.3 3.6 15 4.4 3.8 College Graduate 3.0 15 3.8 4.8 15 4.4 5.7 TOTAL 12.8 56 14.1 15.2 51 15.1 16.1 60-69 No HS Diploma 2.8 9 2.3 1.9 9 2.7 2.3 HS Dip- loma 3.7 12 3.0 2.3 11 3.3 2.6 Some College 1.9 9 2.3 2.5 7 2.1 2.2 College Graduate 1.8 7 1.8 2.2 6 1.8 2.3 TOTAL 10.1 37 9.3 8.9 33 9.8 9.3 70+ No HS Diploma 4.3 13 3.3 2.8 10 3.0 2.5 HS Dip- loma 3.7 22 5.5 4.6 18 5.3 4.5 Some College 1.9 6 1.5 1.3 5 1.5 1.4 College Graduate 1.5 3 0.8 0.5 3 0.9 0.6 TOTAL 11.3 44 11.1 9.2 36 10.7 8.9 398 337 Summary by Education level: 1996 pre 1996 post 96 CPS n Unwtd% Wtd% n Unwtd% Wtd% No HS Diploma 18.9 45 11.3 10.3 37 11.0 9.8 HS Diploma 33.2 137 34.4 33.8 111 32.9 32.1 Some College 26.4 124 31.2 32.3 107 31.8 33.1 College Graduate 21.5 92 23.1 23.6 82 24.3 25.0 Total 398 337 9. Post-stratification Factor for the Revised Weights: The post-stratification factor for the revised NES cross-sectional weights was developed to address problems caused by under-representation of age or education groups. To do this, the corresponding CPS estimates were used as the benchmark standard. The post-stratification factor was calculated by dividing the CPS percent by the weighted (base weight) NES percent for each of the age by education subgroups. Note that the youngest age group consists of only two education groups (no college / at least some college) because of the small number of 18 to 21 year olds in the samples (especially in 1994 and 1996) and because level of education is not as meaningful for the youngest age group since they may still be in school. Tables 6a, 6b and 6c show the data used to construct the post- stratification factors for the combined panel and cross-section NES samples for each year. As an example of the calculation, in the 1994 NES sample (Table 6b) there were fifty 18-21 year olds with no college education. These people represent approximately 2.8 percent (unweighted) of the 1994 sample. When the base weight is applied, the weighted percent is about 3.5. On the left side of each table the CPS statistics for the corresponding year are listed. These are used as estimates of the population percentages by age and education. The post- stratification factor is calculated for each subgroup by dividing the CPS estimate by the weighted percent. In the 1994 example this is 4.2 divided by approximately 3.5. Although the percentages in the tables are shown to the nearest tenth of a percent, the calculation of the post-stratification factors used percents to the nearest hundredth of a percent. Table 6a: Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 1992 samples 1992 pre 1992 post AGE HIGHEST 1992 Unwtd Wghtd Post-strat Unwtd Wghtd Post-strat (Cur- EDUCATION CPS n % % factor n % % factor rent) (Sel,NR) (92 cps) (Sel,NR) (92 cps) 18-21 No College 4.3 37 3.3 4.6 0.918 34 3.4 4.7 0.900 College 3.1 25 2.2 2.3 1.313 24 2.4 2.6 1.200 TOTAL 7.3 62 5.5 7.0 58 5.8 7.3 22-29 No HS Diploma 2.4 15 1.3 1.6 1.506 15 1.5 1.8 1.343 HS Dip- loma 6.1 53 4.7 4.5 1.354 47 4.7 4.6 1.319 Some College 4.8 63 5.6 5.6 0.857 56 5.6 5.6 0.864 College Graduate 3.5 42 3.7 3.7 0.935 38 3.8 3.8 0.908 TOTAL 16.7 173 15.4 15.4 156 15.5 15.8 30-39 No HS Diploma 3.0 23 2.0 1.6 1.833 22 2.2 1.7 1.747 HS Dip- loma 8.7 89 7.9 8.0 1.083 78 7.8 7.8 1.109 Some College 6.1 93 8.3 8.0 0.763 86 8.6 8.3 0.733 College Graduate 5.7 107 9.5 9.2 0.615 103 10.2 10.0 0.567 TOTAL 23.4 312 27.7 26.8 289 28.8 27.8 40-49 No HS Diploma 2.4 13 1.2 1.2 2.009 13 1.3 1.3 1.794 HS Dip- loma 6.1 52 4.6 5.1 1.204 48 4.8 5.2 1.180 Some College 4.7 48 4.3 4.7 1.013 40 4.0 4.2 1.113 College Graduate 5.0 70 6.2 6.3 0.791 62 6.2 6.2 0.797 TOTAL 18.1 183 16.3 17.2 163 16.2 16.9 50-59 No HS Diploma 2.8 27 2.4 2.5 1.118 24 2.4 2.4 1.155 HS Dip- loma 4.7 43 3.8 4.6 1.020 40 4.0 4.8 0.973 Some College 2.4 28 2.5 2.4 0.959 25 2.5 2.5 0.955 College Graduate 2.5 45 4.0 4.2 0.594 39 3.9 4.1 0.609 TOTAL 12.3 143 12.7 13.7 128 12.7 13.7 60-69 No HS Diploma 3.5 37 3.3 3.0 1.182 30 3.0 2.7 1.282 HS Dip- loma 4.2 50 4.4 4.0 1.055 39 3.9 3.5 1.199 Some College 1.8 19 1.7 1.8 1.000 14 1.4 1.4 1.250 College Graduate 1.7 16 1.4 1.5 1.114 16 1.6 1.7 0.994 TOTAL 11.1 122 10.8 10.2 99 9.9 9.3 70+ No HS Diploma 4.8 54 4.8 3.8 1.268 42 4.2 3.1 1.540 HS Dip- loma 3.6 31 2.8 2.2 1.633 30 3.0 2.4 1.490 Some College 1.5 27 2.4 2.3 0.642 24 2.4 2.2 0.671 College Graduate 1.2 19 1.7 1.5 0.791 16 1.6 1.5 0.818 TOTAL 11.1 131 11.6 9.8 112 11.1 9.2 1126 1005 Summary by Education Level: 1992 pre 1992 post 92 CPS n Unwtd% Wtd% n Unwtd% Wtd% No HS Diploma 20.8 176 15.6 14.4 153 15.2 13.9 HS Diploma 35.5 348 30.9 32.1 309 30.8 32.1 Some College 24.3 302 26.8 27.0 268 26.7 26.7 College Graduate 19.5 300 26.6 26.5 275 27.4 27.4 Total 1126 1005 Table 6b: Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 1994 samples 1994 post AGE HIGHEST 1994 Unwtd Wghtd Post-strat (Cur- EDUCATION CPS n % % factor rent) (Sel,NR) (94 cps) 18-21 No College 4.2 50 2.8 3.5 1.206 College 3.1 22 1.2 1.7 1.838 TOTAL 7.3 72 4.0 5.2 22-29 No HS Diploma 2.3 23 1.3 1.2 1.924 HS Diploma 5.5 72 4.0 4.4 1.252 Some College 5.3 104 5.8 5.9 0.898 College Graduate 3.4 51 2.8 2.8 1.230 TOTAL 16.5 250 13.9 14.2 30-39 No HS Diploma 2.9 37 2.1 2.0 1.503 HS Diploma 8.1 147 8.2 8.2 0.979 Some College 6.6 150 8.4 8.1 0.822 College Graduate 5.7 133 7.4 7.4 0.776 TOTAL 23.3 467 26.0 25.6 40-49 No HS Diploma 2.3 25 1.4 1.5 1.575 HS Diploma 6.1 92 5.1 5.9 1.041 Some College 5.2 78 4.4 4.4 1.189 College Graduate 5.4 130 7.2 7.2 0.750 TOTAL 19.0 325 18.1 18.9 50-59 No HS Diploma 2.4 29 1.6 1.7 1.407 HS Diploma 4.6 78 4.4 4.7 0.983 Some College 2.8 47 2.6 2.6 1.069 College Graduate 2.8 61 3.4 3.7 0.736 TOTAL 12.5 215 12.0 12.7 60-69 No HS Diploma 3.0 63 3.5 3.3 0.895 HS Diploma 3.8 90 5.0 4.7 0.805 Some College 1.9 31 1.7 1.6 1.175 College Graduate 1.7 34 1.9 1.9 0.869 TOTAL 10.3 218 12.1 11.6 70+ No HS Diploma 4.6 86 4.8 3.8 1.188 HS Diploma 3.7 72 4.0 3.5 1.046 Some College 1.7 45 2.5 2.2 0.744 College Graduate 1.3 45 2.5 2.3 0.559 TOTAL 11.2 248 13.8 11.9 1795 Summary by Education level: 1994 post 94 CPS n Unwtd% Wtd% No HS Diploma 19.5 279 15.5 14.7 HS Diploma 33.9 585 32.6 33.7 Some College 26.4 477 26.6 26.4 College Graduate 20.3 454 25.3 25.3 Total 1795 Table 6c: Distributions and post-stratification factors for the combined 1996 samples 1996 pre 1996 post AGE HIGHEST 1996 Unwtd Wghtd Post-strat Unwtd Wghtd Post-strat (Cur- EDUCATION CPS n % % factor n % % factor rent) 18-21 No College 4.4 24 1.4 1.8 2.383 17 1.1 1.5 3.007 College 2.9 30 1.8 2.6 1.140 27 1.8 2.6 1.118 TOTAL 7.3 54 3.2 4.4 44 2.9 4.1 22-29 No HS Diploma 2.0 14 0.8 0.9 2.349 8 0.5 0.6 3.673 HS Diploma 4.9 61 3.6 3.9 1.245 45 2.9 3.1 1.554 Some College 5.0 65 3.8 3.6 1.388 55 3.6 3.5 1.424 College Graduate 3.7 61 3.6 3.6 1.025 56 3.6 3.8 0.981 TOTAL 15.6 201 11.7 12.0 164 10.7 11.0 30-39 No HS Diploma 2.9 27 1.6 1.5 2.000 24 1.6 1.5 2.028 HS Diploma 7.6 133 7.8 7.5 1.013 117 7.6 7.3 1.041 Some College 6.3 138 8.1 7.9 0.805 123 8.0 7.9 0.804 College Graduate 5.9 123 7.2 7.2 0.811 111 7.2 7.4 0.799 TOTAL 22.8 421 24.6 24.1 375 24.4 24.0 40-49 No HS Diploma 2.4 22 1.3 1.3 1.865 18 1.2 1.1 2.080 HS Diploma 6.6 106 6.2 6.7 0.979 94 6.1 6.6 0.992 Some College 5.5 88 5.1 5.6 0.979 79 5.1 5.6 0.982 College Graduate 5.7 138 8.0 7.8 0.726 125 8.2 8.0 0.706 TOTAL 20.1 354 20.7 21.4 316 20.6 21.4 50-59 No HS Diploma 2.3 29 1.7 1.8 1.331 28 1.8 1.9 1.233 HS Diploma 4.6 82 4.8 5.2 0.880 68 4.4 4.8 0.958 Some College 2.9 55 3.2 3.1 0.914 53 3.5 3.4 0.847 College Graduate 3.0 68 4.0 4.4 0.672 67 4.4 4.9 0.606 TOTAL 12.8 234 13.7 14.5 216 14.1 15.0 60-69 No HS Diploma 2.8 47 2.7 2.5 1.096 44 2.9 2.7 1.030 HS Diploma 3.7 73 4.3 3.9 0.956 68 4.4 4.0 0.923 Some College 1.9 40 2.3 2.4 0.778 38 2.5 2.5 0.744 College Graduate 1.8 39 2.3 2.3 0.771 37 2.4 2.5 0.715 TOTAL 10.1 199 11.6 11.1 187 12.2 11.7 70+ No HS Diploma 4.3 81 4.7 3.9 1.098 75 4.9 4.0 1.063 HS Diploma 3.7 80 4.7 4.1 0.912 73 4.8 4.2 0.890 Some College 1.9 49 2.9 2.4 0.789 45 2.9 2.5 0.757 College Graduate 1.5 41 2.4 2.2 0.694 39 2.5 2.3 0.664 TOTAL 11.3 251 14.6 12.5 232 15.1 12.9 1714 1534 Summary by Education level: 1996 pre 1996 post 96 CPS n Unwtd% Wtd% n Unwtd% Wtd% No HS Diploma 18.9 230 13.4 12.5 203 13.2 12.2 HS Diploma 33.2 549 32.0 32.3 476 31.0 31.0 Some College 26.4 465 27.1 27.6 420 27.4 28.0 College Graduate 21.5 470 27.4 27.5 435 28.4 28.8 Total 1714 1534 10. "Trimming of weights The new weights for each sample -- 1992 pre and post, 1994 post and 1996 pre and post - were calculated as the product of the corresponding base weight and the post-stratification factor. The resulting products were then "trimmed" at the 1st and 99th percentiles in order to control the potential for high variation caused by these weights. The results of trimming at the 1st and 99th percentiles are shown in Table 7. The column labels "Before" and "After" indicate whether the statistics refer to the weight before or after trimming. Table 7: Comparison of final weight statistics before and after trimming 1992 pre 1992 post 1994 post Before After Before After Before After 1126 1126 1005 1005 1795 1795 mean 2.4136 2.4038 2.4092 2.4015 2.4201 2.4129 std dev 1.1252 1.0841 1.1075 1.0773 1.1817 1.1494 max 9.6008 5.5521 8.5612 5.2942 8.8935 6.5143 99th 5.5521 5.5521 5.2942 5.2942 6.6514 6.5143 1st 0.7796 0.7796 0.7471 0.7471 0.7999 0.7999 min 0.6480 0.7796 0.6644 0.7471 0.6370 0.7999 1996 pre 1996 post Before After Before After n 1714 1714 1 534 1534 mean 2.5241 2.5018 2.5112 2.4727 std dev 1.3853 1.2720 1.5714 1.3387 max 13.277 7.5774 16.753 8.4760 99th 7.5774 7.5774 8.4760 8.4760 1st 0.8930 0.8930 0.8496 0.8496 min 0.7104 0.8930 0.6406 0.8496 11. Results: The steps taken to address the 1996 NES overestimation of voting in the 1996 presidential election resulted in the development of post- stratified weights which account for individual selection probability, geographic related household nonresponse, and misrepresentation of any age by education subgroups. These revised, CPS-standardized weights were computed for the 1992 NES Pre and Post, 1994 NES Post and 1996 NES Pre and Post Election data sets. Users of previous weights released with the 1992, 1994 and 1996 data will find that these weights extend and combine the features of previously released weights. Table 8 compares the weighted ( final weights ) distributions by age and education to the CPS estimates. It is evident that the use of the final weights results in a distribution which is more similar to CPS population estimates. Table 8: Comparison of weighted (final weights) NES distribution to CPS population estimates for age by education subgroups. AGE HIGHEST '92 '92pre '92post '94 '94post '96 '96pre '96post (Cur- EDUCATION CPS NES NES CPS NES CPS NES NES rent) 18-21 No College 4.3 4.27 4.27 4.2 4.22 4.4 3.63 3.38 College 3.1 3.06 3.08 3.1 2.85 2.9 2.97 2.99 TOTAL 7.3 7.33 7.33 7.3 7.07 7.3 6.61 6.36 22-29 No HS Diploma 2.4 2.15 2.19 2.3 2.25 2.0 1.90 1.55 HS Diploma 6.1 6.10 6.09 5.5 5.47 4.9 4.93 4.95 Some College 4.8 4.86 4.85 5.3 5.30 5.0 5.09 5.11 College Graduate 3.5 3.48 3.48 3.4 3.43 3.7 3.72 3.73 TOTAL 16.7 16.60 16.61 16.5 16.45 15.6 15.63 15.35 30-39 No HS Diploma 3.0 2.99 2.99 2.9 2.94 2.9 2.96 2.99 HS Diploma 8.7 8.69 8.68 8.1 8.09 7.6 7.68 7.73 Some College 6.1 6.13 6.13 6.6 6.63 6.3 6.38 6.42 College Graduate 5.7 5.68 5.69 5.7 5.72 5.9 5.92 5.96 TOTAL 23.4 23.49 23.48 23.3 23.38 22.8 22.94 23.11 40-49 No HS Diploma 2.4 2.19 2.23 2.3 2.27 2.4 2.37 2.39 HS Diploma 6.1 6.11 6.11 6.1 6.13 6.6 6.61 6.65 Some College 4.7 4.75 4.74 5.2 5.18 5.5 5.56 5.59 College Graduate 5.0 4.97 4.97 5.4 5.45 5.7 5.73 5.76 TOTAL 18.1 18.02 18.05 19.0 19.03 20.1 20.27 20.39 50-59 No HS Diploma 2.8 2.76 2.75 2.4 2.36 2.3 2.36 2.37 HS Diploma 4.7 4.68 4.68 4.6 4.61 4.6 4.64 4.67 Some College 2.4 2.36 2.36 2.8 2.78 2.9 2.89 2.92 College Graduate 2.5 2.51 2.51 2.8 2.77 3.0 3.01 3.03 TOTAL 12.3 12.31 12.30 12.5 12.51 12.8 12.90 12.99 60-69 No HS Diploma 3.5 3.52 3.50 3.0 2.99 2.8 2.78 2.79 HS Diploma 4.2 4.24 4.24 3.8 3.81 3.7 3.72 3.75 Some College 1.8 1.76 1.75 1.9 1.89 1.9 1.91 1.92 College Graduate 1.7 1.67 1.67 1.7 1.66 1.8 1.80 1.81 TOTAL 11.1 11.19 11.17 10.3 10.35 10.1 10.21 10.27 70+ No HS Diploma 4.8 4.84 4.83 4.6 4.57 4.3 4.28 4.32 HS Diploma 3.6 3.52 3.53 3.7 3.68 3.7 3.75 3.78 Some College 1.5 1.48 1.48 1.7 1.67 1.9 1.88 1.90 College Graduate 1.2 1.22 1.22 1.3 1.30 1.5 1.52 1.53 TOTAL 11.1 11.06 11.06 11.2 11.22 11.3 11.44 11.53 Summary by Education level: '92pre '92post '94post '96pre '96post '92CPS NES NES '94CPS NES '96CPS NES NES No HS Diploma 20.8 19.19 19.32 19.5 18.83 18.9 18.25 17.63 HS Diploma 35.5 36.88 36.77 33.9 34.53 33.2 33.37 33.69 Some College 24.3 24.26 24.24 26.4 26.31 26.4 26.69 26.85 College Graduate 19.5 19.68 19.68 20.3 20.33 21.5 21.70 21.84 The final check on the revised weight is to use this trimmed final weight to estimate presidential election voting rates in 1992 and 1996. Table 9 shows that in both 1992 and 1996 the use of the final weight results in significantly lower estimates of voting. Table 9: Calculated Voting Rates in the 1992 and 1996 Presidential elections 1992 1996 unwghtd base weight final weight unwghtd base weight final weight 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.77 0.77 0.72 >> 1996 CANDIDATE LISTS AND SAMPLE BALLOT CARDS ----------------------------------------------------- State: Alabama Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Roger Bedford Democratic candidate 12 Jeff Sessions Republican candidate 21 Howell Heflin Democrat -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 T.D. (Ted) Little Democratic candidate 32 Bob Riley Republican candidate 41 Glen Browder Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Alabama Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Roger Bedford Democratic candidate 12 Jeff Sessions Republican candidate 21 Howell Heflin Democrat -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Robert T. Wilson Jr. Democratic candidate 32 Robert Aderholt Republican candidate 41 Tom Bevill Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Alabama Congressional District: 5 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Roger Bedford Democratic candidate 12 Jeff Sessions Republican candidate 21 Howell Heflin Democrat -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Bud Cramer Democratic incumbent 36 Wayne Parker Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Alabama Congressional District: 6 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Roger Bedford Democratic candidate 12 Jeff Sessions Republican candidate 21 Howell Heflin Democrat -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Mary Lynn Bates Democratic challenger 34 Spencer Bachus Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Alabama Congressional District: 7 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Roger Bedford Democratic candidate 12 Jeff Sessions Republican candidate 21 Howell Heflin Democrat -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Earl E. Hilliard Democratic incumbent 36 Joe Powell Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Arizona Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 34 Matt Salmon Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Arizona Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Ed Pastor Democratic incumbent 36 Jim Buster Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Arizona Congressional District: 3 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Alexander Schneider Democratic challenger 34 Bob Stump Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Arizona Congressional District: 4 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Maria Elena Milton Democratic challenger 34 John Shadegg Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Arizona Congressional District: 6 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Steve Owens Democratic challenger 34 J.D. Hayworth Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Arkansas Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Winston Bryant Democratic candidate 12 Tim Hutchinson Republican candidate 21 David Pryor Democrat -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Vincent Tolliver Democratic challenger 34 Jay Dickey Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 3 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Vic Fazio Democratic incumbent 36 Tim LeFever Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 4 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Katie Hirning Democratic challenger 34 John T. Doolittle Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 6 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Lynn Woolsey Democratic incumbent 36 Duane C. Hughes Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 8 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Nancy Pelosi Democratic incumbent 36 Justin Raimondo Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 9 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Ronald V. Dellums Democratic incumbent 36 Deborah Wright Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 10 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Ellen O. Tauscher Democratic challenger 34 Bill Baker Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 12 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Tom Lantos Democratic incumbent 36 Storm Jenkins Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 13 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Pete Stark Democratic incumbent 36 James S. Fay Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 17 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Sam Farr Democratic incumbent 36 Jess Brown Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 19 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Paul Barile Democratic challenger 34 George P. Radanovich Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 20 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Cal Dooley Democratic incumbent 36 Trice Harvey Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 25 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Diane Trautman Democratic challenger 34 Howard P. 'Buck' McKeon Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 26 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Howard L. Berman Democratic incumbent 36 Bill Glass Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 27 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Doug Kahn Democratic candidate 32 James E. Rogan Republican candidate 42 Carlos J. Moorhead Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 28 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 David Levering Democratic challenger 34 David Dreier Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 29 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Henry A. Waxman Democratic incumbent 36 Paul Stepanek Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 32 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Julian C. Dixon Democratic incumbent 36 Larry Ardito Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 33 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Lucille Roybal-Allard Democratic incumbent 36 John P. Leonard Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 35 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Maxine Waters Democratic incumbent 36 Eric Carlson Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 36 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Jane Harman Democratic incumbent 36 Susan Brooks Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 38 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Rick Zbur Democratic challenger 34 Steve Horn Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 39 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 R.O. (Bob) Davis Democratic challenger 34 Ed Royce Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 40 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Robert (Bob) Conaway Democratic challenger 34 Jerry Lewis Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 42 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 George E. Brown Jr. Democratic incumbent 36 Linda M. Wilde Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 44 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Anita Rufus Democratic challenger 34 Sonny Bono Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 45 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Sally J. Alexander Democratic challenger 34 Dana Rohrabacher Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 46 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Loretta Sanchez Democratic challenger 34 Robert K. Dornan Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 47 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Tina Louise Laine Democratic challenger 34 Christopher Cox Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 48 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Dan Farrell Democratic challenger 34 Ron Packard Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: California Congressional District: 51 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Rita Tamerius Democratic challenger 34 Randy (Duke) Cunningham Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Colorado Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Tom Strickland Democratic candidate 12 Wayne Allard Republican candidate 22 Hank Brown Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Diana Degette Democratic candidate 32 Joe Rogers Republican candidate 41 Pat Schroeder Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Colorado Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Tom Strickland Democratic candidate 12 Wayne Allard Republican candidate 22 Hank Brown Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 David E. Skaggs Democratic incumbent 36 Pat Miller Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Colorado Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Tom Strickland Democratic candidate 12 Wayne Allard Republican candidate 22 Hank Brown Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Guy Kelley Democratic candidate 32 Bob Schaffer Republican candidate 42 Wayne Allard Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Colorado Congressional District: 5 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Tom Strickland Democratic candidate 12 Wayne Allard Republican candidate 22 Hank Brown Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Mike Robinson Democratic challenger 34 Joel Hefley Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Colorado Congressional District: 6 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Tom Strickland Democratic candidate 12 Wayne Allard Republican candidate 22 Hank Brown Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Joan Fitz-Gerald Democratic challenger 34 Dan Schaefer Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Connecticut Congressional District: 3 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Rosa DeLauro Democratic incumbent 36 John Coppola Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Connecticut Congressional District: 5 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 James H. Maloney Democratic challenger 34 Gary A. Franks Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Allen Boyd Democratic candidate 32 Bill Sutton Republican candidate 41 Pete Peterson Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 12 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Mike Canady Democratic challenger 34 Charles T. Canady Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 13 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Sanford Gordon Democratic challenger 34 Dan Miller Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 15 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 John L. Byron Democratic challenger 34 David Weldon Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 17 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Carrie P. Meek Democratic incumbent 36 Wellington Rolle Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 18 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 34 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 21 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 34 Lincoln Diaz-Balart Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 23 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Alcee L. Hastings Democratic incumbent 36 Robert Paul Brown Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 3 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Corrine Brown Democratic incumbent 36 Preston James Fields Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 4 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 34 Tillie Fowler Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 6 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Newell O'Brien Democratic challenger 34 Cliff Stearns Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Florida Congressional District: 8 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Al Krulick Democratic challenger 34 Bill McCollum Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Georgia Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Max Cleland Democratic candidate 12 Guy Millner Republican candidate 21 Sam Nunn Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Rosemary Kaszans Democratic challenger 34 Jack Kingston Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Georgia Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Max Cleland Democratic candidate 12 Guy Millner Republican candidate 21 Sam Nunn Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Sanford Bishop Democratic incumbent 36 Darrel Ealum Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Georgia Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Max Cleland Democratic candidate 12 Guy Millner Republican candidate 21 Sam Nunn Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Jim Chafin Democratic challenger 34 Mac Collins Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Georgia Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Max Cleland Democratic candidate 12 Guy Millner Republican candidate 21 Sam Nunn Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Cynthia McKinney Democratic incumbent 36 John Mitnick Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Georgia Congressional District: 5 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Max Cleland Democratic candidate 12 Guy Millner Republican candidate 21 Sam Nunn Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 John Lewis Democratic incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Georgia Congressional District: 6 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Max Cleland Democratic candidate 12 Guy Millner Republican candidate 21 Sam Nunn Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Michael Coles Democratic challenger 34 Newt Gingrich Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Georgia Congressional District: 7 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Max Cleland Democratic candidate 12 Guy Millner Republican candidate 21 Sam Nunn Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Charlie Watts Democratic challenger 34 Bob Barr Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Georgia Congressional District: 9 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Max Cleland Democratic candidate 12 Guy Millner Republican candidate 21 Sam Nunn Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 McCracken (Ken) Poston Democratic challenger 34 Nathan Deal Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Hawaii Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Patsy T. Mink Democratic incumbent 36 Tom Pico Jr. Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Bobby L. Rush Democratic incumbent 36 Noel Naughton Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Jesse Jackson Jr. Democratic incumbent 36 Thomas Joseph Somer Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 William O. Lipinski Democratic incumbent 36 Jim Nalepa Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Luis V. Gutierrez Democratic incumbent 36 Thomas Mendoza Jr. Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 5 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Rod R. Blagojevich Democratic challenger 34 Michael Patrick FlanaganRepublican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 6 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Stephen de la Rosa Democratic challenger 34 Henry J. Hyde Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 7 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Danny K. Davis Democratic candidate 32 Randy Borow Republican candidate 41 Cardiss Collins Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 9 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Sidney R. Yates Democratic incumbent 36 Joseph Walsh Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 10 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Philip R. Torf Democratic challenger 34 John Edward Porter Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 11 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Clem Balanoff Democratic challenger 34 Jerry Weller Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 12 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Jerry F. Costello Democratic incumbent 36 Shapley R. Hunter Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 19 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Glenn Poshard Democratic incumbent 36 Brent Winters Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Illinois Congressional District: 20 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Richard J. Durbin Democratic candidate 12 Albert Salvi Republican candidate 21 Paul Simon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Jay C. Hoffman Democratic candidate 32 John M. Shimkus Republican candidate 41 Richard J. Durbin Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Indiana Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Peter J. Visclosky Democratic incumbent 36 Michael Edward Petyo Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Indiana Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 R. Marc Carmichael Democratic challenger 34 David M. McIntosh Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Indiana Congressional District: 4 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Gerald L. Houseman Democratic challenger 34 Marc Edward Souder Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Indiana Congressional District: 6 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Carrie Dillard Trammell Democratic challenger 34 Dan Burton Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Indiana Congressional District: 7 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Robert F. Hellmann Democratic candidate 32 Edward A. Pease Republican candidate 42 John T. Myers Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Indiana Congressional District: 9 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Lee H. Hamilton Democratic incumbent 36 Jean Leising Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Iowa Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Tom Harkin Democratic incumbent 16 Jim Ross Lightfoot Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Leonard L. Boswell Democratic candidate 32 Mike Mahaffey Republican candidate 42 Jim Lightfoot Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Iowa Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Tom Harkin Democratic incumbent 16 Jim Ross Lightfoot Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Connie McBurney Democratic challenger 34 Greg Ganske Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Kansas Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Sally Thompson Democratic candidate 12 Pat Roberts Republican candidate 22 Nancy Kassebaum Republican -- retiring 93 Jill Docking Democratic candidate 94 Sam Brownback Republican candidate 96 Bob Dole Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Judy Hancock Democratic candidate 32 Vince K. Snowbarger Republican candidate 42 Jan Meyers Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Louisiana Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Mary L. Landrieu Democratic candidate 12 Louis (Woody) Jenkins Republican candidate 21 Bennett Johnston. Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Paul M. Chachere Democratic challenger 34 Jim McCrery Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Maryland Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Steven R. Eastaugh Democratic challenger 34 Wayne T. Gilchrest Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Maryland Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Connie DeJuliis Democratic challenger 34 Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Maryland Congressional District: 3 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Benjamin L. Cardin Democratic incumbent 36 Patrick L. McDonough Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Maryland Congressional District: 4 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Albert R. Wynn Democratic incumbent 36 John B. Kimble Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Maryland Congressional District: 5 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Steny H. Hoyer Democratic incumbent 36 John S. Morgan Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Maryland Congressional District: 6 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Stephen Crawford Democratic challenger 34 Roscoe G. Bartlett Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Maryland Congressional District: 7 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Elijah E. Cummings Democratic candidate 32 Kenneth Kondner Republican candidate 41 Kweisi Mfume Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Maryland Congressional District: 8 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Donald Mooers Democratic challenger 34 Constance A. Morella Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Massachusetts Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16 William F. Weld Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 John W. Olver Democratic incumbent 36 Jane Swift Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Massachusetts Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16 William F. Weld Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Richard E. Neal Democratic incumbent 36 Mark Steele Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Massachusetts Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16 William F. Weld Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Jim McGovern Democratic challenger 34 Peter I. Blute Republican incumbent ---------------------------------------------------- tate: Massachusetts Congressional District: 6 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16 William F. Weld Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 John Tierney Democratic challenger 34 Peter G. Torkildsen Republican incumbent --------------------------------------------------- State: Massachusetts Congressional District: 8 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16 William F. Weld Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Joseph P. Kennedy II Democratic incumbent 36 R. Philip Hyde Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Massachusetts Congressional District: 9 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16 William F. Weld Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Joe Moakley Democratic incumbent 36 Paul Gryska Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Massachusetts Congressional District: 10 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 John Kerry Democratic incumbent 16 William F. Weld Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Phil Johnston Democratic candidate 32 Edward Teague Republican candidate 41 Gerry E. Studds Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Dan Kruszynski Democratic challenger 34 Peter Hoekstra Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Betsy J. Flory Democratic challenger 34 Vernon J. Ehlers Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Lisa A. Donaldson Democratic challenger 34 Dave Camp Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 5 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 James A. Barcia Democratic incumbent 36 Lawrence H. Sims Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 7 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Kim H. Tunnicliff Democratic challenger 34 Nick Smith Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 9 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Dale E. Kildee Democratic incumbent 36 Patrick M. Nowak Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 10 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 David E. Bonior Democratic incumbent 36 Susy Heintz Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 11 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Morris Frumin Democratic challenger 34 Joe Knollenberg Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 12 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Sander Levin Democratic incumbent 36 John Pappageorge Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 14 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 John Conyers Jr. Democratic incumbent 36 William A. Ashe Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 15 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Carolyn Kilpatrick Democratic candidate 32 Stephen Hume Republican candidate 41 Barbara-Rose Collins Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Michigan Congressional District: 16 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Carl Levin Democratic incumbent 16 Ronna Romney Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 John D. Dingell Democratic incumbent 36 James R. Desana Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Minnesota Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Paul Wellstone Democratic incumbent 16 Rudy Boschwitz Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Mary Rieder Democratic challenger 34 Gil Gutknecht Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Minnesota Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Paul Wellstone Democratic incumbent 16 Rudy Boschwitz Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 David Minge Democratic incumbent 36 Gary B. Revier Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Minnesota Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Paul Wellstone Democratic incumbent 16 Rudy Boschwitz Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Bruce F. Vento Democratic incumbent 36 Dennis Newinski Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Minnesota Congressional District: 5 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Paul Wellstone Democratic incumbent 16 Rudy Boschwitz Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Martin Olav Sabo Democratic incumbent 36 Jack Uldrich Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Minnesota Congressional District: 6 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Paul Wellstone Democratic incumbent 16 Rudy Boschwitz Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 William P. Luther Democratic incumbent 36 Tad Jude Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Mississippi Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 James W. (Bootie) Hunt Democratic challenger 14 Thad Cochran Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 John Arthur Eaves Jr. Democratic candidate 32 Charles W. Pickering Jr Republican candidate 41 G.V. Sonny Montgomery Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Missouri Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 William L. Clay Democratic incumbent 36 Daniel O'Sullivan Jr. Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Missouri Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Joan Kelly Horn Democratic challenger 34 James M. Talent Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Missouri Congressional District: 3 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Richard A. Gephardt Democratic incumbent 36 Deborah Lynn Wheelehan Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Missouri Congressional District: 4 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Ike Skelton Democratic incumbent 36 Bill Phelps Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Missouri Congressional District: 5 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Karen McCarthy Democratic incumbent 36 Allen Hutchinson Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Missouri Congressional District: 6 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Pat Danner Democratic incumbent 36 Jeff Bailey Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Missouri Congressional District: 7 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Ruth Bamberger Democratic candidate 32 Roy Blunt Republican candidate 42 Mel Hancock Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Missouri Congressional District: 9 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Harold L. Volkmer Democratic incumbent 36 Kenny Hulshof Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Nebraska Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Ben Nelson Democratic candidate 12 Chuck Hagel Republican candidate 21 James Exon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Patrick J. Combs Democratic challenger 34 Doug Bereuter Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Nebraska Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Ben Nelson Democratic candidate 12 Chuck Hagel Republican candidate 21 James Exon Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 James Martin Davis Democratic challenger 34 Jon Christensen Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Nevada Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Bob Coffin Democratic challenger 34 John Eric Ensign Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Hampshire Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Dick Swett Democratic challenger 14 Robert C. Smith Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Joe Keefe Democratic candidate 32 John E. Sununu Republican candidate 42 Bill Zeliff Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Hampshire Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Dick Swett Democratic challenger 14 Robert C. Smith Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Deborah (Arnie) Arensen Democratic challenger 34 Charles Bass Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Jersey Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Robert G. Torricelli Democratic candidate 12 Dick Zimmer Republican candidate 21 Bill Bradley Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Robert E. Andrews Democratic incumbent 36 Sophia A. Nelson Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Jersey Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Robert G. Torricelli Democratic candidate 12 Dick Zimmer Republican candidate 21 Bill Bradley Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Ruth Katz Democratic challenger 34 Frank A. LoBiondo Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Jersey Congressional District: 7 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Robert G. Torricelli Democratic candidate 12 Dick Zimmer Republican candidate 21 Bill Bradley Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Larry Lerner Democratic challenger 34 Bob Franks Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Jersey Congressional District: 9 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Robert G. Torricelli Democratic candidate 12 Dick Zimmer Republican candidate 21 Bill Bradley Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Steven R. Rothman Democratic candidate 32 Kathleen A. Donovan Republican candidate 41 Robert G. Torricelli Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Jersey Congressional District: 10 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Robert G. Torricelli Democratic candidate 12 Dick Zimmer Republican candidate 21 Bill Bradley Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Donald M. Payne Democratic incumbent 36 Vanessa Williams Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Jersey Congressional District: 11 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Robert G. Torricelli Democratic candidate 12 Dick Zimmer Republican candidate 21 Bill Bradley Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Chris Evangel Democratic challenger 34 Rodney Frelinghuysen Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Jersey Congressional District: 12 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Robert G. Torricelli Democratic candidate 12 Dick Zimmer Republican candidate 21 Bill Bradley Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 David N. Del Vecchio Democratic candidate 32 Mike Pappas Republican candidate 42 Dick Zimmer Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Jersey Congressional District: 13 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Robert G. Torricelli Democratic candidate 12 Dick Zimmer Republican candidate 21 Bill Bradley Democrat -- retriing (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Robert Menendez Democratic incumbent 36 Carlos E. Munoz Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New Mexico Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Art Trujillo Democratic challenger 14 Pete V. Domenici Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Bill Richardson Democratic incumbent 36 Bill Redmond Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Nora Bredes Democratic challenger 34 Michael P. Forbes Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Kenneth J. Herman Democratic challenger 34 Rick A. Lazio Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 4 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Carolyn McCarthy Democratic challenger 34 Daniel Frisa Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 6 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Floyd H. Flake Democratic incumbent 36 Jorawar Misir Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 7 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Thomas J. Manton Democratic incumbent 36 Rose Birtley Republican challenger ---------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 8 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Jerrold Nadler Democratic incumbent 36 Michael Benjamin Republican challenger ---------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 10 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Edolphus Towns Democratic incumbent 36 Ameila Smith Parker Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 11 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Major R. Owens Democratic incumbent 36 Claudette Hayle Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 12 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Nydia M. Velazquez Democratic incumbent 36 Miguel I. Prado Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 13 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Tyrone G. Butler Democratic challenger 34 Susan Molinari Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 14 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Carolyn B. Maloney Democratic incumbent 36 Jeffrey E. Livingston Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 16 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Jose E. Serrano Democratic incumbent 36 Rodney Torres Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 17 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Eliot L. Engel Democratic incumbent 36 Denis McCarthy Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 18 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Nita M. Lowey Democratic incumbent 36 Kerry J. Katsorhis Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 19 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Richard S. Klein Democratic challenger 34 Sue W. Kelly Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 25 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Marty Mack Democratic challenger 34 James T. Walsh Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 27 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Thomas M. Fricano Democratic challenger 34 Bill Paxon Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 29 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 John J. LaFalce Democratic incumbent 36 David B. Callard Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 30 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Francis Pordum Democratic challenger 34 Jack Quinn Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: New York Congressional District: 31 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Bruce D. MacBain Democratic challenger 34 Amo Houghton Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: North Carolina Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Harvey B. Gantt Democratic challenger 14 Jesse Helms Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Bob Etheridge Democratic challenger 34 David Funderburk Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: North Carolina Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Harvey B. Gantt Democratic challenger 14 Jesse Helms Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 David E. Price Democratic challenger 34 Fred Heineman Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: North Carolina Congressional District: 7 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Harvey B. Gantt Democratic challenger 14 Jesse Helms Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Mike McIntyre Democratic candidate 32 Bill Caster Republican candidate 41 Charile Rose Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: North Carolina Congressional District: 8 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Harvey B. Gantt Democratic challenger 14 Jesse Helms Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 W.G. (Bill) Hefner Democratic incumbent 36 Curtis Blackwood Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Ohio Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Thomas R. Chandler Democratic challenger 34 Rob Portman Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Ohio Congressional District: 3 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Tony P. Hall Democratic incumbent 36 David A. Westbrock Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Ohio Congressional District: 7 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Richard K. Blain Democratic challenger 34 David L. Hobson Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Ohio Congressional District: 8 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Jeffrey D. Kitchen Democratic challenger 34 John A. Boehner Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Ohio Congressional District: 10 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Dennis J. Kucinich Democratic challenger 34 Martin R. Hoke Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Ohio Congressional District: 17 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 James A. Traficant Democratic incumbent 36 Thomas P. McCabe Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Ohio Congressional District: 18 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Robert L. Burch Democratic challenger 34 Bob Ney Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Ohio Congressional District: 19 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Thomas J. Coyne Jr. Democratic challenger 34 Steven C. LaTourette Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Oklahoma Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Jim Boren Democratic challenger 14 James M. Inhofe Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Randolph Amen Democratic challenger 34 Steve Largent Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Oklahoma Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Jim Boren Democratic challenger 14 James M. Inhofe Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Glen D. Johnson Democratic incumbent 36 Tom Coburn Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Oklahoma Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Jim Boren Democratic challenger 14 James M. Inhofe Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Ed Crocker Democratic challenger 34 J.C. Watts Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Oregon Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Tom Bruggere Democratic candidate 12 Gordon Smith Republican candidate 22 Mark Hatfield Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Mike Dugan Democratic challenger 34 Wes Cooley Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Oregon Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Tom Bruggere Democratic candidate 12 Gordon Smith Republican candidate 22 Mark Hatfield Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Peter A. DeFazio Democratic incumbent 36 John D. Newkirk Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Thomas M. Foglietta Democratic incumbent 36 James D. Cella Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Chaka Fattah Democratic incumbent 36 Larry G. Murphy Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 5 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Ruth C. Rudy Democratic candidate 32 John E. Peterson Republican candidate 42 William F. Clinger Jr. Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 7 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 John Innelli Democratic challenger 34 Curt Weldon Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 8 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 John P. Murray Democratic challenger 34 James C. Greenwood Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 11 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Paul E. Kanjorski Democratic incumbent 36 Stephen A. Urban Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 12 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 John P. Murtha Democratic incumbent 36 Bill Choby Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 13 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Joseph M. Hoeffel Democratic challenger 34 Jon D. Fox Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 14 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 William J. Coyne Democratic incumbent 36 Bill Ravotti Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 17 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Paul Kettl Democratic challenger 34 George W. Gekas Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Pennsylvania Congressional District: 18 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Mike Doyle Democratic incumbent 36 David B. Fawcett Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: South Carolina Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Elliot Springs Close Democratic challenger 14 Strom Thurmond Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 34 Floyd D. Spence Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: South Dakota Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Tim Johnson Democratic challenger 14 Larry Pressler Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Rick Weiland Democratic candidate 32 John R. Thune Republican candidate 41 Tim Johnson Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Tennessee Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 J. Houston Gordon Democratic challenger 14 Fred Thompson Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Stephen Smith Democratic challenger 34 John J. Duncan Jr. Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Tennessee Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 J. Houston Gordon Democratic challenger 14 Fred Thompson Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Charles (Chuck) Jolly Democratic challenger 34 Zach Wamp Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Tennessee Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 J. Houston Gordon Democratic challenger 14 Fred Thompson Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Mark Stewart Democratic challenger 34 William Van Hilleary Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Tennessee Congressional District: 5 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 J. Houston Gordon Democratic challenger 14 Fred Thompson Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Bob Clement Democratic incumbent 36 Steven L. Edmondson Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Jim Turner Democratic candidate 32 Brian Babin Republican candidate 41 Charles Wilson Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Lee Cole Democratic challenger 34 Sam Johnson Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 6 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Janet Carroll RichardsonDemocratic challenger 34 Joe L. Barton Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 7 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Al Siegmund Democratic challenger 34 Bill Archer Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 8 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 C.J. Newman Democratic candidate 32 Kevin Brady Republican candidate 42 Jack Fields Jr. Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 9 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Nick Lampson Democratic challenger 34 Steve Stockman Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 11 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Chet Edwards Democratic incumbent 36 Jay Mathis Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 12 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Hugh Parmer Democratic candidate 32 Kay Granger Republican candidate 41 Pete Green Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 13 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Samuel Brown Silverman Democratic challenger 34 William (Mac) ThornberryRepublican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 14 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Charles 'Lefty' Morris Democratic candidate 32 Ron Paul Republican candidate 42 Greg Laughlin Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 15 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Ruben Hinojosa Democratic candidate 32 Tom Haughey Republican candidate 41 E (Kika) de la Garza Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 18 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Sheila Jackson Lee Democratic incumbent 36 Larry White Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 21 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Gordon H. Wharton Democratic challenger 34 Lamar Smith Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 22 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Scott Douglas CunninghamDemocratic challenger 34 Tom DeLay Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 25 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Ken Bentsen Democratic incumbent 36 Brent Perry Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 26 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Jerry Frankel Democratic challenger 34 Dick Armey Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 28 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Frank Tejeda Democratic incumbent 36 Mark Lynn Cude Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Texas Congressional District: 29 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Victor M. Morales Democratic challenger 14 Phil Gramm Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Gene Green Democratic incumbent 36 Jack Rodriguez Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Utah Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Gregory J. Sanders Democratic challenger 34 James V. Hansen Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Utah Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Ross C. Anderson Democratic candidate 32 Merrill Cook Republican candidate 42 Enid Greene Republican -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Utah Congressional District: 3 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Bill Orton Democratic incumbent 36 Christopher B. Cannon Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Russell Axsom Democratic challenger 34 Herbert H. Bateman Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 2 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Owen B. Pickett Democratic incumbent 36 John Tate Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Robert C. Scott Democratic incumbent 36 Elsie Holland Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 4 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Norman Sisisky Democratic incumbent 36 A.J. (Tony) Zevgolis Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 5 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 31 Virgil Goode Democratic candidate 32 George C. Landrith III Republican candidate 41 Lewis F. Payne Democrat -- retiring ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 6 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Jeffrey Grey Democratic challenger 34 Robert W. Goodlatte Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 7 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Roderic H. Slayton Democratic challenger 34 Thomas J. Bliley Jr. Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 8 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 James P. Moran Democratic incumbent 36 John Otey Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 9 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Rick Boucher Democratic incumbent 36 Patrick Muldoon Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 10 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Robert L. Weinberg Democratic challenger 34 Frank R. Wolf Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Virginia Congressional District: 11 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 15 Mark Warner Democratic challenger 14 John W. Warner Republican incumbent (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Tom Horton Democratic challenger 34 Thomas M. Davis III Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Washington Congressional District: 1 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Jeff Coopersmith Democratic challenger 34 Rick White Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Washington Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Kevin Quigley Democratic challenger 34 Jack Metcalf Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Washington Congressional District: 6 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Norm Dicks Democratic incumbent 36 Bill Tinsley Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Washington Congressional District: 7 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Jim McDermott Democratic incumbent 36 Frank Kleschen Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Washington Congressional District: 8 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Dave Little Democratic challenger 34 Jennifer Dunn Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Washington Congressional District: 9 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Adam Smith Democratic challenger 34 Randy Tate Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: West Virginia Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Jay Rockefeller Democratic incumbent 16 Betty A. Burks Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Alan B. Mollohan Democratic incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: West Virginia Congressional District: 3 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 13 Jay Rockefeller Democratic incumbent 16 Betty A. Burks Republican challenger (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Nick J. Rahall II Democratic incumbent 36 Sharon Lord Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Wisconsin Congressional District: 2 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Paul R. Soglin Democratic challenger 34 Scott L. Klug Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Wisconsin Congressional District: 4 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Gerald D. Kleczka Democratic incumbent 36 Tom Reynolds Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Wisconsin Congressional District: 5 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 33 Thomas M. Barrett Democratic incumbent 36 Paul D. Melotik Republican challenger ----------------------------------------------------- State: Wisconsin Congressional District: 9 (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Floyd Brenholt Democratic challenger 34 F. James Sensenbrenner Republican incumbent ----------------------------------------------------- State: Wyoming Congressional District: 1 (A) Names for U.S. Senate: 11 Kathy Karpan Democratic candidate 12 Michael B. Enzi Republican candidate 22 Alan Simpson Republican -- retiring (B) Names for U.S. House of Representatives: 35 Pete Maxfield Democratic challenger 34 Barbara L. Cubin Republican incumbent SAMPLE BALLOT CARDS ........................................................................ BALLOT CARD For the November 1996 General Election ====================================== State: New Jersey Congressional District: 01 Democratic Republican Party Party ---------- ---------- CANDIDATES FOR THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: Robert E. Andrews Sophia A. Nelson CANDIDATES FOR THE U.S. SENATE: Robert G. Torricelli Dick Zimmer ........................................................................ BALLOT CARD For the November 1996 General Election ====================================== State: Kansas Congressional District: 01 Democratic Republican Party Party ---------- ---------- CANDIDATES FOR THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: John Divine Jerry Moran CANDIDATES FOR THE U.S. SENATE: Sally Thompson Pat Roberts CANDIDATES FOR THE U.S. SENATE: Jill Docking Sam Brownback ........................................................................ BALLOT CARD For the November 1996 General Election ====================================== State: New York Congressional District: 01 Democratic Republican Party Party ---------- ---------- CANDIDATES FOR THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: Nora Bredes Michael P. Forbes ........................................................................