2024 Time Series Study

About the Preliminary Release

• Pre-election completions: 5,521 in total
• Post-election re-interviews: 4,964 in total

• Pre-election completions by sample: 1,042 fresh in-person sample, 2,308 fresh web sample, and 2,171 panel sample
• Post-election re-interviews by sample: 925 fresh in-person sample, 1,969 fresh web sample, and 2,070 panel sample

• Pre-election completions by mode: 966 face-to-face mode, 76 phone mode, 4,234 internet mode, and 245 paper-and-pencil mode
• Post-election re-interviews by mode: 354 face-to-face mode, 227 phone mode, 344 video mode, 3,839 internet mode, and 200 paper-and-pencil mode

This data release in April 2025 is a preliminary release of the pre-election and post-election data from the ANES 2024 Time Series Study. The dataset serves analysts who want to start working with these data as soon as possible.

The release does not include data from the General Social Survey (GSS) sample or from a survey administered to cohabiting spouses or partners of sampled individuals – those data will be included in a future release.

Furthermore, data in preliminary releases differ from the future full (“final”) release in several important ways. For instance, quality control review, summary variables, and documentation are abbreviated.

The weights included in this release are preliminary and may be replaced with new weights in future releases. In particular, we are evaluating ways to refine the weights in order to match known population demographic values and electoral results.

About the Study

• Type of study: ANES Time Series Study

Fresh Cross-Sectional Sample

• Consists of two samples: a fresh in-person sample and a fresh web sample
• Sample universe: U.S. eligible voters (cross-section)
• Sample composition: fresh cross-section cases
• Number of waves: 2 (pre-eIection, post-election)
• Modes used: face-to-face, internet, video, phone, and paper-and-pencil

ANES 2016-2020-2024 Panel Sample

• Sample universe: ANES 2016 internet and face-to-face post-election respondents who completed the 2020 post-election study
• Sample composition: ANES 2016-2020 respondents
• Number of waves: 2 (pre-eIection, post-election)
• Modes used: internet

ANES-GSS 2024 Joint Study Sample:

• Sample universe: General Social Survey (GSS) 2024 respondents who completed GSS prior to July 21
• Sample composition: GSS 2024 respondents
• Number of waves: 2 (pre-election, post-election)
• Modes used: internet

Study Content Highlights

The 2024 study offers new content on the following topics: election integrity, democratic norms, attitudes toward higher education, traits that might disqualify candidates from public office, attitudes about conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza, job satisfaction, MENA descent, disability and mental health, student debt, gender identity, attitudes on changes to the Democratic ticket, political socialization of children, issue importance and issue ownership, an adaptive voter validation module, and expanded instrumentation on abortion attitudes.

Study Design Highlights

The ANES 2024 Time Series study conducted a pre-election survey between August 3, 2024 and November 5, 2024. Election Day was November 5, 2024. The study attempted to re-interview the same respondents using a postelection survey between November 7, 2024 and February 17, 2025.

The ANES 2024 Time Series Study consisted of a fresh in-person sample and a fresh web sample, both of which were recruited with address-based sampling. The study also administered a brief questionnaire to spouses and cohabiting partners of the fresh in-person sample and fresh web sample. In addition, the ANES 2024 Time Series Study sought to re-interview respondents to the ANES 2016-2020 Panel Study for a third election, extending the panel through 2024. Last, the ANES 2024 Time Series Study also re-interviewed respondents from the 2024 General Social Survey (GSS).

The ANES 2024 Time Series Study utilized a mixed-mode design involving face-to-face, internet, video, phone, and paper-and-pencil interviews. The fresh in-person sample conducted pre-election interviews using face-to-face and phone, and post-election interviews using face-to-face, video, and phone. The fresh web sample conducted pre-election interviews primarily by internet, with a paper-and-pencil questionnaire sent by mail as a follow-up to non-respondents. Post-election interviews for the fresh web sample were conducted by the same mode as in the pre-election. The 2016-2020-2024 ANES Panel sample and the General Social Survey (GSS) sample were interviewed by internet both in the pre-election and post-election.

Weights Summary

Analyses should be weighted to accurately represent the population. Sampling error calculations should account for the complex sample design and the effects of weighting on variance. The data can be analyzed using various combinations of the available samples and modes. For more information about weighting, please refer to the User Guide.

Citation

American National Election Studies. 2025. ANES 2024 Time Series Study Preliminary Release: Combined Pre-Election and Post-Election Data [dataset and documentation]. April 30, 2025 version. www.electionstudies.org